ôn luyện kiens thức kỹ năng làm bài thi hóa học

Oxit baza la nhung oxit tac dung vdri axit tao thanh mu6'i va H2O.. Oxit licdng tinh la nhung oxit vira tac dung vdi axit vCra tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh muoi va nuorc.. Phan loqi Dua

7-'»'"

1 NGUYfeN Htru T H A C - T R A N N G O C T H A N G - NGUYfeN H O A l NAM

ON KIEN THUrc LUYEN Kl NANG LAM BAI

LOI NOI DAU

Cuon sach "On Men thitc - Luyen Id nang lam bai (Theo chudn kien tMc)

- Hod hoc 9" nham giiip cac em hoc sinh lop 9 nam chac kidn thiic va nang cao ki

nang giai bai tap Hoa hoc thu6c chuong trlnh Idp 9, trong d6 c6 chii y nhilu den ki nang lam bai tap trac nghiem

N6i dung cuon sach gom 4 phSn:

PHANI - ON TAP THEO CHUAN KJEN TfflJC

Phan nay trlnh bay tom tat nhung tdng hop toan bo kien thiic Hoa hoc cua sach giao khoa Idp 9 theo chuong trinh cai each ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao, nham giiip em hoc sinh on tap nhanh va nam kien thiic sau hon

PHAN II - LUYEN KI N A N G THEO CHUAN KIEN THirC

A Cau hoi va bai tap

G6m nhi^u bai tap trac nghiem va bai tap tu luan, giiip hoc sinh nang cao

ki nang van dung kie'n thiic di, giai bai tap, nhat la giai bai tap trac nghiem (each

chon dap an diing va nhanh nhat)

B Huong dan tra 161 cau lioi va giai bai tap

Cac em hoc sinh chi sir dung phan nay sau khi da tra loi cac cau hoi va

giai cac bai tap b phSn A de' ki^m tra kie'n thiic va ki nang cua minh, tii do b6

sung nhung kid'n thiic va ki nang eon thieu

PHAN III - Gl6l THIEU MOT SO DE KIEM TRA , ^,

I De kiem tra 15 phut

II De kiem tra 45 pliiit

PHAN IV - Gldl THIEU DE THI HOC SINH GIOI L(3P 9 - MON HOA HOC

Hi vong rang cuOn sach nay se giiip ieh nhi^u cho cac em hoc sinh 6n tap

va ren luyen ki nang de chudn bi t6't cho ki ki^m tra cu6'i hoc ki va cu6'i nam Chiing t6i ra't mong nhan dupe nhirng y kie'n dong gop xay dung cua ban

doe d^ \in xua't ban sau cu6n sach dupe hoan thien hon

Xin tran trpng cam crn!

CAC TAC GIA

.:;o fi^/ ±iU Gri'I:; mki (' qUi ilm.- '.K^

a) Theo tinh chdt hod hoc cua oxit: Chia thanh b6'n loai oxit;

Oxit axit la nhiJng oxit tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh mu6'i va HjO

Oxit baza la nhung oxit tac dung vdri axit tao thanh mu6'i va H2O

Oxit licdng tinh la nhung oxit vira tac dung vdi axit vCra tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh muoi va nuorc

Oxit trung tinh (con goi la oxit kh6ng tao mu(5i) la nhiJng oxit khdng

tac dung vdi nude, axit va baza Thi du: CO, NO

b) Theo thanh phdn nguyen to tao oxit: Chia thanh hai loai oxit:

Oxit kim loai: Nguyen to tao oxit la kim loai ' '

Oxit phi kim: Nguyfin to' tao oxit la phi kim I

2 Ten goi

Cdch 1: Ten oxit = Ten nguyen td tao oxit (kem hoa tri vdi nguyen td cd

nhilu hoa tri) + oxit i-v'^x^ n>;' / > - • • ,.,1 •

Thi du: FcjO,: Sat(in) oxit

Cdch 2: Diing t i l n td mono (la mot), di (la hai), tri (la ba) di chi sd nguyen tit cua mdi nguyen td trong phan tiJ oxit

Thi du: N j O , : Dinita pentaoxit (penta la nam)

Cdch 3: Ddi vdi oxit axit con cd ten goi la anhidrit ciia axit tu<mg iJng

Thi du: SO,: Anhidrit sunfuric (axit tircfng ling la HjSO^)

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit bazo

- Tdc dung vdi oxit axit: Tao thanh mudi Thi du: •

CaO + SO, ^CaSO, ' •

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mudi va nude Thi du:

MgO + H C l M g C l ^ + H^O

- Tdc dung v&i nucfc: M 6 t sO' oxit bazcf tac dung duoc vdi nudc, tao thanh

dung dich baza r/i/<iM.•

N a 2 0 + H 2 0 ^ 2 N a O H

4 TTnh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit exit

-Tdc dungvdi oxit bazcf:laoXhmhmu6i.Thi du:

C O ^ + C a O - ^ C a C O j

- Tdc dung vdi nuac: Da s6' oxit axit tac dung dugc vdi nude, tao thanh axit

Thi du: P^O, + SH^O -> 2H3PO,

- Tdc dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i va niidrc Thi du:

SO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaSOj + H^O

5 Tinh chdt cua oxit laong tinh

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i va nirdfc Thi du:

AI2O3 + 6HC1 ^ 2 A I C I 3 + 3H2O

- Tdc dung vdi baza kiem: Tao thanh mu6'i va nude Thi du:

A i p , + 2 N a O H 2 N a A 1 0 2 + H^O

II MOT SO OXIT QUAN TRONG

1 Conxi oxit (CaO)

- L a cha't ran, mau trang, nong chay b nhiet d6 rat cao CaO hut nude ra't

manh, nen dung lam kho m6t s6' cha't k h i

- L a oxit bazo: Tac dung vdi nudc, vdi axit va oxit axit

- San xua't CaO: N u n g da vdi (CaCOO trong 16 v d i :

CaCOj — ^ Cao + CO^ t

2 Lau huynh dioxit (SO2)

- L a chat k h i k h o n g m a u , m u i hac, nang hem k h o n g k h i SO2 hoa l o n g

6 -10"C , hoa ran b - 7 3 " C

- L a o x i t axit: Tac dung v d i nudc, v d i baza va o x i t bazcf

- D i e u c h e k h i S 0 2 :

Trong phong thi nghiem: TiT mudi sunfit va tijr axit HjSO^dae, ndng

Na^SO, + H^SOJoang - > Na^SO, + SO^ t + H^O

Dua vao thanh phSn phan tir, axit duac chia thanh hai loai:

- Axit khong co oxi: H C l , H j S , HBr

- Axit CO oxi: HN03,H2S04,H2C03

2 Ten gpi

- Axit khong co oxi: Ttn axit = A x i t + ten phi k i m + hidric

Thi du: H C l : A x i t clohidrie

- Axit CO nhieu nguyen /«" oxi: T^n axit = A x i t + ten phi k i m + ic

Thi du: H 2 S O 4 : A x i t sunfuric

- Axit CO it nguyen tic oxi: T6n axit = A x i t + t6n phi k i m + cf

r/z/JM; H 2 S O 3 : A x i t sunfuror ,

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua axit

- A x i t lam ddi mau quy t i m thanh do

- Nhieu k i m loai hoat ddng tac dung vdi axit, tao thanh mud'i va giai

phong ^iW^.Thidu:

Z n + 2 H C l - > Z n C l 2 + H 2 1

Rieng axit nitric H N O , va axit H2S04dac tac dung vdi hSu he't eae k i m

loai (trilr platin Pt va vang A u ) , tao thanh mud'i nhimg khong gidi phong khi H^

- Tac dung vdi baza va oxit baza, tao thanh mud'i va nirde

- Dua vao t m h chat hoa hoc, axit duac phan thanh 2 loai:

Axit mgnh n h u HCl,HN03,H2S04loang

Axit ye'u n h u H2S,H2C03,H2S03

IV MpT SO AXIT QUAN TRONG

1 Axit clohidrie (HCl)

- K h i hidro clorua H C l tan trong nudc tao thanh dung dich axit clohidrie

- A x i t clohidrie ed nhimg tinh cha't chung ciia axit: L a m ddi mau quy t i m

thanh do Tac dung vdi: k i m loai, baza, oxit baza va mudi, tao thanh mudi clorua

2 Axitsunfuric (HjSOJ

" " - La chat long sanh, kh6ng mau, nang hon nuorc, tan nhieu trong nudrc va

toa nhiSt

- Axit sunfuric lodng: Co tinh chat gi6'ng axit clohidric

- Axit sunfuric dqc: Co nhOtig tinh chat hoa hoc rifing:

+ Tac dung voi kim loai: Axit H2SO4 dac, nong tac dung vdi tát ca cac kim

loai (trii platin Pt va vang Au) tao thanh mudi sunfat va khong gidi phong khi H2

+ Tinh hdo nuac: Hiit nu6c rát manh nen dung lam khd khi im, lam khan

cac mudi hidrat

Gay hien tucfng than hoa cac hop chat hiru cor Thi du: Axit H 2 S O 4 dac

biS'n dudng thanh than:

C12H22Q.1 ) I 2 C + IIH2O

3 San xudt axit sunfuric

- Trong cdng nghiSp, axit sunfuric dupe san xuát bang phuong phap tiep

xiic tir nguyen lieu la luu huynh (S) hay quang pirit (FeS2)

- Cac cdng doqn san xudt:

+ San xuát khi SO2:

Ddt S hoac quang pirit: S + '° > SỘ

Hoac 4FeS2 +1 lOj ^ 2Fe203 + SSÔ t

+ San xuát SO3: 2SO2 + O2 y > 2SO3

+ San xuát axit sunfuric: SO3 + H2O H2SO4

4 Nhqn biet axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat

- Dung thudc thu la mudi bari (BaCl2 hay BăN03)2), nhan biét axit

H2SO4 va mudi sunfat bang két tua BaS04 mau trdng

Na2S0, + BaCl2 -> BaSO, i + 2NaCl

- Phan biet axit H 2 S O 4 va muoi sunfat bang quy tim (chi c6 axit la do quy tim)

V BAZO

Baza la hap chat ma phdn ti( c6 mot nguyen tie kim loai lien kei vdi mot

hoac nhieu nhom hidroxit (-OH)

1 Phan loqi

Dua vao tinh tan trong mdc cm bazo, chia thanh hai loai:

- Baza tan duac trong nude (gpi la bazokiem): NaOH,BăOH)2

- Baza khong tan trong nude (gpi la bazp khdng tan): Cu(0H)2,

Fe(OH)3

2 Ten gpi , H'iUr^'

Ten bazo = Ten kim loai (hoa tri) + hidroxit ,

Thidu: Fe(OH)3: Sat(III) hidroxit

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc c u a bazo

chuy^n thanh mau dọ

- Tac dung vdi axit - Phan ling trung hoa: ,^

Cu(OH)2 + H 2 S O , ^ CUSO4 + 2 H 2 O

- Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi oxit axit, tao thanh mudi va nudẹ

- Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va

bazP m d i Thi du:

Bă0H)2 + NajSÔ -> BaSO, i + 2NaOH

- B a z P khdng tan b i nhiet phan tao oxit bazo v a nudẹ Thi du:

2Fe(OH)3 ^ ^ F e 2 0 3 + 3H2O

VỊ IVIOT SO BAZO QUAN TRONG

1 Natrl hidroxit (NaOH)

- La chát ran khdng mau, hiit am manh, tan nhieu trong nude, an mdn da (do vay cd ten la xiit an da)

- Cd My dii tinh chát ciia bazo ki^m: Lam xanh quy tim, tac dung vdi

a x i t , oxit axit tao thanh mudi va nudẹ Tac dung vdi mdt sd dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va b a z a mdị Thi du: -th h •^•mi m ««t)J> ofjJ

3NaOH + F e C l 3 - > Fe(0H)3 ^ + 3 N a C l

- San xuat NaOH: Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa cd mang ngan:

2NaCl + 2 H 2 0 ^ ! = _ > 2 N a O H + CI2 t + H2 t

2 Canxi hidroxit (CăOH)2)

- La chat ran mau trang, it tan trong nudẹ Dung dich bdo hod Că0H)2

trong nude goi Id nicdc voi trong

- Canxi hidroxit cd day du nhung tinh chát ehung cua mdt bazạ

3 Thang pH

Di bidu thi đ axit hoac dp baza ciia dung dich ngudi ta dung thang pH

- Nude cát (nude tinh khiet) va cac dung djch trung tinh cd pH = 7

- Dung dich baza cd pH > 7: pH cang Idn, luc baza cang manh

- Dung dich axit cd pH < 7: pH cang nhd, luc axit cang manh

V I I M U O l

Mndi la hop chat ma phdn tu: gom mot hay nhieu nguyen tvc kim loai lien

kit v&i mot hay nhieu goc axit

1 Phdnloqi

Dira vao thanh phan phan i\x, mu6'i duoc chia thanh hai loai:

- Muoi tiling hod: Trong g6'c axit kh6ng c6 nguydn i\x hidro c6 t h ^ thay

the' bang nguyen tir k i m loai Thi du: K^SO^, Na^CO,, FeCl^

- Muoi axit: Trong g6'c axit con nguyfin i\x hidro c6 t h ^ thay the bang

nguyen tijf k i m loai. r / j i J M - Na2HP04, K H S O , , CaCHCOj)^

2 Ten gpi cua muoi

Ten mu6'i = ten k i m loai (hoa tri) + ten g6'c axit

r/H JM.-Fe^CSOJj: Sat(III) sunfat

CaCHCOj)^: Canxi hidrocacbonat

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Tac dung vdi k i m loai: Tao thanh mu6'i m6\a k i m loai m6\ Thi du:

Z n + 2 A g N 0 3 Z n ( N O , \ 2 A g 4^

- Tac dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i m d i va axit m d i Thi du:

A g N O , + H C l A g C l i + H N O 3

- Tac dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i m d i va bazo m d i Thi du:

Na^CO, + Ca(0H)2 ^ CaCO, i + 2 N a O H

- Tac dung vdi mud'i: Tao thanh hai mu6'i m d i Thi du:

BaCl^ + Na^SO, ^ BaSO, i + 2NaCl

- Phan ung phan huy: Nhi^u mu6'i bi phan huy b nhiet d6 cao Thi du:

2Cu(N03)2 — ^ 2CuO + 4NO2 t + O2 t CaCOj — ^ CaO + CO2 t

4 TTnh tan

- TSit ca cac mu6'i nitrat d^u tan

- Cac mu6'i clorua thucmg gap d i u de tan, trCr A g C l , PbGl2

- Trong s6 cac mu6'i cacbonat, chi c6 mu6'i cacbonat cua k i m loai kiem

tan trong nu6c Cac mu6'i cacbonat axit (hidrocacbonat) d^u de tan

VIII P H A N Q N G T R A O 061

1 Ojnh nghla

Phan ung trao ddi la phan ling hoa hoc, trong do hai cha't tham gia phan

iJng trao ddi thanh phan vdi nhau d^ tao ra nhung hop chat mdri Thi du:

Ba(N03 \ Na^CO, - » BaCO, i + 2 N a N 0 3

2 Oieu kien de xay ra phan tmg trao ddi

Phan ling trao doi trong dung dich xay ra k h i san ph^m tao thanh c6 chd't

dibay hoi hogc chdt khong tan (tao thanh ke't tiia)

IX PHAN BON HOA HOC

Phdn bon hod hoc Id nhifng muoi vd ca, trong thanh phdn co chifa mot trong cdc nguyen to: nita (N), photpho (P), kali (K) hoac chiia d6ng thcri ba

nguyen t6' tren

Nhung phan bon hoa hoc thucmg diing la phan bon dan va phan bon kep

1 Phan bon don

Phan bon dan chi chira 1 trong 3 nguyen to dinh duang chi'nh la: dam (N),

lan (P), hoac kali (K) - v - V i n ' r ^ t

- Phdn dam (chiia nita): Ure ( C O ( N H 2 ) 2 ) , amoni nitrat ( N H ^ N O , ) ,

amoni sunfat ((NHJ^SO^)

- Phdn Idn (chiia photpho): Photphat t u nhien (Ca3(P04)2), supephotphat

don iCa(H^PO^\ CaSO,), supephotphat kep (CaiU^PO,)^)

-Phdn kali: KC1,K2S04

2 Phan bon kep 0 '

Phan bon kep chiia hai hoac ca ba nguyen t6' dinh duang 1^ N , P, K

Thi du: Phan N P K (chiia ba nguyen t6' dinh dirong), phan amophot la h6n

hop cac m u o i NH^H^PO, va ( N H J ^ H P O , (chiia N v a P )

3 Phan vi iupng

Chiia luang rat nho cac nguyen t6' hoa hoc dudi dang hgfp cha't

Chirong 2 KIM LOAI

•

I TINH CHAT VAT LI

- Tinh cha't vat If dac tnmg nha't cua kim loai la: deo, dSn di6n, dfin nhiet

tot (Ag dan dien t6t nha't roi den Cu, A l , Fe ), c6 anh kim

- 6 dieu kien thudng, kim loai t6n tai d trang thai ran (tinh the), trCr Hg cf

trang thai long

- Nhiet do nong chay rat khac nhau: t'^^(Hg) = -30"C, t",(W) = 3410"C

D6 cung cua kim loai cung rat khac nhau

- Ngu6i ta con phan bi6t: kim loai den (Fe, Mn, Cr) va kim loai mdu (g6m

cac kim loai con lai)

II TINH CHAT HOA HOC

1 Tac dung v6l phi kim

Oxi Oxit kim loai Kim loai + \o -> Muoi clorua

[Luai huynh -> Mu6'i sunfua

2 Tac dung v6i hidro

Chi CO kim loai kiem va kiem tho phan ung vdfi tao thanh hop cha't

hidrua kim loai kh6ng ben, d6 bi thuy phan Thi du:

2Na + ^ 2NaH (natri hidrua) NaH + H 2 0 - > N a O H + H2 t

3 Tac dung v6i nude

- O nhiet do thudng: Kim loai ki^m va ki^m th6 phan ung vdi H j O ,

Thi du: Ca + 2Y{f> Ca(0H)2 + 0 ^ 1

- U nhiet do cao: Nhung kim loai dung trudrc hidro trong day hoat dong

hoa hoc phan ung vdi Thi du:

Fe + H j O — ^ F e O + H j t

4 Tac dung v6i axit

- Tac dung vai axit thudng: Nhung kim loai dung tru6c hidro phan ung

voi axit, tao ra mu6'i va gidi phong H2^

- Tac dung vdi axit nitric HNO3 vd axit sunfuric H^O^ ddc, nong: HSu he't

cac kim loai phan ung (trir vang Au va platin Pt), khong gidi phong Hj Thi du:

Cu + 2H2SO4 (dac) ^ CUSO4 + S 0 2 t + 2H2O

Zn + 4HNO3 (dac) -> Zn(N03)2 + SNOjt + 2H2O

5 Tac dung v6i dung djch kiem

Nh6m va kem la hai kim loai hoat d6ng va hidroxit cua chung c6 tinh

ludng tinh, c6 th^ tac dung vdri dung dich ki^m Thi du:

2A1 + 2KOH + 2H2O ^ 2KAIO2 + 3H2t ^ ;

6 Kim loqi mqnh day kim logi yeu ra khoi hop chdt

- Day ra khoi dung dich muoi Thi du:

Zn + CuSO^ ZnSO^ + Cu 4^

Day ra khoi oxit d nhiet do cao (phan ung nhiet kim loai): Phan ling xay

ra b nhiet d6 cao va toa nhilu nhiet, lam nong chay cac kim loai Thi du:

2A1 + Fe^O, AI2O3 + 2Fe

Phan ling nay thudng duoc diing de di^u che' cac kim loai kho nong chay

7 Day hoqt dong hoa hoc c u a mot so kim loqi

K Na Mg A l Zn Fe Pb H Cu Ag Au Day hoat d6ng hoa hoc ciia m6t so kim loai giam dan

Trong day nay:

- Tijr trai sang phai, d6 hoat d6ng cua kim loai giam dSn '

- Chi nhung kim loai dung trudc H moi day dugfc Hj ra khoi dung dich axit

- M6t s(5 kim loai dung dSu day nhu K, Na tac dung duoc vdfi HjO, giai

- Nhom la kim loai nhe, trdng nhu bac, t", = 660° C

- Nh6m rat deo, din dien, dSn nhiet tot De tao thanh hop kim v6i cac kim

loai khac

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Nh6m CO diy du nhung tmh cha't cua kim loai (da neu tren) Dac biet chii

S la: Nhom bi thu dong hoa trong axit HNO3 ddc, ngugi vd trong axit H2SO4 ddc, ngugi

- Tac dung vai phi kim:

4Al + 30^ '° )2Al203

2A1 + 3 S — ^ A l j S j

2AI + 3CI2-^2A1C13

- Tdc dung vcfi H^O: loai bo lop AljO, bao vS, A l tac dung vdi H2O:

2A1 + 6H2O ^ 2Al(OH)3 + t

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Vdi axit thucmg va HNO3 loang, nhdm phan ting manh

Thidu:

2A1 + 3H2SO, ^ A1,(S0,)3 + 1

8A1 + 3OHNO3 (loang) -> SAICNO,), + 3N2O +1 SH^O

- Tdc dnng vcd dung dich kiem, tao thdnh muoi aluminat:

2A1 + 2NaOH + ZH^O ^ 2NaA102 + 3H2 T

- Phdn i(ng day kim logi yeu ra khoi hap chat - Phdn iCng nhiet nhdm:

2Al + 3CuSO, -> Alj (SO, \ 3Cu

8 Al + 3Fe30, 4 Al^O, + 9Fe

- Sat CO tinh nhi§m tiir va khijf tijf nfin duoc diing trong ddng co difin, may

phat di6n va nam cham dien

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Khac vdi nhieu kim loai khac, sat the' hien hai dang hoa tri: hda tri I I va

hoa tri IE (tuy thudc vao di^u kien phan ling)

- Tdc dung vdi oxi: Tao thanh oxit sat tilt:

3Fe + 2O2 — ^ FCjO, (FeCFe^O,)

- Tdc dung vai phi kim: Sat tac dung vdi hSu he't cac phi kim, tao thanh mu6i

Thidu:

2Fe + 3 C l , — ^ 2 F e a 3

- Tdc dung vai nude:

CJ nhiet d6 thudmg: Xay ra cham, tao thanh Fe(OH)2 r6i chuye'n thanh FeO

6 nhiet dd cao (sat ndng do):

Fe + H , 0 >FeO + H , t

3Fe + 4H,Q )Fe30, + AE.^ t

- Tdc dung vcfi axit:

Tac dung vdi axit thucmg, tao thanh mud'i sat(n) Thi du:

Fe + H J SO, ^ FeSO, + H2 T Tac dung vdi axit HNO3, H2SO4 dac, nong, tao thanh mud'i sat(m). Thi du:

Fe + 4HNO3 (loang) ^ Fe(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O

sat kh6ng tac dung (bi thu dong hoa) vdi axit HNO3 dac, ngudi va axit

H2SO4 dac, ngu6i

- Tdc dung vdi muoi: cua nhOng kim loai kem hogt dgng hem Thi du:

Fe, + CuSO, -> FeSO, +C\ii

V HOP KIM CUA SAT

Thep CO nhi6u tinh ch& vat If quy hon sat nhu tinh dan h6i, ciing, it bi an mon

VI SU AN MON KIM LOAI VA BAO VE KIM LOAI KHONG BJ AN MON

Suphd huy kim logi, hap kim do tdc dung hod hoc trong moi trUdng ggi Id sudn mon kim logi

1 NhQng yeu to anh hudng den sa an mon kim loqi

- Anh hucmg cua cac chat cd trong m6i tnrcfng

- Anh hucmg ciia thanh phSn kim loai

- Anh hucmg cua nhiet dd '

2 Bao v $ kim loqi khong bj an mon

- Ngan khdng cho kim loai tie'p xuc vdi mdi trudng: son, trang men, bdi

dSuma, ma dien

! - Che' tao hop kim ft bi an mon: thep khdng gi (inox), thep crom Them

chftiJcche'anmon

Chirong 3 PHI KIM - SO L J O C VE BANG TUAN HOAN

CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

I TINH CHAT CUA PHI KIM ' • ' ' t

1 Tinh chdtvqtiT

- C5 dieii kien thucfng, phi kim t6n tai 6 ba trang thai:

+ Trang thai ran: Cacbon, liru huynh, iot, photpho

' + Trang thai long: Brom (Brj)

+ Trang thai khi: Clo (CI2), nito (N2), oxi (O2), hidro (H2)

- Phi kim dan dien, dSn nhiet ra't kem Nhiet d6 nong chay tha'p

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Tdc dung vcfi kim loai: Tao thanh mu6'i Thi du:

- Miic do hoqt dong cua phi kim: Th^ hien 6 miic d6 phan ling vdi hidro

va voi kim loai

Flo la phi kim hoat ddng manh nha't, sau do la oxi, clo, liru huynh

II CLO

1 Tinhchdtvqtli

- Clo la cha't khi mau vang luc, nang hon khdng khi

- Clo It tan trong nude Dung dich clo tan trong nu6c goi la nude clo

- Qo la chat khi rat d6c, khi thd nhi^u clo se bi ngat va c6 thd dan deh tCr vong

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Clo phan ihig vai hdu het kim loai: Tao thanh muoi clorua Thi du:

3Cl2+2Fe—5^2FeCl3

-TdcdiingvaiZ/^; + - ^ 2 H C 1

ChA y: Clo kh6ng phan ving true tie'p vdi oxi

- Tdc dung vai HjO - Tinh tdy mau cua clo:

C I , + H 2 0 - > H C i + HC10

H6n hop gom CI2, HCl, HCIO tan trong nu6c goi la nitdc clo Nu6c clo c6

tinh tdy mau la do HCIO khong ben, khi bi ehieu sang no phan huy:

H C l O ^ ^ H C l + 0 Oxi nguyen tu c6 tinh oxi hoa ra't manh, no t^y mau, diet trung

- Tdc dung vai baza:

+ Clo tac dung voi dung dich NaOH lodng va ngugi, tao thanh nudre Gia-ven:

Clj + 2NaOH -> NaCl + NaClO + H^Q

a) Dieu che'clo trong phong thi nghiem

Diing chat oxi hoa manh nhu Mn02, KMn04 d^ oxi hoa dung dich H Q dac

Thidu:

4HC1 + MnO, — ^ MnCl, + 2 H , 0 + CI, t • '

16Ha + 2KMn0, — ^ 2 K C I + 2MnCl2 + SH^O + SCI, T

b) Dieu che clo trong cong nghiep *

Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa c6 mang ngan x6'p d^ ngan each cue

am (catot) va cue duong (anot):

2NaCl + 2 H , 0 CI, T + H, T + 2NaOH III CACBON

1 Cac dqng thu hinh cua cacbon

Hien tucfng m6t nguyen t6' hoa hoe ton tai cf m6t s6' dang don chat khae

nhau goi la hien tuang thii hinh

Cdc dang dan chdt khdc nhau cua cung mot nguyen to hod hoc goi Id cdc dang thii hinh ciia nguyen to do

Nguyen t6 cacbon (C) t6n tai or ba dang don cha't (ba dang thu hinh) chinh

la kim cuang, than chi va cacbon v6 dinh hinh

a) Kim cUffng: Ca'u tao mang tinh the dac biet: M6i nguyfin tir C each

deu 4 nguyen tir C khac

Kim cucfng rat cimg, nhimg don, trong su6't, kh6ng mau, sang la'p lanh

b) Than chi: Mau xam sam, mem, dSn dien t6't Dugc dung lam ru6t

but chi, lam diSn cue

c) Cacbon vd dinh hinh: Than g6, than da, than xuong, m6 hong: mau

den, x6'p, c6 tinh ha'p phu nen dung trong mat na ch6'ng doc

2 Tinh chdt vqt li

- Cac dang thii hinh cua cacbon d^u ra't kho nong chay, kh6ng tan trong

nu6c nhung tan nhi6u trong kim loal nOng chay

- Than g6, than xuong c6 tinh chdt hap phu mau trong dung dich

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

6 nhiet do thucmg, cacbon kha tro Khi d6't nong no phan img vdi nhi^u cha't •

- Tdc dung vai oxi: C + — ^ CO,

- Tdc dung voi kim logi. Cacbon tac dung vdi m6t s6' kim loai. Thi dii:

Ca + 2C >CaC; (canxi cacbua)

- Tdc dung vai oxit kim logi. Cacbon khii duoc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi dii:

2CuO + C — ^ 2 C u + CO2 T

- Tdc dung voi hidro. Tao thanh metan:

C + 2H, >CH,

IV C A C OXIT CUA CACBON

1 Cacbon oxit (CO)

- CO la chat khi khfing mau, kh6ng mui, ra't d6c

- Khi CO chay cho ngon lia mau xanh, toa nhieu nhiet:

2CO + O2 — ^ 2 C 0 2 + 565kJ

- Khi CO khur dugtc nhi^u oxit kim loai Thi du:

Fe^O, + 3CO — ^ 2Fe + 3C0^ t

- Khi CO la oxit trung tinh (oxit kh6ng tao mu6'i)

2 Cacbon dioxit (COj)

- La chat khi khdng mau, nang hon khOng khi

- Khi CO2 la oxit axit: Tac dung vdi nude, tac dung vdi bazo va tac dung

vdri oxit bazcr

- Dieu chekhi CO2: Cho da v6i (CaCO,) tac dung vdi axit HCl: f

CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaCIj +CO^"[ + H^O

V AXIT CACBONIC VA MUOl CACBONAT

1 Axit cacbonic (H2CO3)

- Axit H2CO3 la axit khong ben, dl bi phan h6y: ' ''

H j C O , ^ H j O + COj t

- La axit yS'u nen nhigu axit day dugc axit HjCO, ra khoi mu6'i cacbonat

Thidu:

CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaClj + H^COj

H2O CO, iVfv,<v,v

2 Muol cacbonat

- Mudi cacbonat trung hod dugc ggi la cacbonat (Na2C03, CuCO, )

- Mudi cacbonat axit dugc ggi la hidrocacbonat (NaHCO,, Ca(HC03)2)

- Phan 16n cac mudi cacbonat khong tan trong nude, trii mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kilm va amoni ,

- Phdn Idn cac mudi hidrocacbonat di tan trong nude

- HSu het cac mudi cacbonat va hidrocacbonat deu di bi phan huy b nhiet

do cao (trir mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kiem) Thi du:

CaCO, — ^ CaO + CO, t ' "

2NaHC0, —i^Na^CO, + CO, T + H,0

VI SILIC - C O N G NGHIEP SILICAT

1 Trqng thai ta nhien c u a silic

Trong tu nhien, silic khdng tdn tai d trang thai tu do, tdn tai d dang hgp chat, pho bien la: thach anh Si02, dat set trang (cao lanh) Al2O3.2siO2.2H2O

- Silic phan ung tuong dd'i manh vdi dung djch kiim:

Si + 2NaOH + H20 ^Na2Si03+2H2 tic '

- 6 nhiet dd cao, silic phan ling dugc vdi:

Mot sd phi kim nhu: Si + 2CI2 '" > SiCl4

^ Mdt sd kim loai nhu: Si + 2Mg Mg^Si (magie silixua)

3 Silic dioxit (SiOj)

- S i 0 2 la oxit axit, kh6ng tan trong mdc, nhimg tac dung v d i oxit bazo va

vdri k i ^ m tao thanh miioi silicat Thi du:

SiOj + CaO -> CaSi03

- SiOj tan trong axit flohidric:

SiOj + 4 H F ^ SiF, t + 2H2O Phan ling nay dugc iJng dung de khac chiJ, khac hinh tren thuy tinh

4 So lapc ve cong nghiep silicat

Cong nghiep silicat gom: San xua't do g6'm, thuy tinh va x i mang ti^ cac

hop chat tuf nhien cua siHc va cac hoa chat khac

a) San xudt gom, sic (bat, dia, a'm, chen, chum, vai )

Nguyen lieu gom: Da't set, thach anh (SiOj) Nhao v 6 i H 2 O cho deo, tao

hinh, sa'y k h 6 va nung cr nhiet do cao trong 16 gom

b) Sdn xudt xi mdng

- Nguyen lieu gom: D a voi, da't set, cat (SiOj iSn tap chat)

- Cac cong doan chinh:

+ Nghien nho da v6i r o i tron v6i da't set dang biin thanh m6t h6n hgfp

+ N u n g h6n hop trong 16 6 1300 - 1400"C, thu dugc clanhke ran

+ Nghien clanhke ngu6i vdri thach cao thanh b6t m i n , do la x i mang

Thanh p h & chinh cua x i mang 1& canxi siUcat va canxi aluminat

c) Sdn xudt thuy tinh

- Nguyen lieu chinh gom: Cat thach anh (cat trang), da v 6 i (CaCO,) va

s6da (Na2C03)

Thanh phSn chinh cua thuy tinh thircmg la NajSiO, va CaSiO, De' c6 thuy

tinh chiu nhiet can them bo oxit (B2O3), thiiy tinh quang hgc pha le th6m c h i

monooxit (PbO) hoac bari oxit (BaO)

VII SO LUpC VE BANG TUAN HOAN C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

Bang tudn hodn cac nguyen to hod hoc ducfc sap xep tlieo chieu tang dan

cua dien tich hat nhdn nguyen tu

1 Cdu tqo c u a bang tudn tioan

a) 6 nguyen to: M 6 i nguydn t6' hoa hgc dugc x^'p vao m6t 6 Trong

m 6 i 6 nguyen to g h i : k i hieu hoa hgc, ten nguyen t6', s6' hieu nguyen tir (thu: t u

cua 6) va nguyen tur kh6'i ^

c) Nhom

Nhom gom cac nguyen to ma nguyen ti( c6 so electron lap ngodi ciing bang nhau

Bang tuan hoan c6 8 nhom A ( l A V I I I A ) va 8 nhom B S6' thii t u cua

nhom A bang s6' electron a \dp ngoai cung ciia nguyen tCr

2 Su bien ttiien tudn tioan ve cdu tqo va tinti ctidt

- Trong mot chu ki theo chieu tang dan cua dien tich hat nhan:

+ So' electron Idrp ngoai ciing tang d i n ttr 1 de'n 8 (trir chu k i 1)

+ T i n h k i m loai giam d i n , tinh phi k i m tang d i n ,, ^

- Trong mot nhom tix tren xu6'ng dud'v

+ So' Idfp electron ciia nguyen ti!r tang dan - > tinh k i m loai tang d i n , tinh phi k i m giam d i n

3 Y nghlo c u a bang tudn hodn

- Tir v i t r i trong bang t u i n hoan suy ra ca'u tao nguyen ti!r va tinh chat cua nguyen to

- Tir cl'u tao suy ra v i t r i ciia nguyen t6' trong bang tuan hoan va tinh cUat cua nguyen to

Chircmg 4 HIDROCACBON - NHIEN LIEU v4

I KHAI NIEM VE HOP CHAT HUTU C O

- H(/p chat km ca la hap chat ci'ia cacbon (triT CO, COj, HjCO^ va cac

mudi

cacbonat, ) Hod hoc hiai ca la ngcinh hod hoc chuyen nghien ciru cac hop chat huu co

- Phan loqi cdc hap chat hi?u ca: Com hai loai:

+ Hap chat hidrocacbon: Trong phan tir chi chua hai nguyen t6' la cacbon

va hidro Thi dii: C\\, C^W^^,, Q H ^

+ Dan xud't hidrocacbon: Trong phan tu, ngoai hai nguyen t6' hidro va

cacbon con chiia cac nguyen to khac nhu" oxi, nito, clo,

II CAU TAO PHAN TLf HOP CHAT H C U C O

I 1 Hoa trj v a lien ket giCra c a c nguyen tCf

- Trong phan tu hop chat huu co, cac nguyen tir diroc sSp xfi'p theo trat tu

nhat dinh

- Cac nguyen tu trong phan tir lien ket vai nhau theo diing hoa tri cua

chiing: Hoa tri ciia C la IV, cua H la I va cua O la I I

2 Mqch c a c b o n

Cac nguyen ti!r cacbon trong phan tij hop chat huu co khong nhihig lien

ket v6i nguyen tijr cua nguyen to khac ma con lien ket trite tiep vai nhau tgo

thdnh mgcli cacbon

Phan biet ba dang mach cacbon:

- Mgch thang (con goi la mach khong phan nhanh) Thi du:

CH, - CI I2 - CH2 - CH3 (butan)

- Mgch phan nhdnh (co mot hoac nhieu nhanh) Thi du:

CH3 - CII - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3 CH3

- Mgch vdng (vong ba canh hoac nhieu canh) Thi dii:

C H 2 - C H 2

I I (xiclobutan) CH2 - CH2

3 Cong thijfc phan tu va cong thCfc cdu tqo

- Cong thi'fc phan li((CTPT): Cong thirc phSn tir cho biet:

+ S6' nguyen tijt CLia m6i nguyen to co trong phan tu

+ Phan tir kh6'i(PTK)

Thi du: CTPT cua rucfu etylic la QH^^O: Trong phan ttt co 2 nguyen tir C,

6 nguyen tir H va 1 nguyen tijf O Phan tu kh6'i = 2.12 + 6.1 +16 = 46 (dvC)

- Cong thicc cdu tgo (CTCT): C6ng thirc ca'u tao cho bie't:

+ Thanh phan phan tu va phan tur khd'i

+ Trat tu lien ket gifla cac nguyen tir trong phan tijr "

Thi dii: CTCT ciia ruou etylic:

H - H • '

H - C - C - O - H, vie't gon: CH, - CH^ - O H ^

H - H ,H-^-••;':>

III METAN (CH4 M = 16)

1 Trqng thai ta nhlen v a tinh chdt vat If ' 2 '"^^-'"'^^

- Trong tu nhien, metan co nhieu trong cac mo khf (khi tu nhien), trong

cac mo dAu (khi mo dSu hay khi dong hanh), trong cac mo than (khi mo than)

trong bim ao (khi bun ao), trong khi bioga

- Metan la chat khi khong mau, khdng mdi, nhe hon khong khi, ra't it tan trong nude

2 Tint! chdt hoa hoc

- Tdc diing vai oxi: Phan ling chay cho ngon lijra mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet

- DCing lam nhien lieu trong c6ng nghifip va trong ddi sd'ng .A

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong c6ng nghiep hoa cha't •: '^

- Phan ling cong hap hidro: Phan ling xay ra khi dugfc dun n6ng va c6 N i

3 LTng dung cua etilen

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong tong hop hiru co

- Dung de kich thich hoa qua mau chin

V AXETILEN (C2H2, M = 26)

Axetilen la chat khi khong mau, khong miii, it tan trong nirdc, nhe hon

khdng khi

1 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Axetilen la hidrocacbon khdng no nSn tinh chat dac trimg la tham gia

phan ling cCng hop:

- Phan I'mg cong hidro: Co the cong hai na'c:

CH = CH + H , '^^'y^^' ) CH^ =CH2 CH^ =CH2 + H , > CH, - CH3

- Phan itng cong brom: Axetilen lam mat mau dung dich nuoc brom:

2 Lfng dung cue oxetllen

- Dung lam nhien lieu cho den x i oxi - axetilen

- Diing lam nguyen lidu trong tong hop hCru co

3 Oieu Che axetilen

- Tdng hop true tie'p: 2C + ^"'"^ >C,H, -Tirmetan: 2CH, """"^ > C , H , + 3 H ,

Thiiy phan canxi eacbua:

-CaCj + 2Hfi -> C^Hj T + CaCOH)^

VI BENZEN ( C A M = 78) ^ '

1 Tinh chdtvqt li / 5;fi,, 0

- Benzen la cha't long, khong mau, linh d6ng, co mCii dac trung

- Benzen nhe hon nude, khong tan trong nude, nhung tan nhieu trong cac dung m6i hiJu co

- Benzen la dung moi hoa tan dugc nhieu chat nhu cao su, cha't beo

- Benzen kha doc

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Phan tu benzen co 3 lien kit dan xen ke 3 lien ke't doi, lam cho benzen vCra

CO kha nang tham gia phan ung the' (gi6'ng metan) vCta co kha nang tham gia

phan ung cong (giong etilen va axetilen)

- Phan I'aig the brom: Brom long, \uc tac hgtFe: V ,

C,H, + Br - Br >C,H,Br + HBr ' ' " "

(brom benzen)

- Phan itng cgng hidro: Phan ling xay ra khi dun nong va co N i xiic tac:

C,H, + 3H2 >C,H„ (xiclohexan)

3 Lfng dung cua benzen

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong edng nghiep de' san xua't phdm nhu6m,

duoc pham, chat deo, thuoe trir sau ,j6 ; •

- Dung lam dung m6i hoa tan nhieu cha't ' " 1

VII DAU MO VA KHI THIEN NHIEN

1 Ddu mo

- Ddu mo la cha't long sanh, mau nSu den, khdng tan trong nude va nhe

hon nudrc

- DSu mo chira trong cac " t i i i ddu" nam sau trong long da't goi la mo ddu

Khi khai thac ngudi ta khoan xu6ng cac tui ddu di ddu tu phun Itn hoac diing

bom hiit len

- Thanh phan cua dau mo: Hidrocacbon long c6 hoa tan hidrocacbon rdn

va khi

- K h i chung ca't ddu tho Idn lugt thu duoc (theo nhiet do soi tang ddn):

Khi dot, xdng, ddu tliap (ddu liCa), ddu diezen, ddu mazut

Phan con lai sau khi chung ca't la mazut Tir mazut tach dugc: ddu nhcfn,

vazolin, parafin Cudi cung la hdc in dung lam nhua rai ducmg

2 KhT thien nhien

- K h i thien nhien cd trong cac md khi nam dudi long dat Thanh phdn chu

yeu cua khi thien nhien la metan (90 - 95%)

- Khf thien nhien dugc dung lam nhien lieu, nguyen lieu cho nhieu nganh

cdng nghigp va trong ddi sd'ng

VIII NHIEN LIEU

- Nhien lieu thdng thudng la nhiJng chat chay dugc, khi chay tda nhiet va

phat sang

- Nhien lieu thudng la nhung vat lieu cd sSn trong thien nhien nhir cui,

than da, ddu md, khi dot hoac dieu che tir cac nguyen lieu thiSn nhien nhu

con dot, khi than

1 C a c log! nhien lieu

- Nhien lieu ran: Than md, gd

- Nhien lieu long: Gom cac san pham che' bie'n i\x dau mo (xang, ddu

thap), c6n

- Nhien lieu khi: Gdm khi thien nhien, khi dau mo, khi 16 cao, khi than

2 C a c h su dung nhien lieu

Mudn sir dung nhien lieu hgp If va cd hieu qua cao cdn phai:

- Cung cap du oxi hoac khdng khi de nhien lieu chay hoan toan

- Tang dien tich tie'p xuc cHa nhien lieu vdi khdng khi hoac oxi de su chay

xay ra nhanh va deu khdp

- Dieu chinh lugng nhien lieu de duy tri sir chay b mirc dd cdn thiet phii

hgp vdi nhu cdu sir dung, nham tan dung nhiet lugng do su chay tda ra

Chirofng 5

D A N X U A T C U A H I D R O C A C B O N - P O L I M E

I RUpU ETYLIC (CH3 - CHj - OH) vt iov s a ' J

1 Tinh chdtvgt li a , rv U l >£

- La cha't Idng, khdng mau, sdi b 78,3'^C

- Rugu etylic nhe hon nude, tan v6 hgn trong mcac va la dung mdi hoa tan

dugc nhi^u hgp chat hdu co

- Ti le % ve the tich cua rUffu etylic trong hSn hop vdi nitdc ggi Id do ricau

Till du: Tren chai rugu cd ghi do rugu la 25", cd nghia trong chai rucm cd 25%

th^ tich la rugu etylic (nguyen cha't) con lai la 75% the tich la HjO

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc ' •

- Phdn img chay: A

QH^O + 30, — ^ 2 C 0 2 + mfi + Q V ^ V 5

- Phdn I'mg thev&i kim loqi natri: Nhd cd nhdm - O H trong phan tur, rugu

tac dung vdi Na, giai phdng Wj

2CH3 - CH2 - OH + 2Na -> 2 C H , - CH^ - ONa + H^ T ' i i

- Phdn I'cng vdi axit luTu co: Phan ung este hoa (xem phdn sau) Y

3 Dieu Che rupu etylic

Co 2 phuong phap quan trong:

- Plutang phdp len men rifcni tit cac chat tinh bot, tiCcdc chat ducng Thi du:

Q H , 0 , ) 2C,H,OH + 2 C O , t (dircmg glucoza)

Phuang phdp hidrat hod etilen (etilen hgp nude):

- Tinh axit: Axit axetic la axit yeu, lam dd quy tim

- Tac dung vdi k i m loai hoat ddng, giai phdng H2:

2CH3COOH + Zn ^ (CHjCOO)^ Zn + H2 t

- Tac dung vdi oxit baza va baza, tao mu6'i va nude:

2CH3COOH + CaO ^ (CHjCOO)^ Ca + H^O

CH3COOH + NaOH ^ CHjCOONa + H j O

- Tac dung vori mu6'i cacbonat, tao mu6'i axetat:

2CH,COOH + CaCO, -> (CH^COO)^ Ca + CO^ t + H^O

- Tac dung vdd rugu etylic - Phan I'fng este hod Phan img c6 axit H2SO4

dac lam xuc tac:

CHjCOOH + q H j O H < > C H 3 C O O C 2 H , + H^O

(este etyl axetat)

Chat tao thanh sau phan ung la este

3 Oieu Che axit axetic

- Phitang phap len men gid'm (lam gipfm an):

C H , - CHj - O H + O2 ) CH3 - COOH + H^O (dd rirou loang) (gia'm an)

- Trong phdng thi nghiem Cho natri axetat tac dung \6\t H2SO4:

2CH3COONa + H^SO, -> Na^SO^ + 2CH3COOH

- Trong cong nghiep: Til khi butan (C4H,(i):

2C,H,„ + 50, )4CH3COOH + 2Kfi

III CHAT BEO

Chat beo chinh la chinh la m o ddng vat va dau thuc vat

1 Tinh chdt vqt IT

Chat beo nhe han mdc, khong tan trong nirdrc, tan nhi^u trong cac dung

moi hCru co nhu benzen, xang, rucm etylic

2 TTnh chdt hoa hoc

- Chat beo la h6n hop nhieu este cua glixerol C3H,(OH)3 va cac axit beo

nhu C,7H3,COOH (axit stearic), C,7H3,COOH (axit oleic)

- Tinh chat quan trong nha't cua cha't beo la phan i(ng thuy phan:

(C„H3,COO)3C3H, + 3 H , 0 - ^ ^ C 3 H , ( O H ) 3 +3C,7H3,COOH

(cha't beo) (glixerol) (axit stearic)

- Thuy phan chdt beo bang dung dich kiem Tao thanh glixerol va mud'i

cua axit beo

(C,7H3,COO)3C3H, + 3NaOH ^ C3H,(OH)3 + 3C„H3,COONa

(muoi natri stearat)

Hdn hap mu6'i ciia cac axit beo la thanh phdn chinh cua xa phong V i vay

phan ting thuy phan cha't beo bang dung dich k i ^ m goi la phan iing xd phdng hod

- De Idu trong khong khi, chdt beo hi 6i, co mid hoi D o la do tac dung

cfia h(ri nude, oxi va v i khu^n trong khong khf

IV GLUCOZO

C6ng thu-c phan tijr: C ^ H i A ( M = 180)

1 Trang thai ta nhlen - Tinh chdt vqt If

- Glucozo CO nhi^u trong m6t so bo phan ciia cay, dac biet trong qua nho

xitn CO ten la ditdng nho

- Glucozo la cha't ke't tinh mau trang, v i ngot, de tan trong nude

2 TTnh Chdt hoa hoc ^

- F/jaVuiTzg ojc//joa g/wcozcr.-Dilng dung dich A g j O trong amoniac:

Q H „ 0 , + A g , O ^ ^ Q H „ 0 , + 2 A g i

(glucozd) (axit gluconic)

Phan ung nay trudc day diing trong cong nghe trang gucfng ntn goi la

phan icng trdng gUffng Hien nay pham v i ung dung da mb rdng, goi chung la phan ling trdng bqc

- Phan i(ng len men ritmi: * tsV

Q H ^ O , — ^ ) 2 C , H , 0 H + 2 C 0 , t ^ ,

V SACCAROZO

Cdng thiic phan tCr: Ci2H220,i ( M = 342)

1 Trgng thai ta nhien - TTnh chdt vgt IT '

- Saccarozd cd nhieu trong thuc vat nhu: mia, cii cai dudng, cay thd't nd't

nfin cd ten la dudng mia hay dudng kinh ,

- Saccarozd la cha't ke't tinh mau trdng, v i ngot, de tan trong nude , ^,

2 TTnh chdt hoa hoc

- Saccaroza khong co phan itng trdng bac Nghla la nd khong bi Ag20

trong dung dich N H , oxi hoa

- Phan vtng thuy phan:

(saccarozo) (glucozo) (fructozd) Fructozo cd cdng thiic ca'u tao khac glucozo Fructoza ngot hdn glucozo