Noi khac d i , hoc Hoa khong can phai hoc thuoc long, khong can phai nhcr nhieu nhiJng dieu ma chi can qua suy luan c6 the de dang nhan ra chung chang han trong mot nhom A k h i di tCf
Trang 1K600T ThS.NGUYEN DINH DO
GIAI Q U Y E T
NHA X U A T B A N D A I HOC QUOC GIA H A NOI
Trang 2THS.NGUYIN DilMH DO
GIAI Q U Y E T NHANH GON
DE THI D A I HOC
mon
THI/ ViEN TJNHBIMH TMUAN
NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI
Trang 3Cac em hoc sinh than men
De lam tot bai t h i Dai hoc la mong muon cua tat ca cac em trong cac mua t h i Doi v(5i mon Hoa, day lai la van de bijfc thiet Idn, v i le noi dung de
thi Hoa trai dai ca ba khoi 10; 11; 12 khien klioi lifgrng kien thijfc di/cfng
nhii la ca mot bien trofi menh mong, vo tan
That ra, Hoa hoc la mon hoc rat nhe nhang ne'u cae em biet hoc c6 phqo'ng phap, v i le tat ca phan ufng hoa hoc hay t i n h chat hoa hoc cua cac chat deu dUofc xac dinh thee cac qui luat Do do van de la nam dtfOc cac qui luat nay t h i ta deu c6 the de dang diT doan t i n h chat hoa hoc mot chat, hay
de dang viet ra san pham phan ijfng giffa cac chat ma khong can phai hoc thuoc san pham nhir cac em lam tiio'ng bay lau nay Noi khac d i , hoc Hoa khong can phai hoc thuoc long, khong can phai nhcr nhieu nhiJng dieu ma chi can qua suy luan c6 the de dang nhan ra chung (chang han trong mot
nhom A k h i di tCf tren xuong difdi t h i ban k i n h nguyen tii" cac nguyen to bat
buoc phai tang dan, do'n gian v i so Idp electron cua nguyen tuf cac nguyen to nay tang dan)
Nguyen tSc hoc Hoa la the, tuy vay neu khong c6 ky thuat lam bai t h i trac nghiem khach quan t h i diem so' se khong nhii y so v(5i thiic life Do la thifc te ma bat cuf hoc sinh nao cung c6 the nhan ra, va day chinh la ly do
ra ddi ciia tap sach nay
Chuc cac em t i m thay niem vui trong hoc tap, va nhat la phai dat diftfc ket qua my man nhat trong t h i cuf
Tac gia
Nguyin Dlnh 06
3
Trang 4O C H L T d N G I
KY THa6T Gl^l DE THI TR^C NGHIEM
Mot dieu khong the phu nhan la du ndm rat chSc cac kien thijTc trong sach giao khoa, nhieu t h i sinh vSn khong the giai quyet tron ven cac cau hoi trong cac de t h i Dai hoc Mot thqc te la da so cac cau trSc nghiem ly thuyet cung nhif bai tap ma t h i sinh xem la rSc roi, d i bi mat diem trong cac de t h i , hoac cac cau ma t h i sinh con mii mcr hay ma ho ve hqdng giai lai c6 the giai quyet rat tot bang phtfang phap loai triT
Vay the nao la phqang phap loai trif? De de h i n h dung, h-ay xem mot v i du sau khong lien quan den Hoa hoc:
Trong so cac nhiem ky long thong My tie xUa den nay, vi tong thong duy nhdt doc than den cud'i dai Id:
A Bill Clinton B Jone F Kennedy
C James Buchanan D Abraham Lincoln
Dap an dung cho cau hoi tren la C (James Buchanan) Nhiftig ro rang, cau
tra Idi nay khong phai xuat phat iii sii hieu biet ve than the James Buchanan,
vi vi tong thong thijf 15 ciia Hop chung quoc Hoa ky nay la mot ten tuoi kha xa
la vdri chung ta Cach lam d day la dung phqang phap loai trif: Trifdc tien loai triT Bill Clinton v i han chiing ta con nh6 hai vg chong tong thong B i l l Clinton
ti/ng CO chuyen ghe tham Viet Nam (nam 2000) Tiep theo, tong thong Jone F
Kennedy cung nam trong danh sach loai trii, vi vu am sat ong vao nam 1963
tai thanh pho' Dallas, tieu bang Texas k h i dang cung phu nhan tham vieng tieu bang nay, la mot sii kien chan dong the gidi thcfi do va hien nay c6 le khong ai khong biet Cuo'i cung, loai trCf not Abraham Lincoln do cupc hon nhan day bait hanh ciia v i tong thong nay da dqcfc ghi lai qua kha nhieu giai thoai
Ro rang James Buchanan phai la sii liia chon cuo'i cung!
Chung ta tiep tuc xem mot v i du c6 le gan gui hon v i du tren, va van la mot
vi du khong lien quan den Hoa hoc:
Hoa iCac Gidp Than hay con c6 ten Hoa uac Patenotre (Pa-ta-not), Id hoa Udc cuo'i Cling nha Nguyen ky vai thuc dan Phap Hoa Uac Gidp Than dugc ky vdo nam ndo ditai day?
A 194S B 1789 C 1752 D 1884
Khong dijng cong thufc doi nam duong lich sang nam am lich, ro rang phai
loai trii nam 1948, v i trieu dai riEa Nguy§n ket thuc k h i vua Bao Dai tuyen bo'
thoai v i , trao an kie'm cho dai dien chinh phu Viet nam dan chii cong hoa vao
nam 1945 Cung nhanh chong loai trii nam 1789, v i day la nam vua Quang
Trung keo quan ra Thang Long tieu diet quan Thanh Luc nay trieu dai nha
Trang 5chtfa diigc
t.hie't lap, v
i ch
i kh
n
Anh mcri
x Lf ng
ngoi vua, la
n hi f
tren, loa
i trC
r nS
m 1752,
g na
m 1802)
Vay liia
chon cuo'i cun
g pha
i l
a D (nam 1884)
Bay gid
,
ta bat ta
Co 3 ancol sau:
do soi cda 3
ancol tren theo chieu
til trdi sang phdi
la:
A (II); (I); (III)
sinh lung tun
cua 2 ancol don
g phan, c
C
k ho ng
the c6
n hi et
do so
i cao
h an
n nhan
h chon
g tim dtfcJc da
gSm AgNOs
vd Cu(N03 )2 Sau
khi cac phan ring
xdy ra hoan toan,
thu dugc dung dich
X gom hai mudi
vd chat rdn Y
gom hai
kim loai Hai muoi
trong X
vd hai kim loai
trong Y Idn lilat Id:
i Fe
t ro ng
X ne
n sa
u
phan ufng khon
triT
ngay C
vi Cu
t ro ng
t ro ng
t ro ng
X Ro
r an g
g trLfcfn g
hgp na
y d
a to
ro
tfu the
t ro ng
giai tra
c nghiem
!
Can biet the
m ran
g phifcfn
g pha
p loai
g mo
t so' ba
giup
ta loai b
m gam
Al bdng dung dich
HNO3 lodng, thu dugc
5,376
lit (dktc) hSn hgp
khi X gom N2,
N2O vd dung dich
chiia 8m gam mudi.
Tl khoi
cua X
so vdi H2 bdng
18 Gia tri cua
-6
Trang 6r
Rat nhieu hoc sink nhanh chong xdc dinh dugc buac ddu tien d ddy la phdi tim so mol tilng khi Do Id huang di diing! Theo dU kien dd cho, ta cd so mol N2 = so mol NoO = 0,12 mol
Tuy nhien huang di tiep ddi vdi mot so em cd the Id chua ro rang, khi dd ta dung philang phdp loai triC:
Be y rdng tong so mol electron md N*^ dd nhan de too N2 vd
NoO = 0,12.10 + 0,12.8 = 2,16 mol, do do:
Ta cd so mol N2 = sd mol N2O = 0,12 mol
(dkc) Mat khdc, khi cho cung lUgng X tren phdn ling vdi mot lUgng dU dung
andehit trong X Id:
A OHC -CH2-CHO vd OHC- CH2-CH2CHO
Trang 7C CH
s C
- CH
O vd
OHCCH2-CHO
D CH2
=CH-CH0 vd OHC-CHO
truns binh = —
^ = — =
ux •'
nAg =
1 : 3,2 nen phdi loai
t la
d nhCfn
g ca
u l
y thuy
et ha
y b
ai toan m
a
d cr lieu da
cho
la
khon
f t
o r
o la m
ot si
r lii
a cho
n to
et
vi du sau:
X la chat hOu
ca tdc dung vai
Na diC cho so
mol
H2 bay
ra b&ng
so mol NaOH
can diing
de trung hba het
cUng luang
X tren.
Cong thiCc phan tit
r nga
y B v
i CGHMOS khon
g phan tfng di/o
c vcr
i NaO
H2 =
— s
o m
ol Na
o c
6 v
6 so' h6n hop ancol thoa man
de ba
i nen
neu
sa
da
vao gia thie't s
e khong the c6 k
et qua:
Cho hon hap X
gom hai ancol Dot
chdy hodn todn 0,3
mol hSn hap X
thu
dugc 22 gam CO
2 Mat
khdc 0,3 mol X
tdc dung vai Na
dU diiac 5,6 lit
H2 (dkc)
Hai ancol
dd cho Id:
A.
CH3OH vd C2H5OH B.
CH3OH vd C3H6(OH
)2
C.
C2H/OH )2 vd C3HdOH)2 D.
CH3OH vd C3H5(OH
)3
Ta lo
ai tr
if ngay
A, B va
C d
o h6
n hop c6 so
C trun
g binh = so' n
ho
m O
H
trun
g bin
h ^ = 1,66
tren la
C H3 OH
va
C3H5(OH
)3
BA
I T AP A
P D UN
G
1 Ch
o b
ot Mg va Fe vao dun
g dic
h go
m AgN03 va Cu(N03
n toan, th
u difcf
c dung dich
X go
m b
a muo
i va chat ra
m loa
i
Ba muo
i trong
X v
a h
ai ki
m loa
i trong
Y Ia
n li/cf
t la:
A Mg(N03
)2; Fe(N03 )2; Fe(N03
)3 va Fe; Cu
B Cu(N03
)2;
AgNOs; Fe(N03)3
va Ag; Cu
D Mg(N03
)2; Fe(N03 )2; Cu(N03
)2
va Ag; Cu
8
Trang 8Gidi
Ro rang dap an can tim Id D That vdy, ta loai trit ngay A, vi Fe vd Cu trong Y phdi tdc dung vai FefNOsJs trong X nen sau phdn ring khong the thu dugc nhQng chat nhii the; tuang tu Id loai trie ngay B vi Cu trong Y phdi tdc dung vai FefNOsJs vd AgNOs trong X, vd cuoi cung loai trit ngay C vi Cu trong
Y phdi tdc dung vai Fe(N0s )3 trong X Vdy chon D
CO tinh khit yeu nhdt)
Do do di ddng loai trii cdc phitang dn B, C, D vd lua chon dap dn A
Trang 9X + 2NaOH
> 2CH
4 + K2CO3 +
NagCOg
Chat X
la
A CH2(COOK)2
B CH2(COONa)2
C CH3COO
K D CHgCOON
H a
2 ve
Loai trii D
vi Xphdi chiia nguyen
-Gidi
Chii y rdng vai
dang bdi tap nay,
chi can phdt hicn
mot loai
ta trong
niSi
ddy da cho khong
phdi Id
to nhdn tao thi
ta loai trii ngay.
Vdy di ddng loai
trii
A, B,
C vd chon D.
(ta nilon-6,6;
ta capron;
ta vinilon
Id ta tong hap,
con ta
tdni; len
Id ta thien nhien)
-Gidi
Tuang tu nhu can
6 a tren, ta
loai trii ngay A,
B, C
vd chon
D (ta tdm; ta
nitron; ta nilon-6 khong
c6 nguon goc til
(c) Tron
g ca
c hg
p chat, s
p cha
t crom(III) ch
Trong ca
c pha
t bie
u tren, nhijfn
g pha
t bie
u dun
g la:
A (a), (b) v
a (e) B (a), (c) v
a (e) C (b), (d) v
a (e) D (b), (c) v
a (e
)
(Dai hoc
2013 khoi A)
-to
Trang 10Gidi
De y rdng b) Id phdt bieu sai nen loai trie ngay A, C, D (CrO Id oxit baza; CrOs la oxit axit; CrsOs Id oxit liiang tinh) Vay chon B
9 Cho cac chat : caprolactam (1), isopropylbenzen (2), acrilonitrin (3), glyxin
(4), vinyl axetat (5) Cac chat c6 kha nang tham gia phan uTng trung hcfp tao polime la
A (1), (2) va (3) B (1) (2) va (5) C (1), (3) va (5) D (3), (4) va (5)
Gidi
Vi caprolactam (1) cho dugc phan iXng triing hgp, nhitng isopropylbenzen (2)
khong cho dugc phan iCng triing hgp nen loai trit ngay D, A, B Vay chon C
10. Cho can bang hoa hoc sau: 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) < > 2SO3 (k) ; AH < 0
Cho cac bien phap : (1) tang nhiet do, (2) tang ap suat chung cua he phan
ufng, (3) ha nhiet do, (4) diing them chat xuc tac V2O5, (5) giam nong do SO3, (6) giam ap suat chung cua he phan ufng NhOfng bien phap nao lam can bang tren chuyen dich theo chieu thuan?
A (2), (3), (4), (6) B (1), (2), (4)
C (1), (2), (4), (5) D (2), (3), (5)
Gidi Chu y rdng chat xuc tdc (4) khong Idm can bdng chuyen dich nen loai trie
ngay A, B, C Vgy chon D
11. Cho bon dung dich c6 cung nong do mol sau day:
(1) H2NCH2COOH, (2) CH3COOH, (3) CH3CH2NH2 va (4) C2H3COOH
Day xep theo thuf tiT p H tang dan la:
Vi dung dich CH3CH2NH2 c6 moi truang baza nen pH cua dung dich ndy
phdi Ian nhdt trong so 4 dung dich Vgy loai trii A, C
NhiCng dung dich NHoCH^COOH c6 pH xdp xi Id 7, con dung dich CH3COOH phdi CO pH < 7 nen loai trie tiep B Vgy chon D
12. Cho hSn hcfp X gom Fe203, ZnO va Cu tac dung \6i dung dich H C l (diT) thu
di/cfc dung dich Y va phan khong tan Z Cho Y tac dung vc;i dung dich NaOH (loang, du) thu d'Jgc ket ttia:
A Fe(0H)3 va Zn(0H)2 B Fe(0H)2 Cu(0H)2 v^ Zn(0H)2
C Fe(0H)3 D Fe(0H)2 Cu(0H)2
Trang 11Gidi
Phdn khong tan Z
Id Cu con du,
do do khong the
tqo muoi Fe^*, tiic
khong the
cd hidroxit liidng tinh
Zn(0H)2, vdy loqi
tril B.
Do do dap dn
g dic h
C US O4
3 ga
m C 1,7
1 ga
m D 0,9
8 ga
m
(Dai hoc
2013 khoi A)
-Gidi
De y
rdng so mol Ba^*
c6 0,01 mol BaSO^,
chua ke con Cu(0H
loqi trii
B, C,
D Vdy chon A
14.
Cho m gam
rSn
X go
m Mg , F
CUCI2.
Sau kh
i pha
n
ufng xon g
m ho
n
hgp ra
n T Bie
t m > m' Va
y ra
n Z
va T Ian Itfot l
C
u v
a MgO
; FeaOg
Gidi
Can luu
y rdng
Mg c6 tinh
khvC mqnh han Fe
nen Mg
se phdn Ung
trUdc vdi
CuCh Chi khi Mg
phdn iZng het, mdi
tdi lugt
Fe phdn ilng Vdy:
Loqi tril
A, do
Mg con thi Fe
chila phdn ling nen
khong the
cd muoi
sdt
trong dung dich Y,
ddn den
T khong the cd
Fe203
Loqi trii B,-do Mg
ud Fe
phdn
iCng het
thi long khoi liiang
magie oxit
va sdt
oxit
tqo thdnh trong T
phdi Ian hon tdng
khdi liicmg Mg
va Fe ban ddu,
tOc m' > m
Loqi trii
C, do
Fe con trong Z
thi CuCl2phdi het, ddn
den T khong the
Mg, Al, Zn
va F
e va
o dun
g dic h
C uC l2
n Y
va dun
g dic
h Z The
t hie
n ke
t tu
a T Nun
g T den khdi li/dn
y ra
n Y gom:
A Zn , Fe , C
u B Mg
, A
l, Zn , Fe , C
u
C Fe , C
u D Zn
, C
u
Gidi
Chu y rdng thii
tii phdn ling cua
cac kim loqi vdi
dung dich CuCl2 Id
Mg >Al>Zn>
Fe
1 2
Trang 12Vdy:
Loqi trie B, vi dung dich Z khi do chi chiia MgCl2, ddn den W chi Id MgO,
khong phai Id hon hap W nhu de yeu cdu
Loai trie A, vi dung dich Z khi do chiia MgClo vd AICI3, ddn den W ciing chi
Loai trCf A, C v i b a n k i n h nguyen ttf F k h o n g t h e I d n hcfn b a n k i n h nguyen
tuT O ( t r o n g m o t chu k i k h i d i tii t r a i sang p h a i , b a n k i n h n g u y e n tuf g i a m dan)
Ttfcfng t i f nhtf t r e n , l o a i trCf D v i b a n k i n h nguyen tijf Si k h o n g t h e \dn hcfn
ban k i n h nguyen tuf A l
Vay chon B
1 7 X la h o n hop gom a x i t cacboxylic dcfn chufc A v a a x i t cacboxylic n h i chufc B
Dot chay h o a n t o a n 0,15 m o l X can viTa du x m o l O2, sau p h a n ufng t h u dtfcfc
Trang 13i chuf
c B Do
t cha
y
hoan toan 0,25 mo
l X
can visa
du x mol O2 , sa
0 C 0,52
5 D 0,47
5
Gidi
Ta dung bdo todn
oxi de loai tril nhiC sau:
- Loai trie A
vi x = 0,25
, 0,475.
2 + 0,325-0,25.2 = 3, bmn = U trung tni so
1 (vd
- Loai trii B
vi x = 0,35
-n
, i.^
u
0,475.2 + 0,325-0,35.
2 = 2,5(vo bmn = (J trung till so
- Loai trii C
vi x = 0,525
, 0,475.
2 + 0,325-0,525.2 = 0, binn - U trung tni so
B chiCa
20 trong phan tii
nen tuang
tU nhu bdi tren
ta phdi
cd:
1 <:
so O trung binh
MO, MCOH)
^ v
a M CO
, (
M l
a
kim loai c
6 ho
a t
ri khon
g doi ) tron
i (dktc ) v
a dun
g dic
h Y chi chi'r
la
A M
g B C
u D Z
n D C
a
(Dai hgc
2013 khoi B)
-Gidi
Vi dung dich Y
chi chiia mot chat
tan duy nhdt nen
H2SO4 dd ddng vita
phdp loai trtt nhii
sau: ^
- Loai trie B
vi M
Id Cu cho ta
he:
80a + 98b + 124c =
24
a H
- b + c = 0,
22,4
14
Trang 14- Loai trii C vi M Id Zn cho ta he:
Liiu y: Co the khong can dung da kien so gam hdn hap la 24 gam ud gidi
nhanh nhu sau:
Ggi a, b, c Idn lugt Id so mol MO, MCOH)^ vd M C O , , ta c6 he:
100.39,2 ^
a + b + c = = 0,4
100.98 1,12
= 0,05 22,4
( M + 96)(a + b + c)100
Af = 24 (Mg)
= 39,41
24 + 1 0 0 - 4 4 C
dirge 22,4 l i t k h i CO2 (dkc) M a t khac 0,3 m o l X tac dung \6\a d i i di/gc 5,6
l i t H2 (dkc) H a i ancol da cho la:
A CH3OH; C2H5OH B CH3OH; C3H6(OH)2
C C2H4(OH)2; C3H5(On).3 D CH3OH; C2H4(OH)2
- Loai trie A (c6 so nhom OH trung binh Id 1)
- Loai trie B (c6 so nhom OH trung binh khac so C trung binh)
- Loai trii: C (c6 2 < so C trung binh < 3)
Vdy chgn D
15
m
Trang 15a chuf
c este) tron
B
C9 H1 4O 4
C
C4 H4 O4
D
C4 H8 O4
Gidi
Can phdi hieu rdng
ancol HOCH=CHOH khong ben
dd chuyen thdnh
andehit glycolic HOCH2CHO Do
dd este
E phdi
cd dang RCOOCH=CHOOCR,
tiic E phdi cd
so C chdn (loai
trit A, B)
Mat khdc vai cong
thicc RCOOCH=CHOOCR thi E
D) Vqy chon C
i ho
a X
bang
CuO tao hcf
i nho
m OH lien ke
a nho
m CH
-Gidi
Trilac het loai trii
A vi
so mol CO2 nhd
han so mol H2O
nen X
Id ancol
no,
khong lam mat mdu
nicac brom
Tiep tuc loqi trii
D vi hidrat hoa
anken duqc ancol dan
chiic no khong cd
khd ndng hoa tan
Cu(0H )2
Cadi ciing loqi trii
C vi
X chdy tqo 0,4
mol CO2 vd
0,5 mol H2O nen
X cd
4C
trong phdn tit Ancol
da chiic
cd 4C trong phdn
ti2 khong the cd
3 nhom -CH3
c ch
o 0,
3 mo
l X tac dun
n ufng Ha
i andehi
t d
a ch
o la:
A HCHO
; CH3CHO
B CH3CHO
; C2H3CHO
C HCHO
; (CH0)2
D HCHO
; CH2(CHO)2
Gidi
,
- "co, 1 C trung cd so hap X rang hon Be y
binh =
^ = = 1,6
6 =
so lien ket n
^ 6 nen: = 1,6 —^ = - trung bmh
"hh
16