English learning strategies of vietnamese tertiary students

English Learning Strategies of Vietnamese Tertiary Students January 2013... 1.6 Ethical considerations ∗+#.

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English Learning Strategies of Vietnamese Tertiary Students

January 2013

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Declaration of originality

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Statement of authority of access

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Statement of ethical conduct

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Abstract

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Acknowledgements

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Table of Contents

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Η=]=Χ=Φ# Ω06,7,2∋#=======================================================================================================#ΧΓΗ# Η=]=Φ# ∗3&52?.32+,)(55#0)7#0&2+()2,:,2∋#===================================================================#ΧΓΗ# Η=]=Φ=Χ# ∗3&52?.32+,)(55#=========================================================================================#ΧΓΗ# Η=]=Φ=Φ# ϑ&2+()2,:,2∋#================================================================================================#ΧΓ]#Η=Λ# Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#ΧΓΛ#

Trang 12

]=Λ# Ρ&1103∋#.4#>(∋#4,)7,)%5#===========================================================================#ΧΣ∴#]=Σ# Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#ΧΣ∴#

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Σ=Χ# !)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#ΦΓΣ#Σ=Φ# ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#Χ#========================================================#ΦΓΣ# Σ=Φ=Χ# φ()(306#43(Ψ&():∋#.4#52302(%∋#&5(#==================================================================#ΦΓ∆# Σ=Φ=Φ# Ν1(3%,)%#<022(3)5#.4#ΤΤΡ#&5(#==========================================================================#ΦΓΚ#Σ=Η# ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#Φ#========================================================#ΦΧΗ# Σ=Η=Χ# φ()7(3#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==============================================================================================#ΦΧΗ# Σ=Η=Φ# Β),≅(35,2∋#∋(03#%3.&<#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#=======================================================================#ΦΧ]# Σ=Η=Η# ϑ:07(1,:#10Υ.35#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==============================================================================#ΦΧΛ# Σ=Η=∴# Ρ(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#===========================================================#ΦΧ∆# Σ=Η=]# Ν)%6,5+#6(03),)%#8(6,(45#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================#ΦΧΚ#Σ=∴# ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#Η#========================================================#ΦΦΓ# Σ=∴=Χ# ∗+(#3.6(#.4#ΤΤΡ5#===============================================================================================#ΦΦΓ# Σ=∴=Φ# ς.3106#230,),)%#.)#ΤΤΡ5#===================================================================================#ΦΦΧ# Σ=∴=Η# Μ(5<.)5,8,6,2∋#4.3#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================================#ΦΦΦ# Σ=∴=∴# Μ(:.11()7(7#0)7#).)Ξ3(:.11()7(7#52302(%,(5#========================================#ΦΦΗ# Σ=∴=]# −033,(35#2.#ΤΤΡ#7(≅(6.<1()2#===========================================================================#ΦΦ∴# Σ=∴=Λ# Ρ+03(7#:+030:2(3,52,:5#.4#52302(%∋#&5(#============================================================#ΦΦΣ#Σ=]# ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#∴#========================================================#ΦΦΚ# Σ=]=Χ# Τ(03),)%#40:,6,2,(5#============================================================================================#ΦΗΓ# Σ=]=Φ# Τ(03),)%#.<<.32&),2,(5#====================================================================================#ΦΗΧ# Σ=]=Η# ∗(0:+(3Ξ52&7()2#3(602,.)5+,<#==========================================================================#ΦΗΦ#

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Σ=Λ# ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#]#========================================================#ΦΗ∴# Σ=Λ=Χ# !1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#52&7()25#================================================================================#ΦΗ∴# Σ=Λ=Φ# !1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#2(0:+(35#=================================================================================#ΦΗ]# Σ=Λ=Η# !1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#(7&:02,.)06#071,),52302.35#0)7#<.6,:∋#10>(35#=====================#ΦΗ∆#Σ=Σ# Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#Φ∴Γ#

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#

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1

1.1 Introduction

Τ0)%&0%(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#ΟΤΤΡ5Π#+0≅(#8(()#()2+&5,052,:066∋#3(5(03:+(7#8∋#

<30:2,2,.)(35#0)7#5:+.6035#?.367?,7(#5,):(#2+(#(036∋#ΧΚΣΓ5=#ς0≅.&3086(#3(5(03:+#(≅,7():(#+05#8(()#(52086,5+(7#.)#ΤΤΡ5#05#0)#(44(:2,≅(#0)7#?.3>086(#:.1<.)()2#,)#2+(#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#<3.:(55=#ι)(#.4#2+(#1.52#%()(306#3(≅(602,.)5#.)#ΤΤΡ5#,5#2+02#2+(∋#03(#0)#,)46&()2,06#40:2.3#,)#7(2(31,),)%#5&::(55#,)#5(:.)7κ4.3(,%)#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%=#!1<.320)26∋∀#2+(#:0<08,6,2∋#2.#10),<&602(#0)7#10)0%(#52302(%,(5#4.3#,1<3.≅(7#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#(44,:,():∋#,5#.4#%3(02#<(70%.%,:06#5,%),4,:0):(#4.3#2+(#

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?,2+,)#2+(#+,52.3,:06#0)7#:.)2(1<.303∋#:.)2(Α25∀#,)2(3)02,.)06#0)7#6.:06#5(22,)%5∀#0)7#:&62&306Ξ(7&:02,.)06#80:>%3.&)75#?+(3(#,2#?05#5,2&02(7=#Ρ<(:,4,:066∋∀#2+,5#:+0<2(3#,):6&7(5#2+(#2+(.3(2,:06#05#?(66#05#:.)2(Α2&06#302,.)06(#.4#2+(#52&7∋=#!2#.&26,)(5#2+(#%&,7,)%#.8Υ(:2,≅(5∀#5,%),4,:0):(∀#3(5(03:+#1(2+.7.6.%∋∀#(2+,:06#

:.)5,7(302,.)5#0)7#6,1,202,.)5#.4#2+(#52&7∋=#ϑ)#.&26,)(#.4#2+(#:.)2()25#.4#066#2+(#5&85(Ψ&()2#:+0<2(35#,5#065.#<3(5()2(7#,)#2+(#6052#<032#.4#2+,5#:+0<2(3=##

1.2 Research background

1.2.1 Theoretical background

ϑ#:3,2,:06#3(≅,(?#.4#2+(#3(602(7#6,2(302&3(#,)7,:02(5#2+02#4(?#3(5(03:+#52&7,(5#+0≅(#05#10)∋#2+(.3(2,:06#:.):(<25#&)7(3<,)),)%#,2#05#2+(#?.3>#.4#ΤΤΡ5=#ϑ#≅052#30)%(#.4#03(05#+0≅(#8(()#7.:&1()2(7#2.#5(3≅(#05#2+(#2+(.3(2,:06#4.&)702,.)#4.3#2+(#7(≅(6.<1()2#.4#ΤΤΡ5∀#?,2+#(7&:02,.)06∀#:.%),2,≅(#∀#0)7#:3.55Ξ:&62&306#<5∋:+.6.%,(5#8(,)%#2+(#1.52#:,2(7#4,(675#ΟΙ.+()∀#ΦΓΓ]Π=#ι2+(3#?,7(6∋#3(<.32(7#4,(675#,):6&7(#,)4.3102,.)Ξ

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1.2.1.1 Shifts in learning theory and pedagogy

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Trang 19

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>).?6(7%(#0)7#2+(#0:2,≅(#0%()2#,)#6(03),)%=#Ρ.1(#+,%+6∋#7.:&1()2(7#:.):(<25∀#1.52#.4#?+,:+#7,7#).2#(Α,52#,)#2+(#6,2(302&3(#0#4(?#7(:07(5#0%.∀#03(#5(64Ξ3(%&602,.)∀#5(64Ξ7,3(:2(7#6(03),)%∀#6(03)(3#7(≅(6.<1()2∀#:.%),2,.)#0)7#1(20Ξ:.%),2,.)∀#

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1.2.1.2 Premises underpinning LLS research

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1.2.1.2.1 Language learning strategies enhance performance

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1.2.1.2.2 Language learning strategies are transferrable

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Trang 22

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1.2.1.2.3 Language learning strategies are contextually and culturally specific

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Trang 23

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Trang 24

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Trang 25

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1.2.2.2 Issues of English language teaching and learning in Vietnam

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Trang 26

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Trang 27

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1.2.3 Rationale for the study

1.2.3.1 Global research gaps in the field

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Trang 28

ϑ).2+(3#%0<#,)#2+(#4,(67#?+,:+#)((75#2.#8(#0773(55(7#,5#2+02#2+(#3(602,.)5+,<#8(2?(()#6(03)(3#≅03,086(5#0)7#ΤΤΡ#&5(#+05#).2#8(()#4,316∋#(52086,5+(7=#∗+(3(#03(#:05(5#?+()#52&7,(5#?,2+#2+(#501(#,)2(3(525#+0≅(#:3(02(7#:.)46,:2,)%#3(5&625∀#?+,:+#10∋#8(#:.)4&5,)%#2.#3(5(03:+(35#0)7#<30:2,2,.)(35#06,>(=#−(5,7(5∀#ΤΤΡ#&5(#+05#).2#8(()#2+.3.&%+6∋#(Α<6.3(7#,)#3(602,.)#2.#2+(#6(03),)%#()≅,3.)1()2=#ς&32+(3#3(5(03:+#,5#2+(3(4.3(#)((7(7#2.#4,)7#.&2#+.?#≅03,.&5#6(03)(3#0)7#6(03),)%#≅03,086(5#,)46&():(#2+(#07.<2,.)#05#?(66#05#2+(#(44(:2,≅()(55#.4#ΤΤΡ5=##

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1.2.3.2 Shortage of LLS research in Vietnam

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1.3 Research aims and objectives

1.3.1 Research aims

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1.3.2 Objectives and research questions

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%3.&<5#.4#52&7()25ρ#

Trang 31

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! ∗.#?+02#(Α2()2#03(#6(03),)%#.<<.32&),2,(5#40:,6,202,≅(#2.#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%ρ##

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1.4 Significance of the study

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∃∗+,∀∗,&9(

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8(+0≅,.&35=#Ν)%6,5+#2(0:+(35∀#4.3#(Α01<6(∀#:0)#10>(#:+0)%(5#2.#5&:+#,1<.320)2#(6(1()25#.4#2+(#:60553 1#:.)2(Α2#05#:60553 1κ,)52,2&2,.)06#:&62&3(∀#5:044.67(7#6(03),)%#0)7#2+(#:3(02,.)#.4#6(03),)%#.<<.32&),2,(5=#ΝΨ&066∋#,1<.320)2∀#2(0:+(35#:0)#065.#3(4.31#2+(,3#2(0:+,)%#52302(%,(5#2.#10>(#2+(1#1.52#:.1<02,86(#?,2+#52&7()25[#<3(4(33(7#?0∋5#.4#6(03),)%=#!)#2+,5#5()5(∀#2(0:+(35#8(:.1(#1.3(#0&2.).1.&5#,)#3(7,3(:2,)%#2+(,3#2(0:+,)%#2.?037#52&7()25[#5(64Ξ7,3(:2(7#6(03),)%#0)7#077,)%#7,1()5,.)5#2.#2+(#?.367#.4#ΤΤΡ5#?,2+#2+(,3#.?)#(Α<(3,():(5#05#0&2.).1.&5#60)%&0%(#6(03)(35=#ϑ5#0#?+.6(∀#,):3(05(7#0?03()(55#.4#2+(,3#.?)#52&7()25[#6(03),)%#)((75#()086(5#Ω,(2)01(5(#ΝςΤ#2(0:+(35#2.#?.3>#1.3(#(44(:2,≅(6∋#05#0#40:,6,202.3#0)7#1(7,02.3=##

!)5,%+25#43.1#2+,5#52&7∋#:0)#065.#8(#.4#≅06&(#2.#60)%&0%(#(7&:02.35∀#(7&:02,.)06#071,),52302.35#0)7#<.6,:∋#10>(35#3(%037,)%#0<<3.<3,02(#0<<3.0:+(5#2.#

()+0):,)%#2+(#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#(Α<(3,():(#4.3#Ω,(2)01(5(#6(03)(35=#ϑ5<(:25#.4#102(3,06#7(5,%)∀#(7&:02,.)06#.8Υ(:2,≅(5∀#6(03),)%#.<<.32&),2∋#<3.≅,5,.)∀#5&<<.32#5(3≅,:(5#0)7#2+(#6,>(#:0)#8(#07Υ&52(7#.3#1.7,4,(7#2.#8(22(3#0::.11.702(#2+(#ΤΤΡ5#.4#Ω,(2)01(5(#52&7()25∀#(5<(:,066∋#02#2(32,03∋#6(≅(65=#ς&32+(31.3(∀#4,)7,)%5#.4#2+,5#(1<,3,:06#3(5(03:+#52&7∋#<3(5()2#0#≅06&086(#3(4(3():(#0)7#3(5.&3:(#4.3#.2+(3#3(5(03:+(35#0)7#5:+.6035#,)#2+(#4,(67∀#8.2+#6.:066∋#0)7#,)2(3)02,.)066∋=#!2#

<3(5()25#.)(#.4#2+(#,),2,06#(44.325#2.#8&,67#2+(#5:,()2,4,:#4.&)702,.)#4.3#1.3(#(44(:2,≅(#,)523&:2,.)06#7(5,%)5#,)#2(0:+,)%#Ν)%6,5+#05#0#4.3(,%)#60)%&0%(∀#?,2+#5<(:,06#3(%037#2.#,)7(<()7()2#6(03),)%#2+3.&%+#2+(#.3:+(52302,.)#.4#0<<3.<3,02(#ΤΤΡ5=##

1.5 Research methodology

1.5.1 Research design

!2#?05#7(2(31,)(7#2+02#2+(#<3,103∋#)02&3(#.4#2+(#52&7∋#?05#2+02#.4#2+(#(Α<6.302.3∋#0)7#7(5:3,<2,≅(#3(5(03:+#7(5,%)=#Ρ.#05#2.#.820,)#0#:.1<3(+()5,≅(#7(5:3,<2,.)#.4#2+(#:&33()2#ΤΤΡ#&5(#0)7#,)Ξ7(<2+#(Α<6.302,.)#.4#ΤΤΡΞ3(602(7#,55&(5∀#,2#?05#0<<03()2#2+02#0#5,)%6(#1(2+.7#:.&67#+0376∋#4&64,6#2+,5#205>=#β.3(.≅(3∀#%,≅()#2+(#:.1<6(Α,2∋#0)7#7,≅(35,2∋#.4#2+(#05<(:25#<(320,),)%#2.#ΤΤΡ5∀#,2#?05#2+.&%+2#2+02#2+(#&5(#.4#:.18,)(7#

Trang 36

Ψ&06,202,≅(#7020#?.&67#:0<2&3(#).2#.)6∋#2+(#83(072+#8&2#065.#2+(#7(<2+#.4#ΤΤΡ#&5(#01.)%#Ω,(2)01(5(#2(32,03∋#52&7()25∀#05#5&%%(52(7#8∋#2+(#1,Α(7#1(2+.75#

1(2+.7.6.%,525#ΟΙ3(()(∀#ΦΓΓΛΖ#Ι3(5?(66#µ#;60).ΞΙ603>∀#ΦΓΓΣΠ=##∗+(3(4.3(∀#0#1,Α(7#1(2+.75#0<<3.0:+#?05#(1<6.∋(7#,)#2+,5#52&7∋∀#?+,:+#,):6&7(7#8.2+#Ψ&0)2,202,≅(#0)7#Ψ&06,202,≅(#7020#:.66(:2,.)#1(2+.75=##

ϑ#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#?05#7(≅(6.<(7#4.3#2+(#Ψ&0)2,202,≅(#<+05(#0)7#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?5#?(3(#&5(7#4.3#2+(#Ψ&06,202,≅(#<+05(=#ϑ62+.&%+#2+(5(#,)523&1()25#4.3#8.2+#1(2+.75#3(≅.6≅(7#03.&)7#2+(#:.3(#,55&(#.4#ΤΤΡ5∀#2+(∋#?(3(#%&,7(7#8∋#7,44(3()2#.8Υ(:2,≅(5#?,2+#7,44(3()2#4.:&5(5#0)7#:.&67#8(#,)7(<()7()26∋#7(≅(6.<(7#43.1#2+(#3(6(≅0)2#6,2(302&3(#0)7#0<<3.<3,02(#≅06,702,)%#<3.:(55(5=#∗+(3(4.3(∀#2+(#:.):&33()2#1,Α(7#1(2+.75#0<<3.0:+#?05#&5(7#4.3#2+(#7(5,%)#.4#2+,5#52&7∋=##Ρ<(:,4,:066∋∀#2+(#Ψ&0)2,202,≅(#7020#0)7#Ψ&06,202,≅(#7020#?(3(#:.66(:2(7#02#2+(#501(#2,1(#0)7#1(3%(7#7&3,)%#2+(#,)2(3<3(202,.)#<+05(=###

1.5.2 The sample

ΝςΤ#2(0:+,)%#52044#0)7#52&7()25#02#0#&),≅(35,2∋#,)#/.#Ι+,#β,)+#:,2∋∀#Ω,(2#∃01#?(3(#:+.5()#05#0#:.)≅(),():(#501<6(#4.3#2+,5#52&7∋=#∗+,5#&),≅(35,2∋#,5#0#≅(3∋#7∋)01,:#

&),≅(35,2∋#0)7#,5#%3.?,)%#≅(3∋#4052#,)#5,η(#05#?(66#05#<.<&603,2∋=#ϑ2#2+,5#&),≅(35,2∋∀#0#8,6,)%&06#5∋52(1#.4#Ω,(2)01(5(#0)7#Ν)%6,5+#,5#).?#&5(7#05#2+(#10,)#60)%&0%(5#4.3#,)523&:2,.)#0)7#:.11&),:02,.)#01.)%#52044#0)7#52&7()25=#∗+(3(4.3(∀#+(6<,)%#52&7()25#6(03)#8(22(3#0)7#0:+,(≅(#+,%+(3#<3.4,:,():∋#,)#Ν)%6,5+#8(:.1(5#(55()2,06#0)7#0#2.<#<3,.3,2∋#02#2+,5#&),≅(35,2∋=#−(5,7(5∀#2+(#1,55,.)#0)7#:.11,21()2#.4#2+(#

&),≅(35,2∋#03(#2.#(Ψ&,<#52&7()25#?,2+#<3.<(3#>).?6(7%(#0)7#6,4(Ξ6.)%#6(03),)%#5>,665#5.#2+02#2+(∋#03(#4&66∋#<3(<03(7#4.3#0#4&2&3(#.4#:+0)%(#0)7#:+066()%(5=#∗+02#,5#2+(#3(05.)#?+∋#%3(02#(44.325#03(#8(,)%#<&2#,)2.#<3(<03,)%#52&7()25#4.3#5(64Ξ7,3(:2(7#6(03),)%#.3#6(03),)%#0&2.).1∋=#−(,)%#0#<.<&603#&),≅(35,2∋#,)#/.#Ι+,#β,)+#Ι,2∋∀#2+(#8,%%(52#:,2∋#.4#Ω,(2#∃01∀#2+(#&),≅(35,2∋#02230:25#2+.&50)75#.4#52&7()25#43.1#

7,44(3()2#<0325#.4#2+(#:.&)23∋#0)7#5+.&67#:.)52,2&2(#0#501<6(#40,36∋#3(<3(5()202,≅(#.4#2+(#603%(3#<.<&602,.)#.4#Ω,(2)01(5(#2(32,03∋#52&7()25=#

Trang 37

! 7/,(.∋∗(Α%∃/.(&.564ϕ(∗+(#501<6(#,):6&7(7#ΚΣ#≅.6&)2((3#52&7()25#?+.#?(3(#

Ω,(2)01(5(#2(32,03∋#52&7()25#0)7#3(46(:2(7#2+(#7,≅(35,2∋#.4#80:>%3.&)75#,)#2(315#.4#%()7(3∀#5(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#0)7#0:07(1,:#5<(:,4,:02,.)5=###

! 7/,(.∋∗(Χ5∗&.%/∀∀+%,∗(&5,Μ∗4Ξ#]Λ∴#52&7()25#02#2+(#:+.5()#&),≅(35,2∋#

<032,:,<02(7#,)#2+,5#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#5&3≅(∋=#∗+(#501<6(#?05#52302,4,(7#.)#

≅03,086(5#5&:+#05#%()7(3∀#5(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#0)7#0:07(1,:#5<(:,4,:02,.)5=#∗+(5(#≅03,086(5#?(3(#&5(7#2.#8&,67#0#1023,Α#&<.)#?+,:+#0)06∋5,5#:0)#<3.:((7=#∗+(#501<6(#.4#]Λ∴#<032,:,<0)25#,)#2+(#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#5&3≅(∋#?05#603%(#().&%+#2.#,7()2,4∋#<022(3)5#.4#60)%&0%(#52302(%,(5#&5(7#8∋#52&7()25#0)7#5&8520)2,06#().&%+#2.#:0<2&3(#5,%),4,:0)2#:.33(602,.)#8(2?(()#

≅03,086(5=##

! 7/,(.∋∗(&∗2%Ι&.,5≅.5,∗6(%∀.∗,Μ%∗Ν&Ξ#∗+(#501<6(#:.)5,52(7#.4#2()#ΝςΤ#2(0:+,)%#

52044#0)7#2()#ΝςΤ#52&7()25#02#2+(#:+.5()#&),≅(35,2∋=#∗+(#501<6(7#2(0:+,)%#52044#:01(#43.1#7,44(3()2#7(<0321()25#0)7#2+(#52&7()25#3(46(:2(7#2+(#7,≅(35,2∋#.4#80:>%3.&)75#,)#2(315#.4#%()7(3∀#5(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#0)7#0:07(1,:#5<(:,4,:02,.)5=#∗+(#,)2(3≅,(?#501<6(#.4#2()#ΝςΤ#2(0:+,)%#52044#0)7#2()#52&7()25#066.?(7#4.3#0#<3.8(#4.3#3,:+(3#0)7#1.3(#,)Ξ7(<2+#

,)4.3102,.)#.)#,55&(5#03,5,)%#43.1#.3#3(602(7#2.#2+(#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#3(5&625=##

1.5.3 Instruments and data analysis

∗+,5#2+(5,5#52&7∋#?05#0)#(Α<6.302.3∋#0)7#7(5:3,<2,≅(#52&7∋#.4#2+(#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#.4#2(32,03∋#52&7()25#02#0#Ω,(2)01(5(#&),≅(35,2∋=#ϑ#1,Α(7#1(2+.75#

0<<3.0:+#?05#(1<6.∋(7#,)#7020#:.66(:2,.)#0)7#0)06∋5,5∀#,)≅.6≅,)%#0#:.18,)02,.)#.4#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(5#0)7#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?5=#!):.3<.302,)%#8.2+#Ψ&0)2,202,≅(#0)7#Ψ&06,202,≅(#3(5(03:+#,)#2+,5#1,Α(7#1(2+.75#0<<3.0:+#()086(7#2+(#3(5(03:+#

.8Υ(:2,≅(5#2.#8(#0:+,(≅(7#,)#0#+.6,52,:#0)7#7(20,6(7#10))(3∀#.44(3,)%#2+(#3(5(03:+#

?,2+#0#4,31#4.&)702,.)#2.#()5&3(#≅06,7,2∋#0)7#3(6,08,6,2∋=#ϑ#5&1103∋#.4#3(5(03:+#,)523&1()25#2.%(2+(3#?,2+#:.33(5<.)7,)%#7020#0)06∋5,5#,5#<3.≅,7(7#8(6.?=#Ος&32+(3#7(20,65#:0)#8(#4.&)7#,)#Ι+0<2(3#Η#0)7#∴Π=##

Trang 38

Table 1.1: Summary of instrument and data analysis

&5,)%#9(5:3,<2,≅(#Ρ202,52,:5# Ο5&:+#05#43(Ψ&():∋∀#1(0)∀# 1(7,0)#0)7#Ρ20)7037# 7(≅,02,.)Π=#∗.#0,7#2+(#0)06∋5,5# 4#7020∀#2+(#Ρ202,52,:06#;0:>0%(# 4.3#2+(#Ρ.:,06#Ρ:,():(#ΟΡ;ΡΡΠ# 0)7#ΝΑ:(6#ΦΓΓΣ#5.42?03(#?(3(#

,)2(3≅,(?5###

⊥&06,202,≅(#7020#0)06∋5,5#?05#

&)7(320>()#.)#5(1,Ξ 523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?#

230)5:3,<25#&5,)%#2+(102,:# 0)06∋5,5#2.#,7()2,4∋#:.7(5∀# :02(%.3,(5#0)7#2+(1(5=###

6,1,202,.)5∀#?+,:+#)((7#2.#8(#0<<3.<3,02(6∋#0773(55(7=#−(5,7(5∀#2+(#:.)2(Α2&066∋#7,≅(35(#)02&3(#.4#60)%&0%(#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#7,:202(5#2+02#).#3(5(03:+#

,)523&1()2#,5#<(34(:26∋#&5086(#,)#(≅(3∋#(7&:02,.)06#5(22,)%=##

∗+,5#3(:.%),2,.)#<3.1<2(7#2+(#070<202,.)#.4#2+(5(#(Α,52,)%#2 65#2.#7(≅(6.<#0#3(≅,5(7#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#4.3#2+,5#52&7∋#Ξ#∗+(#Ν)%6,5+#Τ0)%&0%(#Τ(03),)%#Ρ2302(%∋#

⊥&(52,.))0,3(#ΟΝΤΤΡ⊥Π=#∗+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#?05#1.3(#3(6(≅0)2#2.#2+(#:&33()2#(7&:02,.)06#

Trang 39

!!∀∀!#!!∀#0)7#,)≅.6≅(7#2+(#:.)5&6202,.)#.4#(Α<(325#,)#2+(#4,(67∀#05#?(66#05#2+(#

Ω,(2)01(5(#ΝςΤ#2(32,03∋#52&7()25#2+3.&%+#4.:&5#%3.&<#7,5:&55,.)5=#β.7,4,:02,.)5#,)#

?.37,)%5#0)7#523&:2&3(#0)7#077,2,.)5#.4#52302(%,(5#?(3(#107(=#∗+(#73042#

Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#2+()#?()2#2+3.&%+#0#<,6.2#4,(67#<3(Ξ2(52,)%#?,2+#5202,52,:06#1(2+.75#2.#()5&3(#,25#≅06,7,2∋#0)7#3(6,08,6,2∋=#∗+(#,),2,06#:.)5&6202,.)∀#6,2(302&3(#,)<&2∀#0)7#2+(#

<,6.2#2(52,)%#.4#2+(#73042#≅(35,.)#.4#2+(#,)523&1()2∀#?(3(#2.#:3(02(#0#≅06,7#:.)2(Α2Ξ5()5,2,≅(#0)7#6(03)(3Ξ0<<3.<3,02(#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(#.4#ΤΤΡ5#01.)%#Ω,(2)01(5(#ΝςΤ#2(32,03∋#52&7()25=##Ος.3#4&32+(3#7(20,65#3(%037,)%#2+(#:.)523&:2,.)#0)7#7(5:3,<2,.)#.4#2+(#Ρ!ΤΤ∀#5((#Ι+0<2(3#Η#0)7#∴Π=##

1.5.3.2 Qualitative stage

∗.#0,7#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(5#,)#7,5:.≅(3,)%#3,:+(3#0)7#7((<(3#,)4.3102,.)#3(602,)%#2.#ΤΤΡ5#01.)%#Ω,(2)01(5(#2(32,03∋#52&7()25#0)7#2+(#0::.11.702,.)#.4#2+(,3#ΤΤΡ#&5(#,)#2+(#:&33()2#(7&:02,.)06#5(22,)%∀#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?5#?(3(#:.):&33()26∋#&5(7#05#0#Ψ&06,202,≅(#,)523&1()2#.4#2+(#52&7∋=#−(:0&5(#52&7()25#,)+(3()26∋#+0≅(#,)7,≅,7&06#7,44(3():(5∀#Ψ&06,202,≅(#7020#43.1#2+(#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?5#:.&67#8(#&5(7#2.#,66&52302(#+.?#2+(#.≅(3066#<,:2&3(#(1(3%,)%#43.1#2+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#?05#,):,7()2066∋#3(602(7#2.#.3#7,≅(32(7#43.1#,)7,≅,7&06#52&7()25=#!55&(5#<(320,),)%#2.#2+(,3#≅,(?5#0)7#

022,2&7(5#2.?0375#ΤΤΡ5#,)#%()(306#05#?(66#05#2+(,3#)((75#0)7#(Α<(:202,.)5#:.&67#8(#(44,:,()26∋#(Α<6.3(7#2+3.&%+#2+(5(#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?(7=#∗+(#302,.)06(#8(+,)7#2+(#&5(#.4#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(7#.2+(3#2+0)#523&:2&3(7#,)2(3≅,(?5#?05#2+02#2+(∋#066.?(7#4.3#0#+,%+(3#46(Α,8,6,2∋#,)#0<<3.0:+,)%#2+(#<3.86(1#0)7#:3(02(7#

.<<.32&),2,(5#4.3#)(?#,55&(5#2.#03,5(#06.)%#2+(#?0∋=#∗+,5#4,25#,)#?(66#?,2+#2+(#&5(#.4#2+(102,:#0)06∋5,5#Ο4.3#4&32+(3#7(20,65#3(%037,)%#2+(#:.)523&:2,.)#0)7#7(5:3,<2,.)#.4#Ψ&(52,.)#,2(15#4.3#2+(#5(1,Ξ523&:2&3(#,)2(3≅,(?5Π=##

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1.6 Ethical considerations

∗+(#<3(5()2#3(5(03:+#?05#%30)2(7#4&66#(2+,:06#0<<3.≅06#ΟΝ2+,:5#Μ(4(3():(#∃.ϕ#/ΓΓΧΧΗΧΣΠ#8∋#2+(#/&10)#Μ(5(03:+#Ν2+,:5#Ι.11,22((#.4#2+(#Β),≅(35,2∋#.4#∗0510),0∀#ϑ&52306,0#ΟΡ((#ϑ<<()7,Α#ΧΠ=##

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