The mapping of land surface temperature using satellite images and GIS in dai tu district thai nguyen province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY MUI MINH TUNG TOPIC TITLE:THE MAPPING OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND GIS IN DAI TU DISTRICT – THAI N

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

MUI MINH TUNG TOPIC TITLE:THE MAPPING OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND GIS IN DAI TU DISTRICT

– THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science And Management

Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2010 - 2015

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Thai Nguyen City, one of the fast-expanding cities and the biggest industrial,commercial centers in Vietnam, has many aspects of active development underurbanization However, that high economic growth brings many impacts of highpollution levels in to the urban area Surface temperature and land cover types can

be directly derived from remotely sensed data, which provides a powerful way tomonitor urban environment and human activities

By using ArcGIS and ENVI software and remote sensing data, the rawthermal band data of Landsat satellite images are converted to land surfacetemperature in degree Celsius The data is used for detection of surface temperature

change during 1996-2014 and estimation of the increased rate of temperature rise tounderstand the intensity of global warming in the present and previous period

Approved by the Advanced Education Program - Thai Nguyen University ofAgriculture and Forestry, I have successfully conducted the research: “the mappingland surface temperature using satellite images and GIS tool in Dai Tu district” Firstand foremost, I would like to thank my research supervisors, Msc.Nguyen Van Hieu -vice director in “Center for foreign language and applied informatics”, who helped me

a lot during the internship time Without the assistance and dedicated involvement inevery step throughout the process, this research would have never been accomplished

I also would like to show gratitude to the employees of spatial researchlaboratory, who helped and supported me to accomplish my research In addition, Iwould like to thank my family and my friends by always staying by my side, whoencourage and help me in learning and researching

Thai Nguyen, 15/01/ 2015

Author

Mui Minh Tung

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES 1

LIST OF TABLES 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

PART I INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Background and rationale 4

1.2 Research objectives 4

1.3 The requirement 5

1.4 The significance 5

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Theoretical basis 6

2.1.1 The land surface temperature 6

2.1.3.Geographic information systems and remote sensing technology 10

2.2 Practical basis 18

2.2.1 The research on land surface temperature in the world 18

2.2.2 The research on land surface temperature in Viet Nam 21

PART III METHODS 24

3.1 Materials 24

3.1.1 The objects and scope of research 24

b The scope 24

3.1.2 The content 24

3.2 Methods 24

3.2.1 Collecting and selecting data 24

3.2.2 Inherited method 25

3.2.3 Determining land surface temperature 25

3.2.5 Map editor 32

PART IV RESULTS 33

4.1 The natural conditions and socioeconomic in research area 33

4.1.1 Natural conditions 33

4.1.2 Socioeconomic conditions 41

4.1.3 Summary of the current land used and land management activities in Dai Tu 44

4.1.4 General assessment of the natural conditions, socioeconomic conditions and environment in research area 46

4.2 Determining land surface temperature 46

4.2.1 Data Investigation and collection 46

4.2.2 Conversion of the Digital Number (DN) to Spectral Radiance (Lλ) 47

4.2.3 Conversion of the Spectral Radiance to Temperature 48

4.3 Land cover types classification 52

4.4 Map editor 56

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 59

5.1 Discussion 59

5.2 Conclusion 59

REFERENCES 61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Determining land surface temperature process 25

Figure 3.2 Land cover classification process 29

Figure 3.3 Map editor process 32

Figure 4.1 The administration map of Dai Tu district 2013 33

Figure 4.2 The average temperature in Dai Tu observation station year 2013 40

Figure 4.3 Landsat thermal band 47

Figure 4.4 Band marth tool 48

Figure 4.5 Spectral Radiance image .48

Figure 4.6 Emissivity Normalization tool .49

Figure 4.7 Land surface temperature in 1996 49

Figure 4.8 Land surface temperature in 2014 50

Figure 4.9 Composited bands 52

Figure 4.10 Clip function tool 53

Figure 4.11 NDVI map 53

Figure 4.12 Land cover type map in 1996………55

Figure 4.13 Land cover type map in 2014 55

Figure 4.14 Data frame tool 56

Figure 4.15 the locator map 57

Figure 4.16 Other map elements 57

Figure 4.17 Land surface temperature map 1996 58

Figure 4.18 Land surface temperature map 2014 58

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 K1 and K2 Values in Landsat 8 images 27

Table 3.2 Rescaling Factor 27

Table 3.3 The K1, K2 value in Landsat 5 images 28

Table 3.4 Rescaling Factor of Landsat 5 images 28

Table 3.5 Band Combinations for Landsat 8 31

Table 4.1 Dai Tu district area divided by the height and slope 34

Table 4.2 The average rainfall in some observation station of Dai Tu district 38

Table 4.3 Monthly mean humidity of Dai Tu district in recent years 39

Table 4.4 Land use structure of Dai Tu district in 2014 45

Table 4.5 Land cover classification 54

Table 4.6 Land cover statistical 55

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAD Computer-Aided Design

CARIS Computer Aided Resource Information System

DN Digital number

DOS Disk Operating System

ERDAS Earth Resource Data Analysis System

ERSI Environmental Systems Research Institute

GIS Geographic InformationSystems

GPS Global Positioning System

LIDAR Light Detection And Ranging

LST Land surface temperature

MIDAS Mapping Display and Analysis System

RADAR Radio Detection And Ranging

RS Remote sensing

UCL Urban Canopy Layer

UBL Urban Boundary Layer

UHI Urban Heat Island

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale

Land surface temperature is an important factor for a wide variety ofapplications such as hydrology, agriculture, biogeochemistry and climate change etc

as well as an important parameters in researching environmental status, especially forurban environment However, calculating LST with the high accuracy has been one ofthe biggest preoccupations of scientists due to the influence of the ability of the surfaceemission Observing land surface temperature in a province becomes more difficultbecause we cannot build a system of weather stations with the high density andcontinuous operation Remote sensing data with the characteristics of multiphase, shorttime to process and covering the wide region enable the users to observe the locationparticularly and continuously, as well as the temperature change of a certain area

Thai Nguyen is one of the provinces developing rapidly with highindustrialization and urbanization rate It causes the changes in its land surfacetemperature especially in Dai Tu district areas For the reason mentioned above, Ichoose the topic “The land surface temperature mapping of Dai Tu district, ThaiNguyen province using satellite image and GIS”; to better serve environmentalmanagement and natural resource supervision purposes, together with evaluating theapplication of remote sensing in studying the temperature

1.2 Research objectives

- Researching the land surface temperature in Dai Tu district

- Mapping the land surface temperature of Dai Tu district

- Assessing the impact of land cover to the land surface temperature in Dai Tu

1.3 The requirement

- To acquire adequate data of natural condition, socioeconomic and spatial data

- To classify and process the data

- To evaluate the impact of land surface temperature changes on distribution ofthe land cover types

- To be proficient in GIS software to mapping data and analyzing data

1.4 The significance

- For learning and researching purpose: to apply the researching methods, ways

to evaluating the changes in land surface temperature and analyzing the impact of landsurface temperature to the land cover types

- The practical significance: Applying the knowledge on reality combine with

collecting and analyzing data, assessing the impact of land surface temperatureschanged, providing information to local community in the research area about landsurface temperature changes and its effects and then suggest several reasonablestrategies and measures from predictions in the thesis

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis

2.1.1 The land surface temperature

2.1.1.1 The concept and the role of surface temperature

Temperature is an essential atmospheric variable which is a transformation ofthe kinetic energy of the particles inside any object or matter into heat energy Theland surface temperature (LST) which is retrieved from satellite remote sensing is theskin temperature of the surface of the Earth This is captured in the thermal infraredregion of the electromagnetic spectrum (Fontana et al., 2005) “The land surfacetemperature (LST) is an important factor controlling most physical, chemical andbiological processes in the Earth” (Fontana et al., 2005) Various environmentalstudies and management activities of the Earth surface resources require theknowledge of LST (Li and Becker, 1993) Therefore, the studies using LST is of greatimportance withrespect to the environmental and climate change scenarios

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important climate variable, related tosurface energy balance and the integrated thermal state of the atmosphere within theplanetary boundary layer Traditionally, LST was referred to standard surface-airtemperature measured by a sheltered thermometer 1.5-3.5 m above a flat grassy, well-ventilated surface With satellite technology, another type of LST, satellite-basedsurface temperature called skin temperature, is becoming available globally SatelliteLST products provide an estimate of the kinetic temperature of the earth’s surfaceskin, i.e., the aggregate surface medium viewed by the sensor to a depth of about 12

μm Skin temperature is inferred from the thermal emission of the earth surface and is

generally some average effective radioactive temperature of various canopy and soilsurfaces.

LST is a key parameter in land surface processes, not only acting as anindicator of climate change, but also due to its control of the upward terrestrialradiation, and consequently, the control of the surface sensible and latent heat fluxexchange with the atmosphere For example, energy exchanges at the land-surfaceboundary are largely controlled by the difference between the skin temperature and thesurface air temperature, the air and the surface reacting with different time and spacescales to external forcing while still being complexly interconnected Moreover, thesurface temperature responds more rapidly to changes of the local balance of energythan the air temperature On the other hand, surface heat fluxes can induce localconvection in the boundary layer, producing changes in air temperature, surface winds,cloudiness, and (potentially) precipitation

2.1.1.2 The situation of land surface temperature in research area

Thai Nguyen is a major commercial center of the Northern areas of Vietnamand one of the cities developing rapidly with high industrialization and urbanizationrates The temperature here is remarkably increasing, especially in Dai Tu district area

in northwest of Thai Nguyen city

2.1.1.3 The causes of increased land surface temperature.

The land surface temperature significantly increased due to the rapidlyindustrialization and urbanization in Thai Nguyen city Residential area expansion isone of the factors that cause more heat reflection and raise the surface temperature in

temperature and overall ambient air temperature in urban area to rise In addition, thehigher deforestation rate contributes to the land cover changes, leading to land surfacetemperature change.

2.1.1.4 The impacts

There are many impacts due to the surface temperature rise, such as on humanhealth, natural vegetation, fauna and flora, and surrounding environment, and most ofall it is the key factor causing global warming In addition, the higher temperature in

urban zones is the main reason for “heat island effect”, which is a large environmental

problem in many big cities where the temperature increases continuously together withthe urbanization and industrialization

2.1.2 The land cover types

2.1.2.1 Land cover types definition

Land cover data documents how much of a region is cover by forests, wetlands,impervious surfaces, agriculture, and other land and water types Water types includewetlands or open water The different types of land cover can be managed or use quitedifferently Land cover can be determined by analyzing satellite and aerial imagery.Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the currentlandscape To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years areneeded With this information, managers can evaluate past management decisions aswell as gain insight into the possible effects of their current decisions before they areimplemented

Coastal managers use land cover data and maps to better understanding theimpacts of natural phenomena and human use of the landscape Maps can help

managers assess urban growth, model water quality issues, predict and assess impactsfrom floods and storm surges, track wetland losses and potential impacts from sealevel rise, prioritize areas for conservation efforts, and compare land cover changeswith effects in the environment or to connections in socioeconomic changes such asincreasing population.

2.1.2.2 The land used in research area

The land area of Dai Tu district is 57.890 ha, in which 26.87% of agriculturalland, forestland accounted for 45.13%, the rest are non-agricultural land accounting for28% with mostly hills and rivers The forest areas of Dai Tu are 24.468 ha, in whichover 9.000 ha of plantation forest and 15.000 ha of natural forest Now, many plantedareas are old enough to exploit, otherwise, there are many large areas can be used toplant tree So, it is necessary to improve the coverage and develop the high-valueforest

2.1.2.3 The causes of land cover changes in research area

The main causes of land cover change is deforestation and over exploitation.Otherwise, in recent years, due to the rapid development of industry in urban area, there aremany works and factories built, resulting inland cover changes

2.1.2.4 The impact

The land cover change had widely impact on climate and atmosphere The fullimpact of land cover change on climate and ecosystems is an open question, with amultitude of perspectives to account for, and is far beyond the scope of this work.However, in many respects land cover change has had the single largest impact on

change primarily influences the climate and atmosphere through either bio geophysical

or biogeochemical processes

In general, biogeochemical impacts of land cover change on climate refer toperturbations in climate from changes in the fluxes of chemical compounds, primarily carbondioxide, which impact atmospheric chemistry and radioactive energy balance

Bio geophysical impacts of land cover change represent perturbations to a moredirect coupling between the land and the atmosphere At the earth’s surface, fluxes ofenergy, moisture, and momentum take place between the atmospheric boundary layerand soil/vegetation As the vegetative structure of a region is perturbed due to land use,these fluxes respond and change

2.1.3.Geographic information systems and remote sensing technology

2.1.3.1 Geographic information system (GIS)

a Definition

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system designed to capture,store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data Theacronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatialinformation studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographicinformation systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geo-informatics What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has nosuch restrictive boundaries

In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integratesstores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information GIS applicationsare tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze

spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations.Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic concepts,applications, and systems.

b Basic elements of GIS

- Hardware: Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates Today, GIS

software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers todesktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations

- Software: GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store,

analyze, and display geographic information A review of the key GIS softwaresubsystems is provided above

- Data: Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is the data Geographic

data and related tabular data can be collected in-house, compiled to customspecifications and requirements, or occasionally purchased from a commercial dataprovider A GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources, oftenstored in a corporate DBMS The integration of spatial data (often proprietary to theGIS software), and tabular data stored in a DBMS is a key functionality afforded byGIS

- People: GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the

system and develop plans for applying it to real world problems GIS users range fromtechnical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help themperform their everyday work The identification of GIS specialists versus end users is oftencritical to the proper implementation of GIS technology

- Methods: A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed

implementation plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practicesunique to each organization

As in all organizations dealing with sophisticated technology, new tools can only beused effectively if they are properly integrated into the entire business strategy andoperation To do this properly requires not only the necessary investments in hardware andsoftware, but also in the retraining and/or hiring of personnel to utilize the new technology

in the proper organizational context Failure to implement your GIS without regard for aproper organizational commitment will result in an unsuccessful system Many of the issuesconcerned with organizational commitment are described in Implementation Issues andStrategies

c GIS application.

There are five basic questions which a complete GIS must answer:

What exists at a particular location?Given a geographic reference (eg lattitude andlongitude) for a location, the GIS must describe the features of that location

Where can specific features be found? This is the converse of the first question.For example, where are the districts with rainfall greater than 500 mmand less thanless than 750 mm?

Trends or what has changed over time?This involves answering both questionsabove For example, at what locations are the crop yields showing declining trends?

What spatial patterns exist? If occurrence of a pest is associated with ahypothesized set of conditions of temperature, precipitation, humidity, where do thoseconditions exist?

Modelling or what if …?This is a higher level application of GIS and answersquestions like what would be the nitrate distribution in groundwater over the area iffertilizer use is doubled?

d GIS funtion:

Data Pre-processing and Manipulation

- Data validation and editing, eg checking and correction.

- Structure conversion, eg conversion from vector to raster.

- Geometric conversion, eg map registration, scale changes, projection

changes, map transformations, rotation

- Generalisation and classification, eg reclassifying data, aggregation or

disaggregation, co-ordinate thinning

- Integration, eg overlaying, combining map layers or edge matching.

- Map enhancement, eg image enhancement, add title, scale, key, map

symbolism, draping overlays

- Interpolation, eg kriging, spline functions, Thiessen polygons, plus centroid

determination and extrapolation

- Buffer generation, eg calculating and defining corridors.

- Data searching and retrieval, eg on points, lines or areas, on user defined themes

or by using Boolean logic Also browsing, querying and windowing

Data Analysis

- Spatial analysis, eg connectivity, proximity, contiguity, intervisibility, digital

terrain modelling

- Statistical analysis, eg histograms, correlation, measures of dispersion,

frequency analysis

- Measurement, eg line length, area and volume calculations, distance and directions.

Data Display

- Graphical display, eg maps and graphs with symbols, labels or annotations.

- Textual display, eg reports, tables.

Database Management

- Support and monitoring of multi-user access to the database.

- Coping with systems failure.

- Communication linkages with other systems.

- Editing and up-dating of databases.

- Organising the database for efficient storage and retrieval.

- Maintenance of database security and integrity.

- Provision of a “data independent” view of the database.

e ArcGIS software introduction.

ArcGIS is a software program, used to create, display and analyze geospatialdata, developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) of Redlands,California ArcGIS consists of three components: ArcCatalog, ArcMap andArcToolbox ArcCatalog is used for browsing for maps and spatial data, exploringspatial data, viewing and creating metadata, and managing spatial data ArcMap isused for visualizing spatial data, performing spatial analysis, and creating maps toshow the results of your work ArcToolbox is an interface for accessing the dataconversion and analysis function that come with ArcGIS ArcGIS comes in three

variants: ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo, which are the low end, middle and fullyconfigured versions of the software Any of these versions can be used for thisexercise.

ArcGIS allowing:

- Creating and editing the integrated data (spatial data and attribute data)

- Spatial querying from many sources by different ways

- Display, query and analyze spatial data

- Create thematic maps and high quality printouts.

ArcGIS data structure:

The ArcGIS data are dividing to three parts:

- Vector: a set of specific classes has the same reference system.

- Raster: a set of simply data or a compressed data set from wavelength bands

of spectrum or a list of values

- TIN: contains a set of accurately continuous triangle of a region with the Z

value for each point

2.1.3.2 Remote sensing (RS)

a Definition

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object orphenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to insitu observation In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensortechnologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and inthe atmosphere and oceans) by means of propagated signals (e.g electromagnetic

from aircraft or satellites) or passive (e.g sunlight) when information is merelyrecorded.

b Basic Elements of GIS Remote sensing

Energy Source or illumination - the first requirement for remote sensing is to

have an energy source, which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to thetarget of interest

Radiation and the atmosphere - as the energy travels from its source to the

target, it will come in contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through.This interaction may take place a second time as the energy travels from the target tothe sensor

Interaction with the target - once the energy makes its way to the target

through the atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending on the properties of boththe target and the radiation

Recording of Energy by the Sensor - after the energy has been scattered by, or

emitted from the target, we require a sensor (remote - not in contact with the target) tocollect and record the electromagnetic radiation

Transmission, Reception, and Processing - the energy recorded by the sensor has to

be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the dataare processed into an image (hardcopy and/or digital)

Interpretation and Analysis - the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or

digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which wasilluminated

Application - the final element of the remote sensing process is achieved when

we apply the information we have been able to extract from the imagery about thetarget in order to better understand it, reveal some new information, or assist in solving

a particular problem

c Some Land Observation Satellites/Sensors

The Landsat:

- System Pour l Observation de la Terre (SPOT);

- Indian Remote Sensing (IRS);

- Light Detection And Ranging (Lidar);

- Marine Observation Satellite (MOS);

- Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of View Sensor (SeaWiFS);

- Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR);

- Radio Detection And Ranging (RADAR)

The Land sat program is the longest running enterprise for acquisition of satelliteimagery of Earth On July 231972, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite waslaunched This was eventually renamed to Landsat The most recent, Landsat 8, waslaunched on February 11, 2013 The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquiredmillions of images The images, archived in the United States a data Landsat receivingstations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research andapplications in agriculture, cartography, geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillanceand education, and can be viewed through the USGS 'Earth Explorer' website Landsat 7data has eight spectral bands with spatial resolutions ranging from 15 to 60 meters; the

d Applications of RS data

Agriculture:Crop Type Mapping; Crop Monitoring and Damage Assessment Forestry: Clear Cut Mapping and Deforestation; Species Identification and

Typing; Burn Mapping

Geology: Structural Mapping and Terrain Analysis; Geologic Unit Mapping

Hydrology: Flood delineation and Mapping; Soil Moisture

SeaIce: Ice type and Concentration; Ice Motion

Land Cover - Biomass Mapping: Land Cover and Land Use; Land Use Change

(Rural / Urban)

Mapping: Planimetry; Digital Elevation Model; Topographic and Baseline

Thematic Mapping

Oceans and Coastal Monitoring: Ocean Features: Ocean Colour and

Phytoplankton Concentration; Oil Spill Detection

2.2 Practical basis

2.2.1 The research on land surface temperature in the world

GIS is designed as a common system for managing spatial data, there are manyapplications of GIS in the urban development and natural environments management suchas: urban planning, workforce management, agriculture, operating system utility,roadmap, inhabitants, mapping, monitoring the waters, fire and disease… Application ofGIS to the study of urban surface temperature is one of the latest applications of GIS.Urban climate studies have long been concerned about the magnitude of the difference inobserved ambient air temperature between cities and their surrounding rural regions,which collectively describe the urban heat island (UHI) effect (Landsberg, 1981)

Pertinent to the methods of temperature measurement, two types of UHI can bedistinguished: the canopy layer (UCL) heat island, and the boundary layer (UBL) heatisland

Researching Temperature Modeling of Indus Basin Using Landsat Databy H.U.

Abbasi The research using remotely sensed information to detect thermalcharacteristics and measurements of temperature of Indus basin surfaces andimpact on regional climate The satellite borne instruments can providequantitative and quality physical data at high spatial, temporal resolutions andrepetitive coverage, capability of measurements of earth surface conditions Theanalysis of surface temperature using thermal infrared band 6, was also carried out

to find out the significant change in temperature, the results have show temperaturefrom May 1992, May 2003 to May, 2009 ( Abbasi at al., 2012)

Jose´ A Sobrino performed a study Land surface temperature retrieval fromLANDSAT TM 5, In this paper, three methods to retrieve the land surface temperature(LST) from thermal infrared data supplied by band 6 of the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensoronboard the Landsat 5 satellite are compared The first of them lies on the estimation of theland surface temperature from the radiative transfer equation using in situ radiosoundingdata The land surface emissivity (LSE) values needed in order to apply these methods havebeen estimated from a methodology that uses the visible and near infrared bands Finally,

we present a comparison between the LST measured in situ and the retrieved by thealgorithms over an agricultural region of Spain (La Plana de Requena-Utiel) ( Sobrino at al.,2004)

Researching Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, Urban Heat Island Phenomenon,and Health Implications: A Remote Sensing Approach by Dale A Quattrocchi This studyanaly- sis of Landsat images revealed an increase in surface temperature and a decline inNDVI from 1973 to 1997 These changes have forced the development of a significanturban heat is- land effect at both the urban canopy and urban boundary layers as well as anincrease in ground level ozone production to such an extent that Atlanta has violated EPA’sozone level standard in recent years Using canonical correlation analy- sis, surfacetemperatures and NDVI, extracted from Landsat TM images, were found to correlatestrongly with volatile organic compounds ( VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, thetwo ingredients that form ozone by reacting with sunlight ( Lo and Quattrocchi, 2003).

Researching Inter-Seasonal Variations of Surface Temperature in the UrbanizedEnvironment of Delhi Using Landsat Thermal Data by Ram Babu Singh An attempt hasbeen made in this research to analyze seasonal variations in surface temperature in city ofDelhi Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5 satellite images for the four seasons, viz., 16January (winter), 5 March (spring), 8 May (summer) and 29 September (autumn)2011 havebeen used to interpret the distribution and changes in surface temperature A total of 80samples from all land use/cover categories were taken to generalize the patterns along withnorth-south and west-east profiles The extracted surface temperature patterns reflect thespatial and temporal dynamics of temperature over different land use/cover ( Singh at al.,2014)

Changes in land surface temperatures and NDVI values over Europe between

1982 and 1999 by Yves Julien The author used land surface temperature (LST)algorithms and NDVI values to estimate changes in vegetation in the European

continent between 1982 and 1999 from the Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) dataset.These two parameters are monitored through HANTS (Harmonic ANalysis of TimeSeries) software, which allows the simultaneous observation of mean value, firstharmonic amplitude and phase behaviors in the same image These results for eachcomplete year of data show the effect of volcanic aerosols and orbital drift on PALdata These results evidence that arid and semi-arid areas of Southern Europe havebecome more arid, the rest of Europe seeing an increase in its wood land proportion,while seasonal amplitude in Northern Europe has decreased ( Julien at al., 2006).

Researching of Bakhtiar Feizizadeh: Thermal remote sensing for land surfacetemperature monitoring: Maraqeh county Iran In this study the Surface EnergyBalance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) method has been applied to Landsat EnhancedThematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery for Maraqeh County, Iran A five step modelbased on the SEBAL method analyses the spatial variation of LST The modelled LSTvalues were validated with LSTs measured at the Maraqeh County meteorologicalstation Differences between modelled and measured LST values were only in therange of 0.6% ( Feizizadeh at al., 2012)

2.2.2 The research on land surface temperature in Viet Nam

Today, GIS, RS are widely applying in Viet Nam RS and GIS is a tool thathelps to decide the success of many social-economic activities, national defensesystem Geographic Information Systems GIS is possibilities to assess the reality, thenatural entities and social economic by collect, manage, query, analyses, and integratethe information; To be associated with the consistently geometric background (map)

consistent with the trend of computerization and requirements of socio-economicdevelopment in our country.

Researching of Tran Thi An: The land surface temperature in DaNang Cityfrom the satellite image of Lands at 7 ETM+ This paper used the thermal band of theLandsat 7 ETM+ image in the wavelength of Near Infrared in order to calculate thesurface temperature of Danang city The result shows that the urban zone with the highintensity of houses, transportations, buildings, has the higher temperature than otherzones, lead to the “heat island effect” This is a larger environmental problem in manybig cities in which the temperature of the urban increased continuously along with theurbanization and industrialization This paper pointed out the distribution of surfacetemperature in Danang city that help for the uban planers in looking for the method totreat this environmental problem ( An et al., 2011)

Researching Application the MODIS images to monitor the change of land surfacetemperature and drought situation in the Mekong Delta by Huỳnh ThịThu Hương In thisresearch, author used MOD11A2 (1-km spatial resolutions, 8-day composite) from 2000 to

2010 for initially calculating and assessing fluctuation of Land surface temperature (LST),Temperature/Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) in Mekong River delta combiningagricultural household interview in the study area The research has developed a completedprocess for calculating the Land surface temperature and Temperature/Vegetation DrynessIndex for the Mekong Delta by using MODIS images The executed temperature data fromthis process has high reliability by means of high correlation with the measured data frommeteorological stations ( Huong, 2012)

Researching: Application of Thermal remote sensing on increasing of urban surfacetemperature with distribution of land cover types in Ho Chi Minh city by Tran ThiVan.Thermal remote sensing proved its capacity in monitoring temperature field Thepurpose of this study is to evaluate the use of Landsat ETM+ data for indicating temperaturedifferences in urban areas and compare the relationships between urban surface temperatureand land cover types The urban temperature distribution map and the analysis of thermalland cover relationships can be used as the reference for urban planning and the solution tohead island effect reduction ( Van, 2005).

Research of Nguyen Quang Tuan: Application GIS and Remote sensing forStablish of vegetation status map in 2008 with scale 1:50.000 in Ky Anh district, HaTinh Province In this paper, the remote sensing image analysis processes for mappingvegetation status are mentioned The authors have established maps of vegetationstatus in Ky Anh district, Ha Tinh province in 2008 from Landsat TM Due to longtime of synthesis and mapping vegetation for the state to extend the territory,information on the map was outdated and no longer accurate Therefore, a differentapproach is needed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional methods inresearching the current situation to meet urgent requirements of practical productionand scientific research ( Tuan at al., 2010)

PART III METHODS 3.1 Materials

3.1.1 The objects and scope of research

- The spatial extent: The research areas are the communes, towns in Dai Tu

district, Thai Nguyen province

3.1.2 The content

 Identifying the natural conditions and socio economic conditions in researcharea

 Determining the temperature map in research area from satellite images

 Analyzing the relation between land surface temperature and land cover types

in research area

 Mapping land surface temperature by GIS technology

3.2 Methods

3.2.1 Collecting and selecting data.

- Collecting data related to research area, research object (natural conditions,

socio-economic conditions) from website of Dai Tu district

- Collecting the information, data that need to evaluating and mapping Land

surface temperature

3.2.2 Inherited method

Inheriting the research that related to Land surface temperature mapping in andoutside of Viet Nam Collecting the documents were summarized and served forresearching purpose such as determining land surface temperature method by usingsatellite images; determining the land cover types by using satellite image; Situationand developing tendency of GIS, RS etc

3.2.3 Determining land surface temperature.

Figure 3.1.Determining land surface temperature process

The research methodology was based on the calculation of temperature

Landsat 5, Landsat 7 images and band 10, 11 for Landsat 8 images).The

implementation process began with the conversion of the Digital Number - DN to the

radiation spectrum - Lλ, and then converted the radiation values to temperature values.

The following procedure was carried out to derive the surface temperature,generate the temperature color map and analyze the data

a Conversion of the Digital Number (DN) to Spectral Radiance (Lλ)

The spectral radiance (Lλ) is calculated using the following equation:

Lλ = ML*Qcal + ALWhere:

- Lλ = Top of Atmospheric Radiance in watts/ (m2*srad*μm)

- ML = Band specific multiplicative rescaling

factor(radiance_mult_band_10/11)

- Qcal = band 10/11 image

- AL = Band specific additive rescaling factor (radiance_add_band_10/11)

b Conversion of the Spectral Radiance to Temperature

The ETM+ thermal band data can be converted from spectral radiance blackbody temperature which assumes surface emissivity = 1 The following formula wasused to convert Spectral Radiance to Temperature (Kelvin unit):

T = K2/ ln(K1/ Lλ+ 1)Where:

- T = Effective at-satellite temperature in Kelvin

- K1 = Calibration constant1 (watts/meter squared*ster*µm) (666.09)

- K2 = Calibration 2 (Kelvin) (1282.71)

- Lλ= Spectral radiance (watts/meter squared*ster*µm)

After that we transfer the temperature value from Kelvin unit to Celsius unit bythe formula:

ToC = T - 273Where:

 ToC = the temperature in Celsius unit

 T = the temperature in Kelvin unit

Landsat 8 is one of the Landsat series of NASA The data of Landsat 8 is

available in Earth Explorer website at free of cost In the present study, the TIR bands

10 and 11 were used to estimate temperature

Table 3.1 K1 and K2 Values in Landsat 8 images

Table 3.2.Rescaling Factor

Landsat 5 was a low Earth orbit satellite launched on March 1, 1984 to collectimagery of the surface of Earth The U.S Geological Survey (USGS) and the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) jointly managed a continuation of the

Landsat Program, Landsat 5 Data from Landsat 5 was collected and distributed fromthe USGS's Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS).

Table 3.3 The K1, K2 value in Landsat 5 images

K1 (watts/meter squared * ster * µm) 607.76

Table 3.4 Rescaling Factor of Landsat 5 images

3.2.4 Land cover classification

Landsat satellite image

Checking RGB bands combination and editing

map

Land cover types image