Nguon li^c tac dpng s a n xuat Ixictng thi^c, thiic p h a m ^ dong bang song Hong: a Nguon luc tu nhien: - Nguon dat trong suf dung vac san xuat nong nghiep chie'm den 54% tong dien t
Trang 1Dong bang song Hong la mot vung trong diem k i n h te-xa hoi
nifdc ta; tai day dang dien ra mot thyc trang dan so qua dong tao
nen nhuTng han che kha gay gat trong stf di len phat trien kinh te va
dcfi song xa hoi ciia vung
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
1 H i $ n trang ve dan so or dong bang song Hong:
a) Bong bang song Hong c6 sU tap trung dan so qua dong:
- Dien tich dong bang sdng Hong rong gan 1,45 trieu ha, chiem
4,5% dien tich toan quoc nhung da tap trung den 14,8 trieu dan
chiem 20% so dan ca niidc (nam 1999)
- Y6i sii tap trung dan so dong tren dieu kien dien tich nho da tao
nen mat do dan cu' cao nhat so v6i toan quoc:
- M a t do dan CLT t r u n g b i n h vao nam 1999 cua dong hkng da
den 1.180 ngi/di/km^ - gap 5 Ian mat dp trung binh cua ca ntfdc
(230 ngiidi/km^); gap 3 Ian so v6i dong bSng song Cufu Long
(403 ngLfdi/km^); gap 9,3 Ian so v6i vung t r u n g du va m i e n n u i
phia BSc; gap gan 20 Ian so vdi Tay Nguyen
- Trong vung dong bang song Hong ndi len mot so' dia phiiong c6
mat do dan cii qua cao, vao nam 1999 thanh pho' Ha Noi c6 mat do la
-148-*2.900 ngU'M/km^ Thai Binh la 1.470 ngtfcfi/km^, Nam Hk Ik 1.240 ngiiWkm^, Hai Phong la 1.180 ngiicd/km^ Hai HiAig la 1.120 ngvtWkm^
- Sii tap trung dan so' dong tren dong b ^n g da lam cho v u n g nay
hinh thanh mot he thong do t h i vao loai day dac nhat nLfdc ta nhtf
j i a Noi ban 1,2 trigu dan, Hai Phong hon 40 van dan Nam D i n h
i g ^ n 20 van dan, Viet T r i ban 8 van dan, Thai Binh horn 7,5 van dan, B^c Giang gan 6 van dan, Ha Dong 5,8 van dan
(Xem hinh 21 phu luc 2)
* b) Bong bang song Hong la vung c6 sU gia tang dan so cao:
- ThW, ky tii 1979 -1989 vung nay c6 t i \& t&ng dan l a 2,24% ,
- Dan so dong b^ng thuoc loai tre, hien nay c6 khoang 68% dan s6' dong bang diTdfi do tuoi 30
- Gan day t i le tang dan ciia dong bang l a 1,7%, d mot so' vung
nong thon t i le nay con cao hon, da lam cho dan so' trong vimg tang nhanh
Sir gia tang nhanh dan so' da lam cho vung dong bang song Hong ngay cikng t r d n e n qua tai ve dan so'
c) Nhitng nguyen nhdn ve sii tap trung dan so d dong bhng song Hong:
+ La vijng dong bang duoc k h a i thac tCf lau ddi v6i nhflfng dieu
ki§n k h i hau, da't trong, nguon niJcJc, dia hinh thuan Igi cho boat
dong san xua't va ciJ tru
I'! + La viing dinh c\i lau dcfi nha't cua dan toe ta, t\i do qua nhieu
itidi gian da tao nen &\i tap trung d d n c\i lorn
+ San xua't chinh cua vung l a nong nghiep vcJi nganh trong cay lua nude trong san xua't t i i tuc can nhieu nhan cong, do l a mot trong jnhiJng nguyen nhan tang dan va tap trung dan so'
™ ' + La vung c6 n h i l u trung tam k i n h te - v a n boa quan trong (c6 thu
- do Ha Noi) tao n§n mot mang ludi do t h i tap trung dan ctf
2 NhuCng giai phap doi vofi van de dan so 6r dong bang song Hong:
a) Nhitng hau qua cua van de dan so d dong b&ng song Hong:
- Ydi dan so qua dong da tao n§n dien tich canh tac binh quan tren ngLfori r ^ t tha'p so vdi ca nudrc la 578 so v d i 892 m^
Trang 2- D f i n so d o n g vk c6n t a n g n h a n h se l ^ m cho d i e n t f c h canh tac
b i n h q u a n t i e p tuc giam
- D i e n t i c h canh tac b i n h quan n h o tao r a h a u qua n S n g suS't lao
dong t h a p , t h u n h a p b i n h quan ciia lao dong k h o n g cao
- D u l a v u n g t r o n g d i e m san xuat lu'cfng thuc v a san liiang lirong
thifc t r o n g v u n g da c6 t a n g l e n n h i t o g do d a n so' dong n e n b i n h quan
lirong thuc t r e n ngu'di m o i n&m l a t h a p so v d i t o ^ n quoc la;
414kg/ngLrcfiy'nam v d i 448kg/ngircfi/nam ciia ca nxidc
- N h i p d6 t a n g triTomg k i n h te ciia dong b ^ n g song H o n g v g n
k h o n g theo k i p v d i da gia t a n g d a n so T r o n g thcri k y 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 9 toe
do t a n g t r t f d n g k i n h h a n g n a m d a t 5% ( r i e n g san x u a t n o n g
n g h i e p l a 4%) v S n chtfa can d o i vdi t i le t a n g d a n b i n h quSn l a 2%
m 6 i n a m
- S u t a p t r u n g d a n so qua dong t r o n g di ^ u k i e n d i e n t i c h c a n h tac
nho, k h a n a n g viec l a m chtfa nhieu da tao nen t i Ig t h a t nghiep t r o n g do
tuoi lao dong thuoc k h u vi/c t h a n h t h i d dong b k n g cao n h a t so v6i cac
t h a n h t h i ciia ca ntfcfc N a m 1998 t i le nay d dong bang song H o n g la
8,25%, Dong N a m Bo la 6,449^, dong bang song Cufu L o n g la 6,5%
- Tao r a t i le t h i e u viec l a m cf n o n g t h o n ciia dong b ^ n g song
H o n g l a cao hcfn t r u n g b i n h ca niidc l a 37,8% v6i 28,3%
- D a n so dong v a t a n g n h a n h se l a m t a n g l e n d i $ n t i c h d a t t h o cu
v a da't chuyen dung, cang l a m cho dien t i c h san xua't b i t h u h e p
- D a n so dong t a n g n h a n h gay n e n sufc ep qua Idfn ve v a n hoa,
giao due, y t e , k i n h t e - x a h o i t r o n g dieu k i e n sir dau tn con h a n che
- D a n so' dong t r o n g dieu k i e n viec l a m con thie'u, dieu k i e n song
v a s i n h boat con tha'p d§ l a m n a y s i n h n h i e u te n a n x a h o i
b) Nhitng gidi phdp can phdi thUc hien de gidi quyet vd'n de dan
so d dong bhng song Hong:
6 don g b a n g song H o n g can dtfcfc dong th&i thifc h i e n cac g i a i
p h a p de g i a i quyet va'n de d a n so' l a :
+ D a y m a n h t h a m canh, t a n g he so m u a v u , t h a y d o i ca ca'u cay
t r o n g v a t n u o i , thUc h i e n m o h i n h V.A.C.R t r o n g s a n xua't n o n g
n g h i e p de t a n g n a n g sua't, san l u o n g va t a n g len viec l a m
+ Phuc h o i v a p h a t t r i e n cac n g a n h t i e u t h i j cong n g h i e p de t a n g ign vi§c l a m v a t h u n h a p cho lao dong
IP + P h a t t r i e n m a n h cac n g a n h cong n g h i e p phCi hcfp v d i dieu k i e n
ilvSc t e cua d i a phiicrng v a t h i t r i i d n g de t h u h u t lao dong
+ P h a n b d l a i d a n ctf t r e n d i a b a n ca niidc de g i a m b d t d a n so' v a lao dSng cua v i i n g T i f nhufng n a m 1970 d e n n a y boat dong chuyen ctf
CO n h i e u h i e u qua; r i e n g n a m 4 9 9 2 da c6 d e n 1,7 v a n lao dong
(trong 3 v a n dan) cua dong b a n g song H o n g da d i xay difng cac v u n g :3dnh t e mdri, hi§n n a y b i e n p h a p n a y v S n c5n t i e n h a n h n h i e u nha't
la dg'n T a y N g u y e n
+ Song song v6i chuyen c i i p h a i day m a n h c h i n h sach d a n so' v a
ke hoach h o a g i a d i n h , muc t i e u p h a n dau cua dong b ^ n g song H o n g
v l t i le t a n g d a n so la con 0,6% m 6 i n a m + M d r 6 n g cac boat dong giao due dao tao nghe k y t h u a t de t a n g Ign t r i n h do s a n xua't ciia lao dong , tao ca h o i cho ngiTdi lao dong c6 viec l a m
III K E T T H U C V X N D E
V a n de d a n so cua dong b k n g song H 6 n g la k h d gay gat, t a o n e n nhCimg k h 6 k h a n cho s i i p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e v a d&i song x a h o i ; de kh^c phuc can p h a i c6 nhufng giai phap ve k i n h t e v a x a h o i m o t each dong bo
M % fOon cte 3 2 :
ChiJng minh rkng dong bang song Hong c6 nhufng nguon life phat trien va la mot vung trong diem san xuat lUofng thiTc, thUc pham cua nude ta
D A T V A N D E
D o n g b ^ n g song H o n g vdfi nhiTng nguon liic ttr n h i e n , k i n h t e v a x a
h o i n h i e u t h u a n l a i da tac dong h i n h t h a n h m o t v u n g t r o n g d i e m s a n Xua't lifang thifc, t h i i c pha'm cua nude t a
Trang 3I I G I A I QUYET V A N DE
1 Nguon li^c tac dpng s a n xuat Ixictng thi^c, thiic p h a m ^
dong bang song Hong:
a) Nguon luc tu nhien:
- Nguon dat trong suf dung vac san xuat nong nghiep chie'm den
54% tong dien tich tii nhien ciia dong bang; phan Idfn di/gc phu sa boi
dap thich hgp vdi cac loai cay liiong thyc, cay thxic pham
Ddt phu sa cua vimg phdn Idm 2 nhdm chinh:
+ Phan dien tich phu sa ngoai de ra't phi nhieu rsft thich hop voi
cay li/ong thiic, thiic pham
+ Phan dien tich dat phu sa trong de i t diioc boi dap chiem dien
tich Idn nha't va c6 gia t r i nhat trong san xuat cay liiong thiic
Dong bang song Hong c6 dien tich 1,2 trigu ha trong cay Itfcfng
thtfc trong do dien tich gieo trong lua chiem 1,04 trieu ha, chiem
14% di§n tich trong lua
- He thong song ngoi tren dong bang ma chu yeu la he song Hong
va song Thai Binh la nguon tifdi tieu ntfdfc va cung cap phu sa cho
dong ruong
^ Bieu kien khi hqu cua dong bdng song Hong c6 tdc dong:
T i n h cha't nhiet ddfi gio mua cho ph^p phat trien manh cac loai
cay lifong thiic, thiic pham va vat nuoi nhiet ddri
Khi hau c6 mua dong lanh la dieu kien de phat trig'n cac loai cay v a
vat nuoi CO nguon goc on dcfi - nganh trong cay rau xanh v u dong CLia
dong bang song Hong dang phat trien manh c6 hieu qua kinh te cao
- Dien tich mat niidc (ao, ho, song,,.) kha nhieu la dieu kien de
phat trien nganh nuoi trong thuy san niidc ngot
- Dong bang song Hong g^n v6i Bien Dong vdi dLfdng bcf dai 400
k m cung cap lifcfng hai san lorn vdi nhieu dac san c6 gia t r i nhuf torn,
ca mu, ca song , la nguon thuc pham quan trong
- Doc theo be; bien Dong cija dong bang nay c6 nhieu dien tich de
nuoi trong thuy san niidc Ig, nifdc man.,,; cung cap nhi4u hcfn nguon
- T i n h cha't k h i hau do chiu anh hiicrng CLTC doan, gio miia Dong Bac gay nen nhieu tai bien, n h i i u dong c6 anh hiJdng xa'u den cay trong va vat nuoi nhiet d(Ji
- Bien Dong vdi ap tha'p va bao nhiet ddi gay ma't on dinh va ton that trong danh bat va che bien hai san
- Song ngoi v6i hien tugng lu lut CLTC doan vi vay phai d^p de ngan lu nhung khong dUa du'gc nguon phCi sa vao dong ruong la mot mau thuSn l<Jn chtfa dijgc giai quye't tan goc
- H i § n tucfng thigu nu'drc vao mCia kho va dif nifdfc vao miia mUa can phai c6 cong t r i n h thuy Igi chti dong
b) Nguon lUc kinh te:
- Nguon vo'n dau t i i phat trien san xua't li/ang thifc, thifc pham cua dong bang da t a n g len nhieu tif sir tich luy cua lao dong nong nghiep va sir dau tuf cua nha nifcfc
- He thong thuy Igi phuc vu nhu cau tiTdi tieu niidc tren dong bang
song Hong la chu dong nha't so vcJi toan quo'c
- Dieu kien vat tiT, thiet bi ky thuat., phuc vu cho cac khau san xua't va che bien Itfong thirc, thirc pham da k h a doi dao
- T h i triTdng tieu thu san pham liTcfng thifc, thiTc pha'm manh d
trong vung, ca niTdfc va xua't khau
c) Nguon lUc xd hoi:
^ r ' - Dong bang song Hong lao dong ra't doi dao, giau kinh nghiem san xua't, to ra nhay ben vcJi yeu cau thay doi cO ca'u mua vu, cO ca'u cay trong vat nuoi theo hifdng san xua't hang hoa
- Trinh do tham canh trong san xua't lifcmg thirc, thtfc pham cua lao
^ 6 n g vung la kha cao vi the da tao nen nang sua't cao trong san xuat;
thi du nang sua't lua cua vung dat den 54 ta/ha la cao nha't niidc
Trang 4- N h a nU6c dang Ap dung nhieu c h i n h sach mdi t h u a n Igi t r o n g viec
p h d t t r i e n lufcfng thiJc, thiic p h a m tao dieu k i e n k i c h t h i c h san xuat
T r o n g ngu6n luc xa h o i h a n che Idfn \k d a n so' quA dong t r e n dieu
k i e n d i e n t i c h dong b a n g nho; tao n e n b i n h quSn dien t i c h canh tac
t h a p l a m cho hieu qua san xua't va t h u n h a p cua lao dong nong
n g h i e p k e m , k h a n a n g tai dau t\i t h a p
2 Dong b^ng song Hong la vung trong dieni san xuat lifofng
thiic, thitc pham cua nu'o'c ta:
D o n g b a n g song H o n g la vting t r o n g d i e m thuf h a i sau d6ng b k n g
song Cufu L o n g t r o n g san xuat ItfOng thtfc, thifc p h a m
a) Ve nganh san xuat luang thUc:
N g ^ n h san xuat lifong thirc vdfi hoat d6ng t r o n g lua va m o t so cay
hoa m a u khac, t r o n g d6 quan t r o n g n h a t l a cay lua
* Hoat dong san xudt lua:
- D i e n t i c h cay liJOng thUc cua dong b k n g song H o n g k h o a n g 1,2
tri§u h a t r o n g do d i e n t i c h t r o n g liia chiem 1,04 t r i e u h a (88% dien
t i c h cay l u o n g thiic cua d6ng b a n g va 14% dien t i c h t r o n g lua ca
ntrdrc - n a m 1999)
- Cay Ilia c6 m a t cr m o i n o i , t a p t r u n g va dat n a n g suS't cao n h a t
la cf cac t i n h T h ^ i B i n h , N a m D i n h , H a i Duong, H i t o g Y e n , N i n h
B i n h , H a Tay
- N a n g sua't lua cua dong b k n g song H o n g cao n h a t niidc t a (54
ta/ha), t r o n g do cao n h a t thuoc ve t i n h T h a i B i n h (61,6 ta/ha nam
1999) - N a n g sua't lua nhieu hop tac xa, nhieu huyen dat 8 - 1 0 tan/ha
- H o a t dong t r o n g lua t r o n g vijng da c6 h§ so' mija vu t r o n g n a m
cao t\i 2 - 3 v u , h i e n nay d i e n t i c h lua dong x u a n difgc m d r o n g , liia he
t h u difoc diia vao t r o n g d a i t r a
- N h d n g ^ n h t r o n g lua p h a t t r i e n da l & m cho sdn lu'crng Iticfng
thiTc cua vijng t a n g l e n dat 6,1 t r i e u t a n vao n a m 1999, chie'm 18%
t o n g san lifong li/ong thiic ca nu'dc
- B i n h quan luong thtfc t r e n ngUcfi cua dong b k n g song H o n g con
t h a p h o n b i n h quan ca nUdc (414kg/ngu'cfi so vcJi 448kg/ngLrc(i) do su'
t a p t r u n g d a n so' qua dong
-154-* Hoat dong san xudt cac loai cay luang thUc khdc:
N g o a i san xuat lua; t r e n dong b a n g song H o n g con gieo t r o n g cdc cay Itfcfng thUc khac n h i i ngo, cac loai khoai
- Cay ng6 duoc gieo t r o n g n h i e u d t h u n g l u n g song H o n g c6 d i e n
t i c h k h a Idrn va n a n g sua't on d i n h
B : - Cay k h o a i (khoai lang, k h o a i tay ) diforc gieo t r o n g l u a n canh v6i fc&y lua, hay t r e n c^c v t j n g d a ' t phij sa c6 c6 y n g h i a t a n g t h e m l i i o n g
IthUc cho ngifdi v ^ thuc day chan nuoi
||, b) Nganh san xudt thUc phdni :
P La m o t hoat dong m a n h bao gom cac n g a n h chan nuoi, d a n h bat
i i i a i san, t r o n g cay r a u x a n h , cay an t r a i
p i ^ Hoat dong chdn nuoi:
|> - N g u o n thufc p h a m ciaa dong b ^ n g song H o n g p h u thuoc n h i e u vao
n g a n h chan n u o i n h a t la n g a n h chan nuoi gia sue nho, gia cam va
nu6i t r o n g t h i i y san N6'u va'n de thufc a n dtfcfc g i a i quyet t o t t h i cAc
hoat dong chan n u o i se p h a t t r i e n m a n h
- N g a n h chan nuoi I o n r a t pho b i e n , la nguon thifc p h a m quan
t r o n g t r o n g Ma an h a n g ngay ciia n h a n dan D a n Ion cua vung nay chi
diifng sau viJng n u i va t r u n g du Bac Bo vcfi so lifOng gan 4,3 t r i e u con, chie'm 22,5% d a n Ion ca nifdfc (1999)
- D a n gia cam (ga, v i t ) dugc nuoi v d i so lifong \6n
D a n ga da dtfoc to chijfc chan nuoi theo h i n h thufc cong n g h i e p vcJi
so' lifgng lorn d cac t r a n g t r a i thifcfng tap t r u n g d ngoai 6 cac v i i n g
- N g a n h c h a n nuoi t h u y san nifdc ngot, nifdc Ig da difoc quan tarn
p h d t t r i e n , n h t f n g v l n chifa k h a i thAc he't t i e m n a n g cua v i m g
D i e n t i c h nuoi t r o n g t h u y san ntfdfc Ig dat 58 n g h i n ha
N h i e u d i e n t i c h nifdc ngot (ao, ho, song ) da k h a i thdc dtfa vao chan n u o i t h u y san nifdc ngot
H o a t dong ciia n g a n h nuoi t r o n g t h i i y san c[ dong b a n g song H o n g
CO h i e u qua chifa cao
Trang 5* Hoat dgng ddnh bdt hdi san:
- GSn v6i diicfng bd bien dai 400 km, dong bang song Hong tiep
can vdi ngtf trUcfng Wn nhii Ha Long, Hai Phong, Th^i Binh , trong
do mat do hai san kha cao v(3i nhieu loai ngon (ca song, ca hong, ca
mu, tom he )
- Hoat dong danh bat hai san ciia vung kha on dinh, h^ng nam
san Itfong danh bat dat tCr 110.000 -130.000 tan hai san cac loai
- Trong vijng c6 hoat dong che bien va&m vcfi nhieu loai ngon noi tieng
nhu mam Ha Long, Hai Du'ong cung cap tot cho nhu cau trong viing
* Ngdnh trong cay rau xanh vet cay an trdi:
- Dong bang song Hong la mot vung trong diem trong rau xanh,
trong do nganh trong rau xanh vu dong cao cap phuc vu nhu cau xuat
khau Nganh trong rau xanh tap trung cac vung ngoai 6 cac thanh
pho' va da c6 hieu qua tot
- Nganh trong cay an trai cua vung vdi n h i l u dac san nhiT cam,
vai thieu dang diTcfc trong trot theo hiiofng chuyen canh san xuat
h&ng hoa
(Xem hinh 22 phu luc 2)
III K E T T H U C VAN D E
Vung kinh te dong bang song Hong v ^ i nhufng nguon liTc ttf nhien,
kinh t e - x a hoi va qua trinh khai thac lau dai da trd thanh mot vung
trong diem san xuat liicfng thqc ciia ca n\idc
B V U N G D O N G BANG SONG C l / U L O N G
• cOon 5 5 ;
Phan tieh nhOng nguon lUc tu" nhien kinh te - x a hoi va neu len nhiJng
bien phap khac phuc han che cua cac nguon lUc nay b dong bang song
CulJ Long trong yeu cau phat trien kinh te
I D A T V A N D E
Dong bang song Cufu Long la mot viing kinh te vdi nhufng nguon
\\ic phat trien manh me; van de hien nay la phai c6 nhufng bien phap
-156-Ichac phuc nhufng kho khan va phat huy ducfc cac the manh cua vung
trong t6' chufc khai thdc va phat trien kinh te
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
1 NhGng nguon hie phat trien kinh te b dong bang song CuU Long:
I a) Ve tu nhien:
^ Nguon lUc tu nhien la he thong ddt trong:
- Tong dien tich cua dong bang la 4 trieu ha, trong d6 c6 han 2,65 Plrieu ha sijf dung trong san xuat nong nghiep ; dien tich sijf dung gieo trong lua ca nam da chiem den gan 4 trieu ha
- Phan Icfn dat trong d dong bang song Ciiu Long la he dat phij sa hang nam dUOc boi dap nen do mau mS klia cao
Ddt trong cua dong b&ng nay gom 3 loai chinh:
+ Ddt phu sa nggt: la loai dat tot nhat, phat trien d trung tam
Mong bang, phat trien thanh mot dai dai doc va giCfa song Tien, song Hau pfi't nay chiem hcfn 30% dien tich dong bang; la vting trong diem cua cay lua, cay an trai ,
+ Ddt phen: chiem dien tich Wn nhat, tap trung c( Dong Thap
Mirdi, Ha Tien, Can Thcf
+ Ddt man: vdi dien tich kha Icfn cf duyen hai Go Cong, Ben
(Xem hinh 23 phu luc 2)
Dieu kien khi hau cua vimg c6 vai trd quan trong:
- Tinh chat chung cua khi hau la nhiet ddi- can xich dao vdi hai lua mtfa va kho ro ret
- La loai k h i hau c6 tinh nhiet ddi cao (nhiet do trung binh nam
l\i 25°C-27°C, tong so gicf nang trong nam i\i 2200 -2700 gicf, liic/ng
Ilia Idn tCf 1400mm -1800mm trong nam), la dieu kien phat trien
lanh nong nghiep nhiet ddi theo hudng tham canh, tang vu, xen vu
Trang 6
-157 N g u o n lUc song ngoi ciia v u n g c6 gia t r i cao
C u n g v d i he t h o n g k e n h r a c h day dac, hg song ng6i cung cap
lirgng nudrc cho san xuat , cung cap nLforc de t h a y chua rufa m a n cai
tao dat t r o n g
L a nguon cung cSp Ixigng p h u sa I d n vdri d6 d i n h difdng cao boi ddp
dat t r o n g
Song ng5i con cung cap m o t nguon t h u y san niJdfc ngot r a t Idn so
vdri n h i e u v u n g khac; la cac dien t i c h m a t ruidc de nuoi t r o n g thuy
san nude ngot l/drc t i n h d dong b^ng song CufU L o n g c6 hom 250.000
h a d i e n t i c h m a t nufdc ngot de nuoi t r o n g t h i j y san
- Dong bang song C L U I Long gan lien vcd Bien Dong va V i n h Thai Lan
t r e n dircfng hb b i & d ^ hon 600 k m vdfi nhCftig gia t r i k i n h te rat cao
L a nhCfng ngtf trUdng \6n (Bac L i e u , Ca M a u , K i e n Giang) cung
cap n h i e u n h a t s a n lifgng h a i san cho niidrc t a
M o t v u n g b i e n c6 t i e m n a n g k h o a n g san dau k h i d v u n g t r a m t i c h
T h o C h u - M a L a i
Doc bd b i e n vdri m o t dien t i c h Icrn k h o a n g h o n 50.000 h a nirdc lo
t h i c h hop nuoi t r o n g t h i i y san nhS't la nuoi t o m xuat k h i u
VCing b i e n dong b^ng song Cufu L o n g c6n cho m o t t i ^ m nSng du
l i c h Idrn vdri nhOfng canh quan x i n h dep nhir phong canh H a T i e n
Dong bang song Ctrtj Long giau c6 ve t a i nguyen thiTc - dong vat
T a i nguyen r i f n g nggip m a n vdri 250.000 h a chay doc k h u vUc song
Cijfu L o n g , t a i day dang t o n t a i nhCfng v i m g nguyen s i n h nirdrc m a n
vdri quan the thifc dong v a t quy h i e m
H e t h o n g dong v a t tiJ n h i e n cua dong b k n g s6ng Cufu L o n g r a t
phong p h u , gia t r i n h a t thuoc ve nguon t h u y san niidc ngot (cAc loai
cA, cac loai \\idng ciT ) va nhieu loai c h i m quy nhxi seu T a m Nong
- T a i nguyen k h o a n g san cua v u n g nhieu n h a t la t h a n bCin vcri
m o t triJ lUgrng r a t Idm, ben canh 1^ cac k h o a n g san v a t lieu xay difng
nhif dat set, da v o i ; t h e m luc dia c6 dau k h i (vCing dau t r a m t i c h Tho
C h u - M a L a i )
-158-T a i nguyen tU n h i e n cua dong bSng song Cijfu L o n g l a phong p h u ,
da dang; t r o n g do quan t r o n g n h a t thuoc ve nguon t a i nguyen p h d t
t r i e n n o n g nghiep
b) Ve nguon lUc kinh te:
- N g u o n v o n dau t i i de phat t r i e n k i n h te dong b&ng song Ci^u
Long 1^ chiia t h a t doi dao v i k h a nang t a i dau t\i cua n h a n dan c^n yeu;
t r o n g k h i do sif dau ttf cua N h a nii6c cung m o t luc p h a i dap ufng nhi^u yeu cau, nhieu dif d n cho v i i n g
- D i e u k i e n v a t k y t h u a t t r o n g san xuat , t h u hoach, che b i e n cua v u n g dang dan n a n g l e n n h i i n g chUa t h a t chu dong, m o t p h a n c6n dang cr dang chuan b i t r i e n k h a i thifc h i e n - t h i du cac cong
t r i n h cai tao dat t r o n g , cong t r i n h t h u y Icfi
- L ^ v i m g k i n h te da h i n h t h a n h difgrc cdc v ^ n h dai san xuat Idm c6 t i n h chuyen canh nhif n g a n h san xud't lua, n g a n h t r d n g cay Sn
t r a i , nuoi t r o n g thiiy san ntfd^c Igf
- T h i trifcfng tieu t h u dang mdr r o n g tif t r o n g nifdc den k h u vifc va thegidri
c) Ve nguon lUc xd hoi:
+ M o t v i j n g CO t h i e u lao dong n h a t la or cdc v i i n g S£iu v i v $ y k h d
nSng t h a m canh t h a p , n a n g suat chifa cao
I' + T r i n h do san xuat cua lao dong chifa cao
+ H i e n nay N h ^ nifdrc dang thifc h i e n nhieu dif An va c h i n h s^ch
uu dai cho v i i n g c6 y n g h i a tao n e n nhufng dong life thuc day sif p h a t
t r i e n k i n h te xa hoi cho vung
2 NhiXng b i ^ n phap khSc phuc nhfing h a n che cf dong bang
song Cufu Long :
a) D6i vai dieu kien tU nhien:
+ C a n t i e n h a n h cai tao dat t r o n g v o i cac phifcrng phap:
• Dap de ngan nifdrc m a n ngap dong ruong ;
• Tien hanh thay chua, rtfa man bang each chia nho cac dien tich
• C a n tao nhufng giong lua mdi chiu difcfc d^'t p h e n , dat m a n
Trang 7+ T i e n h a n h Ivhao sat t o n g the de quy hoach dtfgc cAc vung san
xuat n o n g nghiep t h i c h hgp v d i 4 loai h i n h c h i n h la san xuat liiong
thifc; t r o n g cay rau x a n h - cay an t r a i ; nuoi t r o n g t h u y san va rCrng
niidc man de t a n dung hgp ly cac loai dien tich
+ Xay' diftig he thong thiiy Igi vcfi nhieu quy mo - nho, vira, Icfn de
phuc vu tufcfi, tieu, thay chua, rCfa man cho tiflig khu VLTC va cho ca vtmg;
cung cap nLfdc v^o miia kho
+ Day m a n h k h a i thac cac dien t i c h nuoi t r o n g t h u y san ntfdc Ig
+ Quy hoach rCmg nadrc m a n va c6 bien phdp bao ve t u bo rCfng
b) Dd'i vai dieu kien kinh te :
+ Tang ctfcfng nguon von, nguon vat tu' k y thuat, he thong thiiy Igi
+ Xay diing cac eg scf che bien nong - t h i i y san
+ T a n g CLfdng dieu k i e n t h a m canh, t a n g he so' mua vu, diTa dien
t i c h r u g n g tCr 2 - 3 vu t r o n g n a m l e n t i n h chat dai t r a
+ Mcf r g n g va on d i n h t h i trUofng cho nguon san p h a m n o n g san,
t h i i y san
c) Boi vai dieu kien xd hoi:
+ Can bd sung nguon lao dong
+ T a n g cgdng k h a n a n g t h a m canh, t r i n h do san xuat- ciia lao
dong n o n g nghiep
+ Cai t h i e n dcri song; sinh hoat nong thon nhat la t r o n g mua miia lu
III K E T T H O C V A N D E
D o n g b&ng song Cufu L o n g vcfi nhieu the m a n h ; de p h a t t r i e n k i n h
te v u n g can c6 nhufng giai phap dong bg de khdc phuc nhCing t r d ngai
cua tiT n h i e n , k i n h te va xa hoi m a dac biet la yeu cau cai tao ngu6n
• thu'c pham m a n h nhat v a quan trong nhat nu^dfc ta:
a) La vung san xuat luang thilc quan trong nhat:
D o n g bang song Cufu L o n g la vga Itfong thiJc Idn n h a t niidc t a ,
i h g a n h san xuat liJgng thgc ciia v u n g c6 y n g h i a dam bao n h u cau liiong thiJt cho ca nu'dc va cung cap mot l i i g n g gao xuat k h a u r^'t I d n H^Trong san xuat Itfgng thuc, m a n h n h a t thuoc ve san xuat lua gao + D i e n t i c h dong bSng la 4 t r i e u ha, t r o n g do dien t i c h suf dung
t r o n g n o n g nghiep la 2,65 t r i e u ha, r i e n g dien t i c h t r o n g liia ca n a m ( t i n h theo he so vu) da gan dat den 4 t r i e u ha, chiem 5 2 % dien t i c h gieo t r o n g liia ca ngdc
+ Cay liia giiif Uli the tuyet ddi trong ccf cau nganh nong nghiep dong bang song Ciiu Long : chiem 99% dien tich cay kfong thiic va 99,7% san lugng lucfng thu'c ciia viing; chiem 52% san lu'gng lua ca nifdc (1999)
+ d dong bang song Cii'u L o n g cay liia xuat h i e n n h i e u n g i n h i i n g
CO dien tich nhieu nhat thuoc ve cac t i n h Kien Giang (514.300 ha) Can Tha (466.500 ha) A n Giang (462.800 ha), Dong Thap (442.700 ha), Long A n (441.200 ha)
+ N a n g suat liia t r u n g b i n h ciia v i i n g k h a cao nhcf v^o dat t r o n g c6
<JQ p h i cao va k h i hau t h i c h hgp, nang suat b i n h quan cao h o n ca nude (40,3 ta/ha so vdi 38,3 ta/ha)
+ San lirgng liia ciia dong bang song CiJfu L o n g k h o n g ngii'ng t a n g Jen, n a m 1999 dat 16,3 t r i e u t a n , tao nen liTOng thiJc b i n h quan dau
Trang 8ngudi d dong b k n g n^y len den 1012,3 k g tuTc Ik gap 2,3 l i n b i n h
quan ca niidc (448kg/ngtrdi/nam)
+ N g a n h san xuat lua cua v u n g da cung cap tii 3,5 - 4 t r i e u t a n gao
xuat k h a u h a n g n a m c6 chat lugrng cao, dtfa ntfcJc t a xe'p h a n g thuT hai
v l xuat k h a u gao cua the gidri (1999)
+ M o t so' nganh t r o n g cay liicfng thiic kh^c nhiT c^c loai khoai, ng6
CO san lirgng t h a p chu yeu phuc vu chan nuoi
b) Dong bang song CiCu Long la viing rat mgnh ve san xuat thUc phdju:
N g a n h san xuat thiic pham cua v u n g v d i cac hoat dong c h i n h la
chan nuoi; nuoi t r o n g v^ danh bdt - che bien t h u y san; n g ^ n h t r o n g
rau x a n h va cay a n t r a i
* Nganh chdn nuoi gia sue, gia cam:
+ V d i d a n b6 khoang 30 van con, dan t r a u 25 v a n con
+ D a n I g n dat h a n 2,7 t r i e u con
H o a t dong chan nuoi bo, t r a u , \gn da cung cap chu dong cho nhu
cau t r o n g v u n g , cho cac v u n g khac va xuat k h a u
+ H o a t dong chan nuoi v i t r a t m a n h , so' lirgng dan v i t n h i e u n h a t
so v(Ji ca nvldc V i t dtfOc chan nuoi thee sat sau cac vu t h u hoach lua;
l a n g a n h cung ca'p m o t lirgng t h i t , trufng r a t Idn
* Nganh chdn nuoi thuy san:
+ T r o n g v u n g hoat dong chan nuoi t h u y san mrdc ngot da di/gc xac
l a p , CO nhieu mo h i n h chan nuoi Idn da c6 hieu qua thuye't phuc
R i e n g dong bang song Cufu L o n g c6 hoat dong d a n h bat t h u y san
nirdc ngot tii n h i e n h a n g n a m vdi san kfgng cao nha't ni/dc, g i a i quyet
t o t n h u cau thiic p h a m cho v u n g iTdfc t i n h Itfgng ca niTdc ngot da t h a m
gia khoang 3 0 - 4 0 % lifgng ca su' dung cua v u n g nay
+ N g a n h chan nu6i t h i i y san niidc Ig la p h a t t r i e n nha't so v d i ca
ni/drc, h i e n nay da c6 khoang 15 v a n ha niTdrc Ig nuoi t o m xua't khau,
t a p t r u n g nhieu nha't d Bac L i e u , Ca M a u , K i e n Giang
^ Nganh danh bdt vd che bien hai san:
L a n g a n h c6 t i e m n a n g va hoat dong m a n h
-162-+ V u n g big'n phi'a Dong ciia dong bSng cho k h a n a n g k h a i thac 42
yg,n ta'n; v u n g b i e n p h i a Tay cho k h a n a n g k h a i thac den 20 v a n ta'n
i ^ i san h a n g n a m t r o n g t o n g truf lirgng h a i san l a 150 v a n ta'n cua
|ai v u n g b i e n nay
+ K h a n a n g danh b^t h a i san hang n a m dat lirgng k h o a n g
390.000 ta'n (1999) chie'm 4 2 % san lirgng h a i san ca niidc, cung cap
^ cho n h u cau t r o n g v u n g va cac v u n g khac, mot p h a n da xua't k h a u
+ H o a t dong danh bat t h u y san niidc ngot, niidc m a n da tac dong
(jgn n g a n h che b i e n h a i san, n g a n h l a m m d m D o n g bang song Ctjfu
Long CO n h i e u ca sd che b i e n h a i san cf Can T h a , V i n h Long, K i e n
Giang, Ca M a u de xua't k h a u N g a n h che' b i e n m d m vcJi n h i e u loai ngon n o i t i e n g la nirdc m ^ m Phu Quo'c
Nganh trong cay rau xanh vd cay an trai:
+ Cay rau x a n h dirge t r o n g luan canh v d i cay lua, p h a n I6n la r a u
xanh n h i e t ddri, ca ban cung ca'p dii cho n h u cau t r o n g vung, m o t
phan lofn khac phuc vu cho T p Ho C h i M i n h + N g a n h t r o n g cay an t r a i cua dong bang s6ng Cufu L o n g ra't phat
t r i e n vdfi cay an trai n h i e t ddi nhir n h a n , xoai, sau r i e n g , m a n g cut,
chom chom vdfi dien t l c h I6n tap t r u n g doc dai phu sa ngot cua T i e n
Giang va H a u Giang N g a n h nay c6 tac dung ca nirdc va da cung ca'p nguyen lieu che b i e n xua't k h a u
V d i cac hoat dong t r e n , ddng b k n g song Ctfu L o n g da t r d thanh
vung san xua't lirang thirc, thgc p h a m quan t r o n g nha't nirdc t a
2 T r i e n vong phat trien li^ofng tht^c, thu^c p h a m ciia dong bang song Cijfu Long:
Dong b ^ n g song Cufu L o n g v d i nhufng t i e m n a n g ne'u k h a i thac
^^y dia se lam t a n g len hcfn n h i e u ve k h a nang san xua't Iifang thiTc, thgc p h a m
+ T r o n g so dien t i c h si'f dung de gieo t r o n g liia thi he sd suf dung
con t h a p chi den 1,35
- D i e n t i c h canh tac la ruong mot vu chie'm p h a n Idn den hcfn 1,5
trieu ha
- D i e n t i c h ruong canh tac h a i vu trong n a m chi chie'm 64,2 van ha
Trang 9
-163 D i e n tich ruong canh t^c ba vu chi la 2,3 van ha
Neu giai quyet tot viec cai tao dat, c6 thuy Igi chii dong d l ' tham
canh, tang so mija vu len 2 hoac 3 cho ta't ca c^c dien tich cay lu^
t h i san liigrng lua ciia dong bang c6 kha nang tSng gap doi
+ Dien tich dat hoang hoa con nhieu den 93 van ha, neu difcfc khai
thac se lam tang them dien tich san xuat lufcfng thiTc Nhor cac conj^,
trinh khai hoang cho nen dien tich san xuat nong nghiep n a m 1997 da
tang hcfn nam 1990 la 61 van ha; day la mot so lieu dien h i n h
+ D i e n t i c h c^c m a t nufdrc ngot, niicJc la con ra't Idn neu dircfc dau tu
k h a i thac se l a m t a n g len gap doi ve dien t i c h va san lifong thuy san
cac loai
+ TrtJ lifcfng h a i san ciia vijng rat lo'n d§n 150 van t a n , neu tang
CLicfng k h a nang danh bat thi san li/cfng se tang len, dat ti^ 5 0 - 6 0 van
t a n m o i n a m
+ N g a n h t r o n g cay an t r a i neu difoc to chufc san xuat theo hirdng
t h a m canh v d i t r i n h do sinh hoc cao se tao n d n mot v a n h dai cay an
t r a i n h i e t ddi Idfn c6 gia t r i che bien va xuat kha'u cao
V6i nhijCng tiem nang noi tren ket hcrj) vcfi t h i triJcfng tieu t h u on dinh
t h i nganh san xuat liiang thiic, thtfc pham ciia vijng se tao nen kha
nang phat t r i e n vdi hieu qua, san Iqgng han nhieu so vdi hien nay
III K E T T H U C VAN DE
Vijng dong bang song C L V U Long dang dan dau ca niidfc ve san
xuat liiang thqc, thiJc pham; neu vung nay difcfc cai tao va to chifc
k h a i thac hop ly se tao nen mot vijng liiang thqc, thqc p h a m c6 hieu
qua han h ^ n h i e n nay
Hay trinh bay the hien svl so sanh ve dieu kien phat trien va hoat dong
san xuat nganh luofng thiTc - thufc pham ciia hai vung trong diem liTdng
thifc - thyc pham dong uhng song Hong va dong bang song CuU Long
I DAT VAN DE
N g a n h san xua't I j a n g thqc, thuc p h a m ciia nifdfc ta h i e n nay dang
noi len hai viing t r o n g diem la dong bang song H o n g va dong bang
-164-gong Cijfu Long; de phan anh nhCJng sy ttfong dong va khac nhau ve (Ji§u k i e n phat t r i e n , sq hoat dong san xua't c6 the h i n h t h a n h bang sanh sau
1 GIAI Q U Y E T VAN DE
I DUdfi day la noi dung bang so sanh ve dieu k i e n phat t r i e n va hoat
tog cua h a i vijng:
Cac noi dung Dong bang song Hong Dong bang
song Ciifu Long
1 Dieu kien
phat trien
a) Tu nhien: + Dien tich gan 1,5 trieu ha
+ Dat phu sa v&i cac dac diem;
- Dat phij sa ngoai de mau m8 va hang nam diiqc boi dap
- Dat phij sa trong de
it dtrqc boi dap
- Dien tich dat phij sa c6 a
khu vLfc chuy&i tiep giua
dong hang va trung du, c6 dien tich khonglcfti
- Dien tich dat ajih
hifdng midc bien khong nhieu, b vimg ven bien
- Dien tich dat cbn hoang hoa chi chiem khoang 5%
dien tich dongbkng
+ Dien tich mat nq6c nuoi
+ Dien tich 4,0 trieu ha + Dat phii sa vcd cac dac diem:
- D a i da't phij sa ngot chay doc T i e n G i a n g
va H a u Giang c6 dien
t i c h kha I d n , do mau
md rat cao
- Dien tich dat con
n h i i m phen chiem dien
tich Icfn b phia Bac va
Tay Nam dong b&ng (Dong Thap Mufcri, Ha Tien, Can Tha, Long Xuyen)
- Dien tich dat n h i l m man cbn Icfti cf cifc Nam Ca Mau,
Go Cong, Ben tre
- Dien tich dat chua si:r dting cbn Icm chiem hon 10% dien tich dong hang
+ Dien tich mat wtc nuoi
Trang 10
-165-trong thiiy san nu&c ngpt
(song, ao, ho) kha Icfn
+ Dien tich nuoi trong
thuy san niicfc Icf, nu'cfc
man nho
+ Dieu kien khl hau nhiet
d6i, phan hoa theo vT do
vcfi dac diem:
- Co mCia dong lanh
- Anh hiiong cifc doan
gio mua Dong B^c
- Co tinh chat nhiet ddi
va can nhiet ddi, tao
dieu kien phat trien Siin
xuat nong nghiep can
nhiet dcfi va on ddi
+ He s5ng ngbi phong
phu La nguon cung cap
phu sa, nguon nifdc
- La phuong tien giao
thong van tai
+ Tiep can vdi Bien
Dong v6i diftaig bcf bien
d^ gan 400km:
- Giau hai san
- Thuan loi giao thong
- Dieu kien phat trien
nuoi trong thiliy san niidc
lor, ntrdc man kha tot
+ Nguon tki nguyen thiic
va dpng vat khong Icfn
trong thCry san nu6c ngpt rat 16n, chua khai thac may, + Dien tich mat niTac nuoi trong thuy san nuoc
la, nucrc man rat l6n ' chLfa khai thac het
+ Dieu kien khi hau can xich dao vci dac diem:
- Co hai mua ro ret: kho
vk mua
- L^ dieu kien khi hau thuan Igi de phat trien toan dien v^ tham canh nganh san xuat nong nghiep nhiet ddi <
+ He song ngbi phong phu:
- Cung cap ngu6n phu
- Rat giau nguon hai san
- Thuan lofi giao thong
- Lk dieu kien tot de
nuoi trong thijy san ntfcfc lof, nifdc man
+ Nguon tai nguyen thiic v^ dong vat rat phong phu CO gid tri cagJ
+ Khi hau nhieu nhieu loan vdi nhieu thien tai:
ret dam, ap thap va bao nhiet ddi, lu lut
+ Song ngoi c6 hien ti/cfng lu lut cqc doan, phai dap de phong chong, han che boi dap phu sa
+ Bien Dong c6 nhieu nhi§u dpng han che danh bat, nuoi trong thuy s^n
ve thuc pham, nhat la
thiiy san nUcfc ngot
^ Dieu kien tu nhien c6 cdc han che:
+ Nhieu dien tich c6n nhiem phen, nhiim man chiia diiqc cai tao, hieu qua san xuat con thap + Khi hau c6 mua kho keo dai gay thieu niidc, miia mifa lu ctfc doan va k6o dai
+ Song ngbi c6 che dp lu
CLfc doan, keo dai gay kho khan, thiet hai cho san xuat luiang thuc, thut pham + Bien Dong c6 nhieu nhilu loan, trieu ctfcfng anh htfcfng x£lu nganh nuoi trong thiiy san
b) Kinh te
-xd hoi bl) Diiu kien kinh te:
-167-+ Von dau tii chtfa chu dbng do dbi song kinh t§'
con thap, la vting c6 nhieu
nhu cau phai dau tii
+ Dieu kien co scf vat chat
vat tu, thiet bi, thiiy Icri
con han che
+ Hoat dpng che bien da
hinh thanh va phat trien
Trang 11b2) Bleu kien
oca, hoi:
+ T h i trUdng tieu t h u t a i ch6 m a n h , t h i trLfcmg ngoai niTdc Idn
+ Mo h i n h san xuat chuyen canh, V.A.C dang h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n
+ Lut liCcfng lao dong dong dao, giau k i i i h ughiern
+ T r i n h do san xuat ciia lao dong dang dtfoc nang len nhanh, t i n h chat
t h a m canh cao
+ Co vLing nhay ben v6i
yeu cau thay doi ccf cau mua vu va cay t r o n g -vat nuoi
+ Dieu kien k i n h te - xa hoi con mot so h a n che:
- Von dau tuf chtTa t h a t day dii
- Dan so qua dong h a n che t a i dau tU m a rpng san xuat
+ T h i t r i i ^ i g tieu t h u
t r o n g nuTcfc m a n h , t h i triTcmg ngoai ntfcfc dang
m o rong
+ Mo h i n h san xuat thaxn canh va hien dai con yeu,
trii mot so nganh n h u
trong cay an trai va nuoi trong thijy san
+ Luc lifgng lao dong con t h i e u
+ T r i n h do san xuat ciia dai bp phan lao dong chifa cao, con n a n g h i n h thtfc quang canh
+ D a n g chuyen m i n h theo CO che san xuat
h a n g hoa
+ D i e u k i e n k i n h te
-x a h o i d a n g con m o t so
h a n che
- Von dau tii c6n thieu
- Thieu lao dong de t h a m canh tang nang suat
- T r i n h do lao d o n g con thaip
- Dien t i c h cay liiong thifc khoang 1,2 trieu
ha, chiem 14'7f dien t i c h cay liTOng tliiic ca mrcfc
- San luang li/ong thi/c dat 6,1 trieu t a n , chiem 18% san lugng liioag thiic ca nude (1999)
- Nganh ti-6ng lua quan
t r o n g n h a t trong san kfcfng iLfong thiic :
• D i e n t i c h cay lua chiem 88%^ dien t i c h cay lifong thtic ciia dong bang va chiem khoang 14% dien t i c h cay liia
san lua toan quoc
• N a n g suat liia cao,
n a m 1999 dat 61,6
nhat t r o n g nganh san xuat luomg thUc nUdc ta + Cay lacfng thi/c giuT v i
t r i hang dau t r o n g nganh trong trot
- D i e n t i c h cay liiong thifc chiem dai bo phan cac vung dat phu sa
- San liigrng liiong thtfc dat h o n 17 t r i e u t ^ , chiem 50% san lifcfng Itfong thiic ca nu'cfc (1999)
- Nganh t r o n g lua quan
t r o n g nhat t r o n g san liicfng Itfong thiic:
• Cay lua chiem 9 9 % dien t i c h cay li/cfng thufc cua dong bang, chiem 52% dien t i c h t r o n g lua
• San liigng liia n a m
1999 dat 16,3 t r i e u t a n chiem 5 2 % san liicfng liia toan quoc
• N a n g suat lua dang
t a n g len va vifot b i n h -169-
Trang 12ta/ha, nhieu canh dong
dat nang suat 8-10
tan/ha
- Ngoki cay lua con c6 m6t s6' cay hoa mau, nhieu nhat la ngo va khoai lang
- San lUOng luong thuc trong vLing tao nen binh quan luong thiic tren ngircfi dat 414kg/ngUcfi/nam, con
thap so vcfi toan quoc la 448kg/ngiicfi (nam 1999)
- San xuat lifong thiJc c6 tinh chat tham canh
qu&n ca nU6c \h 40,3
ta/ha/nam so vcfi 38,8
ta/lia/nam ciia ca niidc
- Ngoai cay liia c6 mot It dien tich cay hoa mau, nhitog khong Icfn
- San krong liiong thyc trong vung tao nen binh quan liTOng thifc tren ngUfcfi hang nSm la 1012,3kg / ngLfcfi (nam 1999) gap 2,3 binh quan
ca nxidc, hem h l n cac
vung khac
- Cbn quang canh, he so sif dung dat chua cao
b) Nganh
san xudt
thUc phdm:
bl) Nganh
chan nuoi gia
sue, gia cam:
+ Ngknh chan nuoi gia sue 1dm
- So liicmg dan trau bo trong vung dat khoang
45 van con
- Ngknh chan nuoi bo sufa dang phat trien manh cf vung ven cac thanh pho
+ Nganh chan nu5i gia sue nho v6i dan 1cm 1cm, nam 1999 dat 4,2 trieu con chiem 22,5% dan
+ Nganh chan nuoi gia
sue 16n
- So \mng bo
khoang 18 van con, trau difoc chan nuoi it hem
+ Nganh chan nuoi Ion
phat trien manh, nam
1999 dat 2,8 trieu con
-170-lon ca nLrOc
+ Nganh chan nuoi
ga, vit phat trien kha
manh, d cac vung
ngoai thanh la cac trang t r a i nuoi ga vdi so" lucrng Idn; tren ddng bang Nganh chan nuoi vit kha
phat trien
b2) Nganh + Ngaiih chan nuoi thuy
chan nuoi san nUdc ngot kha phat
thily san: trien theo hiicmg chuyen
canh d cac ao ho
+ Nganh nuoi trong thuy san nudc man dang phat trien
- Trong vung c6 5,8 van
ha mat niiofc nuoi trong thuy san,,chiem 10,9%
dien tich nuoi trong thijy san ca nucfc
b3) Nganh + Nganh danh b^t va
ddnhbdt che bien hai san phat
hai san: trien kha manh:
- San iLfgng hai san
hang nam dat ' t\i
120.000 den 150.000
tan, v6i ca bien va nhieu
dac san khac
+ Nganh ch^n nuoi
ga, vit kha ph6t trien,
chiem so' lugng nhieu nhat ntfdc ta
+ Nganh chan nuoi thuy san nudc ngot phat trien manh, c6 gia t r i thifc pham va kinh te cao
+ Nganh nuoi trong ntfcfc
lo, niidc man phat trien manh nhat d niidc ta
~ Trong vimg c6 35 van
ha mat nu&c nuoi thuy, trong do c6 10 van ha nu&c Ig nuoi tom xuat khau
+ Nganh danh b^t va che bien hai san rat
manh:
- San liJcmg hai san hang nam dat ttr 250.000 den 300.000
tan, v6i ca bien va nhieu dac san khac
Trang 13
+ La vung c6 nhieu loai cay an t r a i dac san chat lu'Ong cao nhtr cam, vai thieu
thuy san nu&c ngpt c6 hieu qua cao, cung cap ynot
nguon thtfc pham Icfn j
+ Co nganh trong rau
xanh nhiet dcri vdi nhieu
loai rau, qua
+ Nganh trong cay an trai nhiet dcfi rat phat trien v6i nhieu loai dac san nha : mang cut, sau rieng, nhan, chom chom
hieu qua kinh te cao
III K E T T H U C VAN D E
Dong bang song Hong va dong bang song Cufu Long la hai vung
trong diem Idn cua nganh san xuat krong thifc va thtfc pham niidc
ta, trong do dong bang song Ctifu Long c6 vi t r i hang dau Giai phap
ve liTcfng thyc, thirc pham ciia dong bang song Hong la day manh
tham canh, d dong bang song Cijfu Long la tang he so sijf dung dat vdi
sii thay doi ca cau mija vu, co cau cay trSng va vat nuoi
VCing duyen hai mien Trung c6 nhufng dieu kien tif nhien, kinh te
va xa hoi v(5i nhieu thuan loi nhiing cung ra't kho khSn ma trong Sii
di len phat trien kinh te can c6 nhufng bien phap khac phuc
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
1) Gia tri cua cac nguon hie phat trien kinh te:
a) Ve nguon liic tU nhien:
dai hcfn 1.000km, c6 dien tich ban 1,5 trieu ha, bao gom cac tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang T r i , Thi^a Thien Hue, Da NSng, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan
Mot vung ta nhien vdi nhieu tai nguyen:
* Nguon ddt trong:
f - He dat feralit: Phan bo b cac cao nguyen va nui cua vung Bac Trung Trong vung c6 hai he ddt trong chinh:
Bo va mot it a Trung Trung bp, dUpc phan hoa ehii yeu thanh dat ba-dan
va mot it da voi (6 Quang Binh, Thtfa Thien-Hu&'), la loai dat thich hcfp vcfi mot so cay cong nghiep, cay hoa mau
- He dat phij sa: Phat trien tren dai dong bkng phij sa Tinh, B i n h - T r i - T h i e n ; Nam-Ngai-Dinh, Phu Yen - Khanh Hoa, vNinh Thuan-Binh Thuan, tong dien tich cac dong bang nay khoang
Thanh-Nghe-* 1,456 trieu ha, do phij sa cac song duyen hai mien Trung boi dap
Trang 14* Ddt phu sa dong bhng duyen hai mien Trung gom 3 nhom c) inh:
- Ddt phii sa c6: chiem tiT 10-15% dien tich cac dong bkng la^phan
chuyen tiep giOfa dong b^ng v d i cao nguyen va nui, da bi bac m a u ,
thich bcfp vdi mot so cay hoa mau \
- Ddt phu sa mai: chiem dai bo phan dien tich cac dong bang
hang nam diicfc boi dap phu sa c6 do phi kha cao, thich hgp vdi cay
lirang thiic, cay thiic pham va cay cong nghiep hang nam
- Ddt phu sa pha cdt: xuat hien theo bd bien vdi cac doi cat dai va
Idn do nan cat bien bay tao thanh, gia t r i trong trot thap
- Trong cAc dong bang phu sa duyen hai mien Trung, rong lorn va
mau mof nhat thupc ve dong b^ng Thanh Hoa (2900km^), Quang Nam,
Phu Yen , nho nhat va bac mau la dong b k i g Ninh Thuan (220km^)
* Dieu kien khi hau:
Tinh chat nen tang cua khi hau duyen hai mien Trung la nhiet
dai va gio miia:
- K h i hau c6 tinh nhiet ddi cao, nhiet dp trung binh nam tCr 22°C
den 26°C, so' ngay nang dao dong tii 230-250 ngay trong nam, liipng
mUa phong phu tii 1600-1850mm trong nam, day la cac dieu kien
cin thie t de phat trie n mot nen san xua't nhiet ddri cao
- K h i hau phan hoa theo miia va theo v i dp: mot nam c6 2 mua
kho va miia keo dai - mua mira kem theo bao lu, diT n\J6c; mua kho
thieu niTdc, kho han nha't la vung ciTc nam duyen hai mien Trung
Gang ve phia Bac k h i hau c6 mua dong lanh, chiu anh hiidng tri/c
tiep gio mua Dong Bac, ve phia Nam c6 tinh cha't k h i hau nhiet ddi
can xich dao; k h i hau nhieu n h i i u dong do lu lut, gio bao
- Vung Bac Trung Bp vao mua hfe (cac thang 5, 6, 7, 8) chiu anh
htfcfng nang ne hien tiipng gio phpn Tay Nam, lam tang len sir kho
han anh hifdng den san xuat va ddi song
->l^ Nguon tdi nguyen lam san:
Tdi nguyen Idm san cua vung kha phong phu:
+ D i f n tich va truf lifpng lam san cua vung duyen hai mien Trung
chi dufng sau Tay Nguyen, dp che phu cua rCftig den 34%
Tai nguyen v\ing vung duyen hai Trung Bp c6 gia t r i cao trong
cung ca'p nguon go, cac dac san va phong chong lu lut
^ Tdi nguyen song ngdi:
+ Duyen hai Trung bp vdi mot he thong song ngoi day dac, di doc theo diidng so' 1 ciJ binh quan 25km la gap mot song Idn, trong do c6 nhufng song quan trong la: song Ca, Ma, Chu, Lam, Hu'Png, Thu Bon, Tra Khuc, Da Rang
+ Song ngoi c6 vai tro quan trpng trong cung cap nguon nufdc san xua't va sinh boat, la tiem nang thijy dien ra't Idn, la nguon cung ca'p phCi sa, va la dieu kien giao thong diicfng song
+ Song ngoi cua vimg duyen hai mien Trung phan Idn la ngan, c6
dp doc Idn, lu lut kha ctfc doan, dong chay khong on dinh la nhOfng
han che
* Tdi nguyen bien:
+ Duyen hai mien Trung gan lien vdi Bien Dong theo chieu dai bcJ bien gan 1.800km da diia lai cho vimg rat nhieu nguon Ipi
+ Bien mien Trung rat giau hai san, lam ca, nhieu tom trong do
vco nhieu loai chat lifpng cao, hai san tap trung d cac ngtr trifdng Idn
Thuan - Binh Thuan
+ Gan vdi Bien Dong; boat dong giao thong van tai ducfng bien rat thuan Ipi, doc theo duyen hai mien Trung c6 nhieu hai cang tot nhii Gtfa
Lo, Gtfa Timg, Thuan An, Da NSng, Dung Qua't, Qui Nlicfn, Gam Ranh + Bien Dong con dua lai cac loi ich ve kinh te du lich, viing bien mien Trung c6 nhieu phong canh va bai tam xinh dep nhtf : Sam Son, Thuan An, My Khe, Sa Huynh, Nha Trang
* Tdi nguyen khodng san:
Vdi cac khoang san c6 gia t r i nhii:
Trang 15
-175-+ Quang sat chie'm 60% trCr lucfng ca nudrc nh\J mo sMt Thacfi Khe
(Ha Tinh) '
+ Quang Crom d Co Dinh (Thanh Hoa), thiec cf Quy Hgrp (Nghe An)
+ Vdi mot truf liTcfng Idn da v6i (ThCfa Thien—Hue), cat b ven bieii
la nguyen lieu vat lieu xay dtfng, nguyen lieu cong nghiep thuy tinh
b) Ve nguon litc kinh te:
+ Nguon von dau tif de phat trien kinh te dang dan diJcfc nang l e n
b^ng sii dau tu' cua nha nu'o'c va doi tac nUcfc ngoai
+ Ccf sof san xuat dang dan theo hu'dng quy mo Idn vcJi mot so
vung chuyen canh cay lu'cfng ihxic, cay cong nghiep; cac hoat dgng
cong nghiep dang diigc xac lap vdi mot he thong cac trung tarn nhu
Vinh, Hue, Da NSng, Dung Quat
+ He giao thong van tai quan trong nliat thuoc ve tuyen difcfng oto
so' 1 va dLforng sat thong nhat BSc - Nam cung vdi cac tuyen diidng
ngang tao nen mo'i nen lien he giufa cac vimg kha thuan loi
Tuy nhien trong di§u kien kinh te vung duyen hai mien Trung con
CO mot so' kho khan:
- Mot vCing hi chien tranh va thien tai tan pha nang ne nen ccf sd
ha tang con non yeu, chtfa dong bp, quy mo nho
- Sufc dau t i i chira manh, t h i trifcJng chu'a phat trien
c) Ve nguon lUc xd hoi:
+ Vung duyen hai mien Trung c6 liic luoiTig lao dong dong dao, can cu,
giau kinh nghiem trong san xuat
+ Dirge SLf quan tarn ciia Nha niidc \6\c dtf an phat trien kinh te
-xa hoi Idfn
* Han che ciia nguon luc xa hoi Id:
- Mot vung dong dan, dien tich canh tac nho, tinh trang lao dong
thieu viec lam kha l(5n
- Dcfi so'ng nhan dan con thap
- Nguon can bo khoa hoc ky thuat con thieu, nhat la doi vdfi mot
so nganh mui nhon
-176-2) 2) NhCng bi^n phap khSc phuc kho k h a n cua cac nguon li^c phat trien kinh te vung duyen hai mien Trung:
^ Doi uai tif nhien:
+ Xay diing cac cong trinh thuy Iqi de chu dong tudi tieu, nhat la
cung cap du nguon nUdc vao mua kho
+ Trong rCfng ven bien de chong nan cat bay va phong gio bao + Trong rCtog dau nguon va c6 bien phap bao ve rCrng
+ Cai tao dait trong, tan dung cac dien tich trong M to chufc cac
loai hinh san xuat thich hop
^ Boi uai dieu kien kinh te -xa hoi:
I + Tang cofifng ket caiu co sa ha tang, phat trien giao thong van tai
I + Day manh phat trien nang \\iang
I + Xay diJng cor cau nganh kinh te thich hgp, phat trien cac ngknh
mg nghiep phu hop thiic te nhan cong va nguyen lieu dia phuang vdi
,c nganh mui nhon dang c6 nhu cau cao a cac thi trifcfng niidc ngoai
^ + Tang ctfc/ng kha nang khai thac va che bien khoang san; gan
|n san xuat nong nghiep vdi che bien nong san xuat khau
|;+ Tang CLfcrng dau tiT von, dau tu' doi ngu cong nhan lanh nghe,
u tif can bo khoa hoc ky thuat c6 trinh do cao
+ Cai thien va nang cao chat lugng cuoc song cua xa hoi
I KET THUG VAN DE Vung duyen hai mien Trung phong phu ve cac nguon life tq nhien, kinh te, xa hoi trong yeu cau phat trien kinh te va cung la vung c6 nhieu kho khan can phai khac phuc de phat buy nhu-ng the manh
<rong sq di len phat trien kinh te vung
Chu-ng minh rSng vung duyen hai mien Trung c6 the hinh
thanh tot CO ca'u kinh te nong-lam-ngu cong nghiep tren ca scf phat trien cac nguon kfc va sq tang ciTcfng ket ca'u ha tang va
nguon nang lu'qng
Trang 16
-177-I D A T V A N D
Vung duyen hai mien Trung vdfi nhieu nguon lire t i i nhien, kinh t§'
va xa hoi cho phep phat trien mot ccf cau kinh te tdng hcfp, van de 1^
phai giai quyet tot ve co scf ha tang va nguon nang lifgng \
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
1) P h a t t r i e n ccf c a u n g a n h k i n h te c6 tinh c h a t tong htfp
ta nong nghi^p, l a m nghi^p, ngu: nghi^p gan l i e n vdri
cong nghi^p trong mpt' tong the k i n h te ciia vung
d u y e n h a i m i e n T r u n g l a c6 d i e u k i ^ n t h i c h hofp v a la
y e u c a u c a n thiet
a) Ve phat trien nong nghiep:
Difa vao nhufng nguon life ve dat trong, k h i hau cua vung vai
nhiifng dieu kien cu the sau day c6 the phat trien ducfc mot ccf cau
nong nghiep kha toan dien:
* Ve ddt trong:
- Tren cac dien tich da't phu sa c6 the phat trig'n manh cAc loai
c^y trong:
• La nhOfng dien tich dat trong thich hofp vcfi ng^nh trong lua;
hien nay cf vung nay da hinh thanh cac viing chuyen canh san xuat
lua Icfn nhuf vCing liia Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai,
Phu Yen, Binh Dinh , ve co ban san lifgng lua gao da cung cap dii
cho nhu cau cho vung
• Tren cac dien tich dat phu sa c6, dat ba-dan vang, d6 \k xam
con trong difcrc cAc loai cay hoa mau; duyen hai mien Trung la vung
• Dat phij sa cua vung rat thich hofp v6i cAc loai cfiy cong
nghiep hang nam, day la vung c6 dien tich cay mia Idfn, nhieu nhat cf
Nghe An, Quang Ngai, Phu Y§n, Thanh Hoa
- Tren dat feralit phan ho^ thanh Mi ba-dan vkng, do hay xai^i
thich hgfp vcfi cay cong nghiep lau nam va hang nam nhir cA phe, dieu
- Doc theo duyen hai vofi cac viing phij sa pha c a t - man thich
hgp vdfi cac loai cay cong nghiep hang nam nhtf c6i, cay cong nghiep
-178-Ifiu nSm nhu dCfa , duyen hai mien Trung c6 dien tich cay coi nhieu
trong lac, thu5c la
* Ve chan nudi:
- Vung doi nui c6 the manh ve chan nuoi trau bo Trong vijng vdi
so liicfng dan bo dong nhat nUdc ta - 1,8 trieu con trong tdng so' 4 triSu con cua ca nudfc
- Dan Igfn cua vung cung du'cfc on dinh vdi tong so dat khoang 6
•ri§u con, da cung cap du cho nhu cau trong vung va phuc vu nhu cau
+ Nguon lam san phong phu da tac dong tot den boat dong khai thac ve che bien g6 Trong vijng da hinh thanh nhieu diem khai thac
rifng Idn: thiTcfng liiu song Ma, vijng song Hieu, thugfng luu song
Gianh, mien Tay Quang Ngai, Khanh Hoa, Binh Thuan Hoat dong che bien g6 vdfi cac cof sdf Idn df Vinh, Da NSng, Nha Trang
* Hoat dong lam nghiep trong viing dang phdt trien manh:
+ Da thifc hien cac dif an phat trien ri^ng cua Nha ni/dc, ve viec
khoan ri^ng den ngUcfi nong dan (dii a n 327) de trong lai rCftig dau nguon, cac vijng da't tro'ng doi troc
+ Phat trien ri^ng ph6ng ho v a chd'ng nan cat bay ven bidn
Trang 17
-179-c) Ve ngu: nghiep: %
• I
Duyen hai mien Trung gin vdi Bien Dong theo dircmg bcf bien dai
gan 1800 km tao nen dieu kien phat trien ngii nghiep rat thuan Igi;
+ Mot vung bien veJi nhufng ngtf tru'cfng leJn, san liiong hai san cao
vdi nhieu loai ngon, g i ^ t r i xuat khau cao
+ Hoat dpng danh b^t hai san cua duyen hai mien Trung chi xep
sau vung bien dong bang song CuTu Long, san li/gng danh bat hang
nam (1999) dat khoang 35 van tan
+ Nganh danh bat hai san tac dong tot nganh che' bien mam, san
liigng va chiing loai mam rat Ian phuc vu tot nhu cau ca nxidc va xuat
khau; niTdc mam ngon noi tieng thugc ve cac tinh Phan Thiet, Phu Yen,
Thanh Hoa
d) Ve hoat dong cong nghiep:
+ Co cau cong nghiep ciia vung dang hinh thanh v6'\c nganh
nhom A n\\\i khai khoang, vat lieu xay diing, hoa dau , cac nganh
nhom B nhu che bien lam san, che bien thiic pham , det may, che
bien hang tieu diing
+ Trong vung da xay difng mot so" diem va trung tam cong nghiep
CO quy mo viTa va Idn nhiT Vinh, Thanh Hoa, Hue, Da NSng, Dung
Quat, Quy Nhon, Nha Trang , trong do khu cong nghiep lien hgp
Lien Chieu - Da NSng - Dung Quat c6 y nghia che xufit
Nhu vay vung duyen hai mien Trung dang va se phat trien di len
vdri mot tong the kinh te gSn bo tCf nong, lam, ngiT vdi hoat dong
cong nghiep
2) De phat trien manh cof cau kinh te nong-lam-ngu'-eong
nghiep, vung duyen hai mien Trung can xay dtfng ket cau
ha tang va dieu ki^n nang lu'ofng
Trong nhufng nam trtrdc mSt stf di len phat trien kinh te cua vung
duyen hai mien Trung dang doi hoi cap bach ve ket cau ha tang va
nguon nang lifgng
a) Yeu cau ve ket cau ha tang:
-180-La mot vung chiu nhieu thiet hai do chien tranh va thien tai vi vay duyen hai Trung bo con yeu kem ve ket cau ha tang, sau day la nhCng yeu cau cu the:
- Tang ci/dng nang cap va hien dai hoa cong trinh va phiicfng tien cac nganh giao thong, trong do dac biet la diJcfng oto va difcfng bien
La vung c6 kha nang md rong dudng oto so 1 vdi cac tuyen diicfng ngang Hien nay cong trinh giao thong difcfng oto Wn dang diigc thi cong nhu ducfng Ho Chi Minh chay doc TrUcrng Son, ham dufdng bo deo Hai Van dai 6000m; nhieu hai cang tot c6 kha nang tiep nhan nhieu loai tau thuyen nhU CuTa Lo, Da NSng, Dung Qua't, Quy Nhon, Cam Ranh
- Tang ciicfng co sd vat chat, ky thuat cho cac nganh cong nghiep vung nhu nganh co khi, vat lieu xay dUng, che bien dau khi, che bien hang tieu dung
h) Gdn lien vdi xay dijtng ket cau can phdi tang ciiifng nguon nang litcing de cung cap dii nguon dien cho hoat dong san xuat va dcfi song xd hoi
/ -1- Hien trang ve nang lugng (dien) cua vung la it va nho be, chua
du cong suat trong giai doan hien nay nha't la vdi yeu cau phat trien kinh te
+ Van de tang cUc/ng nguon nang lugng vung nay can phai co sU ket hgp giUa mang lUcfi dien tCr Hoa Binh (qua ducfng day sieu cao ap )
vdi sU xay dung cac cong trinh thiiy dien viia va nho (ma la vung co
nhieu tiem nang thiiy dien) nhU thiiy dien Vinh Son (Binh Dinh),
, Nhu vay, neu ket cau ha tang va kha nang dien lUc ciia vung dugc
I nang len thi hieu qua phat trien kinh te vung se con cao hon nhieu
III K E T T H U C V A N D E
Vung duyen hai mien Trung se trd thanh mot vung kinh te tong
I phat trien nay mot phan Idn phu thuoc vao ket cau ha tang va nguon
I
Trang 18
-181-C V U N G T R U N G D U V A M I E N N U I P H I A B A -181-C
• q[)an de 58:
Trinh bay nhfyng the manh v& tu' nhien va nhiJng giai phap de phat
trien kinh te - xa hoi viing trung du va mien nui phia BSc
I DAT V A N D E
Vung trung du va mien nui phia Biic vcfi nhu'ng tiem nSng tu
nhien quan trong, neu diWc thu'c hien nhiJng giai phap dong bo t h i
vung kinh te" nay se dong gop xufng dang trong tdng gia t r i nen kinh
te quoc dan
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N DE
1 The manh ve tu" nhien ciia trung du va mien niii phia B a c :
a) Ndi bat Id tiem ndng khodng sdn:
Nguon khoang san ciia vung bao gom nhieu chiing loai trong do c6
nhieu loai quy, tri? lifcfng Idfn, phan bd nhieu ncfi
* Nguon khodng sdn ndng lugng:
Than da v6i nhieu loai tap trung cliii yeu d vimg trung du va
mien nui phia BSc:
- TrOf lugng than a n - t r a - x i t rat Idn (100 t i tan) vdi chat lifcfng cao
Mach than keo dai tCf dao Cat Ba, Cai Bau den Quang N i n h , chim
xudng Of canh dong trung Ha Bac roi noi len d Thai Nguyen - vdi cac
mo 16 thien cf Hon Gai, Cam Pha, Quan Trieu
- Vung nay con c6 mot It than nau nam sau difdi cac tang dat,
nhieu nhat d Lang San
* Nguon khodng sdn kirn iocti den gom:
+ Mot truf lugng sSt c6 chat liigng cao Ha Giang, Thai Nguyen,
San La, Yen Bai
+ Mangan c6 nhieu d Ha Giang
+ Titan tap trung d Thai Nguyen
-182-^ Nguon khodng sdn kim loai mdu gom:
+ Nhieu thiec or Tinh Tuc (Cao Bang)
+ Dong-Niken c6 nhieu d San La
+ Kem d Chg Don (Bac Can)
* Nguon khodng sdn vat lieu ocdy dUng:
+ Nhieu da voi d Quang Ninh
+ Sat xi mang tap trung a nhieu Dong B^c
^ Nguon khodng sdn phi kim loai:
+ Co nhieu apatit vdi cha't liigng cao d Cam Diidng - Lao Cai + Nhieu pirit d Vlnh Phuc, Phu Thg
+ Co n h i l u gra-phit d Lao Cai
b) Tiem ndng thuy dien rat Ian:
+ La vung c6 truf Itfgng thuy dien Idn nhait nifdc ta
+ He song Hong c6 trCf liigng 11 trieu kW chiem 1/3 tru" liigng dien
ca nifdc, trong do song Da chiem gan 6 trieu kW
+ Hoat dong thuy dien dang phat trien vdi cac cong t r i n h da hoan
(1,9 trieu kw); dang khao sat de t h i cong thuy dien Ta Bu (San La) vdi cong suat dii ki§n la 3,6 trieu kW
c) T M manh ve dat trong:
|, Dat trong cua vung c6 dien tich Idn, nhieu loai:
+ Phan idn la he dat feralit vdi dat ba-dan, da't da v6i thich hgp vdi lieu loai cay cong nghiep, cay diigc lieu, cay an trai va thiic vat rifng + Da't phu sa tap trung d thung lung chau nui kha rong Idn nhii thung
• Dien Bien, That Khe, Nghia Lo, thich hop vdi cay lua, hoa mau
d) The manh ve khi hdu:
* Mot vimg khi hdu nhiet ddi can chi tuyen c6 siC phan hod:
- d cac cao do Idn cd k h i hau can nhiet ddi thich hgp vdi cac loai
cay trong va vat nuoi c6 nguon goc o n ddi
Trang 19
-183 K h i hau can nhiet ddi da tao nen nhuTng vung k h i hau thich bgp
de nghi mat, du lich nhii: Sa Pa - Tam Dao
- K h i hau ciia vung la dieu kien thuan Icfi de phat trien nganh
chan nuoi gia sue Idn, tren dia ban Tay Bac (Scfn La, Moc Chau, Lai
Chau) da h i n h thanh dtfcfc cac nong tru'omg chSn nuoi bo t h i t , bo s&a;
vung nay nganh nuoi trau cung difac phat trien manh - nSm 1999 vod 1,7
trieu con (chiem 60% dan trau ca niTcfc)
e) Tdi nguyen Idm sdn:
Mien nui va trung du phia Bac c6 nguon tai nguyen rC/ng khong
nhieu nhiAig c6 nhOfng gia t r i quan trong:
- Dien tich c6 rCfng che phu thap khoang 2 1 % , cac tinh tai nguyen
rifng con nhieu la Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, Thai Nguyen,
Quang Ninh
- Nguon lam san vcfi nhieu loai g6 quy nhu' pcf-mu, lat hoa, sang le ,
dac biet rCfng cho rat nhieu loai cay difcfc lieu quy nhif tam that,
hoang liem, sa nhan
- Nguon lam san cua vung cung cap nhieu loai nguyen li^u quy
nhii tre, nufa, song, may cung cap tot cho nganh san xuat giay va cac
san pham tieu thu cong nghiep
g) Tdi nguyen bien:
Vung nui va trung du phia Bac tiep giap vdi Bien Dong tren mot
chieu dai bcf bien khoang 100km, v6i nhufng y nghia:
- Tao dieu kien giao thong van tai di.fcmg bien (qua cac hai cang
Hon Gai, Cam Pha )
- Tao ra nguon tai nguyen du lich Idn, Vinh Ha Long cua vung
bien nay c6 sufc thu hut manh khach tham quan, du lich
- Bien Dong cua vung kinh te trung du va mien nui phia Bac con
CO gia t r i ve nguon hai san, vung bien Quang Ninh giau hai san va c6
nhieu dac san quy (san ho, trai c6 ngoc )
Tom lai: dia ban kinh te trung du va mien nui phia Bac ra't giau
tai nguyen tif nhien, la nhiJng nguon liic de phat trien mot ccf cau
nganh kinh te da dang
-184-2 Nhfing giai phap de phat trien k i n h te, xa h ^ i vung m i e n niii v a trung du phia B a c
K a) Nhane sldi phdp doi vdi nsuSn luc tu nhien:
|P + Can phai tien hanh khao sat de tien tdi quy hoach tdng the cho vung, tCr do xac dinh duOc cac khu viic dien tich san xuat trong nong nghiep vdi ca cau cay trong, vat nuoi thich hop cung hoat dpng trong rCfng, bao ve nguon tai nguyen lam san
+ Tan dung cac dieu kien dat trong va khi hau thich hcfp de phat trien san xuat nong nghiep theo hiidng chuyen canh, san xuat hang hoa
- Phat trien cac vung cay cong nghiep lau nam nhU che, scfn, hoi, trau v d i quy mo Idn
- Phat buy nganh trong cay duoc lieu, cay an qua
- Phat trien dong c6 chan nuoi gia sue Idn, dac biet la dan bo t h i t ,
bo sijfa
- Tan dung cac dien tich dat phu sa de san xuat lua, hoa mau
+ Dau tif phat trien thuy dien de tan dung dtrgc tiem nang thiiy dien cija song ngoi, ket hcfp phat trien thiiy dien vdi quy mo vtia va Idn
+ Tien hanh trong lai rxing mdi d vung dau nguon, vung dat trong
doi troc ket hop v d i cong tac bao ve rCfng
+ Khai thac tiem nang Bien Dong ve hai san, ve du lich, ve giao thong van tai tren ccf sd bao ve tai nguyen va moi tru'dng sinh thai
+ Dau tif trong diem trong khai thac va che bien khoang san
b) Nhilng gidi phdp ve kinh te vd xd hoi: ,,^
* Kinh te:
+ Tang CLfdng nguon von dau tif thong qua cac duT an kha t h i + Day manh xay dUng ket cau ha tang, tang cifdng dieu kien khai thac, che bien gan v d i md rong t h i triidng tieu thu trong va ngoai nude, trong do can quan tam den giao thong giufa cac khu viic
+ Xay difng mot ccf cau kinh te lien hcfp nong-lam-eong nghiep va dich vu de khai thac cac tiem nang va tao dieu kien kich thich phat trien dong bo
Trang 20
-185-Ve xd hoi:
+ Day m a n h cac chiJcfng t r i n h d i n h C L T - d i n h c a n h de xoa bo te
n a n du ctf - du canh, dat rCfng l a m niiong ray
+ D a u txi p h a t t r i e n giao due, y te, v a n hoa n a n g cao dfifi song
n h a n d a n , n h a t la or cAc v u n g sau, v u n g cao
+ T a n g ctftog nguon lao dong va can bo k y thuat chuyen n g a n h cho
vung de bo sung lao dong k h a nang k h a i thac, to chtfc s a n xuat
Neu cac giai phap t r e n difgc t i e n h a n h dong bo va c6 hieu qua t h i gia
t r i k i n h te v u n g t r u n g du va m i e n n u i p h i a Bac se t a n g l e n r a t nhieu
III K E T T H U C VAN D E
M i e n n u i va t r u n g du p h i a Bac la m o t v u n g c6 y n g h i a l i c h sijf
quan t r o n g , dong thcfi la m o t v u n g k i n h te giau t i e m n a n g can c6
nhufng g i a i p h a p dau tif p h a t t r i e n p h u hop
D VUNG TAY NGUYEN
Phan tich va neu len nhSng bien phap ve nguon li/c tu" nhien cua
vung Tay Nguyen
I DAT V A N D E
T a y N g u y e n la m o t v u n g cao nguyen r o n g lorn k h a hkng p h i n g
vdri n h a n g \Ai t h e ve t i f n h i e n , neu diforc dau t i f hgrp l y se trcf t h a n h
m o t vLing k i n h te dac biet va t r o n g d i e m cua ULfdrc t a
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
1 Nguon liic tu" nhien vung T a y Nguyen:
T a y N g u y e n c6 d i e n t i c h 55,6 n g h i n k m ^ , bao g o m cac t i n h K o n
T u m , G i a L a i , D^c Lac va L a m D6ng; la m o t k h d i cao nguyen do so,
v d i be m a t k h a b a n g phSng gfin l i e n vd'i duyen h a i N a m T r u n g Bo,
D o n g N a m Bo, H a Lao va Campuchia
a) Y nghla vi tri cila Tay Nguyen:
-186-+ Tay N g u y e n d vao m o t v i t r i t h u a n Igi t r o n g giao Itfu vdri cAc
n g k i n h te I a n can, d i d a n g t i e p can v d i v u n g T r u n g - N a m T r u n g
8, v d i m i e n D o n g N a m Bo b a n g cac t u y e n ducfng n g a n g theo hudng
6 n g - T a y hay Tay B a c - D o n g N a m , v u n g nay con giao lu'u t h u a n Igi (Ji H a Lao va v u n g D o n g Bac Campuchia
+ CJ vao v i t r i nay Tay N g u y e n de dang t i e p n h a n nguon v a t tii, k y
t h u a t t h i e t b i , li/ong thiic, thuc p h a m , h a n g t i e u d u n g tU cac v u n g
kh^c chuyen den Ngu'gc l a i nguon san p h a m ( l a m san, n o n g san ) ciia Tay N g u y e n t h u a n Icfi t r o n g v a n chuyen va p h a n p h o i den cac vung khac
+ Tay N g u y e n c6 v i t r i chien Itfgc ve m a t quoc phong
b) Y nghla tdi nguyen Idm san: ;^,
+ Tay N g u y e n l a v u n g c6 t a i nguyen l a m san giau n h a t ni/dc t a :
- RCtog Tay N g u y e n c h i e m 3 6 % d i e n t i c h dat c6 rCfng v a 5 2 % san lifcmg gS C O t h e k h a i thac difcfc cua ca niidc
- Ri^ng Tay N g u y e n c6 chat liicfng cao, thifc v a t r i t o g cua v u n g v d i
han 3.000 loai bac cao, t r o n g do c6 k h o a n g 600 loai cho cay g6 M n
v(Ji chat Itfefng tot nhtf trdc, cam l a i , htfong, l i m , gu, sen, nghien
- TrCf lircrng g6 cua rCfng Tay N g u y e n r a t Icfn, c h i e m k h o a n g 4 5 %
san liJgng gS c a niidc H a n g n a m cho m o t san lucfng k h a i thac dat khoang 700 n g h i n m^ c h i e m 2 0 % san li:fcfng gS k h a i thdc c a niidrc
- Nguon l a m s a n Tay Nguyen con cung cap nhieu dong vat rtftig quy hiem n h U v o i , ho, te giac, son diicfng ; nhieu loai c h i m quy v a dep
c) Y nghla nguon life dat trong:
Tay N g u y e n l a m o t v u n g c6 dieu k i e n dat t r o n g dac b i e t v6i gia t r i
cao P h u k i n t r e n be m a t Tay N g u y e n l a h e dat f e r a l i t p h a n hoa
t h a n h d a t b a - d a n c6 m a u v a n g do, m a u nau \(si dp d i n h Axidng cao
- D a t b a - d a n Tay N g u y e n dac b i e t t h i c h hop vdri cAc loai cay cong nghiep l a u n a m nhtf c a phe, chh, cao su, ho tieu ; r i e n g cay ca phe
phu hcfp v d i chat dat cua v u n g da cho n h i e u loai ngon nhtf c a phe
Vujig Dac Lac
• - Da't b a - d a n con t h i c h ho'p v6i n h i e u loai cay cong n g h i e p h a n g
•l&m n h i i mia , c a c loai cay hoa m a u khac
#
Trang 21
-187 D a t t r o n g cua Tay Nguyen t h i c h hap v d i t h y c v a t rCfng va donjj
CO chan nuoi
d) Ve y nghia nguon luc khl hqu:
K h i h a u Tay N g u y e n c6 t i n h chat n h i e t d d i can x i c h dao p h a n hoa
theo do cao va theo mua
+ Cf cac v u n g c6 cao do t h a p dadi 1000m k h i hau c6 t i n h chat
n h i e t ddi cao, n h i e t do t r u n g b i n h n a m cao ttf 20°C-25°C, li/gng nang
p h o n g p h u , mUa n h i e u la cac tac to' quan t r o n g de' p h a t t r i e n san xuat
n o n g nghiep n h i e t do
+ Cf cac vijng c6 cao do 16n hcfn 1000m xuat hien t i n h chat k h i hau can
nhiet ddi t h i c h hcfp vdi cac cay t r o n g va vat nuoi on ddi; viJng Da L a t vdi
dac trUhg k h i hau nay da t r d t h a n h mot vijng n g h i m a t l y tifdng
+ T r o n g m o t n a m Tay Nguyen cd h a i mua k h o va mifa rat- ro ret,
mija k h o keo dai t i ^ t h a n g 10 den t h a n g 3 n a m sau gay k h o han,
t r o n g k h i cac mifc niidc n g a m t h i ha t h a p
e) Y nghia ve nguon lUc song ngdi:
Tay N g u y e n k h o n g c6 nhiJng he song I d n n h i t o g song ngoi ciia
v u n g v d i cac he song nhtf D o n g N a i , K r o n g - A n a , K r o n g P6 Co,
Sere-poc, Xe X a n cd gia t r i ve m o t so' m a t :
+ L a nguon cung cap t h u y dien v d i trCr liicfng k h a Idn n h a t la
t h i i g n g nguon song Xe X a n , Scre-pdc, D o n g N a i
+ Song ngoi cua v u n g giuf vai t r o cung cap nguon nUdc quan t r o n g
doi v d i san xuat va ddi song
g) Ve nguon lUc khodng san:
Tay Nguyen k l i o n g giau ve khoang san, chi cd boxit vdi trCf Itfcmg
h a n g t i t a n la dang ke nhat Ngoai r a t r o n g v i m g con cd mot so' khoang
san vat lieu xay diing nhiT dat do pozulan, dat set, da gra-nit
Ve nguon lUc tu nhien viing Tay Nguyen noi len cac han che sau day:
•+ D a t t r o n g p h a t t r i e n t r e n cac do do'c d§ h i xdi m d n , rijfa t r o i chat
m a u , n h a t la vao m u a k h o t h i e u niidc dat d i b i day n h a n h t i e n t r i n l i
da ong hda
+ Nguon t a i nguyen l a m san da b i t o n t h a t n h i e u do qua t r i n l i
k h a i thac bCia b a i , neu t r o n g t h a p n i e n 1979-1989 b i n h quan m 6 i
-188-i -188-i a m k h a -188-i thac dugc tCr 6 0 0 - 7 0 0 n g h -188-i n m^ t h -188-i t h d -188-i k y 1990-1999 san li/cfng n a y c h i tCr 2 5 0 - 3 0 0 n g h i n m^, ngoai r a n h i e u loai cay quy h i e n nay con r a t i t ; dien t i c h r d n g b i t h u hep gay k h u n g h o a n g m o i t r u d n g giiih t h a i doi v d i dpng v a t ri^ng
+ K h i hau v d i mija k h o keo dai, miic niidc ngam ha t h a p da gay
t i n h t r a n g k h o b a n , t h i e u ntfdc r a t t r a m trong Ngiigc l a i mot mda mu'a jc^o dai, do a m cao la dieu k i e n tao n e n cac m a m benh, a m mdc k h o
k h a n t r o n g t h u hoach, che bien va bao quan nguon nong san
+ Song ngoi cd do do'c Idn, dong chay k h o n g on d i n h , d i n h l u ctfc doan da gay n h i e u k h o k h a n va t o n t h a t
+ K h a o sat t i m i de t i e n t d i quy hoach t d n g the cac vijng, cac k h u vLfc san xuat , t i f do h i n h t h a n h dugc cac v u n g san xuat I d n , chuyen canh n h i i cac viang chuyen canh cay cong nghiep , dong cd chSn n u o i , vung rifng
+ D a y m a n h cong tac t r o n g r d n g dau nguon, d cac v u n g dat trd'ng doi troc k e t horp v d i cong tac bao ve rCfng Gan k h a i thac v d i boat dong che b i e n l a m san
+ T a n g CLTdng k h a n a n g t h u y Igi de chu dong nguon niidc tiTdi vao mua k h o , ben canh can n g h i e n cdu va difa vao cac gio'ng cay t r o n g (cay cong n g h i e p ) phij hgp v d i t i n h chat k h i hau cua vung
+ Day m a n h xay diing ccf sd t h u y d i e n de t a n dung t i e m n a n g t h i j y dien cac song ngoi r i + P h a t t r i e n cac dien t i c h dong c6 chan nuoi de n a n g l e n h i e u qua
ua n g a n h chan n u o i , n h a t la n g a n h chan nuoi gia sue I d n de t a n
u n g dieu k i e n d i e n t i c h , k h i hau cua vijng
+ G a n l i e n v d i muc d i c h k h a i thac, to chdc san xuat p h a t t r i ^ n 1^
§u cau bao ve m o i triTdng s i n h t h a i t i f n h i e n cua vCmg
Trang 22
-189-Ben canh cac bien phap ddi v6i nguon liic tii n h i e n noi t r e n ; de phat
t r i i n k i n h te vung can p h a i quan tarn den dieu k i e n k i n h te, x a h 6 i sau:
- T a n g t h e m nguon von dau tU cho Tay Nguyen
- Chu dong nguon v a t t u , k y t h u a t t r o n g san xuat, k h a i thac va
che b i e n
- T a n g CLfcfng k h a n a n g n a n g lugng
- P h a t t r i e n giao t h o n g v a n t a i , xay dqng k e t cau h a t a n g
- O n d i n h va m d r p n g t h i t r i f d n g t i e u t h u
- Bo sung lao dong va can bo k y t h u a t
- Cai t h i e n va n ^ n g cao ddi song n h a n dan, quan t a m p h a t t r i e n
gi^o due, y te, v a n hoa dac biet a cac v u n g sau, v u n g xa, v u n g cao
III K E T T H U C V A N D E
T a y N g u y e n giau t i e m n a n g k i n h te dac b i e t la gia t r i l a m san va
san xuat cay cong nghiep; neu difcrc dau tU day dij va hgfp l y t h i vung
k i n h te Tay N g u y e n se r a t n h a n h chong lorn m a n h tror t h a n h mot
v i m g k i n h te I d n ciia nu'dc ta
Cau 1: T r i n h bay n h a n g hoat dong k i n h te quan t r o n g cua
T a y Nguyen
Cau 2: De p h d t t r i e n m a n h n g a n h t r o n g cay cong n g h i e p d
Tay N g u y e n can p h a i g i a i quyet to't nhufng v a n de ^ ?
I D A T V A N D E
Ccf cau n g a n h k i n h te v u n g Tay N g u y e n to r a don g i a n v d i m o t so
n g a n h c h i n h ve san xuat n o n g nghiep, hoat dong k h a i thac va che
b i e n l a m san ; n o i r i e n g ddi v d i n g a n h t r o n g cay cong n g h i e p can
p h a i g i a i quyet t d t hcfn cac dieu k i e n de n g a n h nay t r d t h a n h root
n g a n h k i n h te m u i n h o n ciia Tay Nguyen
-190-II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
f Cau 1: NHUMG HOAT D O N G KINH TE Q U A N TRONG C U A TAY N G U Y E N
a) Trong san xuat nong nghiep:
H o a t dong san xuat n o n g nghiep Tay Nguyen quan t r o n g nhaft thuoc ve n g a n h t r o n g cay cong nghiep va m o t so cac hoat dong san xuat khac
* Nganh trong cay cong nghiep:
H o a t dong t r o n g cay cong n g h i e p d Tay Nguyen da diJqc h i n h
t h a n h tCr dau the k y 20, gan day da p h d t t r i e n on d i n h va k h a n h a n h vdi h i e u qua k i n h te, xa h o i ngay cang cao
- Nganh trong cdy cong nghiep Idu ndm:
L a n g a n h chu \\ic cua hoat dong t r o n g cay cong nghiep, t r o n g do
bao gdm n g a n h t r o n g cay ca phe, che, cao su, ho t i e u
• Ve cdy cd phe:
H o a t dong t r o n g cay ca phe giOf v a i t r 6 quan t r o n g n h a t d Tay Nguyen T d n g d i e n t l c h cay cong nghiep ciia v u n g dat 290 n g h i n h a chiem hcfn % d i e n t l c h ca phe ca nifdc, n a m 1999
Cay ca phe xuat h i e n hau h e t cac n o i d T&y N g u y e n nhtfng t a p
t r u n g n h i e u n h a t d cao nguyen Dac LSc (170 n g h i n ha), sau do l a cac cao nguyen G i a L a i , K o n Turn, L a m Dong
Tay N g u y e n dang gieo t r o n g n h i e u loai g i d h g cay c^ phe n h i f n g Iphd b i e n n h a t l a ca phe se (ch^) va ca phe v d i , ca phe se c6 chat luqng cao n h u i i g nSng su^'t k h o n g b a n g ca phe v d i
San Itfcfng ca phe ngay cang t a n g ; n a m 1999 dat 364;1 n g h i n t a n ,
r i e n g D^c L^c l a c h i e m den 264 n g h i n t a n , da cung cap du nguyen lieu cho cong n g h i e p che b i e n , san p h a m cho t h i t r i i d n g t r o n g va hgoai nirdc R i e n g t r o n g h a i n a m 2000, 2 0 0 1 do gia ca phe t r e n t h i
t r u d n g g i a m m a n h da l ^ m cho n g a n h t r o n g cay ca phe ciia Tay Nguyen b i chufng l a i ,
• Ve cdy che:
Che l a cay cong nghiep c6 nguon gd'c on ddi p h u h o p v d i dieu k i e n
d&t t r o n g va k h l h a u da p h a t t r i e n to't va cho chat Itfcrng cao n h u chh
^ a o Loc ( L a m Dong), Bau Can (Gia Lai)
Trang 23D i e n t i c h chfe cua Tay Nguyen d a t k h o a n g 80.000 ha, t a p t r u n g
n h i e u n h a t d L a m D o n g (45.000 ha) sau d6 Ik cao nguyen G i a L a i va
K o n - T u m n a m 1999
• Ve cay cao su:
Cay cao su dMc t r o n g chii yeu d p h i a N a m Tay N g u y e n of cac vung
t r a n h diigc gio m a n h - d i e n tich cao su d Tay Nguyen dat khoang
40.000 h a va c6 k h a n a n g tang l e n
• Ve cay ho tieu:
H o t i e u to r a t h i c h hop vdri dieu k i e n d a t t r o n g va k h i h a u Tay
N g u y e n n e n p h a t t r i e n on d i n h va c6 n a n g suat cao, gan day hoat
dong t r o n g cay ho t i e u cua Tay Nguyen da tang l e n
Cay ho t i e u v u n g Tay Nguyen c6 d i e n t i c h k h o a n g h a n 30.000 ha
( n a m 1999), t a p t r u n g n h i e u n h a t d cao nguyen G i a L a i , sau do la
K o n T u m , va Dac L^c
- Ve n g a n h t r o n g cay cong nghiep h a n g n a m
L a hoat dong k h i e m t o n so v6i nganh t r o n g cay cong nghi§p lau
n a m , v(Ji h a i loai cay c h i n h la cay dau tarn va mia
• Ve cdy dau tdm:
H o a t dong t r o n g cay dau t a m cf Tay Nguyen da vvtat qua g i a i doan
lao dao (thcfi k y triidc 1990) h i e n nay dang di vao the on d i n h va phat
t r i e n D i e n t i c h cay dau t a m cija Tay Nguyen dat khoang 40.000 ha
(1999) va d a n g c6 k h a n a n g tang len, cac v u n g c6 d i e n t i c h cay dau
tam lorn thuoc ve L a m D o n g sau do la Gia L a i va K o n T u m
Nganh t r o n g cay dau tam ciia v u n g vcJi cac loai giong mdfi c6 nang
suat cao tao ra sir on d i n h nguon thijfc an ciia nganh nuoi t k m Tay Nguyen
da h i n h thanh T o n g cong t y dau t k m t a V i d t N a m , hoat dong ngay
cang c6 h i e u qua
• Ve cdy mia:
Cay m i a dtfcfc t r o n g thijf n g h i e m d Tay Nguyen t r o n g thcfi g i a n gSn
day va da c6 k e t qua k h a on d i n h D i e n t i c h cay m i a cua v i m g dat
k h o a n g 15.000 h a (1999) va c6 k h a n a n g tang len Cay m i a t a p t r u n g
n h i e u of K o n T u m va Gia L a i
-192-H o a t dong t r o n g cay cong nghiep cua Tay Nguyen dUa l a i ra't
I nhieu loi ich k i n h te - xa hoi, la nganh g6p p h a n rait Idn t r o n g tdng
Ithu n h a p k i n h te cua Tay Nguyen
I Ngoai nganh trong cay cong nghiep & Tay Nguyen c5n c6 m6t so hoat
^ dQng t r o n g trot khac n h i i nganh trong cay hoa mau (nhieu nhat Ik s h i vh
Ichoai lang) dutfc trong nhieu nhat 6 Gia Lai, Dac L^c, L a m Dong; nganh tr6ng rau xanh 6n dcfi rat phat t r i i n of cao nguyen L a m Dong; dac biet viuig Da L a t va phu can c6 nganh trong hoa rat phat trien
* Hoai dong chdn nuoi: ^
- N g a n h chan nuoi d Tay Nguyen chii yeu l a chan nuoi gia sue l<Jn v(Ji t r a u va bo D a n t r a u bo cua vijng dat k h o a n g 5 0 0 - 6 0 0 n g h i n con, c5n chan n u o i theo h i n h thufc t i i tiic
- T r o n g vCing con c6 nghe t h u a n phuc v o i la m o t n g a n h t r u y e n
t h o n g v d i d a n voi dat k h o a n g 100 con
b) Hoat dong khai thdc ud che biS'n Idm sdn:
nguyen rifng ciia vung da h i t o n t h a t nhieu Ngoai r a h a n g n a m Tay Nguyen con cung cap diTcfc k h o a n g 3 t r i e u ste cui
O Tay Nguyen c6 h a n g chuc l a m trufdng va c6 l i e n hi§p l a m n o n g C6ng n g h i e p Idfn nha't ntfdc t a ; l i e n h i e p K o n - H a - N i ^ n g (Gia L a i ) ,
-L i e n hiep Easup va Gia Nghia (Dac -L^c) ; cac l i e n hiep nay k h o n g chi ti§n hanh k h a i thac rifng ma con t r o n g riftig va che bien g5
* Han che trong khai thac rimg d Toy Nguyen noi l^n may van de sau:
~ N a n pha rifng gia tang lam triJ lugng g6; dac biet la cac loai go quy
tiep tuc giam xuong, moi tn/cfng song cua dong vat riftig b i de doa
- P h a n Idfn g6 k h a i thac xuat r a thi t r u i n g la go t r 6 n , chiTa qua
re b i 6 n l a m cho gia g§ con t h a p
- P h a n g6 canh, ngon chifa t a n t h u , l a n g p h i g5
Trang 24VI vay van de dat ra la phai thufc hien c^c bien phap sau cho rCrng
Tay Nguyen:
- Ngan chan te nan pha rirng
- Khai thac rCrng hgp ly, di doi vdi khoanh nuoi trong rifng m6i
Cong tac giao dat giao ritog can dtfcfc day manh
- Gan lien vdi khai thac can day manh hcfn nuTa viec che bien gg
tai dia phticfng, han che xuait khau gS tron
c) Hoat dong khai thac thuy ndng:
Tiem nSng thiiy dien cua Tay Nguyen Idn nhat la thifgng ngu6n
song Dong Nai, Xe Xan, Scre-pdc
1960, thuy dien Da N h i m (thiTgng nguon song Dong Nai) da xay difng
nam 1965, nha may thuy dien Dray Halinh, Yaly da di vao hoat
dong
c a c cong trinh thuy dien khac nhif Bon Ron, Dai Ninh dang di/cfc da
ki&n xay diftig
Hoat dong cong nghiep thuy dien cua vung c6 y nghia tac dong
triic tiep den sif phat trien kinh te va xa hoi vung
d) Cac hoat dong khac:
Tay Nguyen c6 hoat dong kinh te du lich kha phat trien, 1& vung
c6 nhieu tai nguyen tif nhien va nhan van cua nganh du lich Da Lat
la mot trung du lich Idn nam trong tuf giac du lich Tp Ho Chi Minh
- Da Lat - Nha Trang - Vung Tau
• Cau 2: N H O J G G I A I PHAP PHAT TRIEN N G A N H T R O N G C A Y C O N G
N G H I E P 6 TAY N G U Y E N
+ Dam bao yeu cau liicfng thiJc, thifc pham cho dong bao d Tay
Nguyen de gop phan on dinh va phdt trien dien tich cay cong nghiep
cua vung
+ Nang len ket cau ha tang, phat trig^n giao thong tao thuan Icfi
giao liftj giOra cac dia phuang trong vung, giOfa Tay Nguyen vdi cac
vung kinh te khac, dam bao van chuyen san pham cua vung den cat
t h i triidng trong va ngoai nifdc
+ Chu dong cung cap nguon nifdfc tiJofi vao mua kho
-194-+ Gan lien san xuat vdi cac hoat dong che bien de tSng them
t r i san pham cay cong nghiep
ngoai de tang kha nang san xuat cay cong nghiep + Tang them nguon lao dong va doi ngu can bo ky thuat cho vung
III K E T T H U G V A N D E
Kha nang phat trien cua Tay Nguyen de t r d thanh mot vung kiiih
te trong diem ve cay cong nghiep va lam san la ra't l(5n; van de hi^n
nay la giai quyet tot ve ket cau ha tang va nguon von
E V U N G K I N H T E D O N G N A M B O :
• <T)att dc 40:
Phan tich cac the manh ve tii nhien, kinh te - xa hoi vung Dong
I DAT V A N D E
Vung Dong Nam Bo la mot vung kinh te manh nha't ni/dc ta; mot
nhufng nguon life ra't manh me trong sii phat trien kinh tg'
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
gom Tp Ho Chi Minh \k ckc tinh Tay Ninh, Binh Phi/6c, Binh Dirong,
Dong Nai, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Vung Dong Nam Bp dan dau ca ntfdc ve
tong san pham, ve gia t r i san xua't cong nghiep va xua't khau, la mot vung v(5i nhieu the manh ve tii nhien, kinh te - xa hoi
1 The manh ve ti^ nhien:
a) Vi tri dia ly:
+ Dong Nam Bo c6 v i t r i chuyen tigp giffa Tay Nguyen, phia Nam
Trung Bo va dong bang song Cufu Long; vdi v i t r i nay SLT giao lifu giOfa
^ o n g Nam Bo vdfi cac viing kinh te la ra't thuan Igi
Trang 25
-195-+ Dong Nam B6 g^n lien vdi Tay Nguyen d phia BSc 1^ vung giaq
lam san, gi^u san pham cay cong nghiep va duyen hai Nam Trung
Bo 1^ vijng giau ve thiiy san
+ Dong Nam Bo nam ke vdi dong bang song Cufu Long la vung
lifang thiic, thifc pham lorn nhat nude ta, sy giao liAi giffa hai vung
nay thuan loi ve giao thong diidng oto va dudng song - kenh rach
+ Phia Dong, mien dong Nam Bp gAn lien vdi Bien Dong la dieu
kien phat trien giao thong dudng bien trong niidc va quoc te; Bien Dong
cua Dong Nam Bp giau hai san, c6 tiem nang khoang san (dau khi) Idn
+ d phia Tay mien Dong Nam Bp gdn vdi Campuchia, qua nhieu
cijfa ngo giao Itfu thuan Ipi vdi cac nLfdc trong npi dia A Chau
(Campuchia, Lao, Thai Lan )
b) The manh ve khi hqu:
Dong Nam Bp c6 tinh chat khi hau nhiet ddi can xich dao v6i hai
mua miTa va kho ro ret
+ Khi hau c6'tinh chat nhiet ddi cao, nhiet dp trung binh nam dao
dpng ttr 24°C-27°C, so ngay nang nhieu ttr 230-260 ngay trong nam,
Itrprng mira phong phu ttr 1600-1800mm trong nam ; cAc yeu to khi hau
nay la rat thuan I d cho san xuat nong nghiep nhiet ddi, la dilu kien
can thiet de hoat dpng cong nghiep va dich vu phat trien
+ Khi hau vdi m6t mua kho keo dai da tao nen sir thieu niTdc va
kho han, vi vay can phai c6 cac bien phap thuy Ipi de khac phuc
c) The manh ve ddt trong:
La mot vung dien tich nho nhung dong Nam Bp kha phong phii ve
dieu kien da't trong
- Vting dat ba-dan mau mor noi tiep ciia Tay NguySn va Nam Trung
Bp rat thich hop vdi cay cong nghiep, cay an trai, cay hoa mau
- Da't phti sa c6 (da't xam) chiem t i le nho hon, phat trien d Tay
Ninh, Binh Phirdc khong c6 dp dinh diJdng cao nhimg van trong trot
diTpc quanh nam DSv lai la loai dat rat thich hpp vdi cay cong
nghiep lau nam AhiT cao su, ca phe , cay an qua, cSy hoa mau
- Dong Nam Bp con c6 dien tich "dat phti sa mdi d song Dong Nai,
song Sai G6n, song La Nga, c6 gia t r i doi vdi nganh san xuat liTPng
thiic (cay lua)
-196 CJ vung van bien (Ba Ria-196 Vung Tau) c6 cac dien tich dat man la -"-ng c6 cac vanh dai thUc vat nUdc man va cho kha nang nuoi trong
thiiy san niTdc Ip
d) The manh ve tai nguyen bien:
Dong Nam Bp gan vdi Bien Dong tren difcfng bd bign dai khoang
hPn 100 km, tao nen nhufng nguon lire kinh te Idn:
+ La vting bien c6 liic lirpng hai san kha cao lai gan cac ngir
trddng Idn la Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan, Minh Hai - Kien Giang, da tao ra sir thuan Ipi va tiem nang khai thac hai san cao
+ Bien Dong ciia m i l n Dong Nam Bp con c6 tiem nang khoang san Idn
+ Gan vdi Bien Dong, Dong Nam Bp manh ve hoat dpng du lich,
bien Vung Tau thu hut nhieu khach du lich
e) Tai nguyen ve thuy dien:
- Tiem nang thuy dien cua cAc he song d Dong Nam Bd kha Idn,
neu dirpc tan dung se cung cap dirpc nguon thuy dien Idn
- Song Dong Nai vdi thuy dien Tri An (400.000kW), tren Song Be
vdi thuy dien Thac Mp (150.000kW).„, triJ lirpng thuy dien cua song Dong Nai - Sai Gon chiem 20% dir tri? dien nang ciia ca niTdc
- Song ngdi la nguon cung cap lirpng nirdc sinh hoat cho vting
Dong Nam Bp
g) Tai nguyen riCng:
- Dong Nam Bp khong giau ve nguon tai nguyen rtrng, rtmg cua vung chiem 6,8% san lirpng lam san ca mrdc
- Tai nguyen rtrng d Dong Nam Bp chinh la nguon cung ca'p gd dan dung cho Tp Hd Chi Minh va dong b^ng song CiJtU Long, la
nguon nguyen lieu giay cho lien hiep gia'y Dong Nai
- Rtrng Dong Nam Bo con cd y nghia phdng ho, han ch§' lu lut
Trang 26
-197-h) The manh vi tai nguyen khodng sdn:
- D o n g N a m Bo k h o n g n h i e u ve chung loai k h o a n g san nhUng c6
cdc k h o a n g san v d i trOr Itfong Idn va gia t r i cao
- K h o a n g san quan t r o n g nhaft la dau mo va k h i dot Dau mo tap
t r u n g v d i truf liicfng r a t IcJn cf v u n g t h e m Juc dia N a m Con Son (cac
mo D a i H u n g , Bach Ho, Rong dang k h a i thac), n h i e u k h i dot d cac
mo L a n Tay, L a n Do
- Ngoai ra Dong N a m Bo con c6 nhieu khoang san vat heu xay duCng
n h i i dat do pozulan, dat set, cao lanh b B i n h Di/cfng, B i n h PhiJdc
Ve nguon t a i nguyen t h i e n n h i e n v 6 i t h u a n l o i la co ban, tuy
n h i e h v i n c6 mot so h a n che sau:
+ K h i hau vdri miia k h o keo d&i (nhieu k h i den 4 - 5 t h a n g ) da gay
t h i e u nifcJc t r a m t r o n g
+ T a i nguyen rCrng c6 i t l a i b i t o n t h a t nhieu
+ K h o d n g san (dau mo k h i dot) n ^ m sau difdi cdc t a n g day bien;
k h o k h a n t r o n g k h a i thac
+ M o i trucfng s i n h t h a i b i e n (bien V u n g Tau) da b i xuong cap, 6
n h i e m a n h h i i d n g nguon life du lich
(Xem h i n h 25 phu luc 2)
2 T h e m a n h ve k i n h te - xa hpi:
+ V u n g D o n g N a m Bo c6 nguon von dau t\i r a t Idfn tir s\i dau tir ciia
n h a n dan va N h a nxidc, dong thcfi la vCing t h u h u t m a n h n h a t nguon
dau t i i i\i nxidc ngoai so v6i ca niTdc, trong giai doan t\S 1990-1999 ritog
m i e n Dong N a m Bo da t h u hut den 32% von nifdc ngoki vao nifdrc ta,
t r o n g do T p Ho C h i M i n h da chiem den 22%
+ Co sd va kg't cau ha t a n g r a t m a n h :
- N h i e u cd sd k i n h te t r o n g san xuat nong nghiep Icfn nhif cdc vanh
dai cay cong nghiep, cay an t r a i ; nhieu co sd cong nghiep c6 quy mo
Icfn, t r i n h do hien dai, t r o n g vung da h i n h t h a n h hai k h u che xuat Tan
Thuan va L i n h T r u n g c6 icha nang san xuat va xuat khau cao
- T r o n g v u n g da h i n h t h a n h mot v u n g cong nghiep I d n bao gom
cAc t r u n g t a m tao nen m o t cum cong nghiep T p H 6 C h i M i n h - B i e n
H o a - B i n h Dtfong - D o n g N a i - V u n g Tau
-198 Giao t h o n g v a n t a i va t h o n g t i n l i e n lac p h a t t r i e n
i - Co scf n a n g ItTpng dugc phat t r i e n vdi lirgng d i e n i\i du'cfng day
|gi§u cao ap v d i cac n h a m a y t h i i y dien T r i A n , Thac Mcf va cac n h a Ijnay d i e n chay bang t u o c - b i n k h i d B a R i a - V u n g Tau (cac n h a may Jphu M y I , H , HI )
+ D o n g N a m Bo da xay ditog diigc mot co cau n g a n h cong nghiep 0ianh va co t i n h cha't mui nhon nhiT co k h i che tao - lap rap, hoa chat,
d i e n - d i e n tuf, k h a i thac dau khi ( n h o m A ) , va cac n g a n h che b i e n hang t i e u dung, che b i e n Itfong thifc, thifc p h a m , det may ,(nhom B) Gia t r i cong nghiep ciia v u n g da chiem hon 50% (1999) gia t r i cong nghiep ca nLfdc
+ La v u n g co lUc lu'gng lao dong l a n h nghe Idn vdi dpi ngu can bo khoa hoc k y t h u a t dong dao, t r i n h do cao; v u n g nay da chiem h o n 80% lao dong co chuyen m o n cao ciia p h i a N a m
+ D o n g N a m Bo v 6 i liic liJpng lao dong dong dao l a i t h e m t i n h nang dong va n h a y ben v d i co che m d i la m 6 t nguon n h a n life p h a t
;trien k i n h te quy gia
III K E T T H U G V A N D E
V u n g k i n h te D o n g N a m Bo to r a h o n h a n cac v u n g khac ve cac
the m a n h tuf n h i e n , k i n h te - xa h o i , t r o n g d6 dieu k i e n k i n h te co y
n g h i a h a n g dau Tuf nhOfng the m a n h t r e n , v u n g D o n g N a m Bo da va
se la m o t v i j n g k i n h te h a n g dau cua nudfc t a
• fOoii 4 1 :
Cau 1: De p h a t t r i e n k i n h te Dong N a m Bo theo chieu sau can
p h a i
CO nhijfng d i n h hifcJng va dieu k i e n gi?
Cau 2: H a y t r i n h bay nhOng hoat dong k i n h te theo chieu sau cua
Dong N a m Bo h i e n nay t r o n g thcfi g i a n s a p
I D A T V A N D E
S V u n g k i n h te D o n g N a m Bo chiem t i t r o n g k i n h t ^ cao n h a t so v d i cac v u n g ciia ca niidc, t r o n g dieu k i e n mot v u n g co dien t i c h nho
Trang 27
-199-D6ng N a m B o c a n p h a i p h a t t r i e n k i n h te theo c h i e u s a u vdri nhflng
d i n h h u d n g , d i e u k i e n v a h o a t d o n g p h u h o p
II G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E
• Caa 1: NHC/IMG DINH HJCSNG V A DIEU KIEN PHAT TRIEN KINH TE THEO
CHIEU SAU C U A DONG NAM BO
* Khdi niem phat trien kinh te Idnh tho theo chieu sau
Phat trien kinh te mot uung Idnh tho theo chieu sau boo gom
cdc noi dung sau:
- n a n g cao h i e u q u a k h a i t h d c l a n h t h o t r e n cof sd tang cuc/ng
- Sir p h d t t r i e n k i n h te t h e o c h i e u s a u 1^ sir t a n dung h o p l y cac
nguon t ^ i n g u y e n v d i y e u c a u b a o v e m o i triTdng sinh t h d i
a) Nhitng dinh hiCdng phdt trien kinh te theo chieu sdu d Bong
Nam Bo:
* Trong san xudt nong nghiep:
+ Day manh t h a m canh, tang v u , goi v u , x e n canh g^n l i l n vdi
t h a y d o i c a c a u mija v u , co c a u cky t r o n g v a t n u o i la c a c giong mcfi
n g a n ngay, c6 n a n g suat va cha't Itfong cao
+ Xay ditog c a c v a n h d a i c h u y e n c a n h v d i d i e n t i c h Idn c a y cong
n g h i e p , c a y a n trai , g d n l i e n s a n xua't n o n g s a n v d i c h e b i e n dg tang
l e n g i a t r i s a n p h a m v a t a n g n g u o n h a n g xua't k h a u
+ Tang cOtfng thuy loi de chu dong cung ca'p nguon nUdc vao m u a kho
* Trong hoat dong cong nghiep:
-200-+ Tang ciidng hon nffa ccf s d h a t a n g :
- Nang ca'p va mcf rong mang \\idi giao thong van tai bao gom
nhieu loai nganh theo quy mo Idn va hien dai hoa
_ Phat trien hieu liTc ciia thong t i n lien lac
- Tang CLfcfng xay ditog co sor san xua't c5ng nghiep theo hudrng quy
0i6 IcJn vdi t r i n h do cong nghe hien dai
- Cai t h i e n nguon nang lu'gng
+ Tang ciiorng vo'n dau hi, thu hiit dau tif niidfc n g o a i
+ Md rong t h i tri/dng tieu thu
* Trong hoat dong dich vu:
+ Tang them c a c loai hinh dich vu
+ Phat trien dich v u vdi bao ve moi trtTdng, b a o ve truyen tho'ng g^n vdri t i n h hien dai ,
b) Nhitng dieu kien dephdt trien kinh te theo chieu sdu b Dong Nam Bp:
De diTa n e n kinh te Dong Nam Bg phat trien theo chieu s a u can
phai giai quye't to't c a c va'n de sau:
Tang cuang dieu kien doi vai san xudt nong nghiep:
+ Tang CLfcfng dieu kien thiiy Igi, chu dong dieu kien tifdri tieu + Cung ca'p nguon gio'ng mdi co nang sua't v a cha't lifgng cao phu hgp v6i dieu kien sinh thai cua vung
+ Xay difng co sd che bien san pham nong nghiep
+ M d rong va o n dinh t h i triTcrng nong san
^ Tang cUang dieu kien hoat dong cong nghiep:
+ Tang CLfdrng ve co sdr ha tang
+ Dau tii khoa hoc ky thuat hien dai
+ DaV manh x a y dung cac nganh cong nghiep mui nhgn gan vdri dieu kien thuan Igi v e nguyen lieu, nhan cong vdri nhu
cau t h i trifcrng trong va ngoai nLfdc
+ Tang cifdng kha nang dien liic, nang li/gng
+ Phat trien dieu kien giao thong, md rong t h i trLfcmg tieu thu
^ Tang cUang dieu kien phdt trien dich vu:
Trang 28
-201-+ D^o tao n h a n luTc chuyen n g a n h
+ Dau ttf ccr sd ha t a n g , m d r o n g t h o n g t i n h e n lac
+ H o i nhap k h u viic v a t h e gidi
• Caa 2: N H O J G HOAT D O N G K I N H TE THEO C H I E U S A U C U A D O N G
N A M BO
a) Ve nong nghiep:
* Nganh trong trot:
Hoat dgng trong cay cong nghiep c6 gid tri hang ddu:
- M a n h n h a t thuoc ve n g a n h t r o n g cay cao su; D o n g N a m Bp la
v u n g CO n g a n h t r o n g cay cao su IcJn n h a t midc t a v d i t d n g dien tich
gan 400.000 h a , chiem h o n 8 0 % dien t i c h cao su ca n\idc N g a n h
t r o n g cay cao su da SLf dung cac gio'ng m d i ciia M a l a i x i a c6 n a n g suat
cao i\i 1,5 den 2 I a n so vcJi gio'ng cu N g a n h t r o n g cay cao su cua vijng
dang t a n g l e n ve dien t i c h , san lifOng m u cao su, cung cap nguyen
lieu d o i dao cho cac ccf s6 che bien v a san p h a m cao su xua't khau
H o a t dong t r o n g cfiy cao su ciaa D o n g N a m Bo da difa nifdc t a tro
t h a n h m o t t r o n g 5 ntfdc c6 cao su xuat k h a u N g a n h t r o n g cay cao su
cua v u n g CO t i n h chuyen canh cao
- Cay ca phe cua v i i n g cung p h a t t r i e n m a n h , d i e n t i c h cay ca phe
D o n g N a m Bo c h i dijfng h a n g thuf h a i sau T a y Nguyen L a nganh c6
cac v u n g t r o n g d i e m cay ca phe theo h i n h thufc chuyen canh, tap
t r u n g n h a t l a B i n h Phtfdc v a D o n g N a i
- D o n g N a m Bo c6 n g a n h t r o n g cay ho t i e u , cay co dau, cay dieu
k h a p h a t t r i e n v d i quy mo dien t i c h \(sn t a p t r u n g of cac t i n h B i n h
Phtrdrc, B i n h Difofng, D o n g N a i
- c a c nganh t r o n g cSy cong nghiep hang n a m nhif cay m i a , dau
tiicfng g a n day phat t r i e n m a n h N g a n h t r o n g m i a da chu dong cung
cap cho cac nha m a y che bien diicfng B i n h Difong, T a y N i n h
H o a t dong t r o n g cay cong nghiep D o n g N a m Bo d a n ddu midc ta
ve d i e n t i c h , san lircfng, g i a t r i k i n h t e , phi/ong thiifc san xuat , trong
do n g a n h t r o n g cay cao su c6 y n g h i a cao nha't - m o t n g a n h c6 t i n h
cha't chuyen m o n sau v a h i e n d a i
-202-Bong Nam Bg c6 hoat dgng trSng cay lucmg thuc phat trim manh:
- T r o n g v u n g v d i cong t r i n h t h i i y l o i D a u Ti§ng t r e n thifcfng luu
s6ng Sai Gon ( t i n h Tay Ninh) l a cong t r i n h thuy l o i Idm nha't ntforc t a , r6ng 270km^, chijfa 1,5 t i m^ bao dam tifoi ti§u cho hem 170 n g h i n h a da't
\)i thieu ni/cfc vao mua k h o cua t i n h Tay N i n h v a huyen Cu C h i Cong
t r i n h thiiy Icfi nay c6 tac dung r a t Idfn t r o n g nganh t r o n g cay li/ong thUc
cOa v u n g
- N g a n h t r o n g cay liJOng thiic m a n h nha't thuoc ve boat dong
t r o n g lua ( t i n h T a y N i n h , D o n g N a i , B a R i a - V u n g Tau ) Cay ngo v a san l a cac cay lifcfng thiic diTOc p h a t t r i e n m a n h d cac t i n h B i n h PhtfcJc, B i n h Di/ong, D o n g Nai ; l a nguon lifcfng thiic c6 tac dung lorn
de p h a t t r i e n chan nuoi
- N g a n h t r o n g cay lifong thUc cua v i i n g ccf b a n da dap ijfng dtigfc nhu cau liicfng thiTc cho n h a n d a n cac v i m g n o n g t h o n H o a t dong nay
dang d i vao phiJcfng thijfc san xua't t h a m canh, chuyen canh
* Cac hog,t dgng chdn nuoi:
D o n g N a m Bo l a m o t vCing m a n h ve chan nuoi g i a sue, g i a c a m :
- Nganh chan nu6i b6 r a t phat t r i e n v6i cac giong l a i t a o , ngoai
nhap CO n a n g sua't cao, dan bo ciia v i m g c6 k h o a n g tCr 400.000 d e n
500.000 con
- N g a n h chan nuoi ga theo phiiong phap cong nghiep v6i nhi?ng
t r a n g t r a i W n c6 lifu Itfcfng hang v a n con, p h a t t r i e n nha't d cac v i m g ven t h a n h pho I6n Nganh n a y da chu dong cung ca'p m o t luong t h i t
va trufng cho vung, dac biet l a t h a n h pho H o C h i M i n h + D o n g N a m Bo c6 boat dong chan nuoi t h u y san nufdrc Icf k h a phat
t r i e n , t a p t r u n g of duyen h a i B a R i a - V u n g T a u
b) Hog.t dgng kinh te bien:
La boat dong k i n h te c6 t i n h cha't t d n g h g p y a phat t r i e n theo
Trang 29-203-cua vung da dat san lucfng tii 25 den 30 van tfin, cung cap nhieu
nguyen lieu che bien de xua't khau
+ Quan trong nhat trong hoat dong kinh t6' hiin Ik ng^nh khai
thac va che bien dau k h i Hoat dong nay da di/oc xac lap tii nam
1986 v^ da phat trien rSt nhanh, nSm 1999 da khai thdc dugc 15,21
trieu tan dau tho va 2 t i k h i dot Nganh khai thac dau mo tap
trung tai 3 mo I6n \k mo Dai Hung, Bach Ho, Mo Rong , ng^nh khai
thac k h i dot tap trung d cac mo Bach Hd, Lah Tay, Lan Do
Nganh khai thac dau mo va k h i dot dii kien den nSm 2002 se dat
difcfc san lirgng 22 trieu t§n dau va 7 t i m^ k h i d6't
Nganh khai thac k h i dot da xay ditog difng nh^ may k h i hod long
Dinh Co' vk da cung cap diigc nguon k h i dot de van hknh cac nha
may dien tuoc-bin k h i Phu My I , II, III, c6 cong sud't thiet ke la 1,8
trieu kW
Nganh khai thac dau k h i cua Dong Nam Bp khong nhiifng c6 tinh
chat phdt tri^n sau ma con c6 y nghia rat quan trong trong nen kinh
te qudc dan
+ Hoat dong k i n h te bien cija vung con phdt trien manh vdi nen
k i n h te du lich Vung bien Dong Nam Bo vdi bien Vung Tku da kich
thich hoat dong du lich phat trien sdm Hoat dong du lich ciia vung
bien Vung Tau vdi ket cau ha tang kha Idn manh, tao nen mot ty
trong thu nhap kha Idn trong tdng thu nhap kinh te cua vijng Hoat
dong du lich bien can phai quan tam den van de bao ve moi trUdng
c) Hoat dong cong nghiep:
Dong Nam Bo la vting dkn dau ca nifdc ve hoat dong cong nghiep:
+ Trong vijng da hinh thanh mot cum cac trung tam cong nghiep
Idn thuoc bac nhat niidc ta la thanh phd Ho Chi Minh - Bien
Hoa-Binh Phadc - B i n h Diicfng - Vung Tau
+ Hoat dong cong nghiep da xay dung diJcfc hai trung tam che xuat
CO quy mo Idn va t r i n h do hien dai la Tan Thuan va L i n h Trung
(thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) So lifong cac co sd cong nghiep cija vCing
thuoc vao loai nhieu nhat niidc ta, nam 1999 rieng thanh phd Hd Chi
M i n h da chiem 4,1% sd ccf sd cong nghiep trong ca nifdc
jihiet dien Thu Dufc (165 nghin kW), Chp Qudn (53 nghin kW), Cho Ldn (20 nghin kW); dac biet hoat dong thuy dien khd manh vdi thiiy dien T r i A n (400 nghin kW), Thac Mcr (150 nghin kW)
52% gia t r i xuat khau ciia nifdc ta
NhCing hoat dong kinh te cua viing ngky ckng phdt trien theo
chieu sau tang nhanh ve gia t r i , c6 y nghia gdp phan quan trong
trong SLf di len phat trien cong nghigp hoa vk hien dai hod, 1dm giau
cho dat nude ta
Jil KET THUC VAN DE
P - Dong Nam Bo dang di len rat manh trong sU phdt trien k i n h te theo chilu sau, mot vung vdi nhieu hoat dong chuyen mon hod trong nong nghiep, cong nghiep va dich vu
- Vdi su phdt trien theo dinh hudng chieu sau, Dong Nam B6 se c6n la vung ddn dau ca nudc ve gid t r i thu nhap
Trang 30
-205-P H A N B O N
Trinh bay nhffng diem giong nhau va khac nhau ve vj tri dja ly; cac
dieu ki?n tU nhien tai nguyen thien nhien, dan cu' - nguon lao dong
giffa Viet Nam va cac rnidc trong khu vUc Dong Nam A
I DAT VAN DE
Nifdc ta va cac nifofc trong khu vi/c Rong Nam A c6 nhOfng diem
giong nhau va khac nhau ve vi t r i dia ly; cac dieu kien tiT nhien, tai
nguyen thien nhien, dan ctf - nguon lao dong, do la nhOfng dieu kien
vifa CO tinh chat dac trifng viia c6 tinh chat chung de niidc ta hoi
nhap vdri khu viic
II GIAI QUYET VAN DE
a) Vi tri dia ly:
- CAc n\i6c Dong Nam A va Viet Nam deu nkm tren difdng bien
quan trong giufa Thai Binh Dtfong va An Do Dtfang va la giao diem
cua nhieu di/cfng hang khong quoc te giifa cac nu'drc trong khu viic va
the gidri
- Mot so' nude Dong Nam A va Viet Nam deu giap bien vdi nhieu
nguon thuy Icfi, hai san va phan them luc dia c6 nhieu khodng san
quy, dac biet la dau mo va khi dot
- Dong Nam A va Viet Nam nam d khu viic c6 nen kinh te phat
trien nSng dong cua the gidri nhii Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc, kho'i niid^c
cong nghiep mdi (NIC), Oxtraylia,
b) Dieu kien tU nhien va tai nguyen thien nhien:
-206 Dong Nam A va Viet Nam deu nam a vanh dai sinh khoang Thai
Binh Duong Vi vay, tai nguyen khoang san phong phu va da dang nhu : thiec, sat, chi, kem, vang, bac, dau mo, khi dot va cac loai kim loai khac nhau nhu : niken, titan, vonfram NhOfng loai tai nguyen nay khong chi n6i tieng trong khu vi/c, ma con ca tren the gidri
- Viet Nam va mot so nUdc trong khu vUc c6 nhifng dong bkng phu sa mau mor rong 1dm, tao dieu kien thuan loi cho sU phat trien nong nghiep nhiet dcfi, dac biet la trong lua nucfc (nhu dong bkng song Hong, dong
bkng song Ciiu Long, song Menam, song Saluen, laoadi )
- CJ trung du, mien niii Viet Nam va cac nUdc (Indonexia, Lao ) cung CO mot so' dat do ba-dan thich hop de phat trien cac cay eong
nghiep: cao su, ca phe, dau co
- Viet Nam va Dong Nam A c6 khi hau chu yeu la nhiet ddri gio mua va can xich dao Day la dieu kien thuan Icfi de phat trien cac loai cay nhiet ddri va can xich dao
- Viet Nam va Dong Nam A deu c6 tai nguyen nUdrc doi dao, c6 he
tho'ng song day dac khong nhuTng phuc vu cho san xuat nong nghiep,
ma con tao moi trUcfng danh bat va nuoi trong thuy san (song Hong,
song Menam, song Me Cong )
- Ngoai ra, phan Idrn cac nUdrc Dong Nam A deu c6 nguon tai
nguyen rifng giau c6 vdfi nhieu loai g6 quy vk chim thu
c) Dan cU vd nguon lao dong :
- Dan so cua Viet Nam va phan Idn cac nUdrc Dong Nam A deu
thuoc loai dan so tre, ty le gia tang dan so nhanh (1,9 -2,3%) ^ ,
- Thanh phan dan toe phufe tap (Viet Nam : 54 dan toe, Campuchia: 12, Thai Lan khoang 10 dan toe, Indonexia : 150, Mianma : 70) NhOfng net rieng ve van hoa va cac tap quan san xuat cua tCfng dan toe da tao nen sU hap dkn ciia khu vUc doi vdri the gidri
- Nguon lao dong doi dao (Thai Lan: 58%, Indonexia : 55%,
Malaixia : 58%, Viet Nam : 52%), nhUng chat lUcfng con ban che So
ngudi lao dong c6 trinh do cao con thieu
- Viet Nam va mot so' ni/dre Dong Nam A deu dang tien hanh eong
tac dan so - ke hoach hda gia dinh nham giam ty le gia tang dan so
cho phii hop vdfi sU phkt trien kinh te - xa hoi dat nUdrc
Trang 31
-207-* Nfaffng diem khac nhau ccy ban gi&a Vi$t Nam va cac nufdc
Dong Nam A:
a) Vi tri dia ly:
Dtfcfng vdi diiorng bd bien dai 3260 km, trong khi do nhieu nifdc trong
khu viTc Dong Nam A hoac chi nkm tr§n luc dia (Lao) hoac chi d tr§n
cac dao, quan dao : Philippin, Indonexia
- Do dieu kien tuf nhien cua m5i quoc gia khong giohg nhau nen cac
nguon tai nguyen thien nhien cung khac nhau (cac loai mo khoang san,
trOf liiofng va dieu kien khai thac) Dac biet Viet Nam c6 vung mo than
Quang Ninh, trOf lifgng 16n nhat Dong Nam A (3 ty tan)
b) Ve dan so:
- Viet Nam dufng thdf 2 sau Indonexia vdi 78 trieu dan, ty Ig gia
tang khoang 2%, cao hcfn mot so' qudc gia khac (ty le gia tSng cua
Th^i Lan: 15%, Xingapo : 17%)
- Chat liiang lao dong c6 ky thuat ciia Viet Nam c6n thap hem so
den van de dao tao nguon nhan liic de dap ufng yeu cdu cua cong cuoc
cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dat nifdrc
III KETTHUC VAN DE •
- Sir gio'ng nhau ve tu nhien, kinh te giiJa niidc ta vdi khu vifc vifa
c6 tinh chat quy luElt vifa c6 tinh chat phdt trien tao ra nhufiig dieu
kien thuan Icfi cho sii hoi nhap giiJa ntfdc ta vdri khu viTc
- Sii khac nhau giuTa caic dieu kien cung la dong liTc kich thich hop
t^c khu viic tao ra nhOng nguon life m<Ji de ph^t trien kinh te luidc
NhOfng dieu kien nao cho phep niidc ta c6 kha nang tan
dung nhuTng Icfi the' cua minh de vifa hop tac vifa canh tranh c6 hieu qua vcJi cac niidic trong khu viic?
I DAT VAN DE
Nifdc ta C O kha nang tan dung nhCfng Igi the cua minh de vifa hop
tAc, vi/a canh tranh trong xay dtfng va phat trien kinh te Day Ik van de
mang tinh chie'n ItfOc trong stf phat trien kinh te- xa hoi cua Viet Nam
II GIAI QUYET VAN DE
1 Nhffng Idi the ciia nvCdc ta:
+ Co vi t r i thuan Icfi lam co sd de day manh stf giao Itfu, hgp tkc
vdi cac ntfdc trong khu vifc
+ Nufdc ta C O nhOrng van de chung trong viec suf dung tai nguyen
thien nhien va bao ve moi trifcfng vdi cac ni/dc trong khu viic (van de Bien Dong, van de song Me Cong, van de vinh Thai Lan) Dieu do doi hoi sir hop tac giufa niidc ta va cac niidc cd lien quan nhSm bao
ve chij quyen va Igi ich chinh dang cua tiftig nifdc
+ Sif tifong dong nhat dinh ve tai nguyen giufa nifdc ta va cac nifdc
D6ng Nam A (tai nguyen khoang san d Mt lien va them luc dia, tai
nguyen dat, khi hau, tai nguyen bien ) cung la mot cd sd khach quan
de c^c nude hgp tac vdi nhau trong c^c lanh vifc khai thac, che bien, chuyen giao cong nghe va tao dieu kien canh tranh c6 hieu qua vdi cde khu viic khac tren the' gidi
^ Nude ta CO tiem nang rat lan ve edc nguon tai nguyen thien nhien:
~ Nguon tki nguygn khoang san doi dko, sit c6 trijf lifgng 1 t i tan,
mangan 3 trieu tan, boxit 200 trieu tan, apatit 2 t i t & i , than 3 t i tah'
va nhieu kim loai quy nhu cromit, titan, vonfrom, thie'c, dong, vang Dac biet c6 mot truf liTdng dau mo va khi d6't rat Idn
Trang 32
-209 T i l m nSng ve hai san rat lorn, Bien D6ng vdri mot qu^n the hai
san phong phu, hcfn 2000 loai ca, 674 loai giap x^c trong do c6
nhieu loai ngon va quy
- Bien Dong cua niidc ta c6 y nghia rat quan trong trong giao luu
difcfng bien cua khu viJc va quo'c te
+ Cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khac nhii tai nguy§n lam san,
dat trong, nguon thtiy nang cung la nhijCng dieu kien thu hut nguon von
dau tu' cua niiorc ngoai
* Cac dieu kien xd hoi nuac ta c6 svCc thu hut dau tU:
+ Mot life liigng dan so den 76,3 trieu ngifcfi (nSm 1999) la mot
thi trtfdng tieu thu \dn c6 sufc hap dSn hop tac va dau
+ Mot life lu'gng lao dpng d6i dao den 42,5 trieu ngiicfi (nSm 1999),
vdi gia re la dong liic thu hut cac dau t\i nirdrc ngoai
+ Nifdrc ta dang c6 nhOfng chinh sach thuan Igi vk thong thoang
trong hoi nhap khu vifc, tao ra siJ thu hut an tarn trong dau t\i t\i
nxidc ngoai
^ Hien trang kinh te nUac ta too ra nhitng Igi the de hap tac khu viCc:
+ Hoat dong nong nghiep ciia niTdc ta dang di len theo xu the
chuyen mon hoa, san xuat \dn, cung cap hang hoa nong san c6 kha
nSng xuat khau, tao dieu kien giao I L T U vdi nhi^u t h i trifdng khu viic
+ Su phat t r i e n cong nghiep cua njidc ta con thap so vdi mot
so' niidc trong khu viic Dieu do, trong chCfng mifc nhSt dinh cung
tao ra Igi the tuong do'i cua nifdrc ta trong quan he vdi cac niidc
ASEAN Cac nifdc ASEAN dang tien hanh bo' t r i l a i co cau cong
nghiep d rwidc m i n h : tCf cho phat t r i e n c^c nganh nghe doi hoi
lao dong re, gian don sang cac nganh doi hoi lao dong c6 ky
thuat cao Do vay, niidc ta cd nguon lao dong doi dao va re, c6 the
la dia ban hap dan de dau tiT do'i vdi cac ASEAN
+ Hoat dong dich vu dang dugc md rgng vCfa mang t i n h chat
truyen thong viia mang tinh chat hien dai tao nen nhieu dong liic
hgp tac va thu hut nguon dau tif niidrc ngoai
Tong hoa cac dieu kien noi tren, Viet Nam dugc danh gia la mot
t h i trijgng day trien vong, c6 kha nSng thu hiit dau tii cua nhi^u
n\J6c khu vgc Dong Nam A
-210-Ni^<5c ta phat trien k i n h tetrong dieu k i ^ n vijfa hoTp tac, vu'a c a n h tranh:
+ Sg hgp tac khu vgc la xu the c6 t i n h tat ye'u giCfa c^c nU6c Dong
am A trong yeu cau phat trien nen kinh te Sg hgp tac giufa cac
OLfdfc vdi nhau c6 tac dung tao nen nhijfng dieu kien mdi de' cac nude
cung phat trien Viet Nam trong sg 6.6i mdi nen kinh te tien t r i n h
;jigp tac ngay cang md r g n g v a da phuang hod la rat cAn thig't
+ Sg canh tranh kinh te giSa cac midc la dieu khong tranh khoi,
nhat la cac ntrdc trong khu vgc c6 cac mat hang xuat khau tuong t g
nhau (khoang san, nong san nhiet ddi ) Dpi vdi niidc ta, sg canh tranh nay se quyet liet hon, bdi vi Viet Nam hoi nhap vao t h i trLrdng
khu vgc va quo'c te cham hon, phai c6 thdi gian de doi mdi cong
nghe, nh^m nang cao chat lugng va ha gia thanh san pham
+ Hien nay va trong n h g n g nam sSp tdi nen kinh te niidc ta dang
dufng trifdc nhSng thii thach rat gay gSt ciia n e r i kinh te t h i triidng, trong do kha nang canh tranh ciia san pham hang hoa niidc ta can phai diigc quan tam hang dau
+ Sg khung hoang tien te cua khu vgc trong nhffng nSm gan day
tao nen sg do dg cho cAc nha dau tii V i vay, chinh sdch hgp tAc, dau
t\i can phai mem deo hon so vdi c a c niidc khac trong khu vgc Day
cung la m6t thach thdc trong canh tranh ciia chung ta
+ De tang len kha nSng h g p tac v a canh tranh, niidc ta can phai
CO nhgng giai phap c6 t i n h sach liigc v a chie'n liigc trong do nhflng
|vS'n de Idn can phai diigc quan tam la cac che do chinh sach, cAc
dinh hiidng hgp tac dau tii can diigc thuan Igi v a d i dang hon tren co
sd doc lap chu quyen, hai ben cimg c6 Igi
III KET THUG VAN DE
I Niidc ta vdi nhOng tiem Igc t g nhien, kinh te, xa hoi dang tao r a 'nhSng thuan Igi rat co ban trong sg hoi nhap v ^ hgp tac vdi khu vgc Dong Nam A Sg hgp tac ay dang di§n ra ngay cang tot dep va co
hieu qua nhiing cung dat ra nhflng thdch thdc Idn ma nen kinh te
niidc ta phai vufon len de vi/gt qua
Trang 33
-211-PHU L U C 1
m m
H I / ( 3 N G D A N T H l /C HANH DIA LY
Trong noi dung de thi tuyen sinh vao c^c trtfdng THCN, CD, DH
cdc de thi thiidng c6 cau hoi yeu cau thi sinh thiic hien cac noi dung
thi/c hanh dia ly
Ve ca ban noi dung nay bao gom hai van de chinh la hinh thanh
cac bieu do va cac lugc do ntforc ta v6i cac noi dung dia ly
A V E B I E U D O
• Bieu do hinh cot
• Bieu do difdng
• Bieu do ket hcJp cot va di/cfng
• Bieu do hinh tron
• Bieu do mien
• Bieu do rcfi
II PHl/ONG PHAP THE HIEN CAC LOAI BIEU DO:
1 Bieu do hinh cot:
a) Bieu do hinh cot dan:
+ Thiicfng diing de the hien cac so lieu la cac dinh liigng tuyet doi,
hoac CO the la so' lieu tifOng doi (%)
+ Suf dung true toa do:
OX: the hien chuoi thfcfi gian, dia diem Luu y: tren true nay khoang
cdeh eua cac thod gian phai chinh xac (n&'u la c6 ehuoi thcfi gian)
OY: thirdfc do cua gia t r i phai ve (vi du: nghin tan, trieu ha ),
khung thiTdfc do nay bao gicr cung phai lorn hcfn so' lieu (Wn nhat)
53,7
41,9
30,2
19,6 15,6
i
b) Bieu do hinh cot gop nhom:
+ Bieu do n^y dung de the hien nh6m noi dung c6 lign quan cua ' m6t tinh hinh dia ly Cdch thiic hien nhii bieu do cot dcfn nhung c6
cAc cot lien ke nhau
+ Thi du: Bieu do ve gia tri san liicmg liia phfin theo vu eiia nUdc ta :
(Dcfn vi : Nghin tan) — I 1
Trang 34c) Bieu do hinh cot chong:
* Chong noi tiep :
+ H i n h t h a i bieu d6 n a y dung de t h e h i e n cac so' lieu cua m o t tong
t h e theo m o t chuoi thcfi g i a n , hoac ciia d i a diem
+ Thi du: Bieu do the hien san lutttig lua cac vu trong nam theo so lieu sau:
4110,4 4717,5 4910,3 5633,1 5629,6 6500,8 6878,5 6549,8
7269 8116,1 7526,9 8167,8 7394,7 7726,3 7308,7 7787,5
J
-214-25.000 • 20.000-15.000-10.000- 1
m San lucrng lua chiem xuan '
• San lifgtng lua he t h u
• San luong lua mua
* Chong tic gd'c tog do :
+ H i n h t h a i bieu do n a y sijf dung de t h e h i e n t i n h p h a n t i c h ciia cac sir k i e n d i a l y
+ Thi du: Bieu do t i suat s i n h , t i suat tuf, t i suat gia t a n g d a n so"
nxidc t a theo so' l i e u :
(Ddn vj : %) Thcfi k y Ty suat s i n h Ty suat tuf Ty suat g i a t a n g
8,0 6,0
19;)M!)6I1 I«(i5-l!l7ri U)8il-1991) 1!)7II-1 !Pft9 Th&i ky
Trang 35* Ghi chu : Bieu do cot c6n dtigc the h i e n theo h i n h thuTc t h a n h
ngang, h i n h t h a i n a y tao t h u a n Igi t r o n g g h i chii
- Thi du: Bieu do the h i e n t y le t h i e u viec l a m cf nong t h o n cac vung
I Dong Bac Tay Bac Dong bang song Hong
BSC Trung Bp Duyen hai N a m T r u n g Bo
Tay Nguyen Dong N a m Bo Dong bang song Ciifu Long
2 B i e u do du:6rng:
+ L a h i n h t h a i bieu do k h a p h d b i e n thiicfng d u n g de bieu d i l n
m 6 t t i n h h i n h dia ly
+ T r o n g bieu do nay dong t h d i c6 t h e c6 n h i e u di/crng bieu d i e n tuy
theo yeu cau cija so heu
- Thi du: B i e u do di/cfng the h i e n san lucfng lua ca nSm p h a n theo
vu, theo b a n g so" Heu sau:
( D o n v i : N g h i n t a n ) Nam San lUcfng lua San lifong lua San lucfng
chiem xuan he t h u Ilia rnija
10000
9000 8000-:
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
+ L o a i bieu do n a y k h a pho b i e n , t h u d n g diicfc suf d u n g t r o n g cac
A t l a t d i a l y de t h e h i e n ve Itfgng mUa, n h i e t do cua m o t d i a d i e m
- Thi du: B i e u do lufgng mUa v a n h i e t do cua L a t t r o n g m o t
nSm theo so l i e u sau:
Thdng 1 2 3 4 5 6 r 8 9 10 11 12 Nhiet
do (°C) 15,5 16,5 17,0 18,0 20,0 21,0 19,5 20,0 20,0 19,0 17,5 16,0
Ludng tmta (mm)
25 30 50 200 250 200 220 230 320 270 120 50
Trang 36
+ Thuofng de t h e h i e n cac so' h e u c6 gia t r i tifcfng d6'i(%); t r o n g
bieu do n a y v 6 n g t r 6 n t h e h i e n 100%, t o n g hcfp cAc so Ueu % c6 the
la b ^ n g 1 0 0 % h a y chifa du 100%
+ Thiic h i e n bieu do nay can lUu y cac yeu cau:
- T h e h i e n cAc t y le ciia t i f n g n p i dung n e n theo chieu k i m dong
ho, dau t i e n tii t i a 12 gicf, neu c6 n h i e u bieu do ( d i i n t a s i i t a n g giam
cua m o t v a n de d i a l y qua n h i e u thcfi gian) t h i cung p h a i t u a n t h u
theo quy lidc
- M 6 i n o i d u n g p h a i c6 m o t k y hieu r i e n g (neu c6 n h i e u bieu do
di§n t a sif t a n g g i a m ciia m o t v a n de d i a l y qua n h i e u t h d i gian) t h i
cung p h a i t u a n t h i i theo quy lidc k y hieu cija tCtog n o i dung
- Cach t i n h t i le ciia so lieu so v d i goc cua v o n g t r o n : 1 % = 3,6"
n g a n h k i n h te ) cua m o t chuoi t h d i gian
* B i e u do m i e n difgc thiic h i e n theo h a i h i n h t h a i :
» + T h e h i e n so lieu l a nhflfng gia t r i tuyet doi:
- K h i do bieu do c6 m o t m i e n t r o n g or p h a n t r e n bieu do, neu do l a
^cac so lieu d a n t a n g l e n theo thcfi gian
W - Thi du: Bieu do th e h i e n san lUcfng lu a ca n a m ciia niidc t a
^ p h a n theo vu theo so heu sau:
I
Trang 37
-219-(Dan vi : Nghin tan)
+ Bieu do mien vdfi so' lieu la cac giA t r i ttfong doi:
- Trong bieu do nay khong c6 mien trong
- Thi du: Bieu do d i l n ta sU thay doi ty trong cac nganh kinh
te nam 1985 - 1990 - 1995 - 1999 cua ntfdc ta theo so Heu (%):
* Ghi chu: C i n phai biet rang doi vdi mot bang so lieu the hien
cac t i le gi^ t r i theo mot chuoi thcfi gian cua mot co cau khong nhat thiet phai ve hinh thai bieu do mien ma c6 the ve theo h i n h thai bieu do hinh tron
Vdri t h i du tren c6 the ve boh bieu do vong tron nhif sau:
1995 1999 ;
i \ I.ftm • S K I /
Trang 38
-221-6 B i e u do rofi:
+ Hinh thai bieu do nay de the hien nhieu noi dung ciaa mot tinh
hinh dia ly ma cac loai hinh thai bieu do khac khong the hien difgc
vi no CO qua nhieu dCf lieu
+ Thi du: Bieu do the hien sii thay doi thuf bac cua trong ca cau
cong nghiep nu'dc ta, (1 la cao nhat, 19 la thap nhat)
San xuat cac loai san pham
Trang 39-223-B LI /0C D O V I E T N A M
I YEU CAU
De t h i thiJcfng c6 mot cau yeu cau t h i sinh phai thifc hien luge do Viet Nam v6i nhOfng noi dung dia ly, de thiic hien yeu cau nay can
phai giai quyet dugc hai viec sau:
+ H i n h thanh duac hinh the lurgc do Viet Nam
+ Ghi dugc trong luge do cac noi dung ma de yeu cau
II PHl/ONG PHAP THL/C HIEN
1 Ve h i n h the Ividc do Vi^t Nam:
a) Phuang phdp hinh thank khung hinh the lugc do Viet Nam:
Co nhieu phiJcrng phdp nhiing nen chon phiiong phap don gian nhat de d§ thuc hien ma vSn dam bao diigc sii chinh xac
Di/di day la hinh ve khung lanh tho ciia liigc do de tham khao:
- Khung 1: Cac diem va difcfng noi de tao hinh:
Trang 40
-224 Khung 2: P h d t thao h i n h the lUgrc do nUdc t a :
io;* 1 0 A - 1 0 8 - 1O0" iio*«
b) Cdc yen cdu ve ngi dung luge do:
+ H i n h d a n g cua lifcrc do ti/cfng ddi c h i n h xdc, dai b ^ n g chieu dai
-226-+ C^c noi dung phai ve t r o n g liTcfc do can du vh ro, mSi noi dung c6
mgt k y hieu rieng De d i thufc h i e n cac noi dung nay nen h i n h t h a n h
trtfcfc bang g h i chu, bang nay bao gom cac loai npi dung vk k y hieu cua
tiftig ri6i dung, sau dSy la t h i du cua mot lufcfc do de t h a m khao
Ltfoc do p h a n bo' k h o a n g san k i m loai den cua niXdc t a :
• 1 6 - U J , * * " ^ • •