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Scope of the study The scope of this study only focus on find out what is Adaptation on base and clarify theuse of Adaptation in literary works.. Method of the study To carry out this st

HAIPHONG UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

A STUDY ON ADAPTATION IN LITERATURE

STUDENT: Nguyen Thi Tra Mi

SUPERVISOR: Mr Nguyen Van Phi, M.A

GROUP: English major B K13

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: DEFINITION 8

1.1.Definition of translation 8

1.2.Definition of Adaptation 10

CHAPTER 2: ADAPTATION 11

2.1.Translation views from the 16th -17th century 11

2.2.The use of Adaptation of literary works (poems and plays) 12

2.2.1.The use of Adaptation in plays 12

2.2.2.The use of Adaptationtranslation method in poems 17

CHAPTER 3: ETHICAL TRANSLATION AND SOME SUGGESTIONS OF USING TRANS-LATION METHODS 23

3.1 Ethical translation 23

3.2 Translators' first loyalty 25

3.3 Some suggestions 27

First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr Nguyen Van Phi, M.A

He has given me much of his time and has supervised me in all phases of study I havetaken advantage of his superior standards of scholarship and count myself privileged tohave been able to work under his crucial guidance This study could not have been possi-ble without his encouragement and recommendation to his colleagues

I would also like to express my gratitude to my teachers and friends, who have rectly or indirectly helped me with their encouragement and comments

di-Of those who have helped me over the time in preparing this research, my especial tude is due to Mrs Tuyen–A journalism for her practical help; Mr Duong for having pro-vided me with a comfortable computer and the center library’s references

grati-In particular, I would like to record my thanks to Nguyen Huynh Nhat Bao, whose ness helped to carry me through difficult times and for his valued friendship

kind-Finally, my thanks go to my families for their support during the time I carried out thisstudy

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1 Rational

Even with the most uo-to-date and sophisticated communication system We can neverknow how many languages man uses today in the world And thus there is a need for pro-fessional translator in careers

Not only academia, the mass reader also needs to learn to access and deeper penetration

as culture and science in the world, while the works of local authors, from scientific search to literary and artistic creation, not reached the amount (not to talk about quality)correspond to the needs of the market to find out

re-Two reasons account for the rendering on that overwhelming number of publishing kets Speed publications soared in the past few decades has been that even people in theindustry is difficult to master, or keep up with these developments This situation in-evitably raises issues about the quality of the translated work, in which there are very se-rious problems

mar-In the debate about the recent translation in Vietnam, it seems too focused rules on cal translation" of translators through translation error investigation which lack the aca-demic perspective, the taking online school debate, methods?

We are not sure is entirely absent, but the absence as so, the hope slowly we will proceed

to argue that way, and assuming there really lacking, perhaps because we do not havemany books faculty and documents in Vietnamese translation Way translation training incollege and just concentrate processing taught sentences - word, so that the correct trans-lation is happy then It is not taught the method attention beyond language translation,teaching students not only language considered as a tool to convey

2 Purpose of the study

When it comes to translating that we almost considered just translate (that) to term (that)the other is finished Translation, as we shall see, is not simply to find the equivalence be-tween two languages, because rarely have two completely similar language in terms of

both structure and content Someone consider translation as to look under the lens ofethics, for example whether to translate a work of moral decadence Transliteration is nolonger a problem solving word anymore, but beyond that respect, become an art, an out-look through the scientific method.

So I do this with the desired topic each learner will have a wider vision of translation,from which to explore and refer to themselves as well as the way of thinking appropriatetranslation method when translating literature or other works In this case the method offree applications in different fields – eexpecially the field of art and typical creativity

3 Scope of the study

The scope of this study only focus on find out what is Adaptation on base and clarify theuse of Adaptation in literary works

4 Research question

- What is transaltion ?/ What is traduction?

- What is the main feature of Adaptation ?

- How to deal with Adaptation?

5 Method of the study

To carry out this study, I consult the research work of many accademia such as ‘DichThuat va Tu Do’, Translation theories books… to make out the clearance of Adaptationand the use of it in literary translation

6 Design of the study

The study is organized into three parts: Introduction, development, conclusion

- The introduction includes the rationale, the aims of the study, the research questions,scope of the study, methods of the study as well as design of the study

- The development comprises three chapters:

Chapter 1: Definition

Chapter 2: Adaptation

Chapter 3: Conclusion and some suggestions

The conclusion gives a summary of what has been done and provides recommendationsfor futher research

au-The English nominalisation "translation" is derived from translatus, past participle

of the Latin verb transferre, "to carry over or across" It is from no more than the past participle - by definition coming after the event itself - that we have the nomen actio- nis "translating" (translation) and the nomen agentis "translator" English would seem to

have lost the association these words once had with the less specific and more material

sense of transferre Our common terms are really only articulating translation as "the

translated", as the completed result of translational work

In this light, translation can be seen as a special kind of response to things that havebeen transferred or are meant to be transferred (Translation and text transfer-Anthony Pym, 1992)

There are plenty theories about Adaptation was invented by translation definitionresearcher through its improved history

Translation, as defined by the dictionary, involves changing from one state or one form to another form to be itself or another language (Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1994) [Larson, 10.3]

Hartman & Stock (1972) were defined that translation is to replace a text of sourcelanguage into a similar text in another According to Nida & Taber (1974), the translation

is to recreate the language in receptor language the natural equivalent and make it close

to the message of the source language, first is meaning and then the style According toLarson (1998), translation is studying vocabulary, learning the structure and circum-

stances of communication and cultural context of the source language text, analyze text todetermine meaning, and use the vocabulary and structures the appropriate structure of thelanguage reception to re-establish the same meaning However, Newmark (1981) back tothat translation is transforming a text into a different text in the same way as the authorsexpress written documents.

While the above definitions are a bit different, but we have the same thing in mon which is the equivalent in translation This means finding the equivalent or nearestequivalent while maintaining the meaning and the style

com-Dr Ho Dac Tuc in ‘Dich thuat va Tu do’- (Translation and freedom) page 20, was fined as follow:

de-‘Translation is a general term that translated spoken and written translation Today compiler to translate only writing, translating to only service said From experience translation says, progresses through writing service when mankind has written, summa- rizing predecessors experience to a gradual development of the concept, making the models, the translation methodology.’

Meetham & Hudson (1969) gave more details about the same level, ‘the text in different

languages may be equivalent in different degrees’ (equivalent in absolute or equal part),

presentation of different aspects (the equivalent of context, semantics, the study, lary, functions, number, etc ) and at different levels (the word, speech, sentences).However, Whorf (1956) is confirmed: None of two languages can recognize a reality inthe same way In addition, the fact of the matter is the real world is to a large extent un-consciously formed from the language habits of the group Two languages never againfully identical to the reproduction is considered a social fact

vocabu-Nida (1984) also have the same point of view and asserted, could not get the absoluteequivalence in translation

1.2 Definition of Adaptation

Adaptation is the ‘freest’ form of translation It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL cul- ture and the text rewritten.

(A textbook of translation by Peter Newmark, Anne Mendoza Titong)

In Oxford Dictionary, page 1003 (published 2003): ‘Adaptation is the manner in whichthe translator translates escape binding of the original form and original language, trans-lation language used to interpret the meaning of the original Therefore translations tend

to be longer than the original.’

CHAPTER 2: ADAPTATION

2.1 Translation views from the 16th -17th century

Under the reign of the theory in the Bible translation, the development of printing try in Europe in the 15th century and the conquest of new territory of the European hasled to no longer suffocated within religion and literatute propaganda Translation has be-come an essential activity in the 16th century, the Renaissance and has many translationtheories born

indus-According to Bassnett- McGuire (1991), one of the first theorizing scholars was a Frenchtranslator called Etienne Dolet (1509-1546) He supposed that the translator should havethe following five conditions (Steiner 1998):

(1) Must clearly understand the intent of the original author

(2) Must be fluent in both the TL and SL

(3) Avoid literal translation

(4) Using the commonly expression commonly and easy to understand

(5) Ordering the words, sentences and paragraphs easy to convince

Particularly, Dolet emphasized the first principles: Prerequisites for translation is entirelyencompassed the intention and inspiration of the original author (Bassnett 2002) Thetranslator just fluent in two languages that do not fully understand the original should nottranslate it Clearly, a jim-dandy translator is not only the letter but also have a broad un-derstanding, sensitive and deep knowledge of all aspects related to the original For ex-ample, St Jerome travelled through Bethlehem to learn this area language and the cus-

toms of the Jews Tang Xuanzang (Đường Huyền Trang) from China to India not onlybecause of language but also to observe feng shui (phong thủy) then translated Buddhistscriptures Dedication for this academic really respected and should emulate.

George Chapman (1559-1634) also said that people should avoid literal translationbut not add or remove an arbitrary process what is not in the original He emphasized theimportance of the Transmigration (Chuyển thần) from SL to TL How people want togive themselves the responsibilities and duties of the original author Thereby, the readerwill feel the origin spirit The idea was developed and applied to the translation theorize

of Nida in the 20th century

In 16th century, after the death of Violet on the pyre because 'misinterpreted' the Platoshows the theoretical debate not just an academic dissension but political and social argu-ment

2.2 The use of Adaptation of literary works (poems and plays)

2.2.1 The use of Adaptation in plays

Literary translation is a creative art The tone of language is to express artistic creativity.Content and title of a literary work (as stories, plays, poetry) is closely related, is a mani-festation of creativity Literary works just everyday language capacity to deliver, other-wise no one understands anything At least translators have to understand the subject andhow to describe the subject of the original Translators need to comprehen and understandthe original The attitude of respect for the reader is indispensable

Translators must understand translation units (the clue) of the SL What was the wrote for? How the atmosphere was (peace/ war/stress…)? How the characters were?(They are scoundrels or ethics…) Only understand the translation unit (context story)when translated each sentence which translators can rely on to select the word and appro-priate structures

author-For example:

Famous novel 'The Godfather' by Mario Puzo can absolutely illustrate this point Theworld in 'The Godfather' is not only death, but also romantic with guns and merciful Itwas stony hearted inspiration because there were short, sharp but very picturesque in thestory If the translator was not sensing the ‘culture’ of the Mafia world, you will see thetranslation loses caitiff and charming cad in the original.

Please focus on the following scene of two judges whom were treating the accused oncharges of raped Bonasera's daughter:

‘The judge paused, his eyes beneath impressively thick brows flickered slyly toward the sallow-faced amerigo Bonasera, then lowered to a stack of probation reports before him.

He frowned and shrugged as if convinced against his own natural desire He spoke again.

‘But because of your youth, your dream records, because of your fine families, and cause the law in its majesty does not seek vengeance, I hereby sentence you to three years’confinement to the penitentiary Sentence to be suspended.’

be-Only forty years of professional mourning kept the overwhelming frustration and hatred from showing on Amerigo Bonasera’s face.

(Mario Puzo The Godfather)

Observing the two Vietnamese versions as follows:

(1) Dưới cặp lông mày chổi xể, đôi mắt sáng lóng lánh của ngài Chánh án khẽ liếc nhìn khuôn mặt bí xị của Bonasera rồi dừng lại trên chồng đơn xin khoan hồng trước mặt Ngài cau mặt, rồi nhún vai như sắp phải có một quyết định ngược với chính lòng mình.

- Xét vì tụi bây còn nhỏ, chưa có tiền án và con nhà đàng hoàng… Vả lại xét vì luật pháp đặt ra chẳng phải để trả thù nên tòa tuyên phạt mỗi đứa 3 năm tù, cho hưởng án treo! Bốn mươi năm hành nghề chủ xe đòn, chon người chết đã quen nên Bonasera giận sôi sung sục vẫn ngậm miệng làm thinh.

(Ngọc Thứ Lang)

(2) Ngài dừng lại một lúc, cặp mắt cáo bên dưới đôi lông mày rậm rì nhíu lại dữ tợn đảo nhanh qua bộ mặt tái ngắt của Boonaxera Rồi càng sa sầm mặt với vẻ dữ tợn hơn,

so vai như để kìm cơn giận tự nhiên, ngài kết thúc:

- Nhưng xét các người còn trẻ, trước đây chưa có tiền án, vả lại đều là con nhà tử tế, mặt khác luật pháp là cực kì sáng suốt, đặt ra không phải để trả thù, nên ta tuyên phạt mỗi tên ba năm tù Cho phép các người được hưởng án treo.

Chỉ nhờ thói quen bốn chục năm nghề nghiệp mới giúp ông chủ xe đòn Bonaxera đủ sức ghìm cơn giận không để lộ ra ngoài mặt.

(Trịnh Huy Ninh & Đoàn Tử Huyến)

The tone of Ngoc Thu Lang was calmly, concisely The translator has expressed

innocence and exuding judge's cad ‘Xét vì tụi bây còn nhỏ, chưa có tiền án’ was

conde-scending manner so well suited It was apparent better than ‘Nhưng xét các người còn trẻ,trước đây chưa có tiền án’ in version (2) was unnatural ‘Tụi bây’ was the correct style ofthe Mafia rather than ‘các người.’

Using verdict ‘Because’ was not only the cause but also reiteration (emphasized

sound and meaning) Version (1) keep the rhythm of the original sound (xét vì), whileversion (2) used these three different words (‘xét', 'vả lại', 'mặt khác') to translate 'Be-cause' It was not unacceptable, but damaging the effect of rhetoric in original

Best of the original though only two words 'proffesional mourning' to describe the tiff but Ngoc Thu Lang added 'Chôn người chết đã quen' to create the atmosphere ofdeath and successfully portrayed the victim's background (He also is a formidable guy).The ideology in the SL was transferred into TL whether to add some words does not exist

plain-in SL (Bassnett 2002: 120) Over 200 years ago, Tytler had defplain-ined that the translator canemphasize the original ideology by add some words (Tyler 1907: 22) However, when us-ing the Adaptation still cautious when add or omit words Do not go too far

.

From the first page, Ngoc Thu Lang has designated a Right- Mafia-style which wassharp, indifferent and no excess words He chose the right Pragmatic Equivalent and cre-ated equivalent effect.

We can see the sacrifices he made in translating semantics Version (2) last sentencetranslated as 'Không để lộ ra ngoài mặt', while Ngoc Thu Lang went a bit further: 'Ngậmmiệng làm thinh' Might 'Mặt tỉnh bơ' more closely to the original However, stoneheartedtone and sharp above forced him can stop from selecting the tone (As translation unit)rather than the sentence So 'Ngậm miệng làm thinh' creating the feeling irritated, speed-ing over an uncutted letter and the inspiration in the original story

It has said before that translation is the process of composing.At the beginning of the novative process the writers absolutely mastered the language However, the language of-ten replaced the writer in writing because the writer's prose forced to use the word instead

in-of using another word The writers have to chosen these sentences in stead in-of those

Before writing, the writer's was a witch who controls warriors of hell

While writing, sometimes the hell warriors became witches

It is the mastery of language makes a work with a specific and complet tone, but was notthe writer Literary translation process as well How to choose the starting tone usuallyaffects the entire tone then

Professor Harry Aveling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, wrote in his essay

"Mistakes" in Translation: A functionalist Approach: "The translator has always beencriticized for the large and small error is enormous All those who does this job knowsthat We toil for years, with all the sophisticated capabilities and caution, just to get thesort of question on comment: ‘You took away a comma on page 45’, ‘this bird belongscolumbidae but first must belong to evil is’or ‘be assumed to be one of the features in thestyle of the author, but you was not transferred to the translation.’

For example: