Thiết kế bài giảng hóa học 10 nâng cao tập 1 NXB hà nội 2009

b Ca'u tao cua nguyen txxl c Dac diem cua cac hat ca'u tao nen b Nguyen' tit dugc tao bdi hat nhan mang dien tich duong va Idfp vo co m6t hay nhieu electron mang dien tfch am.. b Chu k

vu MINH HA

^ ^

THIET KE BAI GIANG

•

NANG CAO - TAP M 6 T

NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI

Thiet ke bai giang HOA HOC 10 - TAP MOT, NANG CAO

VU MINH H A

NHA XUAT BAN H A NOI

Chiu trdch nhiem xudi bdn:

PHAM QUOC TUAN

In 1000 cuon, kho 17 x 24 cm, tai Cong ty Co phan in Phuc yen Giay phep xuat ban so: 68 - 2009/CXB/67 i TK - 06/HN

In xong va nop ILAJ chieu nam 2009

Jlol not dau

De ho trg cho viec day - hoc mon Hoa hge 10 theo chu'dng trinh sach giao khoa (SGK) m6i ap dung tCr nSm hoc 2006 - 2007, chung toi bien soan cuon

Thiet ke bai giang Hoa hoc 10 nang cao gom hai tap Sach gidi thieu each thiet

ke bai giang theo tinh than ddi mdi phuong phap day hoc nham phat huy ti'nh tich cgc nhan thu'c cua hoc sinh (HS)

Ve noi dung : Sach bam sat ngi dung SGK Hoa hoc 10 nang cao theo

chuong trinh cua Bg Giao due va Oao tao ban hanh 6 moi tiet day deu chi ro muc tieu ve kie'n thCrc, kT nSng, thai do cho HS; cac cong vi§c can chuan bi cua giao vien (GV); cac phuong tien trg giang can thie't nham dam bao chat li/dng tCtng bai, tC/ng tiet len I6p Ngoai ra, sach con mc) rgng, bd sung them mgt so ngi dung lien quan de'n bai giang bang nhieu hoat dgng nham cung cap them tu" lieu de cac.thay, co giao tham khao, van dung tuy theo doi tugng va muc dfch day hoc

Ve phi/ang phap day - hoc : Sach dugc trien khai theo hudng tfch cue hoa

hoat dgng cua HS, lay cd sd cua moi hoat dgng la nhu'ng viec lam cua HS du6i

sg hudng dan, gdi md cua thay, co giao Sach cung dUa ra nhieu hinh thu'c hoat dgng hap dan, phu hdp vdi dac trUng mon hoc nhu: thf nghiem, quan sat vat that hay mo hinh, thao luan, thuc hanh, nham phat huy tfnh dgc lap, tUgiac cua HS OSc biet sach chu trgng tdi khau thUc hanh trong bai hge, dong thdi chi re tC/ng hoat dgng cu the cua GV va HS trong mgt tien trinh day - hoc, coi day la hai hoat dgng cung nhau, trong dd ca HS va GV deu la chu the

Chung toi hi vgng cudn sach nay se la tai lieu tham khao hOfu fch, gdp phan

ho trd cac thay, cd giao dang trUc tiep giang day mdn Hoa hoc 10 trong viec nang cao chat lugng bai giang cua minh Chung tdi rat mong nhan dugc y kien ddng gdp cua quy thay, cd giao va ban dgc gan xa de cudn sach dUdc hoan thien hdn

TAC GIA

ON TAP OAU NAM

A IVIUCTIEU

1 Kien thCifc

• He thdng lai cac khai niem, kien thiic co ban ma HS da dugc hge b THCS

• On lai cac dang bai tap co ban HS-da dugc hge, eac e6ng thiie thucmg diing

de tinh toan

2 KT nang

• Ren luyen kl nang lam mdt sd bai tap co liSn quan de'n ca'u tao nguydn i\i

• KT nang lam bai toan tinh theo phuong trinh co sir dung de'n c6ng thurc tinh

ti khdi cua chat khi, cong thiJc tfnh ndng do moi, ndng d6 ph^n tram ciia dung dich

B CHUAN B! C O A GIAO VIEN VA HOC SINH

GV:

• May chie'u, gia'y trong, but da

• He thdng cau hoi, bai tap

HS: On tap lai cac ngi dung kie'n thiic co ban da hge b THCS

C TIEN TRINH BAI GIANG

- Nguyen td hoa hge

HS: Nghe va bie't duge nhirng kie'n thiic

CO ban can dugc on lai trong tie't hge

- Hoa tri cua nguyen td

- Phan loai cac cha't v6 co

- Dinh luat bao toan khdi lugng

-Moi

- T i khdi cua cac chat khi

-Dung dich

GV: On tap chi tie't timg ph^n:

GV: Chie'u len man hinh cau hoi va

yeu cau HS cac nhom thao luan vao

gia'y trong:

a) Nguyen tu la gi?

b) Ca'u tao cua nguyen txxl

c) Dac diem cua cac hat ca'u tao nen

b) Nguyen' tit dugc tao bdi hat nhan

mang dien tich duong va Idfp vo co m6t hay nhieu electron mang dien tfch am + Electron:

-Kfhieu:e -Dien tfch 1-

- Khdi lucmg rat nhd

+ Hat nhan: gdm co hat proton va notron

+ Hat proton:

- Kf hieu p -Dien tfch: 1 +

- Khdi lugng ~ 1 u (hay 1 dvC)

-Trong nguyen tur sd hat proton = sd hat electron

+ Hat ncftron:

-Kfhieu:n -Khdng mang dien

Khdi lugng: « 1 u (h^y 1 dvC)

GV: Chie'u len man hinh y kie'n da

thdng nhat ciia cac nhom

2 NGUYEN GV: Ggi mgt HS nhdc lai khai niem ve

nguyen td hoa hge, GV chie'u len man

hinh

TO HOA HOC HS: Neu khai niem:

- Nguyen td hoa hge la tap hgp nhiing nguyen tii co ciing sd hat proton trong hat nhan

- Nhiing nguyen tii cua cung mgt nguyen td hoa hge co tfnh chat hoa hge gidng nhau

3 HO A TRI CUA MOT NGUYEN TLT GV: Neu cau hdi va chieu len man

hinh:

- Hoa tri la gi?

- Q u y tac hoa tri?

^ GV ggi HS tra ldi

GV: Yeu cau HS lam bai tap (GV

chie'u de bai len man hinh)

Bdi tap 1: Tfnh hoa tri ciia cac nguyen

td trong cac hgp chat: MnOj, PbO,

Pb02, NH3, H2S, SO2, SO3 (bie't hoa tri

cua oxi la 2, cua hidro la 1)

GV: Ggi mgt HS xac dinh hoa tri cua

cac nguyen td trong cac hgp chat tren

HS: Tra ldi Hoa tri: La con sd hien thi kha nang lien ke't ciia nguyen tir nguyen td nay vdi nguyen tir cua nguyen td khac

- Q u y tac hoa tri:

a b

VD: Trong cong thurc: A^ B ta ed:

ax = by

HS: Lam bai tap vao vd

4 DINH LUAT B A O T O A N KHOI LUONG GV: Neu cau hdi (GV chie'u ngi dung

cau hdi len man hinh):

- Ngi dung ciia dinh luat bao toan khdi

lugng?

GV: Chie'u len man hinh:

VD: Ta cd phuong trinh phan iing

A + B ^ C + D + E

Theo dinh luat bao toan khdi lugng, ta

cd: m^ + mg = m,- + m^ + m^

GV: Yeu cau HS lam bai tap ap dung

(GV chie'u de bai len man hinh)

Bdi tap 2: Cho 1,21 gam hdn hgp A

gdm Mg, Zn, Cu, tac dung hoan toan

vdi oxi du, thu dugc hdn hgp cha't ran

B cd khdi lugng 1,61 gam Tfnh the

tfch dung dich HCl IM tdi thieu can

dung de hoa tan B

GV: Ggi HS neu hudng din giai, GV

chie'u phin ggi y (cac budc lam) len

man hinh:

-Vie't cac phuong trinh phan iimg

- A p dung dinh luat bao toan khdi

lugng de tfnh khdi lugng oxi da phan

ling

-Tim mdi lien quan giiia sd moi oxi

phan ling va sd moi cua axit HCl

-Tfnh the tfch dd HCl IM can diing

HS: Neu ngi dung ciia dinh luat bao toan khdi lugng

HS: Phat bieu cac y kie'n de tim ra hudng lam bai

HS: Lam bai tap theo y kien da thdng nha't ma GV chieu tren man hinh:

GV: Cd the ggi HS de xuat cac each

giai khac

2Cu + O2 - ^ - ^ CuO (3)

z 0,5z z MgO + 2HC1 -> MgCl2 + H2O (4)

X 2x ZnO + 2HC1 ^ ZnCl2 + H2O (5)

y 2y

CuO + 2HC1 -> CuCU +2H2O (6)

z 2z Theo dinh luat bao toan khdi lugng:

-^ GV yeu cau cac nhom thao luan:

- Moi la gl?

- Khdi lugng moi la gi?

HS: Thao luan nhom de tra ldi cac cau hdi ma GV dua ra:

- M o i la lugng chat cd chiia d.lO^"* nguyen tir hoac phan tir ciia chat dd

- K h d i lugng moi la khdi lugng tfnh bang gam ciia 6.10 " nguyen tir hoac phan tir ciia cha't dd

- Khai niem ve the' tich moi cua chat

khf?

- Cac bieu thiic the hien su chuyen doi

giira khdi lugng, lugng cha't, the tfch

moi cua chat khf?

GV: Chie'u len man hinh y kie'n ciia cac

nhdm va nhan xet

GV: Yeu cau HS lam bai tap 3 (GV

chie'u de bai tap len man hinh)

Bdi tap 3: Hay tfnh the tfch (d dktc)

cua hdn hgp cd chiia l , l g CO2 va

- n la sd moi (lugng cha't);

- m la khdi lugng;

- M i a khdi lugng moi;

- A la sd phan tir cha't;

= 1,68 lit

GV: Chie'u bai lam ciia mgt sd HS len

man hinh va ggi cac em HS khac nhan

xet sira sai (neu cd)

Hoat dgng 2

GV: Tdm tat lai cac ngi dung chfnh da

on tap va nhae nhd HS ve nha on tap

cac ngi dung se luyen tap d tie't sau:

- T i khdi ciia cha't khf

- Sir phan loai ciia cac cha't vo co

Bai tap 1: Tinh hoa tri cua cac nguyen td trong cac hgp chat sau:

MnOj, PbO, PbOj, NH3, H^S, SO^, SO3

(biet hoa tri cua oxi la 2, cua hidro la 1)

Bai tap 2: Cho 1,21 gam hdn hgp A gom Mg, Zn, Cu, tac dung hoan toan vdi dxi du, thu

dugc hdn hgp chat ran B co khdi li/gng 1,61 gam Tinh the tich dung djch HCl 1M tdi thieu can dung de hoa tan B

Bai tap 3: Hay tinh the tich (d dktc) ciia hdn hgp co chiia 1,1g COj va 1,6g O2

A MUCTIEU

1 Kien thQc

• He thdng lai cac khai niem, kie'n thii'c co ban ma HS da dugc hge d THCS

• On lai cac dang bai tap co ban HS da dugc hge, cac cong thiic thudng diing

de tfnh toan

2 KT nang

• Ren luyen kT nang lam mgt sd bai tap cd lien quan de'n ca'u tao nguyen tir

• KT nang lam bai toan tfnh theo phuong trinh cd sir dung de'n c6ng thiic tfnh

tl khdi eiia chat khf, cong thiic tfnh ndng do moi, ndng d6 phSn tram cua dung dich

B CHUAN B! CUA GIAO VIEN VA HOC SINH

GV:

• May chie'u, gia'y trong, but da

• He thdng cau hdi, bai tap

HS: On tap lai cac ndi dung kien thiic co ban da hge d THCS

C TIEN TRINH BAI GIANG

Hoat dgng 1

6 TI KHOI CUA CAC CHAT KHI

GV: Nhae Jai ngi dung, kie'n thiic da on

tap d tie't 1 va chie'u len man hinh ndi

dung can on tap d tiet nay

GV: Chie'u cau hdi len man hinh:

- E m hay viet cong thiic tfnh ti khdi

eua khf A so vdi khf B, cong thiic tfnh

ti khdi ciia khf A so vdi khdng khf

Giai thfch cac kf hieu cd trong bieu

thiie

-^ GV ggi HS vie't len bang va giai

thfch (hoac GV chie'u bai lam eua HS

len man hinh)

HS: Cdng thiic tfnh ti khdi eua khf A so vdi khf B la:

M

" ^ A / B

-M

Trong dd:

M^ la khdi lugng moi eua khf A;

Mg la khdi lugng moi ciia khf B

+ Cdng thiic tfnh ti khdi cua khf A so vdi khong khf:

GV: Chie'u de bai tap 1 len man hinh,

yeu e^u HS lam bai tap vao vd

HS: Lam bai tap vao vd:

a) Ti khdi ciia cac khi CH4, CO2 so vdi hidro la:

vdi cac ndi dung sau (GV chie'u cau

hdi len man hinh):

a) Do tan ciia mgt cha't trong nude la

gl? Nhung yeu td anh hudng den do

tan cua mdt chat trong nudc?

HS: Thao luan nhdm:

a) Do tan ciia mgt chat trong nudc:

- L a sd gam chat dd cd the hoa tan dugc trong lOOg nudc de tao thanh dung dich bao hoa tai mdt nhiet do xac dinh

b) Cac cong thiic tfnh ndng do dung

dich (ma cac em da bie't)? Giai thi'ch

cac kf hieu co trong cong thiic

GV: Chie'u de bai tap 2 len man hinh,

yeu cau HS lam bai tap vao vd

Bdi tap 2: Hoa tan 16 gam NaOH vao

nudc de dugc 200 ml dung dich

a) Tfnh ndng do moi ciia dung dich

NaOH

b) Can dung bao nhieu gam dung dich

axit H2SO4 19,6% de' trung hoa he't

50ml dung dich NaOH ndi tren?

- D o tan cua cac chat ran trong nudc phu thugc vao nhiet do Do tan ciia cac cha't khf phu thugc vao nhiet do, ap sua't

b) Cac cong thiic tinh ndng do ciia dung dich:

+ Cong thiic^tinh ndng do ph^n tram:

n la sd mo! chat tan;

V la the tfch ciia dung dich (lit)

HS: Lam bai tap vao vd:

a) Sd moi NaOH cd trong 200 ml dung dich la:

"NnnH = — = — = 0,4 moi N^OH M 40

-> Ndng do moi ciia dung dich la:

n 0,4 ^

CM = — = - ^ = 2M b) Phuong trinh phan iing trung hoa:

2NaOH + H2SO4 -^ Na2S04 + 2H^O

Sd moi NaOH can dung la:

nNoOH = C M x V = 2 x 0,05 = 0,1 moi Theo phuong trinh:

GV: Chieu bai lam ciia mgt sd HS len

man hinh, nhan xet va cham diem

m - r,r.r» 4 , 9

X 100% = C%

7

GV: O ldp 8, 9 cac em da dugc biet

nhirng loai hgp chat vo co nao? Cho vf

du minh hoa

GV: Ggi HS tra ldi, GV chieu len man

hinh

HS; Tra ldi cau hdi:

Cac hgp chat v6 co dugc phan thanh 4 loai:

a) Oxit:

- O x i t bazo: la nhirng oxit tac dung dugc vdi dung dich axit tao ra mudi va nudc

VD: CaO, MgO, Fe203

- O x i t axit: la nhiing oxit tac dung vdi dung dich bazo tao ra mudi va nudc VD: SO3, SO2, CO2

GV: Ggi cac em HS khac nhan xet, sira

sai (neu cd)

-Oxit luong tfnh: la nhirng oxit tac dung duge vdi dung dich axit va dung djch bazo tao ra mudi va nudc

VD: AI2O3, ZnO

-Oxit trung tfnh: la nhu'ng oxit khong tac dung dugc vdi dung dich axit va dung dich bazo (cdn ggi la oxit khong tao mudi)

VD: CO, NO

b) Axit: tac dtmg vdi bazo tao ra mudi

va nudc

VD: H2SO4, HCl

c) Bazo: Baza tac dung vdi dung dich

axit tao ra mudi va nudc

VD: NaOH, Fe(0H)3, Mg(OH)2

d) Mudi:

VD: K2SO4, NaN03, ZnCl2

Hoat dgng 4

9 B A N G TUAN H O A N CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

GV: Yeu cau HS neu ca'u tao ciia bang

tuan hoan cac nguyen td hoa hge va y

nghTa ciia nd

(GV chie'u tren man hinh cac ngi dung

tren, sau khi HS phat bieu)

HS: Ca'u tao bang tuan hoan:

a) O nguyin td: cho bie't sd hieu

nguyen tir, kf hieu hoa hge, ten nguyen

td, nguyen tir khdi cua nguyen td dd

b) Chu ki: Gdm cac nguyen td ma

nguyen tir ciia chiing ed cung sd ldp electron va dugc sap xep theo chieu tang dan cua dien tfch hat nhan Trong mgt chu ki, khi di tir trai qua phai: tfnh kim loai ciia nguyen td giam dan, tfnh phi kim tang dan

GV: Chie'u de bai tap 3 len man hinh

Bdi tap 3: Nguyen td A trong bang

tuan hoan cd sd hieu nguyen tir la 12

Hay cho biet:

a) Ca'u tao nguyen tir eua nguyen td A,

vi trf ciia A trong bang tuSn hoan

b) Tfnh chat hoa hge dac trung ciia

nguyen td A

e) So sanh tfnh chat hoa hge eiia

nguyen td A vdi cac nguyen td diing

canh A trong bang tuan hoan

GV: Chie'u bai lam cua HS len man

hinh

e) Nhdm: Gdm cac nguyen td ma

nguyen tir ciia chiing cd sd electron ldp ngoai ciing bang nhau va dugc sap xe'p theo chieu tang cua dien tfch hat nhan Trong mdt nhdm: di tii tren xud'ng, tfnh kim loai cua cac nguyen td tang dSn, tfnh phi kim cua cac nguyen td giam dan

HS: Lkm bai tap vao vd

a) Ca'u tao nguyen tir ciia nguyen td A: -Hat nhan: cd dien tfch 12+

- Trong nhan cd 12 hat proton va 12 hat electron

c) So sanh vdi cac nguyen td nam canh

A trong bang tuan hoan: A la Mg

Hoat dgng 5

CUNG CO - B A I TAP VE N H A GV: Nhae lai cac ngi dung da on tap

Ra bai tap ve nha

Phu luc

P H I ^ U H Q C T A P

Bai tap 1: Natri c6 nguyen tif khdi la 23, trong hat nhan nguyen ttr co 11 proton; sat

CO nguyen tir khdi la 56, trong hat nhan nguyen ttr co 30 natron Hay cho biet tdng sd cac hat proton, ncrtron, electron tao nen nguyen ttr natri va nguyen tii sat

Bai tap 2: Hay tinh the tfch (d dktc) cua:

a) Hdn hgp khi gdm co 6,4 gam khi O2 va 22,4 gam khi Nj

b) Hdn hgp khi gdm co 0,75 moi CO2; 0,5 moi CO va 0,25 mcl N2

Bai tap 3: Hay tinh khdi lugng cua:

a) Hdn hgp chat ran gdm 0,2 moi Fe va 0,5 moi Cu

b) Hdn hgp khi gdm co 33,6 Ift COj; 11,2 lit CO va 5,6 lit H^ (d dktc)

• Nguyen tir la phan nhd nha't ciia nguyen td Nguyen tir cd ca'u tao rdng

• HS biet dugc thanh phan cau tao ciia nguyen tir

B CHUAN B! CUA GIAO VIEN VA HOC SINH

GV: Tranh anh:

• So dd torn tat thf nghiem tim ra tia am cue

• Mo hinh thf nghiem kham pha hat nhan nguyen tir

• DTa mem mo ta thanh phan cau tao nguyen tir va ca'u tao rdng ciia nguyen tir (Ne'u cd dieu kien, GV cd the chuan bi de chie'u cac hinh 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 len man hinh)

C TIEN TRINH BAI GIANG

GV: Chie'u len man hinh:

Hinh 1.1; 1.2 va thuye't trinh ve thf

nghiem tim ra tia am cue, khdi lugng

va dien tfch ciia electron

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

a) Su tim ra electron

HS: Theo ddi tren man hinh va ghi bai

GV: Ket luan va chieu len man hinh:

Hat ed khdi lugng vo cung nhd, mang

dien tfch am la hat electron

GV: Thuye't trinh va chie'u len man

hinh: Bang thue nghiem, ngudi ta da

xac dinh dugc chfnh xac khdi lugng va

dien tfch eiia electron

Hoat

GV: Chie'u mo hinh thf nghiem kham

pha ra hat nhan nguyen tir len man

hinh 1.3 va thuyet trinh:

-Ban mdt chum tia a, mang dien tfch

duong vao mgt la kim loai vang mdng

Ket qua thf nghiem cho thay h^u he't

cac hat deu xuyen thang qua la vang,

nhung ed mdt sd rat ft di lech hudng

ban dau hoac bi bat lai khi gap la vang

-> Vay chiing ta ed the giai thfch di^u

nay nhu the' nao?

GV: Cd the ggi mdt sd HS trinh bay

suy nghT eua minh, sau dd GV neu ke't

luan

b) Khdi lugng vd diin tich eua electron

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

- Khdi lugng:

me = 9,1094.10"^'kg -Dien tfch:

q^ = -l,602.10"'^C(Culong) -Dien tfch cua electron dugc quy udc

la 1-

dgng 2

2 Sit tim ra hgt nhdn nguyen tut

HS: Cd the giai thfch:

-Nguyen tir cd ca'u tao rdng

-Cac electron chuye'n ddng tao ra vd electron bao quanh mgt hat mang dien tfch duong cd kfch thudc nhd be so vdi kfch thudc cua nguyen tir, nam d tam

nguyen tir, 66 la hat nhan nguyen tii

GV: Trinh bay 6i HS hinh dung ra thf

nghiem tim ra proton va notron, sau 66

GV ke't luan va chie'u len man hinh

Hoat dgng 3

3 Cdu tgo cua hgt nhdn nguyen td

a) Su tim ra proton b) Su tim ra notron

HS: Ghi ket luan vao vd:

Ke't luan: Thanh ph^n ca'u tao cua nguyen tir gdm:

- Hat nhan nam d tam nguyen tvi gdm

cac hat proton va ncrtron

- V d electron cua nguyen tir gdm cac electron chuye'n ddng xung quanh hat nhan

GV: Chie'u tCmg ph^n ndi dung cua

bang 1.1 len man hinh

Khdi lugng va dien tfch cua cac hat tao

nen nguyen tir

Die tinh hat

qp = -1,62.10"''C hayqp = 1+

mp= 1,6726.10"" kg

Ncrtron (n)

qn = 0

mn= 1,6748.10"" kg

GV: Yeu c5u HS nhin vao bang, so

sanh khdi lugng eua cae hat electron

vdi eac hat proton, notron

HS: Nhan xet:

Khdi lugng cua cac hat electron rat nhd

so vdi khdi lugng ciia proton va notron

Vi vay, khdi lugng cua nguyen tir tap trung hSu he't d hat nhan

Hoat dgng 4

II KICH THU(3C v A KHOI LUONG CUA NGUYEN TLT

GV: Gidi thieu:

Nguyen tir ciia cac nguyen td khac

nhau CO kfch thudc va khdi lugng khac

nhau

GV: Thuye't trinh va chie'u len man

hinh

GV: Gidi thieu va chie'u len man hinh

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

l n m = 1 0 " V

l A = 1 0 - ' ° m

l n m = lOA + Nguyen tir khac nhau cd kfch thudc khac nhau Nguyen tir nhd nhat la nguyen tir hidro, cd ban kfnh khoang 0,053nm

+ Hat nhan cd kfch thudc nhd hon kfch thudc cua nguyen tir rat nhieu (dudng kfnh khoang 10 nm)

+ Dudng kfnh ciia electron va proton cdn nhd hon nhieu (khoang 10"^nm) Electron chuye'n dgng xung quanh hat nhan trong khong gian rdng ciia nguyen tir (nguyen tir cd ca'u tao rdng) HS: Nghe va ghi bai

2 Khdi lugng

- Khdi lugng cua 1 nguyen tir ddng vi

cacbon la:

1 9 , 9 2 0 6 1 0 ' - \ g = 12dvC

GV: Vay 1 dvC bang bao nhieu kg?

GV: La'y VD va chie'u len man hinh

GV: Yeu cdu HS lam bai tap 1 (GV

chie'u de bai len man hinh)

Bdi tap 1:

a) Nguyen tir magie cd khdi lugng bao

nhieu kg?

b) 1 nguyen tir luu huynh cd khdi

lugng bang bao nhieu kg?

GV: Ggi HS lam bai va nhan xet, cha'm

« 1,66005.10 "'kg HS: Theo ddi tren man hinh, nghe va ghi bai:

Vf du: khdi lugng ciia 1 nguyen tir

- 2 7 ,

hidro la 1,6735.10 ""kg « lu

HS: Lam bai tap vao vd:

a) Khdi lugng ciia mgt nguyen tir magie

la 1 dvC -^ Khdi lugng cua mgt nguyen tir magie (tfnh bang don vi kg) la:

bai va chieu len man hinh (hoac cd the

ggi HS nhae lai cac ngi dung chfnh cua

bai va chie'u len man hinh)

HS: Nhae lai cac kie'n thiic co ban cd trong bai

a) Nguyen tir magie co khdi lugng bao nhieu kg?

b) 1 nguyen tii luu huynh co khdi lirgng bang bao nhieu kg?

HAT NHAN NGUYEN TLf, NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

• Khai niem vi sd khdi, quan he giira sd khdi va nguyen tir khdi

• Quan he giiia sd don vi dien tfch hat nhan, sd proton, sd electron trong nguyen tir

• Khai niem ve nguyen td hoa hge va sd hieu nguyen tir

B CHUAN Bj C O A GIAO VIEN VA HOC SINH

• GV: May chie'u, gia'y trong, biit da

• HS: Nam viing dac diem ciia cac hat ca'u tao nen nguyen tir

C TIEN TRINH BAI GIANG

Hoat dgng 1

KIEM TRA B A I CU GV: Kie'm tra If thuyet HS 1: Neu dac

di^m (dien tfch, khdi lugng) ciia cac

loai hat cau tao nen nguyen tir

HS: Tra ldi

(Ghi lai d gdc bang ben phai)

Hoat dgng 2

1 HAT N H A N NGUYEN TlT GV: Neu cau hdi va chieu len man

hinh:

VD 1: Hat nhan nguyen tir cua nhom

cd 13 hat proton Em hay cho biet sd

1 Dien tich hgt nhdn

HS: Tra ldi va giai thfch:

hat electron, dien tfch hat nhan, sd don

vi dien tfch hat nhan ciia nguyen tir

nhom va giai thfch

VD 2: Nguyen tir magie cd 12 electron

d ldp vd Cho bie't sd proton, dien tfch

hat nhan, sd dem vi dien tfch hat nhan

cua nguyen tir magie (giai thfch ngan

gon)-GV: Chie'u bai lam cua m6t sd HS len

man hinh va nhan xet, cha'm diem

GV: Em hay riit ra nhan xet ve mdi

lien he giiia cac dai lugng tren?

GV: Ggi HS neu nhan xet va chie'u len

man hinh

- H a t nhan cua nguyen tir nhdm cd 13 hat proton -^ sd electron la 13 (vi nguyen tir trung hoa ve dien)

- D i e n tfch hat nhan ciia nhom la 13+

- S d don vi dien tfch hat nhan ciia nhdm la 13

HS: Tra ldi:

- N g u y e n tir magie ed 12 electron d ldp

vd -^ hat nhan eua nguyen tir magie ed

12 hat proton

- D i e n tfch hat nhan la 12+

- Sd don vi dien tfch hat nhan la 12

GV: Gidi thieu: Sd khdi cua hat nhan,

kf hieu la A, bang tdng sd proton (Z)

Hat nhan nguyen tir natri cd 11 proton

va 12 notron Hay cho biet:

- D i e n tfch hat nhan

HS: Suy nghT va neu nhan xet:

Trong nguyen t\i:

sd don vi dien tfch - sd proton =

= sd electron

Hoat dgng 3

2 Sd khdi

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

HS: Lam bai tap 1:

- D i e n tfch hat nhan: 11 +

- S d don vi dien tfch hafnhan: 11

- S d electron: 11

- Sd don vi dien tfch hat nhan

- Sd electron

- S d khdi ciia natri

GV: Chieu de bai tap 2 len man hinh

va yeu cau HS lam bai tap vao vd

Bdi tap 2: Hay dien tie'p cac sd lieu

cdn thie'u vao bang sau:

11 NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

GV: Gidi thieu va chie'u len man hinh:

Nguyen td hoa hge la nhirng nguyen tir

cd cung dien tfch hat nhan

-^ Nhu vay: Nguyen tir ciia ciing mgt

nguyen td nhat thiet phai cd ciing sd

lugng cac loai hat co ban nao gidng

nhau?

GV: Thong bao: (chieu len man hinh)

"Nhirng nguyen tir cd cimg dien tfch

hat nhan deu co tfnh chat hoa hge

gidng nhau"

1 Dinh nghia

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

HS: Tat ca cac nguyen tir cua ciing mgt nguyen td hoa hge deu cd cung sd proton va sd electron

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

GV: Thdng bao va chieu len man hinh:

"Sd don vi dien tfch hat nhan nguyen

tir ciia mgt nguyen td dugc ggi la sd

Hoat dgng 5

2 Sd hieu nguyen tu

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

hieu nguyen tir ciia nguyen td dd, kf

hieu la Z"

GV: Neu cac cau hdi va chie'u len man

hinh: Vay sd hieu nguyen tir cho ta biet

dieu gi?

Neu bie't sd khdi va sd hieu nguyen tir,

ta cd bie't dugc sd lugng cac loai hat co

ban cau tao nen nguyen tir do khong?

HS: Sd hieu nguyen tir cho biet:

- Sd proton trong hat nhan

- S d don vi dien tfch hat nhan nguyen tir

- S d electron

Ne'u bie't sd khdi (A) va sd hieu nguyen tir (Z) ta bie't dugc sd proton, sd notron

va sd electron ciia nguyen tir dd

GV: Gidi thieu: Sd don vi dien tfch hat

nhan Z va sd khdi A dugc coi la nhiing

dac trung co ban ciia nguyen tir —> GV

gidi thieu kf hieu nguyen tir (GV chieu

len man hinh va giai thfch)

GV: Yeu cau HS giai thfch kf hieu ciia

nguyen tir cio

GV: Yeu cau cac nhdm HS lam bai tap

3 (GV chie'u de len man hinh)

Bdi tap 3: Hay cho bie't sd don vi dien

tfch hat nhan, sd proton, sd notron va

sd electron ciia nguyen tir cd kf hieu

sau:

^ ) 20

Hoat dgng 6

3 Ki hieu nguyen tu

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

Kf hieu nguyen tir: ^X

VD: J^Cl

^°Ca;

31

b ) ' ^ F c) - P ;

Kl hieu nguyen tir

GV: Chie'u bai lam ciia m6t sd nhdm

HS len man hinh va nhan xet

Hoat dgng 7 CUNG CO GV: Ggi HS nhae lai ngi dung chfnh

cua bai, GV chieu len man hinh

HS: Nhae lai n6i dung chfnh cua bai

Hoat dgng 8 BAI TAP VE NHA Bai tap ve nha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 10, 11)

Phu luc

PHI^UHQCTAP

Bai tap 1: Hat nhan nguyen tO natri c6 11 proton va 12 natron Hay cho biet:

a) Dien tich hat nhan b) Sd don vj dien tich hat nhSn

c) Sd electron c) Sd khdi ciia natri

Bai tap 2: Hay dien tiep cac sd lieu cdn thieu vao bang sau:

Bai tap 3: Hay cho biet sd don vi dien tich hat nhan, sd proton, sd natron va so

electron ciia nguyen tir co kf hifu sau:

DONG VL NGUYEN TCT KHOI

VA NGUYEN TLf KHOI TRUNG BINH

A MUC TIEU

HS hieu:

• Khai niem ddng vi

• Cach xac dinh nguyen tii khdi trung binh

HS van dung: Tfnh nguyen tir khdi trung binh cua nguyen td hoa hge mgt each

thanh thao

B CHUAN Bl CUA GIAO VIEN VA HOC SINH

GV:

• May chie'u, gia'y trong, biit da

• Tranh ve: so 66 ca'u tao cac ddng vi cua hidro

C TIEN TRINH BAI GIANG

Hoat dgng 1

KIEM TRA B A I CU - CHUA B A I T A P VE N H A GV: Ki^m tra If thuyet HS 1:

Hay cho biet sd proton, sd electron,

sd notron cua cae nguyen tir sau:

1 TT 2 T t 3 TT 35 /-.I 37 f~l1

(GV yeu cSu HS dien vao bang va

liru lai d gdc bang phai)

HSl: Lam bai tap va ghi lai d gdc bang ben phai

Ki hieu nguyen ti^

GV: Ggi HS 2 chiia bai tap 3 (SGK

trang 11)

GV: Nhan xet va cham diem HS: Chira bai tap 3 (SGK trang 11)

Hoat dgng 2

1 DONG VI

GV: Yeu cau HS quan sat bang (ma

HS 1 da ghi d gdc bang phai) -> so

sanh sd lugng cac loai hat cua

nguyen tir cac ddng vi ciia nguyen td

hidro, nguyen td cio

GV: Cho HS quan sat tranh ve 1.4

(hoac quan sat tren man hinh)

GV gidi thieu: Dd la cac nguyen tir

ddng vi cua nguyen td hidro Vay

ddng vi la gi?

GV: Ggi HS neu khai niem, GV

chieu len man hinh

Cae ddng vi ciia cimg mgt nguyen td

hoa hge la nhiJng nguyen tir cd ciing

sd proton nhung khac nhau vd sd

notron, do dd sd khdi A cua chiing

khac nhau

GV: Gidi thieu cac nguyen tir ddng

vi ciia cung mgt nguyen td cd tfnh

cha't hoa hge gidng nhau Tuy nhien,

do sd notron khac nhau nen cac

ddng vi cd mgt sd tfnh chat vat If

khac nhau

GV: Chie'u len bang 66 bai tap 1

(yeu cau cac nhdm HS thao luan

nhdm de lam bai tap 1)

Bdi tap 1: Cho cac nguyen tir:

- S d don vi dien tfch hat nhan gidng nhau,

sd khdi khac nhau

HS: Neu khai niem

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

HS: Lam bai tap 1 (Thao luan nhdm)

Hay cho bie't sd lugng cac loai hat

CO ban ciia cac nguyen tir tren va

cho bie't: nhirng nguyen tir nao la

ddng vi ciia cung mgt nguyen td hoa

hge?

(GV hudng dan HS lam bai tap 1

bang each ke bang)

GV: Chie'u bai lam ciia mgt sd nhdm

len man hinh va nhan xet

Ki hieu nguyen tuf

Trong cac nguyen tir tren:

- N g u y e n tir '^A; '^B la ddng vi ciia nhau

- N g u y e n tir 29D; ^E la ddng vi ciia

nhau

Vi:

- N g u y e n tir A, B cd ciing sd proton

- N g u y e n tir D, E cd ciing sd proton

Hoat dgng 3

II NGUYEN TlTKHOl v A NGUYEN TlTKHOI TRUNG BINH

GV: Gidi thieu va chie'u len man hinh:

-"Nguyen tir khdi ciia mgt nguyen

tir cho bie't khdi lugng ciia nguyen tir

dd nang gap bao nhieu lan don vi

khdi lugng nguyen tir"

- N g u y e n tir khdi la khdi lugng

tuong ddi ciia nguyen tir

1 Nguyen tii khdi

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

- V e sd tri, cd the coi nguyen tir

khdi xa'p XI sd khdi ciia hat nhan

GV: Neu cau hdi: Tai sao vd sd tri,

cd the coi nguyen tir khdi xap xi sd

khdi cua hat nhan?

HS: Tra ldi cau hdi

GV: Gidi thieu: Hau het cac nguyen

td hoa hge la hdn hgp cua nhieu

ddng vi vdi ti le phan tram sd

nguyen tir xac dinh trong tu nhien;

vi vay, nguyen tir khdi cua cac

nguyen td cd nhieu ddng vi la

nguyen tir khdi trung binh eiia hdn

hgp cac ddng vi

GV: Chie'u len man hinh each tfnh

nguyen tir khdi trung binh:

aA + bB

Hoat dgng 4

2 Nguyen tu khdi trung binh

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

A =

100 GV: Ggi mgt HS giai thfch cac kf

hieu cd trong cong thiic

GV: Trong nhiing tfnh toan khong

can do chfnh xac cao, ngudi ta dung

so khdi thay cho nguyen tir khdi

GV: Chie'u dd bai tap 2 len man

hinh, yeu cau HS lam bai tap vao vd

Bdi tap 2: Trong tu nhien, ddng cd 2

63 65,

HS: Ghi bai

dong vi: "g Cu va 29 Cu Tfnh nguyen

HS: Giai thi'ch:

A la nguyen tir khdi trung binh;

A, B la nguyen tir khdi cua ddng vi A, B;

a, b la tl le phSn tram sd nguyen tir cua ddng vi A, B

tir khdi trung binh ciia ddng, biet

rang ti le phan tram sd nguyen tir

GV: Yeu cau HS lam bai tap 3 (GV

chie'u de bai len man hinh)

Bdi tap 3: Trong tu nhien cio ed 2

35, 37

ddng vi ben la: ,7C1 va ,,01, bie't

nguyen tii khdi trung binh cua cio la

35,48 Hay tfnh ti le % sd nguyen tir

eua mdi ddng vi

GV: Chie'u bai lam cua mgt sd HS

len man hinh va nhan xet, cham

diem

HS: Lam bai tap:

Nguyen tir khdi trung binh cua ddng la:

63x73 + 65x27 Acu =

HS: Lam bai tap vao vd:

Ggi ti le phan tram sd nguyen tir cua cac

ddng vi fyC\ va ]] Cl lan lugt la a va b Ta

cua bai, GV chie'u len man hinh

HS: Nhae lai cac ndi dung chfnh cua bai

Hoat dgng 6

Bai tap vd nha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 14)

Bai tap 2: Trong ttr nhien, ddng co 2 ddng vi: % Cu va % Cu Tinh nguyen tir khdi trung

binh cua ddng, biet rang ti le phan tram sd nguyen tO cua " Cu la 73%

Bai tap 3: Trong tir nhien: do co 2 ddng vi bdn la: J7CI va ]] Cl, biet nguyen ttr khdi

trung binh cua do la 35,48 Hay tinh ti le % so nguyen tii cua mdi.ddng vj

SI/ CHUYEN DONG CUA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN TLf OBITAN NGUYEN TLf

A MUCTIEU

HS biii:

• Trong nguyen tir, eac electron chuyen ddng xung quanh hat nhan khong

theo mgt quy dao nhat dinh

• Mat do xac suat tim tha'y electron trong khdng gian nguyen tir khdng ddng ddu Khu vuc xung quanh hat nhan ma tai dd xac suat tim tha'y electron ldn nha't (khoang 90%) dugc ggi la obitan nguyen tir

• Hinh dang cae obitan nguyen tir

B CHUAN Bj CUA GIAO VIEN VA HOC SINH

GV:

• May chieu, giay trong, biit da

• Tranh ve: mo hinh hanh tinh nguyen tu ciia Ro-do-pho, Bo va Zom-mo-phen

• Obitan nguyen tir hidro

• Hinh anh eiia cac obitan s va p

C TIEN TRINH BAI GIANG

-Cach tfnh nguyen tir khdi trung binh

GV: Ggi 3 HS len bang chira bai tap 2,

GV: Ggi cac em HS khac nhan xet, GV

cham diem

!H;,^Cl;iH-;^Cl;^H-;?Cl;^Hr7Cl c) Phan tir khdi eiia cac phan tir tren

M n l u g t l a : 3 6 , 38, 3 7 , 3 9 HS3: Chira bai tap 5 (SGK trang 14) Ggi ti le % sd nguyen tir mdi ddng vi la:

1 SUCHUYEN DONG CUA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN TlT

GV: Gidi thieu muc tieu ciia tiet hge va

chieu len man hinh

GV: Chieu mo hinh hanh tinh nguyen

tir ciia Ro-do-pho len man hinh va

thuyet trinh

Hoat

1 Mo hinh hdnh tinh nguyen tu

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

GV: Thuyet trinh ve su chuyen dgng

ciia cac electron trong nguyen tir

GV: Chie'u len man hinh hinh 1.7: Dam

may electron hinh cau cua nguyen tir

hidro va nhan manh: "Electron chuyen

dgng rat nhanh, khong the quan sat

dugc dudng di ciia nd" Dam may

electron la nhirng vi trf electron xuat

hien Vi electron mang dien tfch am

nen dam may dd mang dien tfch am

dgng 3

2 Md hinh Men dgi ve sit chuyen

dgng cua cdc electron trong nguyen

tu, obitan nguyen tu

a) Slf chuyen dgng eiia electron trong nguyin tif

HS: Nghe giang va quan sat tren man hinh de hinh dung duge su chuyen dgng ciia electron trong nguyen tir

GV: Thong bao: Vung khong gian bao

quanh hat nhan nguyen tir chiia hau

nhu toan bg dien tfch cua dam may,

dugc ggi la obitan nguyen tir Tuy

nhien, mat do dien tfch khong ddng

ddu trong khong gian nay

6 g^n hat nhan, xac suat tim tha'y

electron nhidu hon la d xa hat nhan

Vf du: Trong nguyen tir hidro, kha

nang cd mat electron ldn nhat trong

khu vuc each hat nhan khoang

O,053nm

'GV: Chie'u lan man hinh cau hdi: Vay

obitan nguyen tir la gi?

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

GV: Gidi thieu:

Obitan nguyen tir dugc kf hieu la AO

GV: Chie'u len man hinh hinh 1.8: bieu

didn obitan nguyen tir hidro mgt each

don gian va thuydt trinh

GV:

-Giai thfch vd cac miic nang lugng

- D u a tren su khac nhau vd trang thai

eiia electron trong nguyen tir, ngudi ta

phan loai thanh cac obitan s, obitan p,

obitan d va obitan f

GV: Chie'u hinh dang cua eac obitan s,

p len man hinh (hinh 1.9 va 1.10)

GV: Yeu cau HS mo ta lai hinh dang

cua cac obitan s, p

HS: Nghe va ghi bai

GV: Giai thfch ve cae obitan

GV: Nhae lai cac ngi dung chfnh ciia bai

GV: Dan dd HS on tap cac ndi dung If

thuyet phuc vu cho gid luyen tap (tiet

sau):

-Thanh phan, ca'u tao nguyen tir, hat

nhan Dac tfnh eua cac loai hat ca'u tao

nen nguyen tir

-Cac khai niem: nguyen td hoa hge, kf

hieu nguyen tir, ddng vi, nguyen tir

khdi, nguyen tir khdi trung binh, obitan

nguyen tir

Hoat dgng 6

DAN DO - B A I T A P VE N H A

Bai tap vd nha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK trang 20)

• Dac tfnh ciia cac loai hat ca'u tao nen nguyen tir

• NhiJng dai lugng dac trung cho nguyen tir: sd hieu, sd khdi, nguyen tir khdi

• Su chuyen dgng ciia electron trong nguyen tir: obitan nguyen tir, hinh dang obitan nguyen tir