Trong ngi dung bai bao nay, ehiing toi neu khai quat ve nw&e thai nhiim dau, cong nghe tach vi song, sir dung eong nghe vi song di taeh va thu hoi dau tip nw&e thai nhiim dau; qua trinh
Trang 1nuoc thai nhiem dau o Viet Nam
ThS Le Thj Phu'ang
Vien Diu khi Viet Nam
ThS Tran DLFC Minh
Hoc vien Phdng khdng • Khdng quan
Tom t i t
Nw&e thai nhiem dau bj nhu twang hoa la mot phan quan trgng eiia nw&e thai eong nghiep va dwgv sinh ra tir eae hoat dgng san xuat eong nghiep khac nhau, dae biet la nganh cong nghiep dau khi
Trong ngi dung bai bao nay, ehiing toi neu khai quat ve nw&e thai nhiim dau, cong nghe tach vi song, sir dung eong nghe vi song di taeh va thu hoi dau tip nw&e thai nhiim dau; qua trinh thiet ke, che tao thiet bj vi song di pha nhu twang trong nw&e thai nhiem dau; dong th&i mo ta kha day dii viec thir nghiem taeh nhu twang dau/nw&e bang phwang phap vi song dien tir va so sanh hieu qua thu dwg'C v&i phwang phap tuyen noi kit hg'p chat pha nhu Thi nghiem eho thay phwang phap taeh nhu twang dau/nw&e trong nw&e thai nhiim dau bang phwang phap vi song dien tir eho kit qua rat tot, nhanh, tiet kiem va dap wng day du tieu ehuan moi trw&ng eua Viet Nam va khong thua kem cac phwang phap tach truyen thong khae Dieu nay, m& ra then vgng eho viee su' dung edng nghe vi song trong viee tach va thu hoi dau tip nw&e thai nhiem dau & Viet Nam trong twang lai gan
DAU K H i - 3 6 8/2010 4 7
Trang 2A N T O A N - MOI TRUONG DAU KHi
M a dau
Nude thai ndi ehung va nudc thai nhiim d i u
(NTND) ndi rieng la mdt trong nhirng tae nhan chinh
gay ra d nhiem mdi trudng ma t h i gidi da va dang
quan tam xir ly O l x(j/ ly va thu hdi d i u trong nudc
thai nhiim d i u (bao gom d i u d dang nhu tuang
diu/nude) eae edng nghe sau da va dang dugc sir
dung:
- Cdng nghe tach vat ly
- Cac phuang phap taeh hda hpe
- Cac phuang phap dien va vi sdng dien tir
- Cae phuang phap vi sinh
- Sir dung k i t hgp cae phuang phap vdi nhau
1 Khai quat ve nu'O'c thai nhiim dau va cong nghe
tach vi song
Ngay nay, t h i gidi da quan tam va d i u t u nhiiu
edng sire, t i i n eiia d l phat t h i n cac cdng nghe x\j ly
d i u va nhu tuang d i u trong NTND Oac biet yeu c l u
bao ve mdi trudng s i n g ciia con ngudi ngay cang cao
nen gidi han ndng dp cac hydrocaebon trong NTND
dugc phep thai ra mdi trudng ngay cang nghiem khIc
Tuy tu'ng quoe gia se d l ra cae gidi han thai cho heng
minh 6" Viet Nam hien nay thi NTND phai dugc xir ly
tdi n i n g dp eua d i u , md 5ppm thi mdi dugc thai ra
mdi trudng O i l vdi cac hoat ddng d i u khi d ngoai
bien thi ham lugng d i u trong nudc thai phai dugc xa
ly d i n 15ppm cho khu vyc ndi thuy va 40ppm eho
vung bien khai xa
1.1 Cae dae trwng ehinh eiia NTND
C i n phai hieu rang ban c h i t eiia nudc thai se
quylt djnh sy lya chpn thilt bj taeh d i u / n u d c nao
dugc SU' dung va cho phep chung ta dy doan hieu
nang cua thilt bj taeh dd Mpt thiet bj dugc thilt ke d l
tach d i u ty do thi khdng t h i dung d l tach dugc nhu
tuang dIu/nudc, ngugc lai se khdng cd hieu qua va
t i n kem r i t nhiiu khi dung cae thilt bj tach nhu tuang
dIu/nudc eho viec taeh d i u t y do tir nudc thai [1]
Cd 4 thdng s l cua NTND cho phep chung ta lya
chpn cdng nghe xu' ly d i u (bao g i m nhu tuang d i u )
ehinh xae eho b i t ky loai nudc thai nao [1] B i n thdng
so dd la:
- Sy phan bd kich thude gipt d i u
- Van toe gipt
- Nong dp cua d i u trong nude thai
- Mu'c dp nhu hda d i u bj nhu hda trong nudc thai
Sy phan b l kich thude gipt va trang thai nhu tuang eho phep ehung ta lya chpn phuang phap tach Van t i c gipt va nong dp d i u eho phep chung ta lya chpn kich thude heng ciia he t h i n g va dy bao dugc
sy van hanh eiia he t h i n g ma ta lya ehpn
* Sw phan bd kich thw&c giot
Sy phan b l kich thude gipt trong NTND la ylu to
d l quylt djnh d i n tinh hieu qua sy van hanh cua thiet
bj taeh dIu/nude eiia nude thai Xac dinh sy phan bo kich thude gipt la de lya ehpn he thing tach bdi vi m6i mdt kich thude gipt se cd sy van hanh khac nhau trong qua trinh tach ehung ra khdi nude
Cac gipt d i u khdng phai la cac hat that, dd chi la quy ude chung d l xir ly cac gipt rieng le ciia diu bj phan tan trong nudc dudi dang cae hat hinh c l u Tuy thude vao dudng kinh eiia cac gipt ma chung dugc chia ra thanh mpt trong b i n loai sau day [2]:
- Vdi cac gipt dudng kinh Idn han hoae bing 250/vm, d i u duge tap hgp lai thanh dau ty do noi len
b l mat nude
- NhO'ng gipt d i u cd dudng kinh tir 30pm d i n nho han 250pm dugc coi nhu eae gigt d i u dan gian
- Cae gipt d i u cd dudng kinh tii' 1 d i n nhd han 30pm thi duge xem la nhu tuang d i u
- Cac gipt d i u cd dudng kinh nhd han 1pm thi dugc coi la p h i n d i u hda tan trong nude
D A U H b A T A N
•^° Ol/dTNG K I N H GIpT (\1 m) ^'
Hinh 1 Mdi lien he giira duang kinh giot
va trang thai tdn tai ciia diu trong NTND
% gipt
50
40
30
20
10
0 _ ^
30
•
•
•
_ ^
60
•
•
_ ^
90
• _ ^
120 150
— O i r t n g kinh g((jl( u r n )
Hinh 2 Su lien he giira phin tram cac giot diu
theo duang kinh giot
48 DAU KHf - 36 8/2010
Trang 3Hinh 2 la dd thj chi sy tuang quan giii'a s l lugng
cae gipt va p h i n tram ciia mdt trong nam kich thude
gipt eho mpt NTND quy \jpac O l thj nay eho ehung ta
c i n quan tam tdi nhirng gipt d i u d day tir 30 - 60pm,
nhung s l lugng eua eae gipt d i u trong day kich thude
thi khdng n h l t thilt phan anh t h i tich eua dau trong
day dd Cac gipt dau Idn chira nhiiu d i u han cae gipt
d i u nhd vi t h i tich d i u la ham s l luy thira 3 eua
dudng kinh gipt O trong d l thj nay cung cho ta t h i y
sy biln doi cac gipt d i u vdi p h i n tram eiia tong t h i
tich d i u , d i i u nay eho ehung ta h i l u bilt thyc t i i n han
v l nudc thai
* Van tdc giot
Trpng lye la y l u t l cd y nghTa sd 1 trong viec tach
dIu/nude Tieu chuin de xae djnh hieu qua cua he
thing la 2 van t i c Van toe noi cua d i u (V^j^) va van t i c
ciia ddng NTND(Vn;j(yc.) kl^i nudc thai di qua buing tach
Diiu vi ninVc
1
Vi>l„
n^
,
Vn>»*6 Dau
« » » — * " ^ 3
Uir&c
•
Hinh 3 Biiu diin duang di ciia cac giot diu trong mdt
budng luu ly tuang
Tu van toe d i u (V^iJ cd t h i xac djnh thdi gian
(T(J4U) c i n thilt eho cac gipt d i u noi len mat nudc hoae
d i n cae dTa ngung tu N l u thdi gian T^^u nho han thdi
gian ciia nudc thai dugc luu trong thilt bj taeh (thdi
gian luu - Tnu,c,c)- Khi dd v l mat ly thuylt cac gipt d i u
se noi len mat nude va dugc thu gom
Vn^,^,- bj chi p h i i bdi t i c dp ddng (Q) va kich thude
vat ly buIng chinh ciia thilt bi tach g i m : Chilu dai (L),
chilu rdng (W) va chilu cao (H) Thudng cac buIng
chinh dugc thilt k l theo hinh chir nhat
Van t i c noi eiia cac gipt d i u khi xuyen qua nudc
bj chi phii ehinh bai djnh luat Stocker Ngoai ra cdn cd
mdt s l m l i lien he thu- d p eung anh hudng dang ke
d i n van toe n l i ciia gipt nhu sy khuly trdn, sy ngung
tu, viec thao cac chat r I n khdi buIng tach va cae
chuyin dpng Brown
Thdng thudng y^ku la '^d^ ^am chinh eua djnh luat
Stocker, nhu'ng m l i lien he nay lien quan tdi van toe
cac gipt dugc sinh ra do sy chenh lech v l ty trpng heng giii'a d i u va nudc
o l xac djnh ty trpng d i u trong NTND thi d n phai bilt loai dau nao t i n tai trong nude thai Thdng thudng trong nude thai tap hgp nhiiu loai d i u khac nhau Khi khdng t h i bilt ehi tilt loai d i u nao t i n tai trong nudc thai thi ta cd the gia thuylt d i u ton tai trong nudc thai se cd ty trpng gan gilng vdi ty trpng ciia mpt trong cac c h i t nhu: D i u thd, d i u d i t Id, d i u hda, xang, benzen [2]
* NhO twang diu trong nw&c thai nhiim diu
Nhu tuang la mot hon hgp cua hai c h i t Idng khdng
t h i trpn l i n vdi nhau, trong dd cac hat nhd eua mot trong hai chat Idng nay (la pha phan tan) phan b l ben trong c h i t Idng khac (gpi la pha lien tuc)
Nhu tuang trong cdng nghiep d i u khi cd hai loai:
- Nhu tuang d i u trong nudc (Oil in water - OW)
- Nhu tuang nude trong d i u (Water in oil - WO) Nhu tuang d i u trong nude la d i i tugng de cap eiia bai nay
Nhu tuang dau trong nude dugc chia thanh 2 loai: Nhu tuang b i n va nhu tuang khdng b i n
- Nhu tuang b i n : Nhu tuang dugc hinh thanh khi
ed sy hien dien cua chit hoat dpng b l mat (nhu xa phdng, cae chit hoat ddng b l mat ) trong NTND hoae la nudc thai dugc hinh thanh d nhu'ng cdng doan cd eae chuyin dpng r l i manh Khdng the tach
d i u trong nhu tuang b i n ra khdi nude thai b i n g cac cdng nghe taeh ca hpe thdng thudng Nhu tuang d i u loai nay phai dugc pha nhu bing hda c h i t hoae bing cac phuang phap dien, dien tir khac
- Nhu tuang khdng b i n ed t h i hieu dan gian la loai nhu tuang ed t h i tach d i u ra khdi nudc thai bing cac phuang phap ca hpe thdng thudng Nhu tuang khdng
b i n vi nhu tuang khdng duge on dinh do chit hoat ddng b l mat hoae do cae khuly dpng ca hpe manh va thdng thudng nhO tuang khdng b i n dugc tao thanh tu' cae hat d i u Idn han so vdi nhu tuang b i n
Thdng thudng chung ta d n xac djnh loai nhu tuang nao t i n tai trong NTND trudc khi dua ra quylt djnh sir dung he t h i n g taeh nao d l taeh chung ra khdi NTND Vien D i u khi My da phat then mpt phuang phap d l xac djnh nhu tuang hda va p h i n hda tan eua d i u trong NTND Cd the tim phuang phap nay d tai lieu: "Determining of Suceptibility to oil Separation" Theo tai lieu nay thi mpt sd huong d i n
Trang 4A N T O A N - M O I T R U d N G D A U KHi
sau day cd the giup ta nhan bilt trang thai ciia nhu
tuang dau trong nudc:
- NhO'ng gipt d i u cd kich thude Idn thi nhu tuang
it b i n vO'ng
- Cae gipt d i u ed dudng kinh nhd han 10pm thi se
tao ra nhu tuang b i n ngay ea khi khdng cd sy hien
dien eiia c h i t hoat ddng b l mat vi nhO'ng gipt d i u nhu
vay se n i l len b l mat NTND vdi t i c dp eye ky cham
- N l u NTND duge l l y m i u va phan tieh lien tue se
eho ta thdng tin r i n g kich thude cac gipt d i u trong
NTND la khdng thay doi Khi dd ta ed the khang djnh
nhu tuang eung se b i n b i t c h i p kich thude gipt d i u
Idn hay nhd
* Kha nang tich dien cua nhO twang
Giira eae mat phan each eua t i t ea eae c h i t r I n va
chat Idng ton tai mdt dp chenh lech dien ddng hpe
duge gpi la dien t h i Zeta Day la y l u t l ehinh lam cho
cae c h i t keo b i n vO'ng Neu them vao nhiiu ion da
hda trj mang dien tieh ngugc chilu vdi eae hat keo thi
se xay ra hien tugng phdng dien Zeta di kem vdi hien
tugng sa lang keo
Bo sung vao nudc thai cac ion ciia c h i t tao nhu se
lam euln hut b l mat phan each dIu/nudc va truyin
dien tieh duang hay am eho moi gipt Muc dp k i t tu
eua eae gipt giam d i n khi lye day tTnh dien giira cac
hat tang len
Cac gipt d i u trong nhu tuang dIu/nudc thudng
tich dien am nhu dugc md ta d ly thuylt dien trudng
2 Idp 6" trang thai nhu vay, cac gipt d i u khi du'ng
canh hoae d r i t g i n vdi mat phan Idp cd tich dien
ngugc chieu (dien duang) thi chung se duge s l p x I p
song song vdi mat phan each va tao nen Idp dien
trudng ddi, dd chinh la nguyen nhan de cae gipt d i u
thudng d l y l i n nhau
Thyc tien cho thiy viec phdng tranh sy tao thanh
nhu tuang trong NTND se t i t han la phat t h i n cac cdng
nghe tach nhu hO'u hieu Mpt each d l phdng hu'u hieu
la giam thiiu t i i da lugng NTND bi khuly trdn manh Vi
it bj khuly trpn manh se it cd ea hdi tao ra nhO'ng gipt
d i u ed kich thude qua nhd, dau se de dang taeh ra
khdi NTND Khi khong t h i tranh dugc sy khuly trpn
manh thi cung nen tranh sy hien dien ciia chit hoat
ddng be mat trong NTND O i l u nay cung cd nghTa se
tao ra nhu'ng gipt d i u cd kich thude Idn
* Nong dd diu trong nw&c thai nhiim diu [3]
Mpt trong cac each phan doan he thing tacii dIu/nude ed hoat dpng t i i uu khdng la khao sat nong
dp d i u trong nude thai sau khi duge xir ly N l u nu'ac
thai sau khi qua he t h i n g xir ly cdn chira lugng dau han lOOppm thi ed t h i coi he t h i n g nay khdng dat yeu
d u Trong khi viec b i l t nong dp d i u trong nudc thai
da xir ly de phan doan kha nang van hanh ciia thiet bj thi viec b i l t duge n i n g dp d i u trong nude thai cin xi)
ly se giup ta ed nhu'ng q u y l t dinh quan trpng nhu can hay khdng d n cac thilt bj xir ly dae biet d l thu hoi dau tu' nudc thai va n l u cau tra Idi la cd thi cd t h i lya chgn
thilt bj cu t h i nao d l tham gia xir ly?
M u l n xac djnh ham lugng d i u trong nude thi miu
d n phai giri tdi cac phdng thi nghiem chuyen nganh
d l phan tieh Cue mdi trudng My (EPA) dua ra hai phuang phap de xae djnh ham lugng d i u md va chat beo (FOG) trong nudc thai:
- Xac djnh bang phuang phap khoi lugng (phuang phap 413.1)
- Xae dinh b i n g phuang phap h i n g ngoai (phuang phap 413.2) J Viec lya chpn ap dung phuang phap phan tich
nao d l phan tich mau tuy thupc nhirng thdng so ta can
thu thap va yeu d u ve dp chinh xac ciia cac gia trj mk\
ta d n cd
1.2 Cong nghe taeh vi song de xw ly nhu tuvni dau/nw&e i 1.2.1 Khai quat cdng nghe tach vi sdng
NhO'ng khai quat v l cdng nghe tach dugc trirr bay dudi day chii y l u tham khao tir san pham d$
quyin cua Cdng ty nghien eiru phat then thu hoi d l khi Hoang Gia - IPRC (Houston - Texac, Hoa Kjf Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng da duge IPRC cho thi nghiem tai hien trudng cua Nha may Igc d i u Torrance ciia Exxon Mobil d California va dua vao sir dung trer pham vi toan c l u thong qua mdt hgp d i n g thuang m^
giO'a IPRC va Exxon - Mobil Ngay nay cac thilt bj t^c
vi sdng da dugc Exxon - Mobil va cac cong ty dau kh khac su' dung nhu la mpt trong cac phuang tien phi nhu chinh cua cdng nghiep d i u khi
Nhu tuang d I u / n u d c hoae nhu tuang nudc/dli»
cd s i n trong d i u va nudc thai d eae nha may Ipc ho
5 0 DAU K H I - 3 0 8/2010
Trang 5^''^wilii
dau va trong nudc khai thae, trong d i u duge khai thae Oac
d i l m eua chung la ban d i u nhu tuang t i n tai vdi khii lugng
nhd va de xCr ly, theo thdi gian ehung tieh tu lai, gia tang v l
t h i tich va viec xir ly chung se khd khan han N l u nhu tuang khdng duge xCr ly thi se dua tdi sy m i t mat hydrocaebon va
gay ra sy d nhiem nguln nudc thai Ngoai ra n l u nhu tuang dIu/nudc di qua b l mat cac thilt bj thi chung se lam hu hdng hay t i c nghen thiet bj dd Nhu tuang cdn gay ra hien tugng
an mdn va bao mdn thiet bj lam gia tang viec tieu thu nang lugng Vi vay nhu tuang se lam gia tang viec bao tri va bao dudng thiet bj Chinh vi the, viec xir ly triet d l nhu tuang dIu/nude se dem lai Igi ich to Idn v l mdi trudng va nang lugng
Cac nhu tuang dau/nude thudng rat ben vQng va khd tach Thdng thudng phai xir ly nhu tuang bing nhiet dp cao, bing hoa chit, b i n g cac ky thuat tach ca hpe truyen thing hoae bang viec k i t hgp cac phuang phap nay vdi nhau (xem
phin tong quan d tren) Thdng thudng gia thanh xa ly nhu
tuang dIu/nudc kha t i n kem n l u sir dung cac phuang phap
xir ly da neu d tren
Cac thiet bj tach vi sdng van hanh lien tuc, g i n nhu khdng
d n giam sat va chung ed the van hanh ddng thdi vdi nhiiu ddng thai vdi ham lugng chat ran khac nhau Thiet bj tach vi sdng vi vay ed t h i canh tranh cd hieu qua vdi cac thilt bj tach
truyin thing khac de xCr ly nhu tuang d i u trong nudc thai cua
edng nghiep d i u khi
1.2.2 Dac diim va tinh nang chinh cua cdng nghe tach vi sdng
Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng eung d p mdt cdng nghe xir ly
nhO tuang mdt each nhanh chdng vdi gia thanh ha Nhung Igi ich ma edng nghe tach vi sdng dem lai eho ngudi sir dung cdn Idn han nhiiu so vdi chi phi phai bd ra vi:
- Cai t i i n dugc khau van hanh thilt bj;
- Giam gia thanh;
- Sinh Igi nhiiu, rut ngan thdi gian hoan von
Cdng nghe tach vi sdng khac biet vdi cac phuong phap tach thdng thudng khac vi chung sii' dung phuong phap vat ly
DAU KHi - S6 8/2010 51
Trang 6A N T O A N - MOI T R U d N G oAU KHI
de pha vd sy b i n vO'ng cua nhu tuang t i t han so vdi
phuang phap hoa hpe Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng sir
dung sy rung nhanh eiia trudng dien - dien tu" va mpt
ai lye d l nap nang lugng lya chpn cho eae p h i n tir
phan eye, ma chung ehinh la nguyen nhan tao ra sy
b i n vO'ng cho cac b l mat phan each giira eae hat
dIu/nude O i l u nay se giup be g l y sy be virng ciia
nhu tuang dIu/nudc
Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng cd the van hanh t y ddng
hoan toan vdi quy trinh dan gian nen khdng nhlt thilt
phai d n sy ed mat thudng xuyen eua nhan vien van
hanh, vi t h i se lam giam gia thanh xir ly ciia mdt m3
nudc thai nhiem d i u Dae biet thilt bj tach vi sdng ed
t h i de dang lap dat d nhiing nai k l can vdi nguon
phat sinh nhu tuang nen viee xCr ly nhu tuang se
nhanh chdng, de dang va d i i u nay cdn dem lai nhiiu
Igi ich khac nira
Vi cac thilt bj taeh vi sdng cd the dat tryc t i i p d
eae phan xudng cua cae nha may Ipe hoa - diu d l
xir ly nhu tuang dIu/nude, d i i u nay se giam thiiu
khii lugng nhu tuang dugc tao thanh them n l u cac
thilt bj xir- ly nhu tuang thdng thudng khac duge dat
d nhO'ng nai tach biet vdi cac phan xudng
2 Thiet ke, che tao thiet bj thi nghiem pha nhu
tu'O'ng dau/nu'6'c cua nu'O'c thai nhiem dau
2.1 Cau tao va nguyen ly van hanh cua thiet bj
pha nhu twang dau/nw&e bang vi song dien tir
Mdi he thing tach vi sdng bao gdm:
- Thilt bj tach vi sdng chuyen dung (da cd b i n g
sang ehi);
- Ngudn phat vi sdng;
- Ong dan sdng va bd dd sdng;
- Thilt bj do va ty ddng hoa;
- May bam;
- Bp tach ( n l u d n ) ;
- Quan trae an toan & he thdng t y ddng ket noi
Hinh 4 Sa dd bd phan chinh ciia he thiit bi tach vi sdng
He t h i n g edng nghe taeh vi sdng sir dung thiet
bj taeh vi sdng chuyen dung d l hpi tu vi sdng hoae nang lugng dai t i n s l radio vao mdt nhu tuang va pha v d sy b i n vii'ng cua nhu tuang Hinh 4 la sa d l
bp phan ehinh ciia t h i l t bj tach vi sdng Vi sdng duge tao ra tir mdt t h i l t bj phat vi sdng thuang mai
va duge dua qua mpt dudng truyln/dd sdng ty ddng de tdi thilt bj tach vi sdng chuyen dung Thilt
bj truyln/dd sdng t y ddng vi sdng duge thilt k l va
c h i tao tir loai vat lieu cd dp phan xa eao, khdng
n h i i m tu" va ed t h i cho phep han 99% nang lugng duge truyin tu' may phat (vi sdng) tdi thilt bi tach vi sdng vdi nang lugng bj tieu hao hoae quay trd lai may phat la r i t nhd
NhO tuang ben d I u / n u d c duge dan vao thilt bj tach vi sdng, nai cd mpt cira so truyin d i n vi sdng cho phep nang lugng vi sdng di qua tu' may phat tdi
nhu tuang d n xir ly Nang lugng vi sdng duge hip
thu uu tien bdi cac vat lieu phan eye, d i i u nay dugc tinh toan sao cho thilt bi tach vi sdng chi cd hieu qua duy nhlt trong viec xu" ly cae nhu tuang cdn nhiet dp
t i n g t h i thi duge nang len d mdt chu'ng myc nao dd Nang lugng vi sdng se lam thay d i i sire cang b l mat
va dp nhdt eua cac pha d i u - nude va lam nhu tuang trd nen kem b i n vO'ng Nhu tuang kem b i n vO'ng khi
dd se dugc dua tdi bp taeh thdng thudng Cac cdng nghe taeh thdng thudng dugc sir dung cho viec nay Trong mdt s l trudng hgp, viec taeh trpng lye binh thudng dugc sir dung Ngoai ra cung ed t h i dung cac phuang phap tach bo sung chang han nhu tach
ly tam, tuy nhien ddi khi dung phuang phap tach bo sung qua manh s§ gay hieu qua x l u d i n phuang phap tach vi sdng [5]
52 OAU KHI - s o 8'2010
Trang 7Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng dung nang lugng dien tir
d t i n s l 915 MHz Do dae tinh heng v l dien va tir,
edng nghe taeh vi sdng se h i p thu uu tien d i i vdi
pha nudc phan eye han la pha d i u khdng phan eye
Cung eung vdi nhirng ly do d tren ma nang lugng
dien tu' nay cung chpn Ipc manh me d l lam gia tang
cudng lye cua cae phan tir phan eye, cac nhdm
chirc va cac c h i t r I n tieh dien, chung chinh la tae
nhan giup eho viec on djnh b l mat phan each eua
nhu tuang dIu/nudc Sy ehuyen dpng gay ra tir cac
chit hoat ddng b l mat trong trudng dao ddng dien
tu' la nguyen nhan lam thay doi sire cang b l mat va
lam cho nhu tuang trd nen kem ben viing Nhu da
d l cap d tren, viec gia tang nhiet dp tong t h i eua cae
chit thudng d 50°F hoae t h i p han, cdn nhiet dp ben
ngoai duge giir d dudi 200°F Thilt bj duge van
hanh d ap s u i t t h i p 20 - 50psig O l tang cudng tinh
hieu qua va mire dp linh hoat cua cae thilt bj tach vi
sdng, eae thilt bj nay khi hoat ddng d hien trudng cd
t h i k i t hgp sir dung vdi cae phuang tien djch vu
chung nhu dien, nudc lanh, ddng hai nhiet, khi nita,
khdng khi nen d cae nha may Ipc hoa d i u hoae
cac ca sd san xult, nai ma he t h i n g taeh vi sdng
dugc l i p dat va van hanh
Cac thilt bj tach vi sdng cdn dugc trang bj mpt
he thing k i l m tra toan dien va he t h i n g taeh vi sdng
ed t h i dugc giam sat tir xa bdi nhan vien van hanh
thilt bj
2.2 Xae djnh eae thong so van hanh eua eong
nghe
Sau khi thilt bj tach vi sdng da dugc c h i tao
hoan chinh v l mat ea khi, dien va dien tu' thi v i n d l
cdn lai la xac djnh cae thdng s l van hanh ciia thilt bj
ma ta ed the d i i u khiin trong qua trinh thu' nghiem
tach cae m i u nude thai cd chira nhu tuang d i u
-nudc sau nay
Theo tai lieu tham khao va dya vao nguyen ly van
hanh ciia edng nghe tach vi sdng thi 3 thdng s l ky
thuat sau day ciia thilt bi la ed anh hudng nhiiu nhlt
doi vdi qua trinh taeh nhO tuang d i u nude cua thilt
bj ma Chung ta d n quan tam Cac thdng s l dd la:
- Thdi gian tach: Day la y l u to anh hudng manh
tdi hieu suit tach d i u ciia thilt bj Thilt bj taeh vi
sdng ma ehung tdi e h i tao ed t h i thyc hien qua trinh
tach nhu tuang d i u nudc d i n 99 phut
- Nhiet dp thi nghiem: La kha nang d i i u chfnh nhiet dp eua mau thir nghiem ma thilt bj taeh ehung tdi cd t h i tao ra Nhiet dp mau nudc thai thir nghiem cang cao thi thudng viec tach nhu tuang dIu/nudc trong m i u cang hieu qua Tuy nhien trong thyc te, viee xae djnh nhiet dp thich hgp cua mau nudc thai khi t i i n hanh taeh vi sdng cdn phu thupc vao tinh kinh te cua qua trinh taeh Cd nghTa la thiet bj tach chi d n dua nhiet dp m i u nude thai len d mot nhiet
dp vii-a phai de it t i n kem nang lugng tieu thu ma van dam bao hieu qua tach la du Thilt bj tach ma chung tdi c h i tao ed the d i i u khien nhiet dp mau nude thai thir nghiem tu' nhiet dp mdi trudng len d i n 100°C
- Cdng s u i t ciia thilt bj: La edng s u i t eua may phat nang lugng vi sdng va la mpt thdng s l quan trpng anh hudng d i n hieu s u i t tach d i u eiia thilt
bi Do viec c h i tao thiet bj nhIm muc dich thi nghiem nen thilt bi cua chung tdi cd 3 mire cdng
s u i t cd t h i van hanh khi thir nghiem la 0,5 KW, 1,0
KW va 1,5 KW
3 ThCc nghiem tach nhu tu'ang dau/nu'6'c bang vi song dien t i f va Phu'O'ng phap tuyen noi ket h g p chat pha nhu
3.1 Thir nghiem 3.1.1 Khao sat hieu suit tach diu cua thiit bi tach vi sdng
- Hieu suit tach d i u : P% = lugng d i u {mg/l da
tach) X 100% lugng (mg/l ban diu)
Cae mau nhu tuang d i u trong nude dua vao thilt bj tach vi sdng d l thir nghiem kha nang taeh eiia thilt bi Sau dd t i i n hanh xac djnh ham lugng
d i u cdn lai bing phuang phap phan tich quang pho tir ngoai
Cd 4 thdng s l ehinh sau day se dugc dua vao thi nghiem de khao sat kha nang tach d i u cua thiet
bj taeh vi sdng:
- Thdi gian tach (giay);
- Nhiet dp (OC);
- Cdng s u i t ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng (KW);
- p H
DAU KHt - 3 6 8/2010 53
Trang 8o l khao sat cae thdng sd thi nghiem nham xae
djnh c h i dp lam viec toi u u , ehung tdi c l djnh ham
lugng d i u trong nude thai d n i n g dp 150mg/l Day la
n i n g dp ma he nhu thudng b i n nhat d NTND cua cac
nha may Ipe hda d i u [4] va viee khao sat s y phu thupc
giua hieu s u i t tach d i u eua thilt bj tach vi sdng vdi
ndng dp dau trong nude thai se dugc thyc hien rieng
biet va se dugc trinh bay d p h i n t i i p theo Ngoai ra
the tich mau nude thai (gia dinh) d l thi nghiem c l djnh
d the tieh 200ml
o l khao sat s y lien he giO'a hieu s u i t taeh ciia
thilt bj taeh vi sdng vdi 4 thdng s l neu tren chung tdi
se c l djnh 3 thdng sd va thay d i i mdt thdng sd d n
khao sat eu t h i
- Khao sat s y lien he eiia thdi gian tach vdi hieu
suit tach, ehung tdi e l djnh: pH = 7, nhiet dp = 550C,
cdng s u i t taeh = 1,5 KW cdn thdi gian taeh dugc thay
doi tir 30 - 75 giay
- D l khao sat s y lien he giO'a cdng s u i t taeh eua
thiet bj vdi hieu suat taeh chung tdi phai cd djnh: pH
-7, nhiet dp = 550C, thdi gian 40 giay, cdn cdng s u i t
taeh dugc thay doi tu' 0,5 - 1,5 KW
- Sy lien he giiia hieu qua taeh vdi nhiet dp thi
ehung tdi c l djnh cdng suit eiia thilt bj taeh la b i n g
1,5 KW, thdi gian la 40 giay, pH = 7, cdn nhiet dp eua
nude thai chira d i u duge thay doi tir 35 - 80^0
Va d l khao sat mdi lien he giO'a hieu suat tach cua
thilt bj vdi pH eiia nude thai thi nghiem chung tdi c l
djnh cac thdng s l : Cdng s u i t eiia thilt bj tach 1,5 KW,
nhiet dp cua mau nude thai thi nghiem la 550C, thdi
gian tach giu' c l djnh d 40 giay va pH eua mau nudc
thai thir nghiem dugc thay doi til' 6,0 - 8,0
* Khao sat hieu suat tach dau phu thude thai gian
Tu'ong qiian giu'a hieu suit taeh d i u cua thilt bj
tach vi song va iho i gian tach dugc trinh bay d Od thj 1
60 70 Th6f gian (s|
Do thj 1 Hieu suit tach diu ciia thiet bi tach vi sdng
va thai gian tach
* Khao sat hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao cdng suit cua thiit bi
Hieu s u i t tach d i u phu thude vao edng suit cua thilt bj tach vi sdng duge trinh bay d O l thj 2
H l ^ u s u A t t A c h dAu t t i « o c A n g s u A t
C«na * ^ t (KWn
Do thj 2 Hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao cdng suat
ciia thiit bi tach vi sdng
* Khao sat hieu suit tach diu phu thude nhiet do
Hieu s u i t tach d i u phu thupc vao nhiet dp ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng dugc trinh bay d D l thj 3
£
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t
9 4
9 2
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1 ;
1 1
Do thi 3 BiSu diSn hieu suat tach diu phu thuoc vao
nhiet do cua thiSt bi tach vi song
Trang 9* Khao sat hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao pH
Do thj 4 di kem bieu dien hieu suit taeh d i u tir
NTND ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng vdi dp pH eiia nude thai
Hlf u suit tAch d i u theo pH
Do thi 4 Hieu suat taeh dau tu NTND cua thiet bi
tach vi sdng vol do pH
Nhan xet kit qua thi nghiem [1]:
Qua khao sat thi nghiem thu duge thi hieu s u i t
tach d i u eua thilt bj tach vi sdng dat hieu qua t i i uu
d eae dieu kien thi nghiem sau:
- Thdi gian taeh 40 giay;
- Nhiet dp thi nghiem 55°C;
-Cdng s u i t thilt bj 1,5 KW;
- pH = 6
Rieng vdi pH, d d i i u kien pH = 6,0 thi hieu qua
tach d i u ciia thilt bj cd eao han dieu kien pH = 7,0 Vi
trong d i u md cac hgp c h i t oxy hda la cac chit hoat
ddng b l mat t y nhien mang ban s i c nhu cac nhdm
eaeboxylic (RCOO', OH"), khi thay d i i pH se d i n d i n
thay d i i hoat tinh b l mat eiia nd Cac nhdm nay khi d
mdi trudng kilm thi t h i hien rd net cac tinh c h i t eiia
chit hoat ddng be mat Khi mdi trudng chuyin v l vung
axit han thi hoat tinh b l mat cua nd giam di va cd the
mit hIn Tuy nhien trong thyc t l khi xir ly nude thai
nen dua v l mdi trudng trung tinh de tranh phirc tap
cho thilt bj xir ly va d nhiim bae 2 vi vay ehpn pH = 7
* Khao sat mdi twang quan giO'a hieu suit tach diu
cua thiit bi tach vi sdng v&i ham Iwgng diu (dang nhO
twang diu/nw&c) trong nw&c thai
Nghien ciru cac dac trung cua NTND thi nong dp
d i u trong nude thai la mdt thdng s l quan trpng de
nghien cu'u, danh gia hieu qua tach va thu hoi d i u cua
b i t ky loai thilt bj nao du la ea hpe, hda hpe hay vat
ly Vi vay d l nghien cu'u va danh gia hieu qua taeh
cua thiet bi tach vi sdng da c h i tao thi ngoai cae nghien cu'u m l i tuang quan giO'a tinh hieu qua taeh
d i u ciia thilt bj taeh vi sdng vdi cac thdng s l nhu: Cdng suit eiia thilt bj taeh, thdi gian tach, dp pH va nhiet dp eua nudc thai thi nghiem da duge nghien eiru thi nghiem va cho chung tdi lya chpn duge 4 k i t qua tuang u'ng vdi 4 thdng s l tren tuang quan vdi hieu qua taeh d i u t i i uu ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng
Nghien cuu thir nghiem d l khao sat hieu qua tach dau ciia thilt bj taeh vi sdng vdi cae vung n i n g dp d i u chira trong nudc thai thi nghiem
o l thyc hien thi nghiem nay ehung tdi c l djnh cac thdng s l thir nghiem sau:
- Thdi gian taeh 40 giay;
- Nhiet dp thi nghiem 55°C;
-Cdng suit thilt bj 1,5 KW;
- p H = 7
B i n thdng s l c l djnh nay tuang irng hieu qua taeh
d i u t i i uu eua thilt bj tach vi sdng Va t h i tich m i u nudc thai thir nghiem van giii' 200ml cho mpt l i n thir nhu eae thir nghiem d phin tren Rieng vdi ning dp
d i u (dang nhu tuang diu) d trong m i u nudc thai thir nghiem dugc thay doi tu' 20 - 470mg/l vdi mire thay
d i i la 10mg/l eho mdi mau nudc thai each biet va nhu vay ehung ta se cd 46 m i u nude thai chira d i u vdi cac n i n g dp khac nhau eho thir nghiem nay T i t ea cae mau nudc thai thi nghiem nay sau khi thyc hien viec tach d i u bing thilt bi taeh vi sdng thi d i u dugc dua qua thilt bj tach phu trg la ly tam Sau dd m i u nudc thai thi nghiem duge chuyin qua bd phan phan tich d l phan tich ham lugng d i u trong nudc thai
D l thj 5 bilu d i l n hieu suit tach d i u ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng phu thude vao ham lugng d i u eua nude
thai dugc xa ly
Hi^usu^ttich diu theo n6ng d$
100
94
S 92
90
0 100 120 200 280 300 400 500
NAng(50dlu/ra.rt'c(mg/l)
Do thj 5 Hieu suit tach diu ciia thiit bi tach vi sdng
phu thuoc vao ham luang diu
DAU KHi - S6 8/2010 55
Trang 10A N T O A N - MOI T R U d N G DAU KHI
Nhan xet kit qua thi nghiem:
Hieu s u i t taeh d i u cua thilt bj taeh vi sdng dat
hieu s u i t taeh r i t t i t d i i vdi nude thai cd ham lugng
d i u tu' 20 - 470mg/l Hieu s u i t tach t h i p n h l t la
94% va hieu s u i t cao nhlt dat tdi 98,5% (day la k i t
qua thanh cdng ngoai mong dgi) Tir k i t qua khao
sat m l i tuang quan giO'a hieu suit tach d i u ciia
thiet bj tach vi sdng vdi n i n g dp d i u (dudi dang nhu
tuang hda) ed t h i khing djnh:
- Sir dung thilt bi tach vi sdng k i t hgp vdi
phuang phap tach phu trg khac ma cu t h i d day
chung tdi sir dung phuang phap ly tam, ta cd t h i
hoan toan xa ly nudc thai chira d i u vdi ning dp dau
trong nudc thai ban d i u dat tdi 500mg/l dat tieu
c h u i n thai cho NTND d vung bien xa bd Do han
che v l thdi gian va kinh phi nen thi nghiem nay ehi
dung d n i n g dp d i u trong nude thai t i i da 470mg/l
va n i n g dp d i u tuang irng trong m i u nudc thai sau
khi xa ly chi cdn 23,47mg/l, each kha xa tieu chuan
thai cho phep 40mg/l, cd nghTa vdi m i u nudc thai
chira ham lugng dau Idn han 470mg/l van ed t h i
duge xir ly b i n g ky thuat tach vi sdng de dat dugc
tieu chuin d i u trong nudc thai thap han quy djnh
cho phep
Qua do thj dugc xay dyng tir k i t qua khao sat
v l m l i tuang quan giO'a hieu s u i t taeh d i u cua thilt
bj taeh vi sdng va n i n g dp d i u trong nudc thai, cd
the ngoai suy va dy doan cho ngudng nong dp d i u
eye dai eho phep cd t h i chira trong nudc thai d l xir
ly b i n g phuang phap taeh vi sdng dat n i n g dp thai
cho phep khoang 500mg/l
- Rieng d i i vdi nudc thai ed chira ham lugng
d i u 280mg/l thi sir dung phuang phap tach vi
sdng cd t h i cho ta k i t qua r i t I n tugng la hoan
toan dap irng tieu c h u i n thai ra mdi trudng d trong
d i t l i l n O i l u nay cung ed nghTa nong dp d i u trong
nude thai sau khi xa ly bang ky thuat tach vi sdng
chi eon 5mg/l
o l i vdi nhu-ng mau nudc thai cd chira ham
lugng d i u >280 mg/l thi cd t h i d n phai thyc hien
viec xa ly bae 2 cOng b i n g chinh phuang phap tach
vi sdng nay hoae b i n g mpt phuang phap tach khac
de dat tieu chuan thai ra mdi trudng theo quy djnh
ciia phap luat hien hanh
- Cac NTND n l u duge xij ly p h i n can va cac tap
c h i t ea hpe khac mpt each triet de thi sau khi xu ly
ham lugng d i u b i n g ky thuat vi sdng, ta ed the tai sir dung nudc thai qua xir ly nay vao muc dieh khac nhu nude t u I n hoan hay nudc lam mat va dac biet nhii'ng nai cd nguln nudc thai Idn thi lugng
d i u thu h i i dugc tir ky thuat tach vi sdng la dang ke, gdp p h i n vao viec tang Igi nhuan eiia ea sd cd nguln nudc thai
- Nhirng k i t qua thu dugc va trinh bay d day
d i u duge thi nghiem eho eae mau nudc thai thir nghiem dan t h u i n 2 pha nudc va d i u Trong thyc
t l , cac m i u nudc thai cdn chira cae c h i t r I n , can la Iirng va nhieu tap c h i t khac NhO'ng tap c h i t nay ed
t h i tac ddng va lam giam p h i n nao hieu qua taeh cua thilt bj tach vi sdng Tuy nhien, sy anh hudng cua cac tap c h i t neu tren se khdng lam anh hudng Idn d i n hieu qua, k i t qua khao sat da thu duge Vi vay nhO'ng nhan xet neu tren la khdng thay d i i
3.2 Khao sat hieu qua taeh dau (dang nhu twang hoa) eiia phwang phap tuyen noi
Oe nhirng s l lieu thyc nghiem cho phep so sanh
va danh gia hieu qua tach d i u ciia phuang phap tach vi sdng vdi cac phuang phap taeh khac, chung tdi da thyc hien viec tach cac m i u nhu tuang d i u nudc theo phuang phap tuyen noi
Tuyln noi la phuang phap kha pho biln dugc dung d l tach d i u ra khdi nudc thai, thdng thudng phuang phap t u y l n noi muon dat hieu qua tach cao
cOng d n cd nhO'ng tac nhan khac ho trg Vi t h i de
thyc hien viec taeh d i u trong eae m i u nudc thai thir nghiem, chung tdi ehpn phuang phap tuyen noi
b i n g khdng khi hda tan (DAF) vdi tae nhan phu trg
la c h i t pha nhO duge them vao m i u thu' vdi cac
n i n g dp khac nhau V l mat ly thuylt phuang phap tuyln noi nay cho phep tach cac gipt d i u nhd tdi 1pm Cae mau nudc thai thir nghiem d phuang phap tuyln n l i eung duge chuan bj g i l n g nhu cae
m i u nude thai thir nghiem cho phuang phap tach vi sdng Cung tuang t y nhu cac thir nghiem da thyc hien d p h i n khao sat hieu qua tach d i u ciia phuang
phap vi sdng, d p h i n khao sat hieu qua tach d i u
b i n g phuang phap t u y l n noi, chung tdi t i i n hanh khao sat d l lya chpn cac d i i u kien van hanh t i i uu
5 6 DAU K H I ^ 3 0 8/2010