Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda ciia ky thuat san xuit cung nhw hieu qua ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke thay thi va chia se thj phin c
Trang 162 TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOl SO 3(151)-2011
TRUYEN THONG SAN X U A T G 6 M OAT NUNG
NGHIEN CCrU NHU'NG BIEN OOl TRONG KY T H U A T
CHE T A C V A K I E U D A N G SAN P H A M G O M
OTINH KIEN GIANG
NGUYEN THI HOAl HLfaNG
TOM T A T
Bai viet la kit qua nghien eiru ky thuat lam
gom thii edng d tinh Kien Giang dwoc thwc
hien trong nam 2008 Nghien eiru dwa ra
eae van de hien trang san xuit, ehuyen doi
ky thuat ehe tae va san phim gom Khmer
d tinh Kien Giang trong qua trinh thich irng
vdi nhirng blin doi kinh te, xa hgl hien nay
Theo Si/ phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng tai
Iwu virc ha Iwu song Mekong, hau nhw
khdng cd hy vgng bag tin hien trang nghi
gom thii cong mang tinh truyen thong tgc
ngwdi Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang
Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda
ciia ky thuat san xuit cung nhw hieu qua
ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke
thay thi va chia se thj phin cung nhw so
Iwgng san xuit ciia tang Diu Dgi so vdi do
gom eiia ngwdi Khmer Sw phan bo lang
Hdn Queo-lang Tri Ton-lang Diu Doi cho
thay sir ton tai va sw can thiit cua do gom
trong sinh hoat d Dong bing song CCru
Long, dong thdi phan anh qua trinh chuyen
doi eua ky thuat san xuat va loai hinh do
gom
Nguyin Thi Hoai Huong Thae sT Vien Nghien
cuu Phat tnen Thanh phi Nghien CLPU sinh
nganh Khao co Hoc vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi
1 VAl NET T O N G QUAN KHU VU'C NGHIEN ClJU
Khu vyc mien Nam Viet Nam thupc vung ehau t h i sdng Mekong la mpt khu vyc da
s i c too Dan too Kinh ehilm p h i n Idn 87%
t i n g dan s l , k l den la ngudi Hoa, ngudi Khmer va ngudi Cham TCr khoang d i u t h i
ky XVII, ngudi Khmer ehilm s l lugng Idn trude khi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa va ngudi Cham den djnh c u tgi day Hipn nay d
o l n g b i n g sdng CCru Long cd khoang 90 vgn dan la ngudi dan tdc Khmer, cu tru d cae tinh An Giang, Kien Giang, C i n Tha, dgc biet hp s i n g tap trung d Sde Trang, Tra Vinh P h i n Idn, hp ed quan he sau sac
v l van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su' vdi ngudi Khmer d Campuchia Ngudi Khmer sing chu y l u d cae vung nui, chan d i i t h i p nhu Hdn Olt-Hdn Queo (Kien Giang), eac chan nui Tri Ton d tinh An Giang, bien gidi huyen Tjnh Bien Chung ta de dang nhan dipn khu vyc sinh s i n g cua hp so vdi cac tpc ngudi khac vi hp s i n g trong mdt khdng gian tap trung theo phum, sdc Nghien eCru trudng hgp san x u i t g l m truyin thing d
o l n g b i n g sdng CLPU Long eho bilt chi cdn hai khu vyc ed ngudi Khmer lam g l m
la huyen Hdn O l t tinh Kien Giang va huypn Tri Tdn tinh An Giang
Trang 2N G U Y E N THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G S A N X U A T G O M O A T NUNG, 63
Huyen Hdn O l t ed dien tich t y nhien
1.019,75km^ dan s l 146,605 ngudi, mat
dp dan s l 144 ngudi/km^'^', each thanh
p h i Rach Gia khoang 30km, theo q u I c Id
80 (cdn goi la dudng Rgch Gia Ha-Tien)
Huyen Hdn O l t cd 7 xa, trong dd 85% dan
toe Kinh, 12% ngudi Khmer, ngudi Hoa va
ngudi Cham la 3% Xa T h i San, Hon O l t
c6 dan s l han 12.000 ngudi, trong dd,
60% ngudi Khmer, Viet 37%, 3% la ngudi
Hoa va cac dan too khac
2 LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU V A N O t
v l truyin t h i n g san x u i t g l m thu c6ng d
miln Nam Viet Nam, theo cac nha nhan
hpe 06ng Duang thdi thupe Phap, da cd
nhilu md ta nhu Derbes (1880);
Monographie de la province de Chau Doc,
1902, tr 34-35, ed ghi "O lang Nam Quy,
nui Nam Vi (huyen Tri Tdn ngay nay) cd
san xuit d l g l m d i t nung'^'" Nhirng ghi
chep trong Ngwdl Viet goc Mien cung cho
bilt "Nghi lam g l m ( I p An Thuan, xa
Chau Lang) eua ngudi Khmer d tinh An
Giang va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia nhin
Chung ed ehung truyen t h i n g ky thuat san
xuit va ehung logi, m i u ma san p h i m
Trudc nam 1975, n l i d i t do ngudi Khmer
d I p An Thuan, xa Chau Lang, huyen Tri
Ten, tinh An Giang san x u i t cd m i u ma
giong nhu n l i d i t cua ngudi Khmer d tinh
Kompong Chanang, Camphuehia da thu
hut nhieu khach hang d Viet Nam ma
trudc dd hp phai sang Camphuehia d l
"mua di, ban lgi<^'
Oac bipt, la nghien CCPU so sanh viec san
xuit d l g l m cua Malleret d Konponehunan
(Kompong Chanang) d m i l n Trung
Campuchia va cac tinh phia Nam eua Vipt
Nam la Chiton (Tri Tdn) vg Ba The Ca hai
cung duge liet ke nhu la mdt nghe truyen thing gia dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret 1957) Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts
va eac d i n g nghiep Konponsupu Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d
m i l n Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh
An Giang da nghien eCru so sanh san xuit
g l m tgi day vdi viing ddng b i c Thai Lan va
d l g l m san xuit tgi Khorat, tai luc dja Ddng Nam A "ehu y l u la logi ring hinh trg"
Trudng hgp n g h i g l m thu cdng eua ngudi Khmer d Hdn D i t tinh Kien Giang cd nghien eiru cua Truang Thanh Hiing, Hdi Van nghe Dan gian (Truang Thanh Hiing, 1998), va luan van thae sT cua Nguyin Thi Hoai Huang nghien eCru v l cac loai hinh
va ky thuat san xuat g l m thu e6ng cua ngudi Khmer d D i n g bing s6ng CCru Long, trudng hgp lang g l m co ljch su t i n tgi lau ddi n h i t trong vung chau t h i nay (Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang, 2001), da gidi thieu ky thuat lam g l m va cae logi hinh d l
g l m thu edng tgi hai dia phuang tren
Ngoai ra, d Nam bp Viet Nam, trong dia chi tinh Tay Ninh, ngudi ta cung ghi nhgn ngudi Khmer cung tirng san xuit g l m tgi day, nhung nhCrng d i u tich eua n g h i g l m chi cdn luu giCr b i n g vai hinh anh va mpt
s l cdng eg lam g l m , n l i g l m trung bay tai Nha Bao tang tinh Tay Ninh (Sd Van hda
Thdng tin Tay Ninh, Dja ehi tinh Tay Ninh,
2008)
Trong bai vilt nay, cae tae gia dua tren cac nghien eCru dan tpc hpe di trude, da d i n khap sat d tinh Kien Giang, m i l n Nam Vipt Nam vao thang 2/2009 Trudc tien, chung tdi d i n lang lam g l m ed truyin
t h i n g lau ddi n h i t la Hdn Queo, xa T h i San, thi t r i n Hdn O l t , tinh Kien Giang
Trang 364 NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - TRUYEN T H O N G S A N X U A T G O M D A T NUNG,,,
Day la lang g l m truyin t h i n g cua huyen
Hdn o l t , phuang thCre va ky thuat san
x u i t da dugc thCra k l qua nhilu the he
trong dan tpc Khmer va san p h i m mang
tinh truyin t h i n g d Kien Giang, Sau dd,
chung tdi khao sat d lang O l u Doi, thj t r i n
H6n Dat, Day la lang ngudi Viet san x u i t
d l g l m d i t nung ed h i trg bdi cac thilt bj
hien dai trong san x u i t nhu may nghiln
d i t ; va i l l s i n g cua gia dinh cua ngudi
Viet, da ed nhCrng tae dpng lam thay d i i
dang k l trong san xuat d l g l m truyin
thing cua ngudi Khmer
3. S A N X U A T D O G O M T R U Y t N T H O N G
O MIEN T A Y S O N G CLfU LONG - TRU-QNG
HOP HUYEN HON D A T TINH KIEN GIANG
3.1 Lang g l m I p Hdn Queo
Tir Nha Bao tang Kien Giang thanh p h i
Rgch Gia, chung tdi di b i n g d td xudi theo
dudng QuIe Id 80, hay edn gpi la dudng Id
Rgch Gia-Ha Tien khoang 30km, m i t 50
phut, qua thi t r i n Hdn O l t mpt quang
n g i n , chCrng 200 met, re tay trai vao eon
dudng nhua mang ten I p Hdn, l i i d i n vao
khu di tich Hdn O l t O td t i l p tuc chgy
12km la d i n Hdn D i t Dia d i l m lam gom
thu cdng cua ngudi Khmer d ap Hdn
Queo, xa T h i San each khu mp anh hung
liet sT Nguyin Thj Rang (tCrc chj SCr)
khoang 1km
Hien nay, trong I p ehi edn 4 hp lam g l m
Dd la eac hp: 1) Thj Kim Hudng 71 t u l i ,
dan tdc Khmer, s l nha 79, t l 4, I p Hdn
Queo; 2) Thi Chinh 51 t u l i , dan tpc Khmer,
so nha 104, t l 4, I p Hdn Queo; 3) Thj Cd
37 t u l i , dan tpc Khmer, (nha d giCra nha
Thj Chinh va Thj Tien), t l 4, I p Hdn Queo;
4) Thj Tien 58 t u l i , dan too Khmer, so nha
110, t l 4 , I p Hdn Queo
3.1.1 Truyin t h i n g san x u i t d l g l m Theo d i l u tra thyc t l , cac ba, cac me cho bilt, ngudi Khmer lam g l m tir r i t lau ddi, khdng ai cdn nhd la n g h i g l m cd tir bao gid Hp chi b i l t hp hpe n g h i tir me, me hp hpe tir ba ngogi, ba ngoai hpe tir ba eo Trong gia dinh, phu nCr thudng iam n g h i
g l m , dan ong ehi phg giup nhCrng viec nang nhpc nhu di l i y d i t hoac nhii d i t , ddi khi phai g l m va s l p x l p , thu dpn eac d l gom da lam xong vao mpt nai H i u hit cac hp lam g l m l i y nghe g l m la n g h i chinh trong thu nhap hang ngay, mpt s l gia dinh chuyen lam g l m tham ehi khdng e6 d i t ndng nghiep hoac chi cd mdt it d i t
t r i n g Ida Do dd, cdng viec lam g l m h i u nhu duge lam quanh nam trCr cac ngay l l , ngay t i t va ngay mua Tuy nhien, hien nay cac hd gia dinh lam g l m theo yeu d u dgt hang eua mdt s l chu vua, tap trung ehu
y l u vao eae logi san p h i m ma thi trudng
d n , dan gian ehi la eae noi g l m dung trong sinh hogt
Trong I p Hdn Queo hien nay, ngudi cd
t u l i cao edn lam g l m la ba Thi Kim Hudng, 71 t u l i Ba Hudng hpe lam g l m tCr nhCrng ngudi hang xdm va b i t d i u lam gem tCr luc 15 t u l i Ba lam g l m quanh nam Hien nay trong gia dinh ed con gai la Thj Tung khoang 35-36 t u l i , con dau O l Thj Dieu (ngudi Kinh) 40 t g l i cung lam
g l m cung vdi ba D i l m dae bipt la trong s l eae gia dinh cdn lam g l m nay, hp cd quan
hp hp hang mat thilt va hpe hdi lan nhau
N g h i g l m duge xem la nghe chinh, hp lam g l m quanh nam va eung phg lam rupng Ida vdi c h i n g eon m i i khi vao mua,
va viee phan chia lao dpng v l gidi kha rd, trpng khi ngudi phg nCr tgp dang g l m , ngudi dan dng di lay dat, nhoi, can dit
Trang 4NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G S A N X U A T G O M D A T NUNG 65
phai g l m tim cui d i t Ddi khi cac cdng
dogn nay nu* gidi va nam gidi cung thuc
hien D i l m dgc biet la mdt s l gia dinh cung
xdm cd t h i cung gdp cui, ram va cdng SCPC
d l dit/nung ehung mdt l l n
3.1.2 Ky thuat san x u i t
3.1.2.1 Nguyen lieu
Cac gia dinh mua hoac khai thae d i t rudng
g i n chan nui Hdn O l t va Hdn Me (each
chan nui khoang 1km) Ngudi ta bd Idp d i t
mat khoang 20-30cm va b i t d i u l i y d i t
Nai l i y d i t each khu nha d khoang 500m
Ngudi ta vd d i t thanh khIi (vien) trdn,
dudng kinh khoang 30em r i i vac v l nha
NhCrng hd Idn tuoi nhu hd ba Hudng
thudng mua d i t do thuang lai chd d i n
bang thuyen va giao tan nha, gia 1 vien d i t
la 3.000 d i n g
3.1.2.2 Ky thuat tao dang va cdng cg lam
gom
Ky thuat tao dang noi gom: vdi ky thuat
ban dap va hdn ke (paddle and anvil) gom
bin bwdc Mdi giai doan tgo dang tren chi
mat 3-5 phCiL Sau moi giai dogn tgo dang,
ngudi ta phai chd cho d l g l m se khd mat
khoang 2-2 gid 30 phut mdi lam t i l p cdng
doan t i l p theo
Bwdc 1: Nhoi dat, se day ra khuon hinh
ong trdn Ngudi thg l i y d i t vCra du lam do
gom m u l n tgo dang, ngoi tren g h i t h i p ,
dgt d i t set ben tren manh van Ngudi thg
vCra nhoi d i t eho deu, vCra lan d i t thanh
thoi dai N g i t bd hai dau lam eho thdi dat
can doi, kich c d tuang duang vdi do gom
djnh tgo dang Sau do dat thoi d i t len tren
manh bao tai da trai tren tam van, ngudi
thg dap dpt mieng dat bang gang Idng ban
tay phai, roi dung mep ngdn tay eai eua
ban tay phai I n deu len thanh hang ngang
T i l p d i n , dung ca ngdn tay cai va mep ban tay phai m i l t tCr trai sang phai va nghieng ban tay phai m i l t tCr phai sang trai lam cho
milng d i t dwoc can d i u Trong khi milt
d i t , ed t h i lua bd cae vien sdi nhd hoac tgp c h i t ra khdi milng d i t
Sau khi d i t da dugc can d i u thanh hinh chCr nhat det, ngudi thg dung dCpng milng
d i t theo chilu ngang va euln Igi thanh hinh trdn, them mdt chut d i t vao d l lam kin v l t n l i , k i t thuc budc 1 eua quy trinh tgo dang
Bwdc 2: Lam mieng Sau khi I n g d i t se
kho, ngudi ta dgt I n g d i t tren ban xay Dung ban xoa hinh n i m t h i m nudc xoa vao day hinh nam, xoa deu vdi Idng ban dap cho tran, dat ban xoa d l ning, giCr ben trong, diing ban dap d ngoai dap xung quanh I n g d i t Ngudi thg di vdng ngugc chieu kim d i n g h i , vira di vCra tgo dang, vdi mpt tay d m ban xoa ben trong, mpt tay d m ban dap ben ngoai, d i l u chinh dp rdng cua mipng Dung ban dap bing tre,
cd dp cong Vi hinh trdn dap ngang de tao dang e l Tiep d i n , ngudi ta lay mpt m i u la dira t h i m nudc, mdt tay dung ngdn tay eai
va ngdn trd giu' chat mieng d l g l m , ngdn tay eai eua ban tay phai I n giya ben trong
di xung quanh, v u l t va tgo mieng O l v u l t mieng can d i i va dep can phai giCr chat manh la dCra bam vao thanh mipng do
g l m , di nhanh, v u l t d i u La dCra phai tham nydc d l tgo dp bdng mjn cho mieng
Bwdc 3: Len hong Lam mipng xong, dgi
cho do gom se khd trpng vdng 2 gid den 2 gid 30 phut, ngydi ta tiep tgc tao hdng d l
g l m tren ban xay CQng vdi ban xoa ben trong va ban dap khdng ed hoa van ben ngoai, t i l p tue d i l u chinh dang trdn cho d l
Trang 566 NGUYEN THI HOAI HUONG - TRUYEN T H O N G S A N X U A T G C M D A T NUNG,,
g l m , b i t d i u la n i n g vai, n i n g bung, Sau
dd dung ban dap cd hoa van dap I n xung
quanh c l b i n g hoa van eanh sen b l u
T i l p d i n dap dpc theo dang d l g l m b i n g
hoa van lugn sdng
Bwdc 4: Dap dit (lam khit day) Day la khau
c u l i cung hoan ehinh d l g l m Ngudi thg
n g i i tren g h i t h i p , chan trai gap t i l p
mdng, chan phai x l p b i n g , Idng ban chan
giap d i u goi chan trai Oat chile n l i g l m
up xuIng d n g chan phai Sau khi xoa udt
dung cu, tay trai d m ban xoa dgt ben
trong, tay phai dung ban dap cd hoa van
dap keo gian d i t xung quanh d l khep kin
day d l g l m Khi d l g l m gan kin, ehuyin
tay trai l i n g vao ben trong xuyen qua
mieng d l g l m , giCr ban xoa va dap sao
cho day d l g l m kin va d i t set dan d i u la
duge Hoa van duge dap di dap lgi
nhilu l l n nen tgo ra dudng net dan
cheo nhau khdng d i u
Cdng eu: 0 day g i i n g nhu vung An
Giang nhung ban dap hoa van {paddle)
dugc lam sac sao han, s l lugng nhilu
han Dung cg ban dap eua nha ba
Hudng la do eon trai thCr t u cua ba t y
la S d CO, t i i n g Anh gpi chung la paddle
Ngoai ra cdn ed eac dung cu khac d l lay
d i t nhu c u l e nhd, chay gia d i t , la dCra nudc hoac la rCrng t i i n g Khmer gpi la
Idtcha de v u l t mieng H i u h i t d cac cdng
dogn tao dang d l g l m , ngudi Khmer diing tay la ehu y l u
3.1.2.3 Nung do g l m Cae gia dinh nung g l m d san sau ngdi nha Nhien lieu d l nung la ram va cui tre, bgch dan hoac cui rirng Khoang 10 ngay
m i l gia dinh t l chCre nung mpt l l n M i i l l n nung khoang 500 chile n l i San p h i m hong trong m i i l l n nung tCr 2 d i n 3 chile
n l i (ehilm 10-15%)
3.1.3 San pham
M i l hp gia dinh lam mdt vai logi san p h i m Bang 1 Cac loai san pham gom
Cac san pham
Hp Thi Hu-ong Thi Chinh Thi Co Thj Tien
Noi
1
X
Noi
7
X
Noi
8
X
X
Noi
9
X
Noi
10
X
Chau
X
Bep
16
X
lam Ban xoa thi do ba t y lam
Ban xoa hinh n i m b i n g g l m ,
tieng khmer gpi la Kalen, tieng
Anh gpi la Anvil
Cay tgo dang hoge ban xay
lam than cay dira hoac cay
t h i t n i t tiing Khmer gpi la
Sobaxoa, tiing Anh gpi la
wooden post
Ban dap ed hoa van hoac
kh6ng hoa van lam b i n g g l
bgch dan tiing Khmer gpi la
S d dam; ban dap b i n g tre gpi
Bang 2 Kich thudc cSe san phim gom
stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
T&n san pham
Tieng Vipt
Noi nhat/
noi 1 Noi 7
Noi 8
Noi 9 Noi 10
Tieng Khmer
snang phum may
snang diip
Kich thudc (centimet)
Cao
38,5
21,5 19,0 15,0 14,0
Oudng kinh mieng 31,0
25,0 18,0 18,0 14,0 12,0
Oudng kinh than 57,0
36,0
29,0 28,0 23,0
Nip (knopbay)
Khong n3p Khong n§p C6nSp
C 6 n l p CPnlp
Trang 6N G U Y E N T H I H O A I HUONG - T R U Y E N T H C N G S A N X U A T G O M O A T NUNG, 67
c l djnh (xem bang cac san phim), m i i
ngay tiiy tCrng loai san p h i m Idn nhd ma
ngudi thg lam dugc nhilu hay it s l lugng
san p h i m Cg t h i : Nha ba Hudng cd 2
ngudi lam, mdi ngay 1 ngudi lam dugc 25
chile n l i 7 hoac n l i 8
Cdng dgng eua cae logi d l g l m : N l i 1:
dung lam lu dyng nude sinh hogt hoac lam
n l i trang banh N l i 7: diing dyng nude
uIng dgt d trudc eCra nha N l i 8 (snang
phum may) thudng dung d l n i u nudc
xdng N l i 9: dung n i u cam, n i u nudc N l i
10 (snang dCip) dung n i u nude ulng
Trude day ea hai logi n l i 8 va n l i 10
thudng dung de n i u cam, Ngoai ra, gia
dinh Thj Tien lam ehau (peon) dung d l rua
(rCra chen, rCpa rau, rCra tay) trong gia dinh,
3.1.4 Budn ban va thu nhap eua eac hd
lam g l m
Thuang lai dgt hang va ed ghe vao tan nha
de nhgn san p h i m Thong thudng ngudi
ta ganh hoac mang d l g l m ra b i n sdng
each lang khoang vai tram met de thuang
lai x l p len ghe Cae hd trong I p Hdn Queo
d i u ban cho ba Ba Khdn d xdm O l u Doi,
thj trin Hdn Dat TCr day, hp chd ghe di cac
tinh viing O l n g b i n g sdng CCru Long d l
ban Vi d l g l m d l vd, khd ed t h i chuyen
chd bing cae logi phuang tien di dudng bp,
do dd dudng sdng la s y lya chpn t i i yu
Gia ca dyge tinh theo gia si N l i 1 (traeh
nhit) cd gia 80-100.000dong/chiec (gia le chi
lam khi cd ngydi dgt hang) N l i 8 cd nap,
gia 4.500dong/chilc (nam 2009) Noi 10 ed
nap, gia 2.700dong/chilc (nam 2008 noi
10 cd n i p ed gia 3.000-3.800 dong/ehilc)
3.2 Lang g l m thi t r i n Hdn O l t
Lang g l m d thj tran Hdn O l t , n i m dpc
theo dudng Rgch Gia-Ha Tien, cd khoang
5-6 gia dinh edn lam g l m Trong dgt cdng tae nay vi thdi gian hgn c h l nen chung tdi chi khao sat dugc 3 gia dinh lam g l m : 1)
Hd Nguyin Thj Ngpe Tam, 48 t u l i , dan too Viet ( b l dan t6c Viet me dan t6c Khmer),
s l nha 220, I p Tri T6n, thj t r i n H6n Olt; 2)
Hp T r i n Thi P h i n , 46 t u l i va 3) Hp T r i n Thj Hgnh, 47 t u l i dan too Viet Hai hp sau
la hai chj em rupt Hai nha d liin k l nhau (ca hai d i u la nha tranh vach tre, khdng cd
s l nha) Nha liin k l t i l p theo v l hudng thj
t r i n Hdn O l t s l nha 212, I p Tri Tdn, thi
t r i n Hdn Olt
3.2.1, Nguyen lieu
o l t set l i y 2 logi: d i t set dec va d i t set l l n cat hgt nhd Tron d i u 2 logi dat nay trude khi diing O l t khai thae d chan nui Hdn O l t
va Hdn Me, ngudi ta bd di Idp d i t mat khoang 30-50cm la d i n ldp d i t set cd t h i lam g l m duge
3.2.2 Ky thugt tgo dang va cong eg lam
glm
Cdng eg lam g l m giing vdi lang Hon Queo ( T h i San-H6n Olt) va Phnom Pi (An Thugn-Tri Ton) O l i vdi logi traeh nhit (nli Idn) c6 kich thudc Idn thi dung eg cung duae lam Idn han D i l m khac biet giCra khu vuc Hdn Queo va thj t r i n Hdn O l t la logi n i p tgi Hdn O l t da duae lam bing khudn (mount of cover), trong khi d Hdn Queo v i n cdn lam b i n g tay
O l i vdi hp Nguyin Thi Ngpe Tam lam traeh n h l t / n i i nhit (snangday), do thdi gian tgo dang do g l m Idn dai nen chj lam
xen ke cae cong dogn, cie m i i 3 nggy chj
mdi lam xong 30 chile traeh Idn Trgng binh
m i i ngay chj lam dugc 10 chile traeh Idn
Cac cdng dogn lam g l m hoan toan giing nhau d Hdn Queo va thj t r i n Hdn Olt
Trang 7e» NGUYEN THj HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN X U A T G O M O A T NUNG
Nung: khoang 50 chile traeh nhlt/1 l l n
nung Hoac 200 chile traeh nhd/1 l l n nung
Hoac cd t h i nung chung 2 loai
3.2.3 San p h i m
Trach n h l t / n i i n h i t (snang day): diing n i u
banh tet hoac lam n l i trang banh Oudng
kinh mieng: 31,0cm, dudng kinh bung:
57,0em, cao: 38,5em
Traeh 7: traeh 7 (snang tup) Kich thudc:
dudng kinh mieng 20em, dudng kinh bgng
32em, eao 22cm
3.2.4 Budn ban va thu nhap
M i l thang chj c6 t h i lam va ban 100-200
chile trach nhd va 20-30 chile traeh Idn
Thu nhap 1 thang tCr 1.500.000 d i n g
-2,000.000 d i n g Sau khi trCr ehi phi mua
d i t set, cui, ram, ehi cdn Igi khoang
800-1.000.000 d i n g
Thuang lai dat hang va cd ghe vao g i n
nha d l nhgn san pham Thdng thudng
ngudi ta ganh d l gim/mang d l g l m ra
sdng d l thuang lai x l p len ghe
Cac hp trong I p Tri Tdn, thj t r i n Hdn O l t
d i g ban chc ba Ba Khdn d xdm O l u Dpi
3.3 Khap sat I p Oau Doi
Ap o l u Doi n i m ben kia Vipt Rgch Gia-Ha
Tien d i i dipn vdi chg thj t r i n Hdn D i t Chi
phi chc mpt ehuyin pha ngang la 500
ding/ngudi, m i t chua d i y 5 phut chung
tdi da sang d i n bd ben kia
"Lang g l m x u i t hipn vdi day d l g l m nung
xong c h i t nai ben sdng va cae san phai
bep Id cua cac hp san x u i t Tgi day h i u
nhu nha nha lam g l m , ngudi ngudi lgm
gom Dudi b i n sdng, chung tdi nhin t h i y
thgyen chd d i t set vdi cae thanh nien
khgan tCrng vien d i t Idn tCr dudi t h u y i n
len bd Mpt t h u y i n khac d g i n dc dang
sap xep ndi gdm, bep Id chd di nai khaC ban
Xdm Id d I p o l u Doi phan b l tCr Viet Mpt
d i n Viet T u , xa Nam Thai San Theo
t h i n g ke cua huyen Hdn O l t , chi rieng I p
o l u Doi da ed han 180 h6 lam n g h i 16
g l m , c h i l m g i n phan nCra dan s l cua I p Vac d i n nai san x u i t g l m chi each b i n sdng 3-5 phut di bp, tgi day rat nhilu phu nCr dang lam g l m , mat hang chu y l u la logi b i p Id (logi khdng ed I n g khdi va logi
cd I n g khdi) Khu vuc nay lam g l m vdi quy md Idn, e6 h i ngam d i t set, may can
d i t , day e l t dat Id nung b i n g trau va ea san phai ed mai ehe Dae bipt, hp tgo dang
g l m theo day ehuyen san xuit O l lam mdt b I p Id, mdt phg nCr lam day b I p Id
b i n g mdt m i l n g dat nhd, diing ban xoa dap bpt thanh hinh trdn khoang 25-30cm Trong khi dd, mpt phg nCr khac l i y d i t bd vac khudn hinh chCr nhat dai khoang I m x 0,30m, khung nay duge dgt tren 1 t i m cdt bang cdi Ngudi thg khum ngudi va dung chan dgp dan d i u , sau do dung tay m i l t
d i u mieng d i t va dung day kim logi duge tgo nhu hinh canh cung d t T i l p d i n , ngudi ta d m ea m i l n g cdi va milng d i t
ep dyng mieng dat len, khpanh trdn xung quanh m i l n g d i t hinh tron va n l i dydng trdn Igi, sCpa cho ngay ngan (lue nay ngydi phu nu' kia da dat mieng d i t hinh trdn tren mpt milng van g l )
Sag khi m i l n g d i t se khd, ngudi thg thCr 3 tiep tgc tgo dang p h i n t i l p theo la e l t va
n l i 2 hinh trdn thanh b I p Id hinh so 8, noi cac doan than va bp phan dgn cui vap Budc ke tiep do mpt phg nCr khac dam traeh Ngudi nay ed nhipm vg g i n eae
d i g rau (dng tao) vao va tgo hoa van d
Trang 8NGUYEN THj HOAl HUONG - TRUYEN THONG SAN XUAT GOM OAT NUNG 69
thanh mieng bIp Id, hoan chinh cho san
phim
Sau khi tgo dang xong, phai khd d l glm
va tiln hanh nung trong Id Ld nung dwoc
lam dan gian ehi la nhu'ng can nha ed mai
ehe Ngudi ta ngan d bing ggch Ing theo
hinh chCp nhat vdi dien tieh d n thilt va tiln
hanh xlp bep Id thanh hang Nguyen lieu
nung ehu ylu la triu va mdt it ram hoac cd
tranh phu ben ngoai lam mii ehay trude,
Idp triu tir tCr chay sau Thdi gian eho mpt
lln nung mit 3-4 ngay
4 KST LUAN
4.1 NguIn glc pha he san xuit glm
Khmer truyin thing
O lue dja Dong Nam A, kh6 nhgn ra viec
san xuat glm truyin thing theo dja
phuang hay gia dinh vi ehung ta ed t h i
thiy rd hp da triln khai eac ky thugt trpng
ky thugt tgo hinh va nung kha giing nhau
Ve ky thugt tgo hinh, deu dung cae cdng
cg chinh la ban dap va hdn ke {paddle and
anvil) Tu t h i tgo dang la di vdng quanh
mpt tru g l Theo nghien eCru eua Lefferts
Cort va cae ding nghiep da dua len eae
mic, duge chia thanh nam logi tCr "Logi A
din E" Trong s l nay, "Logi A din C" eho
cae quoc gia cd sy thCra ke, dang e l ging
to chCre pha hp san xuit glm truyen thing
d mdi khu vyc (Cort va Lefferts, 2009) 6
dong ble Thai Lan, lang Baan Mow, tinh
Mahasarakham, Morgan County va lang
Ubon Ratchathani (Ubon Ratcha Thani)
Donjikku County (Baan Donjik) la "ring"
nguyen mau hinh trg O" Chiang Mai, miln
ble Thai Lan, huyen Hankeo County
(Handon Hankaeo) la ehuli ching dit set
nguyen miu la hinh hpp dieu (gpi la "Kilu
B") So ve ky thuat, d miln Trung Vipt Nam
lang Binh DCrc tinh (Binh Thuan) la each keo dai nguyen miu hinh hop dilu (thudc Logi C) mang tinh dac trung pha he (Tokusawa Keiichi, Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong, 2009)
Tuy nhien nhin "Logi A" (hinh tren), cd sy khac nhau mdt phin d qua trinh tgo hinh giu'a vung ddng bac Thai Lan va mien Nam Viet Nam Mac du san phim tgo ra nguyen dgng la hinh trg, vi qgy trinh tgo dang tCr hinh dgng ban diu la hinh trg 0 lang Hdn Qgeo va Tri Tdn (hinh dgng nguyen the ban diu, vdng xich cua dit set dgng hinh trdn, dae, giing nhu lien quan Type B vdi Type C) khac nhau nhilu d phuang phap san xuit hinh dgng nguyen t h i ban diu d edng dogn 1 Tuy nhien, v l cdng dogn tgo hinh thCr 2 trd di thi tgo dang d phan mipng, than, day eung giing nhau d each thCrc lam kin day nli/vd nhu Ddng Bac Thai Lan, Trung va Nam Lao, Campuchia, Nam Viet Nam Sy giing nhau d Sarav\/an phia Nam-Lap (Sarawan) County, lang (Baan Bukdon) va qugn Pgkse (Pgkse) Mo lang (Baan Mow) (dgc) tao thanh hinh hpp trdn, dgc, dgt tren hinh trg dCrng nguyen the cua "Logi A + Logi C" cung ed the dyge xem nhy la hinh thanh mpt kilu hinh trg giing nhy thanh gia (Tokusawa Keiichi,
Trang 970 NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G S A N X U A T G O M O A T NUNG ,
Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong,
2009)
Nghien cu'u khac d viing ddng b l e Thai
Lan eung so sanh s u khac nhau trong ky
thugt lam g l m cua cac cpng d i n g ngudi
Thai-Khorat vdi ngudi Suay va ngudi Lao
tgi viing nay Trong nghien cCru nay eac tac
gia cung da giai thich r i n g ngudi
Thai-Khorat t u nhgn hp la ngudi Khmer bi thudc
dja tren d i t Thai, hp s i n g d cao nguyen
Khorat, trong mpt thanh p h i hipn nay c6
ten gpi la Nakhon Ratchasima (mpt dja
danh Thai la "Royal Boundary Marker
City) Trudc day nd cd vai trd quan trpng
nhu la mdt trung tam ngogi vi eua kinh dd
Siamese thupe vuang trilu Ayuthaya va
Bangkok sdm (H Leedom Lefferts Jr and
Lefferts Cort, 1997, tr 13) Cae tac gia edn
so sanh rpng han v l ky thuat lam g l m cua
ngudi Khmer Campuchia hien nay va
ngudi Thai-Khorat la hoan toan giing nhau
S u khac nhau mang tinh qua trinh
ehuyin d i i eua ndi dung ky thugt nhu t h i ,
duge eac nghien eCru di trudc cho r i n g
phuang thCre ky thugt mang truyin thing
gia dinh la do k i t qua thay d i i v l thdi gian
va viee di dan (H Leedom Lefferts Jr and
Lefferts Cort, 1997, Tokusawa Keiichi,
Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong,
2009) Nhit la theo ly lugn p h i i hgp giCra
cac cong dogn, ed t h i nhin nhgn each thCre
ky thuat la k i t qua cua s u t i i thich hda, k i t
hgp vdi san x u i t d l g l m xua, sy khac
nhau giCra moi trudng cua cae viing mien,
nguyen lieu hay kha nang k i t dinh cua d i t
set Tuy d n xem xet ky hgn nhung qua
k i t qua budc d i u chung tdi cho r i n g san
xuit g l m mang tinh truyin thing pha he
g l m Khmer d Campuchia, loai A eua m i l n
Nam Viet Nam la lam theo pha he san x u i t
g l m Khmer thupe luu vuc ha luu song Mekong
4.2 Thay d i i san x u i t g l m mang tinh truyin t h i n g cua dan tpc Khmer
Quay Igi thdi ky phat triln chau t h i song Mekong, san x u i t g l m mang tinh truyin
t h i n g cua lang H6n Queo, Tri T6n (huyen H6n o l t ) , va Phnom Pi (xa An Thuan huyen Tri T6n) chu y l u cung c l p g l m truyin t h i n g la b I p 16 (ca rang) va n l i d i t (Snang), vdi gia re va thuan tien vdi sinh hogt tren tau t h u y i n , tren nha san viing
d i m l i y sdng Mekong Hien nay, d l g l m tien lgi nhu ca rang, b I p 16, n l i nho, khu6n banh khot la vat dung gia dinh khdng t h i
t h i l u cua gia dinh Khmer eu tru d ehau t h i sdng Mekong
Theo t h i n g ke 2008, huyen Hdn O l t trong nhCrng nam g i n day cd mCre tang trudng cao, dien, nudc, dudng giao thdng, ca sd
ha tang dd thj, trudng hpe, benh vien phat
t r i l n tuang Crng vdi kinh t l X u i t hien h6p dyng b i n g nhya re t i l n , ehau lam b i n g nhdm vCrng c h i c hoac gang, n l i cam dipn, v.v D i l u nay k h i l n g l m Khmer truyen
t h i n g m i t gia, CP dpng Cac nha hang SLP dung khi gas va than g l hpgc than nhiet hay e i n Nhyng b I p Id (ca rang) van cdn
ed ea hpi t i l p tue ban dugc, x u i t hien Id nung nhu eua lang Dau Doi nhung vdi
m i u ma eai t i l n han D i n g thdi, viec x u i t hien bp n l i (snang), b I p Id (ea rang) thu nhd, Ip g l m truyen t h i n g d l ban cho c u dan thanh pho vdi phpng each s i n g hipn dgi hoac d l lam qua luu nipm cho khach
du lich d i n Chau D i e chCrng td da ed sy ehuyin d i i nhanh chdng eua ky thugt san
x u i t truyin t h i n g va hinh dgng san p h i m
g l m thu cong trong vung
Trang 10N G U Y E N T H I H O A I HUONG - T R U Y E N T H C N G S A N X U A T G C M O A T N U N C 71
Theo sy phat t r i l n kinh t l nhanh ch6ng tgi
luu vyc hg luu song Mekong, h i u nhu
khong c6 hy vpng bao t i n hipn trgng n g h i
g l m thu c6ng mang tinh truyin thing too
ngudi San x u i t g l m d lang O l u Doi d
Kien Giang, viee dan gian h6a cua ky thugt
san x u i t eung nhu hieu qua cua san p h i m
g l m da thay t h i va chia se thj p h i n so vdi
d l g l m eua ngudi Khmer S y phan b l
lang Hdn Queo - lang Tri Tdn - lang Dau
Doi eho t h i y s y t i n tgi va s u d n thilt cua
d l g l m trong sinh hogt d D i n g b i n g sdng
CCru Long, d i n g thdi phan anh qua trinh
ehuyin d i i eua ky thugt san x u i t va logi
hinh d l g l m Q
CHUTHiCH
'^' Nguon: www.kiengiang.gov.vn
*^' Monographie de la province de Chau Doe,
1902, tr 34-35: " terre a pottteries eouleur
jaune clair, paillettes micac6es, grain dut, terre
r^ch, tenace et lourde"
'^' Le Huong Ngudi Viet gde Mien SSi Gon
1969, tr 234-235 (Din theo : Vo Cong Nguyen
CciC moi quan he, giao luu qua lai giua nguoi
Khmer d Viet Nam va ngudi Khmer d
Campuchia trong vung bien gidi cua tlnh An
Giang Hpi nghi Thdng b^o kit qua nghien cuu
khoa hoc Vien Phat triln Ben vCrng vung Nam
BO, 2009),
TAI L I E U THAM K H A O
1 Derbes, M 1880 Etudes surles industhes
de terres cuites en Cochin-Chine Excursions
et Reconnaissances 12: 552-619
2 Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and Do
Kien 2008 The Study of the Traditional
Making Technique of Earthenware in the Central Vietnam: Mainly the Forming and Finng In Palei Ligok Village, Binh Thuan province The third International Conference
on Vietnamese Studies at Hanoi, Vietnam
3 Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and
Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong Bao cao khao sat
nghi gom thii cdng d tinh Kien Giang, 2009
(Ban tiing Nhat)
4 Leedam Lefferts Jr and Luise Allison Cort
2000 Khmer Earthenware in Mainland
Southeast Asia : An Approach Through Production Journal of Khmer Studies
UDAYA, APSARA Authority: 48-68
5 Leedam Lefferts Jr and Luise Allison Cort
2003 A Preliminary Cultural Geography of
Contemporary Village-based Earthenware Production in Mainland Southeast Asia In:
Miksic J N (ed) Earthenware in Southeast
Asia, Singapore: Singapore University Press:
300-310
6 Malleret, L 1957 Notes sur des
fabhcations actuelles ou anclennes de poterles dans le delta de Mekong Bulletin de
la Societe des Etudes Indoehinoises, n.s, 31,1:31-38
7 Mourer, R 1986 La Potene au
Cambodge, Paris: Histoire et
Developpement Essai D' Ethno-technologie, Doctoral dissertation
8 Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang 2001 Nghi lam
gim CO truyin eiia ngwdi Khmer d Dong bang sdng CCru Long Lugn van thge sT Vien
Khoa hoc Xa hpi tgi Thanh p h i H i Chi Minh