Nguyen ly thiet ke cau tao cac cong trinh kien truc

giáo trình cấu tạo nguyên lý ký trúc

PHAN TAN HAl

va [)INH DIEP· CAO XUAN LUONG•

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Tgp II: Giai doan II

Phtiri ch uyen de:

- Cdu tao nha khung

- Cfiu tao kien true nha cong nghiep

- Ciiu. tao ki e n true nha nang nghi~p

- Cdu. tao nha llip gh e p

- Ctiu. tao trang tri noi that

- Criu tao ki e n tru e chuyeri bi e t Day la Ian xu/it ban dau ti e ri theo cai each. dao tao dai h9C, cluing toi xiri manli

dati vi e t ra de ') kip thiii ph uc VZ:l cho sinh uien va can b9 giang day Rat mong d 9 C gui

dong gop j kien de ? cluing tai b6 ? sung hoan chinli trong Ian tdi ban.

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Ph/in ch.uyeri stiu:

- Ctiu t{LOnen. m 6 ng va tuimg

- Ctiu t{LOcua va cdu thang

- Ctiu tao san va• rnai

6 Ciiu tao san•

7 Ctiu. tao cdu thang

5. ca: tao ella•

true su TP H6 Chi Minh co xu/it ban quy e ' n: "Nguy e n lj cdu t{LOhi e n true dan

dung" Nhiim phuc uu eho can b9 thie: ke " ki e n true va sinh oien nganli hi e n true

-xdy dung.

Nay do nhu cau cai each dao tao dai h9C; sinh oi e ri hoc th e o hoc ph/in, ehia hhoa

hoc ra lam 2 giai doan:

.

- Giai doan I: H9C 2 ruim. dau hoc phtui khoa h9C co ban va co Sd nganh.

- Giai doan II: hoc 3 ruim ti e p theo, h9C pluui chuyeri man v a ch.uyeri stiu cua nganh.

Neu sinh uieri hhong l e n duoc giai doari II thi pluii ra truong, Do do d e ? eho s6 ~

sinh uieri ra truimg sam khi hoc xong giai doan I co mot Slf hieu bi e l co ban vd

nganli nghd nen ruii dung bai giang phai phil hejp vdi tung hoc trinh (15 ti e l) , cluing

toi bi e n soati giao trinh: "Nguyen Ii thiet he;e{L'u tqo cdc cong trinh kien true"

eho phil, hop vdi cac yeu ctiu tr e n.

Giao trinh nay ehia lam 2 tap:

Tf?,p I: Giai doan I:

Phan co ban :

1. Khai ni e m ch.ung v i ctiu t{LOki e n true

2 Cdu tao m6ng nha

3 Cdu t{LOtuong nha

4 Criu tao• mai nha

LdI TAC GIA

ngoai vi~c nghisn ciru yeu c~u St1dung cua ngoi nha, con phai chu y t&i cac nhan tobe ' n

ngoai anh huang t&i cau tao nha.

dung khac nhau cua con ngu'i1i.

Iy chju lire, klt cAu b~n vitng

nhat, 811 dung v~t lieu hQP Iy, c~u tao don gian va thi cong thuan l<;1i.

2.- Phmrng cham thi~t ke::

trinh thie't k~ kie'n true khong nghi tdi kha nang cau tao va st! hop Iy cua n6 lit khong

thirc t6, se gay ra lang phi Ddng thol bien phap cau tao tot hay xau cung eo 311h 11li( '> 111g

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tao va thi6t ke ki6n true phai dong bQ nham dam bao can d6r gitia hai ve' cua phutrng

' 3.- Cac y~u t6 ben ngoai anh hUOllg d~n giai phap eau tao kien true:

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1-1 Bao dam s\f lam viec binh thirong cua cong trinh trong qua trinh slt dung :

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Cau tao nha dan dung ]a mon h9C nghien ciru thirc hien cac b(>phan cua nha dliqc lam bang v~t li~u gi ? Che' tao nhu the' nao nham :

1.- M\le dieh, y~u cau :

§1 - Khai ni~m chung.

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3-1 : Anh hlLdng cua thien nhien :

< ,

ella nha,

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Khi hau thay d6i co anh hUdng rat ldn de'n nha cira, a vung nhiet d{1i,nhiet buc

phal co each nhiet t6t ; vi tri cua cira s6, etta di va hinh thirc cua cira phai bao dam ngan birc xa mat trdi va t6 chirc thOng gio t6t.

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a rung khi hau lanh, nhiet dO ben ngoai tha:p, d~ dam bao nhiet dQ ben trong nha binh thirong, tirong ngoai va mai cAn co kha nang ch6ng lanh nhdt dinh ; dong thoi

.chong duoc cac hien tirong bang tuye't pha hoai cac cau kien cua nha (1 vung khi hau

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3-2 : Anh hlLdng eua con nglLi1i:

Nha thud11g xuyen chiu anh hUdng cua can ngttdi, co khi al111httcJI1g trl./c tie'p t{ri

~

ye'u phai ngh_ien cltu khi thie't ke ke't ca'u va ca'u t~o nha Trang qua trinll thiet k8' ki61l

Hoa ho~n trlic ti~p ~nh huang de'n an toan tinh m~ng cua con ngttdi va laln nl1H

v.v c~n co bien phap ca'u t~o de phong chay.

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- Anh hircng cua thien nhien

Nhirng nhan t6 nay co th~ qui lal 2 loai :

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cua thien nhien nhtt mtta, nAng, gio, bao, ch6ng dttQc nhiet blic x~ clla m~t trdi va co

4 3: Sangac

dl;lng cv trang thie't bj sit dl;lng - San gac tlla len tttdng hay cOt thOng qua dAm - San

gac phai co dO cling IdrJ kien c6 b~n lAuva cach dm - M~t san phai co kha nAng ch6ng

mai mon kh6ng sinh ra bVi, d~ lam v~ sinh va he so' hut nhi~t nha ; ngoai ra co mQt so

ndi y~u cAu san phai co khii nAng ch6ng th6m va phong hoa t6t

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cAn co. - . - bien phap phong hoa-.' . co hleu qua nhir... tttdng trong nha b6p, san nha va tran nha,

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4.- Cac be)ph$n chinh eua nha va tac dllng cUa no :

Ban cong, OvAng,mang mnrc, 6ng khoi, logia tuy theo vi trf d~u phai co nhirng

y~u cAu va tac dung thich dang

5 Phan Ioai nha theo v*t li~u :

V~t lieu xay dung hien c6 : gl>,gach, da, thep, ximang, cat, voi, betong, betong cotthep Tuy theo v~t lieu lam ke't c~u chiu lire chinh cua nha co th~ phan thanh : ke'tc~u gO, ke't c6u betong c6t thep, ke't cau thep, va ke't cAu h6n hop.

5-1 : Ktt c~u g6.

Thircng dung cOt g3, dam g3, san g3, va he thong ke't cAu mai bang g6, thirong chi

co tac d\lng bao che va ngan cach' - Lo~i nay tillh cttllg, ti nh b~ll lau d~u kern, tOl1nhi~u

gO nen chi dung d nhltng ndi nhieu g6 va, d nong thOn

5-2 : Ktt c6u bet6ng c6t thep:

H~ thong chiu 111C chinh cua nha : dAm, c¢t, san, nlai lam 'bang belollg cot tllep ;tUdng khong chiu Illc chi co tac dVng bao che Hillh thac ket ca'u nay t6n Ilhi~u lhep

va ximang, gia thanh cao ; do d6 n6 chi thlch dVng doi vdi nha cong CQllg,nha 11hieut4ng

5-3 : Ktt c6u thep :

He thong chiu Ivc chlnh clla nha la cOt thep, d~m thep, vi keo thep ; tUdng va sar:

lam bAng v~t lieu khac Ke't cAu nay trQng IUQng nh~, kha nAng chIu It!c cao, b~n lau,

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4-6 : Cdu thong

C~Uthang cling Iii b¢ phan nam ngang dUQCdt)t nghisng d~ tao phutrng ti~ll giRO

thong theo chidu thAQg dirng ; co ke't cau chiu bang ban hoac ban ddm - Yeu cdu cau

4-7 : Cae b~phi),n kluic :

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4-5: Cua s6*', cua di

Tac dung cua cira s6 d~ thong gi6 va I~y anh sang hoac ngan each Cira di ngoai tacdung giao thong va ngan each ra, cung co khi ~o mot tac dung nhAt dinh lay anh S311g

va thong gi6 Do do dlen tich cira Ian hay nho va hinh dang cua cira phai thea man cac

yeu c~u tren - Thie't ke' cAutao cira cAn chu y phong mira, gi6, Iau chui thuan tien, TrongmOt s6 cong trinh, cira con co yell cau phai each am, each nhiet va co kha 11811gphong

hoa cao

La be) phan nam ngang hoac diroc d~t nghieng thea chidu mnrc chay, dircc c~u tao

- HQP ly v~ phirong dien chiu lire : Tuy tirng loai cong trinh rna ta chon v~tlieu

va hinh thirc ket cau, bao dam tmh chdt lam viec cua cong trinh :,?n dinh, du cirong

dQ, b~n chaco

- D~ dang thi cong : tuy tirng noi, vdi kha nang trang thie't bi va di~u kien thi

cong rna ta chon ket cau chiu hrc cho phu hop, bao dam thi cong d~ dang, dung chAt

hreng yeu cdu cua cong trinh

- Bao dam gia thanh ha, phu hop cac chi tieu kinh te ky thu~t dii d~ rat

ChQn phl1dng an k6t cAu chiu 111ccua nha, c4n ke't hQp vdi yeu cau kie'n truc :a- Y~u c~u sli d\1ng cua ngOi nha

b Yeu c~u b6 C\lC m~t bang, day chuy~n

c- Y~u cAu cua ngh~ thu~t xli ly In~t d&1g

1-3 : Yeu eau v~phltcJng difn eau tq;o:

1.- Yeu cau chung:

Chon phirong an ket cau chiu hrc cua nha, can ket hQP nhieu y~u c~u :

5 4 : Ktt eau hdn hap :

a/- Ktt eau gQ,eh- gd : Vi keo gO, san gO Tirong gach hoac cOt gach chiu luc, So

vCliket cAu gO thi loai nay cirng va b~n hon, nhirng so v{1iloai ket cAu khac thi tmh

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cirng va tinh b~n lau vAn con kern do do cling it dung hoac chi dung cho nha mOt tang

b/- Ktt eau beMng - gach : San mal lam bAng betong c6t thep, nnrng bang gach

Loai ket cAu nay klan co, b~n chac, phong hoa va phong Am d~u tirong d6i tot So v{1i

ket cAu batong cot thep gia thanh re hon, ti~t kiem duoc ximang va thep, Day 1a loai

ket cAu dl1Qcsli dung tuong doi nhidu

e/- Ket eau betatig e6t thep va thep : H~ thong chiu lire chinh cua nha : mai danbang thep - Ddrn, cOt bang betong cot thep, Loai ke't cAu n~y kien co, b~n chac, chiu

dircc nhiet dOcao, thuan tien cho viec cOng nghiep hoa Dung nhieu cho cac cong trinh

cOng nghiep, nha co nhisu chan dong len,

1 1

Loai n'y co uu di6m :

- Tl)n dung duqc kha nang chiu llic cua tirong ngoai

- B6 trf m~t bAng tirong d6i linh host, khong b] han ch6 bdi cd panen

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Nhltqc di6m :

- N6u la mai d6c thi dung gO tuong d6i nhisu

- Neu 18 mai bang thi t6n nhidu ximang va thep.

Loai k6t c8'u tinrng doe chiu Il!Cthinrng ap dung nhidu vdi nha hanh lang gilts

c/- TuOng ngang va tuOng doc ehju llle : M6i tang d~u lAy tUdng ngan g va

tltdng dQCchiu ll!c, san gac thltdng chiu Il!c thea 2 phudng C6 khi con dung hi 11 h tl1t/e

phdn t4ng chiu Il!c.

Lo~l nAy thudng dung cho nba hanh lang b~n (Hinh 1-3c).

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D~ dam bao dO cirng ngang cua nha, each mOt khoang nhat dlnh phai co tircng

ngang day la tirong dn dinh ; thirong Iqi dung tirong c~u thang lam tirong dn dinh (Hi nh

1-3b).

bI- TuO-ng dpc ehju llle : Ket cAu chiu lire chinh cua nha la tinrng doc, Mai co

thA dung hinh thirc ban vi keo hoac c~u phong n6u la nha mal d6c.

- Tinrng ngan gilta cac phong ttrong d6i day nen each am ' t6t.

- Cira sO md co thA tirong d6i Ion.

Nhltqc di6m :

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_ trQpg cua mong.

- Kha nang chiu hrc cua tinmg doc chua diroc tl)n dung,

- B6 tri khong gian cua cac phong khong diroc linh hoat, cac phong thinrng phai

bang nhau, neu khac nhau phat lam nhidu loai panen.

nho hon 4M

- Hihh thllC k6t ca:-udAycAng: phong theo c~u truc clla m~ng nhen (Hillh I-5d)

H~ th6ng ke't ca:u chiu 11.[ckhOng gian thi cong va cAu t~o phuc t~p Tom l~ichoncac sd dd chiu 11.[ccua nha dAn d\lng, ngoai vi~e chu y tdi hC1Ply v~ phl1dng dien Cl1jUlllc, d~ dang thi cOng va kinh t6 V~ phl1dng di~n e'u tlilocAn chu y tl1dllg va nlai phai

co kha nAng gilt nhi~t va cach nhi~t nha:t dinh San gac va vach ngan co kha nang each

Am cao Hinh thuc c'u t,o gian ddn, cac c'u ki~n va v$t li~u dung rc)ng rai, trQng 111c;mgcac cAu ki~n khOng litn qua, hC1Pviti di~u ki~n thi cong

- Hinh thirc mat x€p': phong theo ca:u true cua la buong, 18dira. (Hinh I-5b)

-Hinh thirc va mong: phong thea ea:utrue clla va trling, va 80, 89 d911gv~t (111111,1-5c)

d6i rong, hay mat bang phan chia cac gian khong theo mot quy tac nh6t dinh, h~ thdng

k6t c'u cua nha co th~ lam hinh thirc khung khong hoan toan d~ chia Sail va maioNgoai

vi~c lol dung tinrng ngoai d~ chiu lire co th~ dung tl1dng trong hoac c¢t 18k~t cau chiu

lire co th~ dung tinmg trong lam k6t cAuchiu lire Hinh thirc nay m~t bang bo tri tirong

d6i linh hoat, nhimg dung nhisu bstong va thep hen so viti tl1dng chiu lire lien k6t gitla.,

tinrng va ddm phirc tap C1 nhirng ndi da:-ty6u d~ sinh ra hien tirong tl1dng va cOt hin

khong d~u, snh hinrng d6n eha:-throng cong trinh (Hinh 1-4a)

Tl1dng chi la k6t cAu bao che, do do tinmg co th~ dung v~t li~u nhe, 6n dinh chu y6u

cua nha dua vao khung

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.V$t li~u lam khung thinrng lam b~tOng c6t thep va t.hpp hoac bang gO- Hinh thllCk6t ca:u nAy tru khung gO it dung trong cac nha dan dung binh thutrng vi t6n nhidu

ximang va thep, do do chi nen dung d6i viti nha d cao t4ng hoac nha cling cOngo(Hinh .

m

p

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4 HfNH Tt-tVC vo sO 5 MOT tti& (tJ)' W ROYAN

(, 1'ttr MNq va MON¥- 7 MAT• rJf N&AN(i

1 NSf X~_I;, (UA PHONG cAM 2.NEP XEP (lIif'

3. t1QIlkuuNtr 1PJ.! S~ UNESCO TA.i PARt

"'" "" • .;0 y A'"

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H 1.5 _d

1 lEU VAl BAT TVA T~EN DAY rANG

2 MA~l MOT. ~N. -DUNG ·rRVONG KEf KAu DAY CANG

3 · KET cAU nAy CANG

4 KHUNG ~ CVNG LaN BANG BE., TONG N~1'j CHIJ,J LVC

chir nhat hoac hinh thap hay dac bac nham tac dung giam dall ap sudt truyen tai dell

trinh tie'p xuc vdi mong va cirong d¢ cua dat nen thinrng nho hon nhieu so voi vat lieuxay dung cong trinh

d t : Day mong : M~t ti6p xuc nam ngang gilta mong va dat n~n

2-2 : Cac h¢ phan cuamong gom : nrong mong, dinh mong, gd mong, g6i mong, lapd~m, chieu sau chon mongo

o

a Tusrng' mong : La hQ phan co tac dung chuyen luc tli tren xu6ng chong lire

dap cua n~n nha hoac hrc day ngang cua khdi dat va ninrc ngam hao quanh tang ham

Thirong duoc cau tao d~y hen tinrng nha nen nho ra hen chan tUdng nha, tao cam giacchac chan va h~ the' cho nha,

thi6t ke'

11 N~n mong : la Idp dat nam dUdi mong chiu toan hQ hoac phdn lrrn tai trongcua cong trinh, con duoc goi la dat n~n

2/ Mong: (Hinh 2-Ia/lh)

2-1 : lit hQ phan duoc cAu tao d phdn thAp nhdt cua COl1gtrinh nam ngam dUdi mat

u ~ : Hlf rnlf< ' J1U(J< ' nga ' nl : Dung baJ1I hut nuac tit m¢t h~ thong gieng thu nuac ho~c

tit h~ thong Dng tieu nuac co cau t~o d~c bi~t "ong cham kim" Dat trong phC;lmvi thayd6i cua m\!c nuac ngam se duqc nen ch~t I~i do ap I,!c nen tang len mQt cach tucrng doi,dOllg thai dat cling se duqc ch~t them do ap I,!c cua thuy d¢ng theo hu6ng di xu6ng

b - Phllung phtip thay ddt :

a 2 : Nen (.'hijt bang (.'9< ' ddt: ap dl;lng cho trucrng hqp dam ch~t dat lun uat duoi sau,

duqc th,!c hi~n bang cach dong 16, nha do t~o ra quanh 16 vilng nen ch~t, tiep sau la datduac nhoi vao• 10 va dam chat.•

1 N~n mong : CAn eli vao tai lieu tham do dia chat va thir nghiern cung tmh toand~ xli Iy n~n mong, d~t n~n dU{1Cchia lam 2 IOE.li : dat n~n tll nhien va dat n~n nhan tao.

1-1 : Ddt nin hi nhien : Loai dat n~n co du kha nAng chiu 11Ic,cac Idp dat dUdi daymong vAn nam nguyen vai thi nam cua chung khi chiu tai Vdi loai dAt n~n nay, vi~cthi cong se don gian, nhanh gia thanh ha, chi can dao ranh mong hoac h6 mong phang,hoac hinh thang hoi d6c va trai m~t hrp cat dem dUdi mange

1-2 : Ddt rdn nMn tao : Loai dat n~n y6u, khong du kha nang chiu lire, can cai tao,gia c6 d~ nang cao cirong dO, sll tin dinh, ddng thdi giam tmh tham mnrc cua dAt nell,bao dam yeu c~u chiu tai t11mong xu6ng

Tuy thuoc Cd cAu dia ch~t va cac di~u ki~n dia chat thuy van, dat n~n nhan taodU<1Cgia c6 thea 5 phirong phap,

a - Phuong phap nen chd: dat :

a, : Ddm nen : Dung cac loai dam hoac cac tam nang d~ dam chat dat a ho mongo

Co th~ trai them da soi, da dam d~ tang cuimg kha nang ch!u ll,1ccua dat n~n

§ 2 - Phan lo~i va truOl1g hew ap d~ng.

hoac m~t dat thirc hien Tr] 86 dU<1Cchon se tuy thuoc tinh hinh dat dai, tinh chat cua

ninrc ngdm, khi hau, Ilic tac dong t11ngoai, dl}c di~m cua ban than cong trinh, ket cAu

_-

-mong va phirong phap thi cong cung tinh trang cua cac cong trinh ke can neu co

.

thAm d~ t~p trung nuC1crna bdrn hut eho thoat lam kho dat, d6ng tllC1idua dung djch

' hoa chAt van d~ lam chile dAt.

mOt dong dien mOt chi~u trong d~t n~n kh6 th9:m va co he 86 thAm 0,05m/ngay dem

nhu dAt chlia nhi~u ham luqng set ho~c dAt cat boi tich NUC1C ngAm se duqc bdln rut

cho thoat tli h~ th6ng gieng hoi)c 6ng cham kim.

Lop d~t y6u se duqe b6c ddi di d~ thay bang met krp dAt khac nhu soi, cat Ap dungkhi Idp d~t y6u d trong pham vi khOng qua Idn vdi dO sau nho

dinh va b~ng phinmg each dung cac v$t li~u liAn k6t bom phut van trong dAt, d~ nang

c-l : Phuong poop xinuing hoa, set hoa va bitum hoa : la phtnrng phap phut vtia

xlmang vao d~t d~ gia c6 d~t nTn cat, dAt cuOi sni, dAt n~n mrt ne, d6ng thdi d~ xAy dung

cac man ch6ng tham, D~ tang cinmg nhanh qua trinh dOng k6t hoa cling cua dung dich

ximang, dung thuy tinh long va Clorua Canxi, d~ tang cinmg 6n dinh dung betonit.

khe mrt lon trong da cling d~ ngan chan sll rtta cua cac dung dich ximAng va set khi toe

dO chay cua mnrc dudi d~t krn

va tao cac man ch6ng thAm trong cac loai dAt n~n co cat, dAt hoang th6 va dAt lun udt.

Thtnrng dung hai dung dlch la Silicat N atrl va Clorua Canxi cho loai dAt co h~ s6 th~ln

cao, dung mot dung dich Silicat Natri cho Ioal d~t co h~ s6 tham thAp.

va cling co khi dung CQCcat d~ dong xu6ng d~t n~n lam cho dAt nen chat hoac do rna

sat gilta CQCva d~t lam cho mire chiu tai cua d~t n~n tang them.

Tuy theo each lam vi~e cua CQCta phan thanh 2 loai :

dl : C?CcMng: La loal CQCduqc dong xuyen qua lop dAt m~m ben tren va trt.ic ti6p truy~n tai trQng len Idp dAt cling d phia dudi.

d2 : ClIC ma sat o· La lo~i CQCduqe dong den vi tri lung chltng trong Idp d~t m~m, tac d\1ng chu yeu cua CQCIii IliCrna sat gilta thAn eQc va dAt d~ chong dd cOng trinh hoi)c

lam chi)t da't Trong cac cOng trinh dAn dt.lng d nube ta, thuC1ng dung CQCtre, traIn theo

m~t dO trungbinh 25 eQe!M2, q, 80 - 100MM vbi chi~u dili 2,50m cho CQCtre va 4 - 5m

cho CQCtram

ttl tr~n xu6ng trung vao phan trung tAm cua day mong dap ling dltqc y~u cdu Cll!Ul\fct6t nh6t cung 811 phan ph6i Illc d~u dltdi day mong

,

m~t phAng day mong, lo~i Dlong co k6t cau phtlc tl;lP Ap d~L1gd vi t,ri d~c l)i~t 1111li if

khe Iun, gitia nha Cll va nha mdi

2-3 : Theo hinh th6 mODg : (H 2 4)

m6ng dltqc ch6 t~o theo kh6i I$p phltdng, thap C\lt, d~t cap, vdi v~t li~u bAng g~ch; da,b~tOng ho~c batong c6t thep

thanh dai dili lien k6t cac chAn cQt, chi~u dai cua mong la r~t dai so vdi chi~u rQng eua

b- Mong mem : Mong dltqc cAu tao v&i v~t lieu chiu lire keo, nen va u6n Tai

trong tac dQng trsn di nh mong bao nhleu thi d dltdi day mong cling vAnbAy nhisu, Mong

2-2 : Theo hinh th~c chiu hrc : (H2.4a-b).

nhu mong gach, m6ng kh6i da hOc, momg betong da hoc va betong Theo qui ltdC ti sogitia chi~u cao kh6'i mong vlti chidu rong > 1/3 va tai trong tac dQng ttl tren xu6ng, saukhi truytin qua mong cling se diroc phan ph6i lai tren dat n~n Loai mong nAy dltqc dungnot nlt<1Cng!m d dlt&i sau (H2.3a b-e)

dinh, d't bun Dlt&i tilc dung cua ap It/c bom phut va hi~n tltqng di~n thA'm, dung dich

phai, va sau khi cong viec k6t thuc, esc 10 khoan dltqc tram kin bang betong hay dap

_ d«t

no Ap dung cho cac cong trinh dan dung nhidu tAng ki~u khung va cong trinh cong

2-4 : Theo d(lc tinh chju tai :

(I Chju tai trong tinh : La loai mong se chiu tac dong cua tai trong thinrng

b Chju tai trong dpng : Loai mong chiu tai trong tam thdi co th~ khong xuAt

2-5 : Theo phltdllg each C«u ~o :

a Mang todn khOi : Loai m6ng dUQcxAy hoac due ngay tai hieri trinmg

b Mong IdpgMp: Loai mong diroc lAp ghep :vbicac bO phan duClcche' tao trinrc

\\

2-6 : Theo phltdllg phap thi cong : (H2-4) .

aMong nOng: Loai mong diroc xAyhay due trong h6 mong dao toan b¢ vbi chieu

thudng lit mong bang, mong chi6c, mong be

b Mang SQU : Lo~i mong khi th\.fc hien thi kh6ng cAn dao ho~c chi dao mOt phAn

mong vao long dAt n~n, d~t chi~u sAu thi6t k6 nhu giai phap mong tren CQC,m6ng trt.-n

,

e Mang cJuO.i nuOc : Mong se du<;1cth\.fChi~n trong vUng dat ng~p nude nhu d

nhitng bd vAy kin nudc bao quanh vi tr{ m6ng c6ng trinh d~ bdnl thoat nUdc lam khO

khi thi c6ng mongo

,

trinh nho, vira < 4 tang va sue chiu nen cua n~n ddt> 1,5kg/cm2

ai : Mong gach diroc dung khi chieu rOng cua mong B < 1,50M vbi gach co clidng

dO > 75kg/cm2

a2 : Mong da hOc xAy vbi chi~u rOng cua mong B>50cm, chieu cao d~t bac ttt 35 60cm, tuy theo loai da dil gia cong ho~c chua gia cong bao dam du 2 lop xay cho m6i bac

-va cinmg dO cua da Ibn hon 200kg/cm2

sa : Mong bet6ng : Loai m6ng co kha nang chiu lire cao, thunng dliqc ap dung trong

bi : Mong muong co ti6t dien ngang theo hinh chir nhat cdu tao trong long h6 m6ngdliqc dao theo hinh -thlic muong ho~c ranh vbi chidu sau chon m6ng H > 60cm, chieucao g6i mong h < 35cM vdi m6ng b~t6ng va tuy theo goc khuyech tan ap lire a trong m6i

g6i mong co th~ lil 1/1,1/2,1/3 vdi h bang' 8, 28, 3a (8 = B-b)

2

Chi~u day lcp d6t phu dinh mong I?! 15 - 20cm d6i vbi m~t dat ttl nhien, (H2-6b) (vdi

b la b~ day cua tliitng d~t tr~n dinh mong va ~b + 2h khi h = a) (H2-6c)

b2 : Mong chan vat co ti6t dien ngang theo hinh thang, voi h>35cm, gd mong 5 10cm Ti6t kiem v~t lieu d phan ngoai cua g6c chuyan hrc a. Vbi mong betollg a-45°,

-h>100cm, B>200cm

ba : (H2-6d) Mong h4m co tie't dien ngang theo hinh d~t bac va chieu sau chon

mong trong khoang tli 3 - 5m, loal mong bang ap dung cho cong trinh kiell true khong

quan trong va khi d6t n~n chiu tai d sau Rich thiroc cua d~t b~c vdi chieu ngang tir If

- 30cm, chidu cao ttt 40 - 50cm tuy thea v~t li~u cAu tao mong, vai mong betong thi 35 <

h < 100CM va B < 200CM.

1-2 : Mang chilc duili tUdng : LOlilim6ng dliqc ap dVng khi ddt nell chju tal tot"

khoang cach gilta 2 mong ttt 2,50 - 4.0M. D~ chiu da tlidng ben tren bang cach xay yom

cu6n g~ch, da ho~c duc dam bet6ng c6t thep d~t tren g6i mongo (H2-6e)

1/- Mong dltdi tltdng :

', I-I : Mong bAng dltdi tltdng: (H2-6a).

§ 3 - Cau tao cac lo~i m6ng.

II C"" au t~o mong sau: ',

.

1-3 : Mong duai tuilng tren ddt rdn d6c: c4n phai sira soan va chia ddt n~n thanh

rOng I c~a -' b~c khong duqc > 1/1, khi a ~ 100C~.Truong hop dAt kheng chat thi a/l =

2-1 : Mong chilc dlldi c9t : Mong chiec diroc cau tao bang gach dil xay hoac bang

ca chidu cao g6i mong, tang trong IUC1ngva chieu sau chon mongo Vi the' khi m6ng cling,

nhidu uu digm khi chiu tai trong l~ch tfun Ion.

Mong chiec thttdng co kich thiroc khong len, co day hinh vuong, clnr nhat hoac

tron, tuy nhien Vdi day mong vuong t6t hon chir nhat vi dQ lun cua dat l1el1dttdi mong

nho hon, Vj trf ddm mong d~ chiu cac tUdng ngoai cua cong trinh c~n hru y ke't hop vdi

viec chdng tham cho tuOng va chiu lire dap cua n~n nha (Hinh 2-7).

-, 2-2 : Mong bang dudi c~t : Mong bang con gQi la mong d4m vdi sudn trsn hoac sttdn

bAng betOng c6t thep (mong m~m) Nhttng trudc khi dung giai phap mong bang dUdi

no co tac dVng t6t v~ mQi m~t nhtt Vtla co tac dVng lam giam ap lllc day mong, va co tac

dVng phan b6 tai trQng d~u len m~t ddt n~n giam thie'u chenh l~ch lun gilta cac cOt va

2-3 : Mong dudi c~t tr~n ddt nln d6c : D~ tranh hien tUC1ngchdng tn1g sua't trong

dAt tli day mong d~t nong den day mong d~t sau phai nha hctn ho~c bang goc ma sat

d6ng thdi cling phsi d~c biet quan tam trong viec n6i cu va xAy dlfng cu khi dua vao vi tri dong Khoang cach gitia cac CQC phsi Idn hdn ho~c bAng 31~n trl1c ki'nh cua CQC d~ dam bao sttc chju tsi cua m6i CQC th6ng qua sll rna sat.

e Yiu ro'u cua IOQ.i cpc :

•

trong nam Iii > 15cm d~ dam bao d~u CQC khOng bj m\Jc Sau khi hoan tAt vi~c dong CQC,

cac d~u CQC phai duqc cua phAng ngang nhau, nia lAy h6t bun non va phu len m¢t Idp dem bAng cat va bet6ng (Hinh 2-10a).

~

ben trong >1,00m t6i thi~u phai du d~ mOt ngltdi thao tac Gieng chim dircc c~u tao vdi

c6t thep. Khi gi6ng diroc ha d6n dO sAu thi6t k~ thi ruOt gi6ng se diroc tram kin bAng b~te,ng TUy theo khoang each giiia cac gi~ng rna chung se duqc n6i lel d trsn dAu bangeach xAy vom cu6n da khi I < 4 M hoac dAm b~te,ng c6t thep khi I < 6 M, dong thci k6t hC1PdA chiu tudng bsn trsn, (Hinh 2-9).

n~n y6u tr~n m~t va co y~u cAu cho gi~ng ti tlla vao Idp da cirng d dUdi sau, Truong hop Idp d~t n~n chiu tai d dUdl sAu, nhirng mu6n d'ilt tdi phai xuyen qua Idp mnrc ngAm thi

phat chon giai phap h~n hC1Pgie'ng tr~n cir vdi phdn cir nAm trong JdP dAt co mnrc ngAm.

2/ Mong tr~n coc, cU-:

La loai mong duqc c~u tao g6m cac CQC ri~ng re dong sAu xu6ng dAt va cac d~u cOt duqc n6i vdi nhau bang ban dai CQC co cAu tao tUC1ngtll nhu cac loai mong nong Mong

tr~n CQC co 11U di~m la giam nhidu kh6i hrong dao h6 mong, ti6t kiem v~t lieu, cd gidi

hoa thi cong. V$t lieu lam CQC co th~ la bAng gO, thep, bet6ng, betOng c6t thep h04c cat.

Pham vi irng dung rOng rai phd bl6n trong cac trtnrng hC1Pnhu d nhirng noi dAt y6u rna phat chiu tSi trong km nhirng not co mnrc m~t mnrc ngAm k6 cs nhirng not d~t khOng x~u lAm Tuy theo phuC1ng cach thi cOng mong tren CQC duqc phAn thanh 3 lo~i chinh nhu sau :

· ~

Mong Is bO phan vira pha! truy~n IlIC,lai dUQcchon sdu dUdi d~t hoac ngam trong

II Bao v~ kh6i mang: (hinh 2-16)

'"

d.,ng cua nUdc, ds}ctinh cua d6t n~n, y~u cdu va d~c di~m cua mong Ap d\1ng phudng

lAytoan bO m~t ngoai cua mongo

I. MlIC dich :

§ 4 - Bi~n phap bao v~ mong

c6t thep ddu CQCvao g6i mong (H2-10b)

2-2 : GQcnMi : Loai CQCdiroc due tei ch6 bang each dd bstong hoac betollg cot thep

vao h6 dUQckhoan dao hinh 6ng thAng dirng hoac nhdi vao 6ng thep tao h6 CQC.Bien

2-11)

•

•

2-1 : Tntitng hep n~n d~c :

b6c I~n, bang cac vl)t lieu va d vi trl thich hop,

1 Vtt li~u each Am :

D~ tang kha nang chiu keo cho betong d6ng thdi cling tang them dOcling cua nha trong

trinrng hQP lun khong d~u thi co th~ dl)t them thep hose IUdi thep trong batong da nho,

vita ximang cat

2/ Vi trildp each Am : Vi tri lrrp each Am co lien quan ml)t thi6t vdi dQ cao cua

m.- each Am tuOng mong :

(Q) MONG CHiE."c cO n! " H1NH vUONG

l b) MONGi;; Cl-t t E.Co-. co, -OA Y) HiNH CHlJ NHAT

II

H 2.IOo :5NG ,REN COC 1b:i.C.T

2/- Theo v~t li~uxay dung :

- Ttnrng da't : con goi la tinrng trinh, dung d6t d~ due thanh tirong

- Tinrng de : dung nhirngphien de da gia cong ho~c chua gia cong d~ xAy tinrng

- Tudng gach : dung gach dat nung, gach Silicat, gach latarit, gach xi, glitchbetong

d~xay tinrng,

- Tinrng trong nha d~ ngan chia khong gian trong nha hoac d~ chiu lire

- Tinrng ngoai nha d~ bao che, ngan mira, chan gio, each nhiet, each am hoac d~

Ttnrng chu y6u gdm cac bQ phan :

\ - Be tinrng (tinrng mong)

- Than tufmg (g6m cac be cli'a 86, lanh to, tu tinrng, tUdng con gai.), - Dinh tuong (Mai dua)

ll.- Phan Ioai tumlg :

trong nhirng cong trinh tinrng' chiu 11iC.

2/- Cae bt) phan e~ii y6u cua tuong : (1linh 3-la)

,

1-3 : Khii nang chiu 111ccua tUdng con duqc tang cinrng bang lanh to, giang tirong,

,.

tr\l tUdng va cac tUdng ngan ngang.

2/- KIui nAng cilch nhi~t - giit nhi~t :

h~u.

1-1 : GUCJng dQ chiu luc : tirong quan vdi chidu dai tmmg bao dam chiu dugc :

- Trong Iuqng ban than tinrng, trong hrong san va mai truydn xu6ng tinrng

- Chju Ivc dAy ngang cua gi6, dAt, mnrc, chan dong trong va ngoai nha

1-2 : DQ bin va d9 cung : Ttrong quan vdi mac cua v$t lieu sire chiu tai cua n~n dA"t

va m6ng tinrng, chieu cao, chi~u day va chieu dai cua tinrng, dong thoi cling con tuong

kh6i cua tinrng,

sau:

.

toan nha, gia thanh chiem khoang 20-40% gia thanh cua nha Do do vi~c chon v~t lieu

gia thanh cua nha,

- Tinrng xAy : dung vira lien k6t cac vien gach lal v(1i nhau b~ng phuong phap thu

cong d~ thanh tinrng (tirong gach, tinrng da)

- Ttnrng toan kh6i : dung c6p pha d~ dd b~t{)ng tal ch6 hoac dap d6t lam tinrng

trinh.

- Tirong lap ghep : ch6 tao tal cong xirong hay tal cong trirong cac t61n (to hay nho

tAm tirong co th~ la han, bulong hoac toan khdi

111.-Cae y6u c8 u eua tuOng :

•

- TUdng betong c6t thep : co th~ dung nhirng ta:m betong c6t thep due S311hOl)c ' d6

tinrngv-3/- Theo phmrng phap thi cong :

6/- Kha nang d$t dUdllg6ng, thi~t bl:

Trong ki6n true hien d~i va ddi s6ng dUQcnang cao, doi hoi trong sinh hoat day du

Cac y~u c~u tren doi khi co mau thudn vdi nhau nhu tUdng day d~t 6ng duqc cach

tich sli dt.Jng gismo Do do khi thie't ke' cv th~ c~n xet chQn chi~u ~ay cua tUdng hQp Iy

ho~c dung cac bi~n phap khac Wa du bao dam y~u c~u sli dl;1ng,Wa dam bao yeu cau

kinh t6

7/- Y6u c;tu sit dyng v,t li~u:

,

tinrng c4n co kha nang each nhiet d~ bao dam mua dong nhiet de)trong nha cao hen

nhlet de)b~n ngoat va mua he ngucc lai,

3/- Khil nAng each fun :

ngan tie'ng 6n gilta cac phong anh hudng d6n nhau

b~ day thich hop Co ke't hop vdi kha nang each Amcua cira, n~n, san va trdn nha

•

va phirc tap hon

4/- KIui nang ch6ng Am, ch~ng tMm :

va tUdng trong khu ve sinh va t4ng ham c4n co bi~n phap ch6ng Amva chong tham t6t

hen,

5/- Kha nang' phong hoa :

.

,

.

- Tinmg 1/4 gach (Scm) : Cach ngan, tlldng baa che

nha nhidu t4ng

1.- TuOng g~ch cU:t nung:

1/- Kich thuac CCI ban

day cua tlldng can dua vao :

- Kieh thtnrc cac 16cli'a va khoang each gilta cac It> ctta tr~n tU'dllg

vdi chidu day mach vtia (mach vtia dirng thuong day 10mm)

Tuy thea pham vi sli dung ma ta co cac loal tltdng khac nhau :

§ 2 - tU011g, xay "

ti6t kiem v$t lieu, giam gia thanh, d6ng thot giam bot sire lao dong - PhltC111gcham 811

""<,

(Hinh 3.2)

cua s6, 10d~t cac loat dinrng ~ng thie't bi ) hoac chiu tai trong t~p trung cue b(>- Cac

hien tirong nay lam giam kha nang chiu lire cua tlti1ng phai thi6t ke' them esc cau kien

nhir : lanh t6, vom cu6n, giang tltdng, tru li~n tltdng.

1/- Lanh to:

theo nhip cua lanh t6, tai trong tac dung I~n lanh t6, hinh dang kieh thinrc 16 etta.

Thuong co cac loai lanh to : g~, cu6n gach, gach c6t thep, betong c6t thep va thep,

1-1. Lanh t6 g(tch:

a- Lanh to gach xdy cu6n phdng : D~t gach xay dirng, 2 ben nghieng va dttng dAll

v~ phia trong tam, mach vira hinh canh quat XAy gach thong thuong mac 75, vira tam

Quye't dinh bdi d¢ On dinhcua tirong va co lien quan tdi chidu day cua tirong

2/- KiEiu each xay :

2-1. Nguyen tdc :

,

- B~ mat chiu lire cua tltdng phai thAng goc vrri huong' chuyen lire

- V$t lieu xay phai : ngang bang, thang dirng, mat phang, goc vuong - Mac vtia

- Mach vira dimg'. hang tren khong diroc trung vdl mach vira dttng ~ hang dltrrj d~

2-2 Kieu ccieh sap 11Q£h:

- Tinrng chiu hrc 22 - 33 - 45cm.

- CQt gach