SỰ vận ĐỘNG của các THỂ LOẠI TRONG văn học VIỆT NAM THẾ kỷ XX

Tuy nhien, vi noi dung bao quit cua de tai la qua rong, thdi gian can duge khao sat la qua dai, dien mao th^ loai la ra't phong phii, chinh vi vay, de' dam bao tinh tap trung va chat che

DAI HOC QUdc GIA HA NQI

SU VAN DONG CUA CAC THE LOAI TRONG VAN HOC VIET NAM THE KY XX

Ma s o : CB.01.03

C h u t r i d e t a i : PGS TS Ly Hoai Thu Can bp phoi hap nghien curu : ThS Pham Xuan Thach

Ha Noi, thang 9 - 2003

MUC LUC

Trang

Lin noi ddu 1

Mot so van de ly luan ve The loai van hoc 2

Chuong 1: Su van dong cua tieu thuyet Viet Nam trong 50 nam

dau the ky (tir 1900-1945) 8

1.1 Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930 8

1.2 Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945 33

1.2.1 Tilu thuyet lang man "Tu luc van doan" 34

1.2.2 Tilu thuyet Hien thuc phe phan 51

Chiromg 2: Six van dong cua tho Viet Nam tiir 1900-1945 71

2.1 Thcf Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930 71

2.2 Tho Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945 88

Ketluan 122 Tai lieu tham ichao 124

LCJINOIDAU

Trong ddi sdng van hoc, loai th^ la aiot ye'u to v6 cung quan trong bdi no

"phan anh nhitng khuynh hudng phat tri^n lau dai va ben vflng cua van hoc"

Trong chuong trinh dao tao cua nganh van hoc (ki ca dao tao dai hoc va

sau dai hoc), loai th^ van hoc ciing la mot m6n hoc quan trong Ngoai chuong

trinh giang day n l m trong giao trinh Ca sa ly luqn van hoc, hien nay d Khoa

Van dang cd mot so chuyen dl, chuyen sau danh cho sinh vien nam thii 4 va hoe vien cao hoc nhu "Tha va mtfy v & dl trong tha Viet Nam hien dai", "Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam hien dai", "Kich Viet Nam hien dai" Viec ket hgp nhiing v£n de ly thuye't va thuc tiln van hoc sinh dong la mot yeu cau ludn luon mang tinh khoa hoc va cdn thie't

Hon nOa, hien nay, viec nghien cuii ly luan van hoc tir gdc do th^ loai nhu dac trung thi loai, thi phap th^ loai dang cho nhieu ke't qua kha quan, dang tin cay

La mot giao vien chuyen trach giang day phfo Loai the van hoc (ca

chucmg trinh ca sd va chuyen de), xuS^t phat tir nhiing ly do tren chung tdi da

lira chon de tai "SM* van dong cua cdc the loai trong van hoc Viet Nam the ky

XX'' cho cong trinh nghien cuu ciia minh

Tuy nhien, vi noi dung bao quit cua de tai la qua rong, thdi gian can duge khao sat la qua dai, dien mao th^ loai la ra't phong phii, chinh vi vay, de' dam bao tinh tap trung va chat che ciia va'n de, ve mat thdi gian, ehiing toi xin gidi han d pham vi 50 nam d^u the' ky trong dd dien ra mot budc ngoat quan trong nha't danh da'u tien trinh hien dai hoa cua van hoc Viet Nam - giai doan 1930-1945 Ve mat the loai, chiing tdi chi di sau khao sat 2 the loai Idn, 2 the loai ddng vai trd ehu chdt trong ddi sdng van hoc Viet Nam - dd la ti^u thuye't

M O T S6 VAN M L t LUAN Yt T H £ LOAI VAN HOC

1.1 Loai thI van hoc la dang thiic ton tai cu th^ cua tac ph&i van hoc

Bft cii mot tie phim van hoc nao cung nam trong mot "khuon hinh" thI loai

nh^t dinh: mdt cudn iiiu thuyet, mdt thien truyen ngin, mot bai tha, mot kich

ban van hoc V^ phuang dien ly thuye't, th^ loai thuoc ve phuang thiic nhan thiic, cam thu cuoc sdng va each thiic t6 chiJc, c^u tao tic p h ^ Chinh vi vay,

khi phan tich mdt tic phim cu th^ hay nhin nhan, dinh gii mot giai doan van

hoc, khdng th^ khdng ghi nhan nhiing tim tdi, cich tan ve mat th^ loai Han niia, thuc tiln ddi sdng van hoc da chiing minh rang: Tien trinh van dong va phit trien cua mot giai doan van hoc luon diln ra song hanh cung sir van dong

va phit tri^n cua cie th^ loai van hoc Noi mdt cich khic: siic sdng cua mot

giai doan van hoc duge hiiu hien ro ret nhi't qua dien mao the loai Khdng

phai ngSu nhien, M Bakhtin - nha thi phip hoe ndi tiehg Lien Xd cu da khang dinh: "Xet ve thuc cha't, the loai van hoc phan inh nhiing khuynh hudng lau

dai va he't siic ben viing trong sir phit tiiin van hoc"^*\ Tie'n trinh van hoc Viet

Nam the' ky XX khdng nam ngoai qui luat dd cua sing tao nghe thuat

1.2 Trong qua trinh phit trien lau dai ciia van hoc, the loai la mdt ye'u to

ma ben canh mat on dinh, "di truyen", lai luon cd nhiing bie'n dong, doi thay, tao nen nhieu bien the' vd ciing phong phii Ciing theo Bakhtin: " 6 the loai bao

gid Cling bao luu nhiing yeu td ca sa, bat tir That ra cii ca sd nay duge bao

luu d the' loai ehi nhd vao sir ddi mdi thudng xuyen, cd the ndi la nhd dugc hien dai hoi The loai bao gid ciing vira la nd, vira khdng phai la nd, no bao gid cung vira cu ky, vira mdi me The loai dugc tii sinh, dugc ddi mdi qua timg giai doan phit trien van hoc va qua ttmg tic pham e i biet cua the loai nay Day la sir sdng cua the' loai Bdi vay, cii e6 sa edn dugc bao luu d the loai khdng phai la cii c6 sa chet ciing ma la cii c6 sa vinh viln sdng dong, tiic la cii c6 sa cd nang lire ddi mdi The loai, sdng bang hien tai, nhung luon luon

M Bakhtin; "Nhung v£a 66 thi phap D6xt6iepxJd", NXB Giao due, 1993 tr.lOl

nhd d€h qua khti cua minh, khdi nguyen cua minh Th^ loai - la ke dai dien cua ky ilc sang tao trong qua trinh phat tri^n cua van hoc Chinh vi vay, the loai cd nang luc dam bao tinh thdng nhS^t va tmh lien tuc cua su phit trie'n £iy

Bdi ih€, di hiiu diing thi loai, phai lin len ngon nguon cua nd^*\

Ve mat nguyen ly, cic thi loai van hoc dugc hinh thanh, phit triin va

bie'n mft trong qui trinh van ddng ciia van hoc la hien tugng phit trien bmh thudng Chinh ca sd xa hdi, nhu cdu nhan thiic, thi hi^u cua cong chiing van

hoc la nhihig yeu td quan trong se qui dinh su phit triln cua cic thi loai van

hoc Da timg cd trong ky lic nhan loai mot thdi dai nghe thuat huy hoang vdi

nhiing tic phim anh hiing ca c6 dai HyLa ndi tiehg nhu Iliit va Odixe Nhiing tic phim nay dugc ra ddi trong nhiing di^u kien cua thdi ky c6 dai va la san

pham cua mot hinh thii tu duy nghe thuat va chiu su chi phdi nang ne ciia the'

gidi quan thin linh Khi ca sd vat cha't ciia xa hdi phit triin, tu duy nghe thuat,

su nhan thiic cua con ngudi ve the gidi xung quanh khdng edn qui hdn nhien,

ngay tha ciing cd nghia la cic thi loai anh hung ca c6 diin da khdng edn

"da't" de phit triin Cic kiiu md phdng ve sau nhu tic pham La-Hang ri et deu

khdng phii hgp va cd phin lac long K Mic, khi de cap den thanh tiru cua cii

noi thin thoai Hy Lap da khang dinh: Iliit va Odixe khdng thi ra ddi ben canh

ban in va may in, hinh tugng Asin khdng the ton tai trong thdi dai cua thudc Sling va dan chi - Thdi dai da san sinh ra nen nghe thuat rue ra huy hoang dd

da vmh vien qua rdi va khdng bao gid trd lai Ngudi ddi sau du he't Idng yeu men ciing khong the' bat chudc, bdi ne'u cd tinh bie'n mot ngudi da trudng thanh thanh mot diia tre tha thi chi la "cua simg lam nghe" ma thdi (!) Chinh dieu nay ciing da giiip chiing ta cat nghia hien tugng mai mot cua cic tic

phim trudng ca, anh hiing ca c6 dai va sir phuc sinh cua cic tic pham trudng

ca hien dai trong van hoc Viet Nam

Tuy nhien, nhu da ndi d tren, ben canh sir ddi thay, cich tan qua cic thdi

ky lich su, cie the' loai van hoc luon cd sir thira ke, duy tri mat on dinh ndi tiep tir giai doan nay qua giai doan khic - Ndi mot cich cu the: trong tien trinh van

•*M Bakhtin-Sdd,tr 101

ddng cua van hoc, giai doan sau luon luu giii nhiing thanh tuu ve thi loai cua

giai doan trudc Chinh su lap lai mang tmh qui luat nay da gdp phin hoan

thien va tao nen tmh chft dac trung cua timg thi loai rieng biet

Ngoai ra, khi de cap den pham trii thi loai, ciing ein chii y de'n tinh dan tdc, ban sac dan toe cua cic thi loai van hoc Di nhien la khdng the dua ra nhiing tieu chi rieng cho tiiu thuye't hay tha ciia mot dan tdc nay ben canh mdt dan tdc khic ma khdng chiu su chi phdi cua dac trung thi loai nhung r5 rang, viec xic dinh nhiing dac diim ndi bat trong tu duy sing tao, trong thi hieu thudng thiic, trong sd trudng van dung thi loai, trong ngdn ngii se giiip

chiing ta chi ra dugc ban sac rieng cua ttaig dan tdc va su ddng gdp nhiing net dac sac dd vao thanh tuu chung cua nhan loai

Tinh dan tdc cua cic thi loai van hoc la mot ye'u td tuang ddi ben viing Tuy nhien khdng thi coi cic thi loai vin hoe la "nha't thanh ba't bie'n" Trong

qui trinh van ddng, cd nhiing yeu td se trd nen xua cii, khdng thich hgp cho viec tie'p can, nhan thiic Lai cd nhihig ye'u td tuy ben viing nhung nang ddng,

cd kha nang thich ling, phii hgp vdi nhung yeu cau cua thdi dai mdi Day chinh la einh cira rong md giiip chiing ta tim hiiu, khai thic nhiing im the va gidi han trong viec van dung cic the loai cua van hoe Viet Nam, dac biet la sir ke't hgp giiia tinh dan toe va tinh hien dai, mot trong nhiing pham chat quye't dinh su thanh cong trong sing tao nghe thuat dugc bde Id rd ret trong Imh vuc thi loai van hoc

Cae the loai van hoe dugc hinh thanh tren ca sd ctia cic phuang thiic phan inh Ndi mot cich khic, chinh phuang thiie phan inh da "diic" nen cie

md hinh thi loai Van hoe ton tai 3 phuang thiie phan inh ca ban: Tu su, trii

tinh va kich - Phuang thiic tu sir la mdt phuang thiic mieu ta Idn va quan trong nha't cua van hoc Nd lay viec mieu ta ddi sdng khich quan lam ddi tugn^ chinh Hien thuc ddi sdng trong tic pham dugc tai hien mot cich chan thuc va rong rai qua he thdng nhan vat va cot truyen Tat ca deu hudng tdi mdt the gidi khich quan phong phii va gin giii Phuang thiic trii tinh, ngugc lai, thien

ve phia chu quan Nd lay viec hoc Id the gidi ndi cam cua ehu the sang tao lam

cdt y^u Nhfing hien tugng (su viec va con ngudi) cua ddi sdng khich quan khlic xa vao tac p h ^ qua cam xuc va suy nghi ciia nha tha Ddi vdi tha trii tinh, y^u td cam xiic, su rung ddng true tie'p dugc coi la khdi ngudn, la dac trung ca ban ddu tien dl xic lap tieu chi thi loai Ben canh hai phuang thiic tren, phuang thiic kich la mdt su bd sung cin thie't bdi ne'u phuang thiic trii tinh chu yeu bde Id cam xiic, phuang thiic tu su coi viec tii dung biic tranh hien thuc mang tinh tdng thi la chmh thi phuang thiic kich tap trung khai thic

va bilu hien con ngudi thdng qua hanh ddng Trong cudc sdng, hanh ddng la

sir bilu hien true tie'p va nang ddng nhit ci tinh cua con ngudi Trong kich,

nhan vat luon d trong tu the hanh ddng Tir dilm xu^t phit la xung dot vdi nhung tinh hudng cu thi, kich la thi loai mang de'n su nhan thiic diy du ve ddi sdng va con ngudi thdng qua hanh ddng Su ton tai cimg mot liic 3 phuang thiic phan inh tren da ndi len rang: Van hoc ein phai tie'p can vdi cudc sdng tir nhieu gdc do va phai phan inh cudc sdng mdt cich toan dien, nhieu mat

Tuang ling vdi phuang thiic tru* tinh, van hoe cd thi loai tha, tuang ling vdi phuang thiic tu sir, van hoc cd cic dil loai van xudi, chu yeu la tilu thuyet, truyen va ky Tuang ling vdi phuang thiic kich, cd cic kich ban van hoc Day ciing chinh la nhiing thi loai chu chdt trong ddi sdng van hoe Viet Nam va la ddi tugng nghien eiiu cua chiing tdi

"Khdng cd mot thi loai nao trudng ton ba't bie'n qua thdi gian"^*\ Vi vay, viec nghien ciiu cic thi loai cin phai duge dat trong nhiing dilu kien lich sir,

cu thi Hien thuc cudc sdng - coi ngudn sing tao cua van hoc - la mot ddng chay khdng ngimg, chinh vi vay ma khdng thi doin dinh het sir doi thay cua cic thi loai trong da phit triin chung a'y Tuy nhien, su khao sit, he thdng hoa tien trinh van ddng va phit triin cua cic thi loai trong van hoc Viet Nam la het siic can thiet va bd ich khdng chi ddi vdi gidi nghien cuu, giang day ma con ca vdi ngudi sing tic, ngudi thudng thiic

L3 Nhin vao dd thi van ddng cua van hoc Viet Nam the ky XX, chiing tdi thay cd hai giai doan ding chii y nhit: dd la giai doan 1930-1945 dugc coi

i " ) Ha Minh Due (chu bien), Ly luan van hoc, NXB Giao due, 1998, tr 163

la thcd hoang kim rue rd md ra mdt budc ngoat Idn cho tie'n trinh hien dai hoi

va giai doan tir 1986 trd vl cudi the ky dugc menh danh la van hoc thdi ky doi mdi cd nhilu thanh tuu va khdi sac ve thi loai

Ngudn gdc sau xa ciia mdt tien trinh ddi mdi nam trong cam hiing sing tao, trong quan niem nghe thuat ve con ngudi va ddi sdng xa hdi Nhung ta't ca nhiing yeu td dd diu true ti^p chi phdi den phuang thiic phan inh, den cich thiic ca^u tnic va van dung thi loai Trong hai md'c thdi gian ma chiing tdi de cap d tren, cd thi ndi rang giai doan 1930-1945 la thdi ky ma su cich tan ve mat thi loai diln ra tren mot mat bang vd ciing rong Idn va vdi mot tinh than duy tan triet dl Thanh tuu dat dugc la to Idn Giai doan tir 1986 trd ve cudi the' ky tuy chua dat de'n dinh cao va tinh than ddi mdi ciing mang theo mau sac

va y nghia khic Tuy nhien, day ciing la mdt thdi ky ma dien mao thi loai da trd nen phong phii, da dang Trong dd ding chii y la sir hung thinh ciia mot sd thi loai va nhiing hudng bien ddi theo chieu hien dai hoa

De xu ly dang de tai nay, chiing tdi ket hgp ciing mot liic ca hai thao tie phan chia: Thii nha't la phan chia theo thi loai, thii hai la phan chia theo giai doan

Ve thi loai, theo gidi han da trinh bay trong Idi ndi dau, chiing tdi chi tap trung khao sit 2 the loai chinh ddng vai trd quan trong trong ddi sdng van hoc ciing nhu trong tien trinh van ddng phit triin cua vin hoe Viet Nam, dd la tilu thuye't va tha

Ve thdi gian, chiing tdi gidi han pham vi 50 nam nua dau the' ky XX va chia thanh 2 mde chinh sau day:

1 Giai doan tir 1900-1930

2 Giai doan tir 1930-1945

(Ciing xin luu y la sir phan chia nay chi mang y nghia tuang ddi bdi vi thuc te ddi sdng the loai trong van hoc Viet Nam khdng cd nhiing ranh gidi tuyet ddi ve mat thdi gian)

Di khdi dIu cho sir khao sit ciia minh, chung tdi chon mde thdi gian nhiing nam diu th€ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi coi ngudn cua su hinh thanh thi loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin Cong trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung

vao 2 ndi dung Idn sau day:

1 Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 de'n 1945

2, Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 de'n 1945

Di khdi ddu cho su khao sit ciia minh, chiing tdi chon md'c thdi gian

nhiing nam diu th^ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi cdi ngudn cua su hmh thanh thi loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin Cdng trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung vao 2 ndi dung Idn sau day:

1 Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945

2 Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945

Chiromg 1:

Sir VAN D O N G CUA Tifiu THUYl^T VI$T NAM TRONG

50 NAM DAU T H £ KY (TlT 1900-1945)

1.1 Tieu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930

Tir trudc de'n nay, cd quan niem cho rang, phai de'n nhiing nam

1930-1945, van hoc Viet Nam ndi chung va van xudi ndi rieng mdi budc vao qui trinh hien dai hoi Su thuc thi nhiing budc ehuyin ddng diu tien din den cdng cudc hien dai hoi cd thi tinh tir nhiing nam diu the' ky 20 (tham chi la cd thi edn liii de'n tan cudi nhiing nam 80 cua the ky 19)

Budc sang the' ky 20, van chuong Viet Nam khdng edn gidi han trong khudn khd chat hep cua Thi, Phii, Truyen, ngam ca Cic nha van da rat cd y thiic trong viec xay dung mdt nen van hoc vdi su bd sung cic thi loai nhu tilu thuye't, truyen ngln Nhiing thi van xudi ma ho da dugc hoc, dugc doe nhieu

va trd nen quen thudc trong van hoc Tay phuang - cu thi la van hoc Phap Mae diu thdi ky diu edn mang nhieu dau tich ciia van Ndm, cang vl sau, ngdn ngii van chuong cang chiu anh hudng ciia cau van Tay va ngdn ngir Phip Ve van tu, chii qudc ngii da thay the' chii Ndm ciia Nho gia va trd thanh thii chii Viet chinh thiic tir day

Ddng gdp dac lire vao cdng cudc duy tan, trudc he't la vai trd cua hai td bio Idn: Ddng Duong tap ehi cua Nguyln Van Vmh va Nam Phong tap chi ciia Pham Quynh Cd thi khang dinh rang: Ddng Duong tap chi va Nam Phong tap ehi da giir mot vai trd trong ye'u trong van hoe Viet Nam vao nhiing nam 20 cua the ky Hiu het cic tic pham cd gii tri deu dugc dang tai va da sd cic nha van cd ten tu6i diu xuit hien tren hai td bio dd Mac dau "Trung Bac tin van" (1915), "Hiiu Thanh tap chi" (1921), "An Nam tap chi" (1926),

"Tieng dan" (1927) deu la nhiing co quan ngdn luan eiing thdi cd anh hudng sau rong manh me den cam nghi, tu tudng qudc dan, gdp phan tao nen sir thing the' cua van hoi mdi va sir thanh cdng cua chii qudc ngir song "Dong

Duong tap chi" va "Nam Phong tap chi" thuc su la cii "Id" luyen biit, la noi sinh trudng cua nhilu cay biit danh tieng duong thdi (Nen nhd la trudc 1925,

van hoc chi b tren bio chi "Ddng Duong tap chi" va "Nam Phong tap chi"

khdng chi cd cdng Idn trong viec xay dung qudc van ma con luu giii dien mao

so khai cua van xudi Viet Nam the' ky 20)

VI tilu thuye't, trudc Ddng Duong tap chi, mot sd tilu thuyet Tau da dugc dich ra Qudc ngu va luu hanh rdng rai d Nam ky nhu Thuy Hir, Phong Thin cimg nhieu truyen kie'm hiep khic O Bac ky, Tam Qudc diln nghia

cua dich gia Phan Ke' Binh la tic phim tilu thuye't in bang chii Qudc ngii diu

tien Den khi cd Ddng Duong tap chi, viec dich tilu thuye't Tau la sd trudng

ciia cay biit Nguyln Dd Muc Ong dich Tay Suang ky, Dong Chu Het quoc

va khdng ehi tren Ddng Duong tap chi ma ca d Trung Bac Tan van Dl dang nhan thiy cic nha Nho chuyen dich tilu thuye't Tau va di nhien cic nha Tay hoe chuyen dich tilu thuye't Phip Ong chu biit Ddng Duong tap chi la ngudi tien phong tren llnh vuc nay va da luu lai mdt khdi lugng tic pham Idn Ngoai

Tha ngu ngdn ciia La-phdng-ten, hai kich cua Md-li-e, Nguyln Van Vlnh da chon dich nhiing tic ph^m tilu thuyet Phip ndi tie'ng nhu Ba ngudi ngu lam phdo thu cua A Duy-ma Mai nuang le cot (Ma-ndng Lexcd) cua Anbe Prevost, Mieng da lira ciia Bal Zlc Nhung ke khon nan (Nhiing ngudi khdn

khd) cua Vich to Huygo v.v Dich thuat la mot boat ddng mdi trong chu truong Au hoi cua ong Tir nam 1913, Nguyln Van Vinh thien hin ve van hoe Ong khdng ehi dich tir Phip sang Viet ma edn dich tir Viet sang tie'ng Phap (Doan trudng Tan Thanh) Cd le xuat phat tir thuc te' duong thdi Nguyln Van Vmh cho rang: Viec dich thuat la mot giai doan cin thiet ehuan bi cho viec sang tic Ong ndi: "Bay gid nhiing ngudi doe dugc cic sich hay ciia

ngoai qudc ma c6 dem tieng ban qudc dich ra ro dugc it nao hay chiit a'y thi

ngudi xem den dau khdng bie't dugc het nghTa nhung ciing rd dugc dai khii Khi da cd nhieu ngudi nghe phang phic dugc cii tu tudng cua ngudi ta rdi liic bay gid cd mugn tu tudng iy ma lam ra sich Ndm ta thi mdi cd nhieu ngudi

hiiu Chung tdi biet rang sich dich ra bay gid ddi sau la cd ngudi che nhung

cd thi mdi goi la tien bd, chiing tdi se thoa Idng rang: minh da cd cam neu len rude cho nen mdi cd ke theo hut sau"^** Theo Thanh Lang trong "Ban luge dd van hoc Viet Nam" thi Nguyln Van Vmh dich rit nhieu va rit mau - ong luon

cd hai thu ky lam viec d ben canh, mot ngudi doc cho dng nghe cau van tieng Phip, nghe de'n dau, dng dich ludn den diy va doc len lap tiie cho ngudi thii k^ thii hai bien chep Vao thdi bu6i mdi phdi thai, khich quan ma xet, Nguyln Van Vmh vdi su nghiep dich thuat dugc phd bie'n rong rai tren mat bio da cd cdng trong viec xay dung mot Idi van mdi Ong da day cdng luyen tap cau van tilu thuye't, don dudng cho nhiing sing tic sau nay Van chuong Viet Nam dang d trong tinh trang chap chiing, "bap be" (chii cua Nguyln Van Vmh) da

cd nhiing budc trudng thanh ciing cip "Tir nhiing cau van khdng diit khoit ciia Truong Vinh Ky, tir nhiing bai bio ngd ng^n hdi diu the ky 20 cho den cic ban dich cua Nguyln Van Vmh va cie ban cua dng, cau van Viet Nam da de'n mdt budc dai khdng ude lugng duge"^**\

Nhd sir va cham vdi cau van Phip, cau van Viet Nam ciing trd nen tinh

te, mim mai, nd cd thi diln ta mot cich sau sac va day du nhiing y tudng phiie tap cd trong van chuong Phip Qua nhiing ban dich vdi dieu van em dim, hoc gia Viet Nam cd dip lam quen vdi nhiing van hao ndi tie'ng Phip; va thay dugc sir giau cd, phong phii ciia cic thi van xudi cua mot nin van hoe dugc nudi duong bang ten tu6i cua rat nhilu nha tilu thuye't Idn

Ngoai ra, Nguyln Van Vmh edn gay dung mot phong trao simg md qudc van Ong da tao cho nhiing ngudi cam biit the he nay Idng yeu men qudc van

va long ham me sing tic Trong Idi tira cudn Tam Quoc chi qua ban dich cua

Phan Ke Binh, dng da viet mdt cau ndi tieng: "Nude Nam ta sau nay hay dd la

d nhu chii Qudc ngii"

Theo nhilu ngudn tu lieu, ngudi doc Viet Nam trudc 1932, nha't la gidi

tre da timg rat say me nhiing ban dich ciia dng nhu Mai nuang Le cot, Mieng

'•' Pham The Nga, Viet Nam van hoc su- GianvoiTan bi^nQu^c hoc Tung thu, tr.l2l

*"' Thanh Lang, Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam, tr 222

hiiu Chung tdi biet rang sich dich ra bay gid ddi sau la cd ngudi che nhung

cd thi mdi goi la tien bd, chiing tdi se thoa long rang: mmh da cd cam neu len rude cho nen mdi cd ke theo hiit sau"^*\ Theo Thanh Lang trong "Ban luge do van hoc Viet Nam" thi Nguyln Van VToh dich rit nhieu va rit mau - dng ludn

cd hai thu ky lam viec d ben canh, mot ngudi doc cho dng nghe cau van tieng Phip, nghe de'n dau, dng dich ludn den diy va doc len lap die cho ngudi thii

ky thii hai bien chep Vao didi bu6i mdi phdi thai, khich quan ma xet, Nguyln Van Vmh vdi su nghiep dich thuat dugc phd biln rdng rai tren mat bio da cd cdng trong viec xay dung mdt Idi van mdi Ong da day cdng luyen tap cau van tilu thuyet, don dudng cho nhiing sing tic sau nay Van chuong Viet Nam dang d trong tinh trang chap ehiing, "bap be" (chu: cua Nguyln Van Vmh) da

cd nhiing budc trudng thanh ciing cip "Tii nhung ciu van khdng diit khoit cua Truong Vmh Ky, tir nhiing bai bio ngd ngan hoi diu the ky 20 cho den cie ban dich cua Nguyln Van Vmh va cic ban cua dng, cau van Viet Nam da de'n mdt budc dai khdng udc lugng dugc"^**\

Nhd su va cham vdi cau van Phip, cau van Viet Nam ciing trd nen tinh

te, mIm mai, nd cd thi diln ta mot cich sau sic va diy du nhiing y tudng phiic tap cd trong van chuong Phip Qua nhiing ban dich vdi dieu van em dim, hoc gia Viet Nam cd dip lam quen vdi nhiing vin hao ndi tie'ng Phap; va tha'y duge su giau cd, phong phii cua cic thi van xudi cua mdt nIn van hoc dugc nudi dudng bang ten tudi cua rit nhilu nha tilu thuye't Idn

Ngoai ra, Nguyln Van Vmh edn gay dung mot phong trao simg md qudc van Ong da tao cho nhiing ngudi cim but the' he nay Idng yeu men qudc van

va Idng ham me sing tic Trong Idi tua cudn Tam Quoc chi qua ban dich cua

Phan Ke Binh, dng da viet mot cau ndi tieng: "Nude Nam ta sau nay hay dd la

d nhu chii Qudc ngii"

Theo nhilu ngudn tu lieu, ngudi doc Viet Nam trudc 1932, nhit la gidi

tre da timg rat say me nhimg ban dich cua dng nhu Mai nuang Le cot, Mieng

^*'Pham The Nga, Viet Nam van hoc su - GikaycAT^nbi^ti Quoc hoc Tung thu, tr.l21

*"* Thanh Lang, Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam, tr 222

da Ilia, Nhiing ke khdh nan va coi dd la nhihig sing tic cua chinh ngudi Viet

Nam Ben canh "Ddng Duong tap chi" cua Nguyln Van Vmh, Pham Quynh vdi "Nam Phong tap chi" cang la mdt guong mat duy tan tieu bilu cua van xudi nhung nam diu thi ky 20 La chu but td Nam Phong, kiem Tdng diu ky hdi Khai Tri Tien Diic, Pham Quynh khdng nhiing c6 xuy cho viec xay dung mdt nIn hoc Qudc gia ma con quan tam dac biet de'n Imh vuc van hoc Thdng qua Nam Phong, Pham Quynh da dua ra nhilu quan dilm, nhilu ly thuyet Vira hd hao vie't van qudc ngfi, dng edn nhap cudc vilt sich dl khai sinh nhilu nganh van mdi Tuy nhien, Pham Quynh chii trong den tinh chit ngdn luan

nhilu hon la sing tao tic phim nhung khdng thi phii nhan vai trd md dudng

cua dng trong giai doan nay

Ciing gidng nhu Nguyln Van Vinh, trudc het Pham Quynh rit coi trong de'n viec luyen tie'ng me de thdng qua viec hoc tie'ng Phip va lam quen vdi van chuong Phip Muc dich la lam cho tie'ng Viet them phong phii, "thoit khdi nhiing xiing xich" cua chii Hin: "Dem diln dich nhiing trang tuyet but cua nIn van chuong Phip ra tieng Nam thuc su la mot cdng viec cii tir hoan sinh cho tie'ng nude minh Nhd the' ma tieng Nam se thay ddi, bie'n hoi rdi trd nen thuin thuc, bat chudc dugc d cau van Phip su siic tich, sir minh bach, su mach lac hiiu ly Da cd sin nhiing diic tinh diu dang, tiet tin, nghia la cd nhac dieu rieng, tie'ng Viet Nam se nhd cau van Phip ma trd nen cd nhiing dac tinh cd duyen la thudng NIn vin chuong qudc ngii nay chiu anh hudng rat nhilu cich sich dich cua Phip Nhiing nha van qudc ngii thdi danh cua ta ngay nay,

nhiing ngudi da biet thoit ly nhiing Idi lam van c6 hu theo thdi nha Nho khien

cho cau van tieng Nam tii day them phong phii va nhip dieu hon Nhiing ngudi a'y ddng thdi lai la nhiing dich gia rit danh tie'ng"^*\

Song, khich quan ma xet thi sir nghiep cua Pham Quynh ein phai dugc dinh gii cao hon d Imh vuc thii 2: Imh vuc nghien cihi va phe binh van hoc Ddng Duong tap chi da cd cdng khai md cho nganh nghe thuat edn qui mdi

''* Thanh Lang, Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam, tr 201 202

me nay so vdi thdi dd nhung phai chd den Nam Phong tap ehi, thi van phe binh nghien ciiu mdi cd nhiing budc phat triin

Su nghiep nghien ciiu van hoc ciia Pham Quynh khi phong phii va cd phong cich rieng Ong da hoc tap dugc cua phuong Tay phuong phip khoa hoc trong nghien ciiu, nhiing nguyen tic tie'p can, xu ly mdt tic ph^m, mdt nha van, mdt nIn van hoe hay phuong phip he didng hoi, phuang phip ddi chie'u, so sinh Pham Quynh dam dao, dl cap den nhilu Imh vuc khic nhau ciia van hoe, trong dd dang ehii y la phin viet vl cic thi loai vin hoc, dac biet

la tilu thuye't Trong bai "Ban vl tilu thuye't", Pham Quynh da cd ging dua ra mot "dinh nghia" vl tilu thuyet: "La mdt truyen viet bang van xudi dat ra dl

ta tinh tu ngudi ta, phong tuc xa hdi hay la nhiing su tich la du lam cho ngudi doc cd hiing thii" Sau dd, dng chi ra phuong phip, cich xay dung mot cudn tieu thuyet ma theo dng, tit ca nghe thuat viet truyen cua Phip cd thi tdm gon trong miy chii: "Sing tao ra cudc ddi", nghia la xay dung duge nhiing nhan vat ciing hanh ddng nhu ngudi ching khic gi, chi khic la khi thin thiet manh liet hon phin nhilu ngudi thudng ma thdi" Ciing theo Pham Quynh, viet mot cudn tilu thuye't, bdi vay la sing tao ra nhiing khung canh, nhiing trudng hgp

va nha't la nhiing nhan vat rdi day phai hoat ddng trong nhiing khung canh, nhiing trudng hgp ay Tai nghe cua nha van, suy cho cimg la "bia dat ra mot truyen huyin ma vin can cii d su thuc, khien cho ngudi doc vin biet rang truyen khdng thuc ma khdng thi khdng tin dugc, vi nhiing nhan vat, nhiing tinh tiet trong truyen tuy khdng thuc ma vi cd phep gi bie't ra thuc dugc, thdi tudng trinh bay hanh ddng ra de'n the' ma thdi, khdng khic gi"^*\ Trong phin khao ciiu ma Pham Quynh goi la phin "phd diln", dng da ban ky ludng vl van tir cua tilu thuyet: "Trong cic Idi hanh van thi Idi van tieu thuyet chinh la van

tu sir, nghia la kl chuyen Cich phd diln tuy vin phai dung Idi van tu sir nhilu, ma edn phai tham bic nhilu Idi khic niia nhu ta canh, ta hinh, van dap v.v Cd thi ndi trong mdt bd tilu thuye't khdng cd Idi van gi la khong diing -

'•* Thanh Lang, Sdd, ir 463, 464

van tilu thuyet that la gdm ca cic Idi van"^*\ Cudi cimg, Pham Quynh dua ra mdt vai md hinh tilu thuyet dang thinh hanh d Phip nhu tilu tiiuyet ngdn tinh, tilu thuye't ta thuc, tilu thuye't truyin ky va nhan xet: ddi vdi nha tilu thuylt Ddng phuong, ii tinh chi la mot dd trang hoang edn ngudi phuong Tay dem dat tinh ii d trung tam moi hanh ddng Coi nd nhu mot ddng co thiic diy tit ca

Ngoai ra, dl hd trg cho viec "truyin bi nghe thuat tilu thuyet" Pham Quynh da luge thuat va gidi thieu mdt cich vin tat nhilu tie pham van hoe Phip Phai thira nhin la Pham Quynh cd mot cich luge thuat rat vin tit, ngin gon ma du y Nhilu tic phim tilu thuye't rit dai, dng rut lai rit gon ma ngudi doc vin nim dugc nhung tinh tie't quan trong cua cau chuyen, vin hdi hop nhu khi doe ban chinh van Hon niia, dl phii hgp vdi trinh dd thudng thiic cua

"Ngudi duong thdi", sau mdi doan luge trich, dng lai chi ra nhiing net "ky thuat" cua tie gia Hoae trudc khi dich mdt doan van gay cin, dng cd miy Idi ehi din, dai loai "Doan nay la doan nha tilu thuyet ta rit kheo, hiln nhien nhu tiiuc, luge dich ra day cho ddc gia thudng thiic Idi van tilu thuye't cua Au Tay"^**\ Cung cich nay ngay nay doc lai, chiing ta thiy cd phin iu tri, nhung thie't nghi thdi dd la can thiet

Cd thi ndi rang, mac diu khdng sang tic tilu thuyet nhung Pham Quynh

la ngudi cd cdng vdi lich sir tilu thuyet nhiing nam 20 diu the ky Ong vira la ngudi gidi thieu binh luan, diln dich cic tilu thuye't phuong Tay, vira vie't nhiing bai nghien ciiu, trinh bay nhung quan niem vl dac dilm thi loai va phuong phap viet tilu thuyet Mdi khi cd dip tie'p xiic vdi mot tie pham mdi, Pham Quynh rit sot sing "truyin bi" ndi dung ciing nhu nhiing dac sic vl nghe thuat cho van gidi nude nha Vay la hoat ddng eiia dng diln ra song song cimg mot luc vira mang y nghia thuc hanh (thdng qua cae ban dich tieu thuyet Phip), vira mang tinh ly thuyet (thdng qua cic bai khao cuu) Phai chang Pham Quynh khdng chi la nhan vat quan trong cua nhiing nam 20 trd ve diu

""Thanh Lang, Sdd, tr 467

*"Thanh Lang, Sdd, tr 314

thi ky ma con la ngudi "dua da tiep siSc" va cd anh hudng ro ret den ca giai doan tilu thuylt ke tiep sau 1920

Tit ca nhung dilu Pham Quynh da lam dugc tren day la nhd cd Nam Phong va su cdng tic ciia nhilu cay biit danh tieng cung thdi So vdi Ddng Duong tap chi Nam Phong tap chi tdn tai lau hon, dugc quang ba rdng rai hon nen thanh the cung cd phin Idn hon Vl vai trd ciia Nam Phong, nha phe binh Thie'u Son - mot cay biit cd tieng duong thdi da viet: "Nhilu ngudi khdng bie't van Tay van Tau cd thi chi nhd doc Nam Phong ma cd dugc cii tri thiie phd

thdng vl van chuong hoc thuat Ddng Tay" ^*\ Nam Phong la td bio cua mot

tiidi, la van dan ciia mot the' he nhung chic chin la nd edn nhiing ddng gdp cd gii tri dai lau cho cdng cudc duy tin cua van hoe ndi chung va tieu thuyet Viet Nam ndi rieng trudc cich mang Thing Tim 1945 Ngay nay, doc lai tap chi nay, chiing ta bat gap nhilu vin dl cua van chuong, hoe thuat, nhilu ten tudi va tic pham ndi danh mot thud Cudi ciing, ciing nhu Ddng Duong tap ehi Nam Phong tap chi la mdt trudng hoc dao tao Qudc van "cd chit lugng"

VI dilm nay, Thieu Son ciing da nhin manh "Nhiing nha hdi trudc da tap luyen d Ddng Duong tap chi khi qua viet Nam Phong da thanh nhiing thiy day Qudc van Ma nhiing dng thiy nay ciing da dao luyen dugc nhilu ngon biit tir tinh trang nhiing ban tri thiic ciia tan hoe, cuu hoc ma dem vd cho van gidi, bao gidi biet bao nhieu kien tudng tinh binh"***\ Nhilu nha van trudc 1945 nhu Ddng Hd, Mdng Tuyet, Hoang Tich Chu va tiaam chi ca Nhit Linh Nguyln trudng Tam da luyen tap viet lich trong ngdi trudng Nam Phong -khdng phai ngiu nhien ma Vu Ngoe Phan trong "Nha van hien dai" da danh gia rit cao cdng lao cua Pham Quynh va coi td tap chi cua dng nhu mot thdi

"Bach khoa toan thu" Nam Phong, vi vay, la mot td bao khdng the bd qua khi nghien ciiu van hoc hien dai Viet Nam

Nhin mdt each tdng quit, neu chon mot hien tugng tieu bieu ciia van xudi Viet Nam nhung nam 20 cua die ky nay trd ve trudc thi dd chinh la viec

'[ThanhLang, Sdd, tr 314

'"* Pham Th^ Ngu, Viet Nam van hoc su, tr 247

dich va phd bien rdng rai cic tilu thuylt nude ngoai Kl ca tieu thuyet Tau va tilu thuyet Tay Cdng viec nay dap ling nhu ciu "doc" cua cdng chiing van hoc da trd nen dong dao Ngudi ta tim thiy nguon hiing thii mdi me thdng qua nhiing cudc phieu luu cimg vdi nhan vat trong cau chuyen Hon niia, cin nhin manh den vai trd dac biet Idn lao ciia chii qudc ngii ciing vdi cdng nghe in in mdi thuan Igi hon han Idi khic ban xua Ne'u trudc kia, trong xa hdi chi cd mot ting Idp it di doc dugc cic van ban chii Hin, chii Ndm thi den giai doan nay,

sd ngudi doc dugc tilu thuyet qua cic ban dich bang chii qudc ngii da tang len rit nhilu C) vao mot giai doan ma "nude Nam minh" chua sang tic dugc tilu thuyet thi liy tic phim cua xii ngudi mang de'n cho ddc gia thdng qua "van minh" la hgp le Phong trao dich ciing la mdt tiln dl, mot budc chuin bi quan trong Phai nim duge dac dilm dd thi mdi cat nghia dugc vi sao d vao mdt thdi dilm canh cua giao luu vdi van hoi phuong Tay dang rdng md, nIn van hoc mang tinh thin mdi nay lai cho dich mot loat tilu thuyet Trung Hoa NhOng tilu thuyet chuong hdi ndi tilng dugc sing tic vao thdi Minh - Thanh

xa xua nhung cho den thdi dilm nay mdi den dugc vdi ddc gia Viet Nam Cdng lao nay la cua mot ting Idp "Nho gia cudi miia" xoay sang nghi van nghi bao lay viec dich lam vui thii va mong dap ling eon "khat" doc tilu thuyet dang len cua mdt ting Idp cdng ehiing vin hoe mdi Nhiing tic pham tilu thuye't Trung Hoa du chua giiip ngudi doe hinh dung ra nhiing net rieng ciia tilu thuyet phuong Tay nhung ciing da mang lai mot y niem chung vl tilu thuyet Chinh vi vay nham hudng tdi mdt ndi dung tu tudng va hinh thiic nghe thuat tan tie'n, ngudi ta chii trong hon den viec dich cic tilu thuyet Phap va tilu thuyet mdi cua Trung Qudc nhu "Tuyet Hong le sir" Thuc te' la khi da doc

"Mai nuong Le cdt" hay "Nhiing ke khdn nan" thi nhilu ngudi (dai da sd la Idp tre) td ra thd o, thieu man ma vdi "Chinh Ddng, chinh Tay", "Ddng Chu liet qudc" Ho tim thiy trong cic cau chuyen cua tilu thuyet phuang Tay nhilu net mdi cd siic quyen rii hon va cho rang vay mdi diing la tieu thuye't Nhirng quan trong va bd ich nhit vl phia ngudi cim but la song song vdi viec luyen tap cau van qudc ngii cho thich irng giong van tilu thuyet, nha van con

Ket-noi.com chia se mien phi

hoc dugc d dd each thiic sang tao cdt truyen va nhan vat DT nhien la khong phai bit cii tie gia tilu thuylt nao cung bat diu su nghiep bang dich thuat song su anh hudng la cd that Nhilu tic phim diu hieu md phdng bde lo kha

rd, trong dd phai kl de'n Qua dua do cua Nguyln Trong Thuit va To Tdm cua

Hoang Ngoc Phach - hai tie phim dugc coi la hai cudn tilu thuyet diu tien

md dudng cho tilu thuyet Viet Nam hien dai

To Tdm cua Hoang Ngoc Phach xuit ban nim 1925 Day la mdt cudn

tilu thuyet lang man diu tien, mdt cau chuyen tinh rit dep song ciing ket thiic rit bi cua van chuong Viet Nam Chuyen kl vl mot ddi trai gii tan didi Dam Thuy, Td Tam Dam Thuy la mdt sinh vien ban van chuong Trudng cao dang

su pham cd nang khieu van hoe, da tiing cd tho dang bao, cd tilu thuye't xuat ban Td Tam la mdt thieu nii da timg hoc chii Nho, sau lai dugc hoe them tie'ng Phip lai rit ham thich qudc van, cd sic dep thanh tao, kilu dilm Nhan mdt sir gap gd tinh cd, giiia ho da nly nd mdt tinh cam het siic tu nhien Hon niia Td Tam vdn da me'n md tai nang cua Dam Thuy qua sich bao, nay lai duge biet ngudi thi cang quyen luyen, coi chang la mdt bac dan anh trong van chuong, mdt ngudi tam tinh, tri ky

Mdi dau edn la tinh ban, sau ehuyin dan sang tinh yeu nhung ciing vin la thii tinh "xa nhau thi nhd, ving nhau thi budn" chua cd cii ndng nan say dim bdi hai ben ciing giii y nhu "cich nhau mdt biie tudng ngan, hai ben ciing cd liie mudn treo qua ma khdng ben nao dam" Song, mdt hdm Dam Thuy bat ehgt den choi nha Td Tam thiy trong trap may cua nang cd hai chii V, L dan nhau (ten rieng ciia 2 ngudi) Ca hai da tay trong tay thdn thiie va tinh yeu ehuyin sang mot trang mdi Ho thu di tir lai thudng xuyen vdi nhiing Idi tho 16 thim thiet Nhung tdi day, tinh yeu da lam vao hoan canh be tic - cha me Dam Thuy da dinh hdn cho con va chang ciing khdng du can dam de ehdng lai quyet dinh cua cha me nen da cho Td Tam hay Nhung Td Tam quan niem

"yeu de ma yeu" nen vin tiep tuc say sua vdi hien tai mac sir de doa ciia ngay mai Ho ciing nhau vl cae viing que em dim tho mong, gap nhau tren bai bien Sim Son dl tan hudng miii vi ii tinh Nhung d nha ba An (me ciia Td Tam)

cd mdt ciu Tii den dam Td Tam Dari Tfc5^ltia^kll6ng thi phi( u luu mai

DA! HOC Q U O C G!A HA N ^ ; TRUNG TAiV T H i K G TfN THU' ViEN

trong mdt moi tinh vd vong nen khuyen Td Tam nhan Idi Id lam liic diu cuong quye't tii chdi vi "da yeu mdt ngudi thi khdng thi yeu ai dugc niia" ma

"da khdng yeu thi khdng liy" nhimg sau vi ba An dm nang, nang vi chii hieu danh chip thuan dl me an long nhim mat xudi tay VI nha ehdng, Td Tam mdi hiiu he't su vmh biet tinh yeu vdi Dam Thuy dau ddn, nao nl den ngin nao Nang nhilm benh lao va qua ddi, dl lai cho Dam Thuy mot cudn nhat ky ghi lai tam trang nhirng ngay cudi cimg ciia ddi nang vdi Idi nhin giri: "Rdi day sau khi huong tan khdi toi, cd liic nao anh qua chd em an giie ngan nam, nhd anh dl hd vao gdc cay tang da hay biic tudng miy chii rang: Day la md mdt ngudi bac menh chet vi hai chii ai tinh" Sau cii che't cua ngudi yeu, Dam Thuy thuong tie'c, an han, suy sup, bi benh tim phai nghi hoc vl ddn diln gia dinh an dudng May nhd cd dng anh la ngudi lich lam, am hiiu khuyen can san sde "vdt len khdi biln tinh" va dua trd lai con dudng cdng danh sir ngiep nhung trong Idng edn mai ve't thuong ai tinh dau ddn

VI mat cdt truyen, Td Tam dugc chia lam 5 hdi: Hdi I: To Tam va Dam Thuy quen biet nhau Hdi II: Mdi tinh thim kin cua ddi ben Hdi III: Tmh yeu

vd vong Hdi IV: Ke chet tuyet vong, ngudi sdng vd hdn Hdi V: Kiep sdng vd nghia cua ke edn d lai Dl nhan thiy day la mot cdt truyen don gian, dl theo doi va ngay nay doc lai ddc gia khdng khdi cam thiy cd phin don dieu

Tuy nhien, Td Tam cua Hoang Ngoc Phach trong bdi canh duong thdi la mot tic phim mang theo nhilu cii mdi ca d trong ndi dung lin hinh thiic, cu thi la trong dl tai, chu dl, trong cich xay dung nhan vat, biit piiap tam ly v.v

Ve dl tai, day ro rang la tic pham vie't vl tinh yeu mdi tram phin tram nen nd rat an khich va gay xdn xao du luan Thong qua cau chuyen tinh bi luy giiia Dam Thuy va Td Tam, Hoang Ngoc Phach cd le ciing mudn cd mot Idi khuyen ddi vdi thanh nien la khdng nen qua dim say bdi ii tinh song thuc chit dng da bilu Id tu tudng mdi, ca nggi tinh yeu tu do ngoai 11 giao phong kien Td Tam, chinh vi vay la cudn tilu LKuye't diu tien mang gia tri nhan dao bdi da dat ra vin dl giai phdng ca nhan, tdn trong khat vong hanh phiic ca

nhan - mdt trong nhiing tu tudng Idn cua chii nghia lang man ndi chung va trao luu van hoc lang man Viet Nam ndi rieng

VI nhan vat, Td Tam va Dam Thuy la 2 ca thi tieu bilu cho van chuong lang man Cii giai dieu siu bi thuong cam ma cau chuyen tinh yeu cua hai nhan vit mang din la ung vdi cii dieu riu budn ciia thdi dai Day chinh la tam thiic ciia ting Idp tri thiic tilu tu sin Viet Nam, sau nay da trd thanh mot can can benh trim kha ma cang vl cudi, cang bl tic khdng Idi thoit: Budn vi nude mit, budn vi nhilu gii tri cii bi suy tan, budn vi mdng dep tinh yeu tan vo Tuy nhien cau chuyen ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach khdng chi dinh tning vao tinh cam, vao phin yeu dudi nhit cua nhiing trii tim dang do luyen ii khie'n ddc gia phai thdn thiie red le ma cii chinh la tie gia da dl cip dugc mot so vin dl Idn cua xa hdi Viet Nam tren con dudng Au hoi

Tmh yeu giiia Td Tim va Dam Thuy la mdt mdi tinh tri ky y hgp tam diu Ho quy nhau vi tai, trong nhau vi diic, hoa hgp d nhilu y hudng, sd thich

Nd khdng don gian chi la ua nhau vi ve ngoai "diu may cudi mit" ma la su hoa hgp ben trong tim hdn Td Tam mdi doc van ciia Dam Thuy da thdt len

"Sao anh hgp tam tri vdi em vay" va tir khi dugc giip mat trd chuyen, doi trao thi tudng nhu hai linh hdn dugc sinh ra dl ma hoa quyen, quin quyt Tmh yeu tho mdng dd lai dugc "nudi dudng trong huong vi vin chuong", dugc diem td bang tri tudng tugng nen cang trd nen thi vi va lang man: "Chiing tdi tudng tugng ra nhu vu tru chi cd hai ngudi ma thdi, bao nhieu nhiing thudng tinh eo hep, nhirng tiiam canh Idi thdi, bao nhieu tieng khdc cau cudi, dudng danh mdi Igi d chon phdn hoa da chim dim dau mit ca, trudc mat chi edn thiy khdi huong cua ii tinh duong nghi ngut bay trong dam tit mil khien cho hai ngudi tuang tri dd tudng la ddi chim nhan duong cimg nhau tung trdi ma bay" Ro rang hai nhan vat nay mang trong minh nhiing dac tinh tieu bilu cd hiru cua chii nghTa lang man: Dd la su cd don va tam trang mudn thoit ra khdi moi rang budc cua thuc tai Ngay ca khi ngdi tinh tu ben nhau trong mot dem trang

tren bai biln Do Son, ho vin cam thiy rgn nggp: "Trudc chd gidi cao be rong,

mmh tu thiy mmh be nhd la thudng Trong Idng sinh ra mot thii kinh sg, sg cai

tdi v'mh tdi dai cua hoa cdng" Cai cam giac lac long, bo vo dd cang dugc tang len khi ho c6 tinh quih quyt liy nhau va tu tach minh ra khdi ddi sdng xa hdi Song cimg se phien dien nen chung ta khdng ghi nhan muc dich giio due luan ly ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach qua canh ngd "Trai cd noi sin edn chang mang quye'n rii gai to, gii di liy ehdng ma con to tudng trai cii"^*\ Theo tic gia, each day luan ly cho con em qua nhiing ly thuye't khd khan, nhiing giao dilu vo doin hay mugn nhiing tilu thuyet tiieo Id'i ly tudng tho ngay, liy viec bao ling phiic, hoa, thien ic dl ran day la qui sao cu, khdng giy hung thii, khong lam cho tin tudng Vi vay ma chlng cd dugc gia tri luan ly, giio due La ngudi ciing the' he, hiiu ro tam ly Idp tre, Hoang Ngoc Phich da tim kiem mdt Idi thiic tinh rieng: "Chiu khd tham dd, d day con sdng tinh ma cim biln nhin ciing ban tiiieu nien diing ling ving ben bd sdng, trong khi cin phai dl tim vao nhiing chu nghia cao xa khic, miy chii ring "Day la ghlnh cao vuc tham" (Ldi tua ciia Nguyln Hiin Phiic) Bdi vi "Td Tam" viet bang giong tu sir cua mdt nhan vat xung tdi, trudc khi vao truyen, Hoang Ngoc Phach ciing da cd ldi canh bao: "Nhilu khi anh em ngdi dam luan vl Tan hoc thdi nay, ky gia thudng nghe ndi de'n mot bac thanh nien tan tien, cd tinh tinh van chuong tu tudng, thudng hay lam dung nhiing tai heu dd dem ra lam viec cho ii tinh, gheo Idng ngudi nhi nii, vdi thi hanh nhiing y tudng trong sach hay nhiing canh minh tudng tugng ra Cd liic cd y ma lam, cung nhilu khi lam ma khdng

tu bie't, miln la tim dugc noi thi nghiem y tudng ciia minh va lay dugc Idng yeu ciia ngudi ma thdi, nen xly ra lim tan bi kich, thiet cho minh ma kho cho ngudi, quay rdi den gia dinh xa hdi" Ong edn nhan manh them: "Neu ngudi cimg minh la mot bac thieu nii tim thudng, tinh tinh thap hep, y tudng nhd nhen, dl vao dau cung dugc, gap canh nao ciing xong thi cai hai khdng la miy, nhung gap mot hang thieu nii ciing thich van chuong, ciing cd tu tudng,

da xem duge vai ehuc bd tilu thuyet Tay, da viet dugc it nhieu van qudc ngii, tinh tinh lai rit la dim thim, thudng hay mo mang nhimg truyen dau dau, it

khi nghi din thuc tinh the su thi that la "mdt mui ten tinh ii sat nhan"<**\ Nhiing ddng chii nay, nhlc nhd chung ta khdng thi xem nhe muc dich giio due cua cudn sich, nhung nhu da ndi d tren, tir chd nham dl canh tinh, vo hinh trung tic gia da trd thanh ke ddng loa ndi tieng ndi ciia chinh nhan vat, hon niia edn gian tiep nggi ca tmh yeu sau sic cd mdt khdng hai cua ddi tre

Au day ciing la mdt hien tugng binh thudng cua nghe thuat, nhu trudng hgp L.Tdnxtdi vie't Anna Karenina

Vin dl cudi cimg tie gia Hoang Ngoc Phich giri glm qua hai nhan vat

Td Tam, Dam Thuy la cudc diu tranh giiia chu nghia ca nhan vdi dai gia dinh phong kien, giiia y thiic he tu sin vdi 11 giao phong kien Dd la nhiing nhan vat da hap thu van minh va ldi sdng phuong Tay, cd nhung quan niem mdi me

vl tinh yeu, y thiic rit rd vl cai tdi ca nhan, cii tdi ddi giai phdng Nhung do diu dugc sinh trudng trong nhirng gia dinh edn ne c6, khudn phep nen ludn bi giing xe giiia tinh yeu va bdn phin, ca nhin va gia dinh Mae dii "Td Tam" chiu anh hudng phuong Tay nhilu mat nhung vin chua hoan toan vugt qua 11 giio va dao diic phong kien Bang chiing la tie gia vin chon md tip "ben tinh ben hieu" dl cudi cimg budc nhan vat phii cd sir lua chon Ci hai nhan vat dii rit dau khd nhung cung phai hy sinh ai tinh, hy sinh ca nhan de giii liy nen nep gia phong va lam trdn chii hieu Cai ket thiic cua tac phim cd thi tao nen nhilu each hiiu khic nhau Thii nhit la tie gia diing vl phia Idp tre liy cai chet cua Td Tam de budc tdi 11 giao phong kien Thii hai, trudc sau, Hoang Ngoe Phach vin la ngudi giii viing lap trudng dao diic, nen cho ring: "Ngudi trong truyen vin hiiu dugc cii nghia hy sinh ddi vdi cha me Nhu the la dilu hay" Vl vin de nay, GS Phan Cu De trong "Tilu thuye't Viet Nam hien dai

da khang dinh: Van de ehdng phong kien trong tilu thuyet Td Tam ehi la thii yeu va mire do ehdng ddi cung rat tieu cue VI thuc chat, Td Tam la mot ban tinh ca ngoai 11 giao, ca nggi cai "tdi" ca nhan trong tinh yeu, thoit ly moi trach nhiem va nghTa vu ciia ngudi thanh nien trong cudc dau tranh giai cip

•I'hamTh^Ngu Sdd tr 361

duong thdi Tam trang ciia Td Tam va Dam Thuy la tim trang cua nhiing nhan vat lang man thoit khdi cudc sdng xa hdi"

Ve nghe thuat: To Tdm ra ddi lam xdn xao du luan va dugc ddn tiep mot

each dac biet VI mat ndi dung, cd thi thiy mdi lien he "mo phdng" giiia "Td Tam" vdi "Tuyet Hong le su", song, vl nghe thuat, tie phim cua Hoang Ngoc Phach da xuit hien nhu mdt su kien lam dao Idn nhung ldi viet tilu thuyet truyin thd'ng "Ngudi biy gid" - trim trd khen nggi la hay, la mdi, chua timg

cd trong van chuong nude nha, ky thuc, nghe thuat iy neu ai da timg lam quen vdi tilu thuyet phuong Tay thi khdng cd gi la, nhung ddi vdi nhiing ngudi chi quen vdi nhung truyen Ndm, nhiing tilu thuyet thin tien kie'm hiep, tilu tiiuyet lich sir chuong hdi thi qua la Hoang Ngoc Phach da sir dung mot biit phip tan ky, hien dai

Trudc het la ket ciu: Hoang Ngoc Phach da tu dat ten cho cudn sach cua minh la "Tam ly tilu thuyet" Dd la mot chu y each tan va da dugc thuc thi qua tie phim NghTa la tic phim khdng md ta diln bien cua ndi dung cdt truyen thdng qua bien cd hanh ddng nhu trong tilu tiiuyet chuong hdi, ma chu yeu dua vao diln bien tam ly cua hai nhan vat chinh Chuyen hiu nhu khdng

cd gi ca Khdng cd nhiing bien cd, nhiing hanh ddng phieu luu gay hdi hop, nhiing bat ngd lam dao dien Khdng cd lim nhan vat, nhieu gap go, "cuu khdn phd nguy", anh hung xung tran ma chi cd hai ngudi vdi biu tam tinh cua ho Cic chi tiet sir kien chi hien din tiieo qui luat tam ly, theo su hdi tudng cua Td Tam chii khdng theo trinh tu thdi gian Vay ma da lam cho ddc gia say sua,

"dieu dung" Truyen ta xua khdng thieu chuyen tinh, nhung cai ket ciu "gap

gd, trao duyen, luu lac, doan vien" den thdi nay trd nen nham chan va da bi phi vd Tie gia da xay dung nen mdi tinh dep va tho mdng de rdi din ho den tan vd chet ehdc Ngudi ta roi le, ngudi ta trich cii ket thiic "khdng cd hau" nhung thira nhin tie phim la mdi, la hay Tit ca chinh la d nghe thuat mieu

ta tam ly, d kha nang nim bit va phat hien nhimg bien ddi tam ly phiic tap ciia hai con ngudi dang lam vao vdng tinh ai Nhihig gilng xe ndi tam, nhimg uan khiJC, sir dim say, ndi tuyet vong Moi bien thai dii nhd nhat nha't deu dugc

dat dudi tim quan sat, dugc dua ra phan tich bdi mdt ngdi biit "tam ly ai tinh" Nhiing ddng van sau day ngay nay doc lai, ta khdng khdi cd cam giac mdn cu nhung thdi dd dugc coi giau chit tam ly, la cd biet tai mieu ta, phat hien nhiing "lang le cua ii tinh": "Lim khi trong hai con mat nang nhin tdi cd ve thie't tiia, hinh nhu keu van tdi ngd ldi trudc di cho nang dugc thoa, ma chic lim liic trong hai con mit tdi ciing keu van nang dimg lam cho tdi mot ngay kia phai tiiii tdi cimg nang" Chinh nhd biit phap nang vl ndi tam ma nha van

da khoi ggi dugc cam xuc trong long doe gia, khien ho cd cam giac ciing nem trai huong vi ai tinh, xe chia, dau budn, thuong tile "Nam nii thanh nien thdi

dd diu dimg Td Tam lam tilu thuyet gdi diu giudng va khdng mdt cd cau nao khdng cam tiiiy minh la Td Tam, Dam Thuy" Tuy cd liic Hoang Ngoe Phich hoi lam dung "khoa tam ly" dl giang giai nhung nhin chung, Td Tam la cudn tilu thuyet cd nhiing thanh cdng dang kl trong viec di sau tim kiem the gidi ndi tam cua con ngudi

VI ngdn ngii To Tam cua Hoang Ngoc Phach duge vie't bang mot ldi van chii chudt, nhip nhang, em dim dl me hoae Idng ngudi Dd chinh la giong van thdi thugng ma chung ta se bat gap qua Ddng Hd, Tuong Phd

Ngoai thii ngdn ngii ddi tiioai, ddc thoai thim dim tinh cam Hoang Ngoc Phach ciing chii y nhilu hon den canh sic thien nhien Nhiing doan trii tinh ngoai dl, mieu ta phong canh rat cd thin sic: "Liic dd ca Dd San edn duong an giac, mat bl phang lang, gid hiu hiu ggn sdng Ian tan Ngoai xa lo tho nhiing chiee tiiuyln danh ca budm tring phit pho in vao may rang niii md xanh d ben chan gidi hung hung do" Cd thi khang dinh: tir noi dung de'n hinh thiic, nghe thuat, Td Tam la tic phim da md dudng cho khuynh hudng lang man trong tilu thuyet Viet Nam the ky 20

Ciing thdi vdi Td Tam (nam 1925) Hdi Khai tri Tie'n diic lin diu trao giai

cho tic phim Qud dua do cua Nguyln Trong Thuat Khic vdi Td Tam, Qua dua do cua Nguyln Trong Thuat dugc tie gia goi la "Phieu luu tieu thuyet"

Cd thi tdm tat tic phim nhu sau:

"An Tiem la con nudi vua Hiing Vuong thd: 17, bi gian thin ham hai bi day cimg vg la Nang Ba va hai con ra mot hdn dao hoang vu ngoai Nam Hai Chang tin vao thuyet Tiln thin va Thugng de nen khdng tuyet vong, ging siic lam lung dl kiem cai an, cai mac Chang tim dugc mdt gidng dua dd (dua hau, chii Han la Tay qua) dem trong Den thdi vu, gidng dua ra qua ngot xum xue

Vg ehdng An Tiem nhd cd san vat nay ma trao ddi hang hoa, thuc phim vdi cae thuyin budn ngoai qudc, ddi sdng trd nen khim kha, phong luu Trong vdng ba, bdn nam, An Tiem da khai khin dugc ca mot khu dao Idn va keo tiiem nhilu ngudi den sinh sdng lam cho hdn dao hoang vu bien thanh mdt

khu dan cu trii mat Den mdt ngay kia, ca muu ciia bon gian thin bai Id, vua

Himg Vuong nhd eon nudi, cho goi An Tiem vl va hdi phuc chiie cii Tir khi bie't duge cdng lao md mang cua An Tiem d dao hoang, nha vua mdi tin d tiiuye't Tiln than va tam Idng thanh tiiat cua ngudi eon nudi"

Qud dua do c6 ngudn gdc tir truyen "Tay qua" trich trong "LTnh Nam

chich quai" Tir mdt cdt truyen ngin ngui bien thanh mot tilu thuye't chimg 200 trang, le dT nhien tic gia phai bdi dip, them nhilu chi tiet, tham chi la thay ddi vai dii kien nhim chiing minh cho nhiing quan diem va tu tudng cua minh

Trie't ly "Tiln than" la mdi quan tam diu tien cua Nguyln Trong Thuat

Nhan vat An Tiem thudng cd cau cira mieng "Cai gi ciing la vat cua Tien than

tdi ca" va xuyen sudt cau chuyen, tie gia da dung cdng giai thich cai le Tiln than vu vo a'y va thuyet phuc ngudi ddi rang la nd cd co sd Ca diln bie'n cau chuyen, hanh ddng nhan vat va tu tudng diu hudng tdi trie't ly dd Chinh vi

vay, Qud dua do la mot cudn tilu thuyet mang tinh luan dl rd ret

Ngoai y nghTa dd, Qud dua do edn thi hien mot nhan sinh quan mdi cua

Nguyln Trong Thuat Trong ldi tua ciia cudn sach, dng da vie't dai khai: Tai sao ngudi nude minh cir ham coi tilu thuye't Tau rdi di tdn simg nhiing dng

than, dng tiianh ben Tau, trong khi minh cimg cd nhimg cau chuyen ky thu nhu Tay qua, nhung nhan vat tiiin thanh nhu An Tiem, ma minh khdng biet

ham me siing bai Cd le xuat phat tir tinh thin qudc gia dd, tie gia chon An Tiem lam nhan vat phat ngdn cho tu urdng cua minh Nhan vat An Tiem la

hinh anh tieu bilu cua mdt thanh nhan Ddng phuang, vira say me hanh ddng,

vtra cd tam hon cua mot triet nhan va mdt thi nhan Dat Qud dua do trong bdi

canh dit nude chiu canh nd le, con ngudi ludn cam tiiiy lac ldi, cd ve khdng tim dugc ldi ra ta nhan dugc them mdt khia canh tich cue ciia tic phim Sdng

d ddi mudn thanh "su" thi phai cd tai, cd chi va dac biet la phai cd Idng tin "Su bie't tin la cai cdt lim viec d ddi Cd biet tin thi lip bl ciing khdng lau Khdng biit tin thi qua ciu cung khdng lot - An Tiem vi cd biet tin nen vung Idng ma thanh su" Phai chang, nhan vit An Tiem la mot ngu y thdi the im chi tinh canh dit nude gian nguy dang cin nhiing con ngudi bie't "tu lip tu eudng" va phai chang vi the ma Nguyln Trong Thuat dugc khen la "mdt ke sT cd chi" (Sd eudng Le Du)

Vl nghe thuat Qui dua dd tuy vie't sau Td Tim nhung cii ky hon tren nhilu phuong dien Trudc het la miy chii "phieu luu tilu thuylt" Theo nha nghien ciiu Vu Ngoe Phan "Hai chii phieu luu cd nghTa la bi gid dap sdng ddi, nay day mai dd nhu Gulliver hay Rd-bin-son Crusoe hit trdi dat vao noi nay lai trdi dat vao noi no, rdi nhiing hanh ddng cua ho la nhiing truyen d mot vai

noi chinh ma ho d lau hon ca Ding nay trong Qud dua do An Tiem bi vua

each chiic, sai quan quan dua xud'ng thuyin den thing cii dao hoang vu ma vien quan kia da biet d bl Nam, nhu viy edn cd tinh each trdi ndi gi niia" Vii Ngoc Phan ciing chi ra mot dac dilm trong tinh each cua cae nhan vat phieu luu la phai gap nhilu mdi gian nguy khdng thi ludng trudc dugc, ding nay:

"Tir diu den cudi "Qua dua dd", chiing ta chua tiiiy An Tiem bi ddi khat, kho

sd qua bao gid, hit binh chang tim ngay duge tdm ca, ao rich chang tim dugc cdi, khat nude chang tim ngay dugc sudi ngot, theo y tic gia dd la nhiing canh tiln than cua chang, nhung neu the khdng edn gi la phieu luu duge niia"**\ Them vao dd, cae nhan vat trong tac phim khdng sdng mot ddi sdng thuc, mot cudc phieu luu thuc An Tiem ciing nhu nang Ba khdng thi la nhiing con ngudi cua thdi vua Himg Vuong thii 17 Ho ndi nhiing ldi van hoa tinh tii, dua nhau ngam vinh, "tam hdn dat dao thi cam" khdng cd net nao cua nhiing con PhamTheNgu.Sdd.tr 373

ngudi tiiugng c6 Phi ly hon niia, tac gia da dat vao mieng ho nhiing cau tiio luc bat vdi ky diuat rit gia dan, nhiing cau tap Kilu, nhiing cau tho Nguyln Binh Khiem Tdm lai, ngudi ta keu la su chan xac vl mat lich sii da bi vi pham Dilu nay rit rl dang cat nghTa bdi tie gia coi yeu td lich sii chi la ude

le Nhu tren da ndi, cii Nguyln Trong Thuat quan tam la tu tudng triet ly - vl dilu nay, nha phe bmh Thieu Son da nhan xet rit diing: "An Tiem khdng phai

la mot ngudi ma chi la mdt cai ly tudng ciia mdt tm dd Nho giao Tic gia bit cai ly tudng dd phai hanh ddng, phai phieu luu, phai cam giac su vat, phai tao

lap eo dd dl dien chimg ra cho ngudi ddi cai tinh tiiin giio hoa cua dao hoe

tiiinh hiln An Tiem qua viy khdng phai la mdt ngudi, ngay ca tam ly con ngudi binh tiiudng cung tiiieu d nhan vat iy Doc truyen An Tiem lim chd ta phai gian, phai tiic cho cai tinh cich cua chang that khdng gidng ta ehiit nao

ca Chd ta dang khdc tiii chang cudi, canh ta nen budn tiii chang vui, khdng liic nao chang cd cai yeu hen ciia tiiudng tuc, giot nude mit the nhan, chang

khdng phai la tien la tiianh tiii chang cung da mit cai nhin tmh di rdi" {Phe binh vd cao luan)

A

R6 rang Nguyln Trong Thuat la mdt nha van thudc Idp cuu Nho Ong budc vao lang tieu tiiuyet vdi nhieu phong tiiai cii Ong nghieng ve phan luan thuyet, chii trong diln ta cai chu quan ma it quan tam tinh khich quan nhu mot dac trung thi loai

Vl van phong, ngoai ldi viet bang van xudi ludn dilm xuyet bang nhiing cau tho, hay nhiing doan van biln ngiu, doan ddi thoai eii timg bdn tieng mot,

Qud dua do cd giong tran tiiuat mieu ta ciing dai ddng nang nhiing hinh anh

cd kinh Them vao dd, nhiing chd ehuyin y, sang doan lai qua co Id, ciing nhic, y nhu trong tilu thuyet Tau: "Lai ndi ", "Sd la " va mac diu cd anh hudng it nhilu nhiing tilu thuyet phieu luu qua cic ban dich cua Nguyln Van VTnh, tieu thuyet ciia Nguyln Trong Thuat chua thoat ra khdi muc dich phuc

vu luan ly, dao diic cua dac trung nghe tiiuat phuong Ddng Nhihig han che dd

cua tie phim gin liln vdi bdi canh lich sir duong tiidi Trudc sau, Qud dua do

vin dugc coi la cudn tilu tiiuyet phieu luu diu tien cua Viet Nam Nhirng nha

chim giai cua Hdi Khai Tri Tien Diic da danh gia cao cai tiiam y giao due cua tie gia Nguyln Trong Thuat tiidng qua mdt cau chuyen ly ky Ddi vdi hau tiie,

Qud dua do ciing nhu To Tdm chi cd y nghia "bilu tugng" cho giai doan md

diu thi nghiem cua tilu tiiuyet Viet Nam Td Tam la tie pham cua mot nha

tan hoc Qud dua do la tie phim cua mdt nha cuu hoc To Tdm duge nhiing ngudi tre tudi chao ddn va la khiic dao diu cho mdt trao luu tu tudng mdi Qud dua do vi nghe thuat edn nhilu han che, tu tudng khdng phii hgp nen da chim

vao quen lang Du sao, cd mdt dilu ein ghi nhd la blng mdt quan diem rieng, tie gia Nguyln Trong Thuat da dam di vao ITnh vuc ma trudc dd chua hi cd,

va sau nay d giai doan thinh vugng nhit cua tilu thuye't ciing khdng ai dam theo Dd la viec "viet mdt cudn tilu thuyet luan dl triet ly dl phd bien mot trie't hoe sieu hinh"

Trong so cic nha van thudc the he trudc 1930, Hd Bilu Chinh la mot tic gia rit ndi tieng d Nam Ky Tir Idp cuu Nho ehuyin sang van qudc ngii, chiu nhilu anh hudng cua vin hoc Phap, Hd Bilu Chinh da xac lap cho minh mot con dudng tilu tiiuyet rieng va trd thanh mot cay biit rit dugc yeu chuong d Nam Bd BChdng qua ban tam vdi nhiing vin dl hoc thuat, khdng chiu nhilu ap luc cua bie'n ddng chinh tri nhu van sT d miln Bic, Hd Bilu Chinh ngay tir diu

da td ra ham me "phung sir" tilu thuyet Sudt nira the ky vira lam van, "vira lam quan", dng da sang tic gin 60 cudn tilu thuyet Diing vl sd lugng va chit lugng tic phim, Hd Bilu Chinh la tac gii dang chii y nhit tiidi ky nay Cd till

kl ra mot sd tie phim tieu bilu cua dng trudc 1930 nhu Ai lam dugc, Chita Tau Kim Qui, Cay ddng miii ddi, Ngon co gid diia, Chut phan linh dinh, Vi nghia vi tinh, Cha con nghia nang, Khdc tham, Con nhd ngheo, Con nhd giau Tac phim diu tay theo ldi tu thuat cua dng la cudn Ai lam dugc viet

nam 1912 khi dng dang lam ky luc tai toa bd Ca Mau Mot nam sau khi doi

len Long Xuyen dng viet tiep Chua Tau Kim Qui Tuy nhien phai den nam

1923 khi dng vl Gia Dinh, hai tic phim nay mdi dugc xuat ban va tir dd ve sau dng lien tuc sang tie

Dilu de nhan thiy diu tien la ca hai tie phim tren cung nhu mdt sd tie phim khac thdi ky diu ciia dng diu md phdng theo cdt truyen tilu thuyet Tay

"Ai lim dugc" md phdng cudn Andre Cornells cua Paul Bourget, Chiia Tau Kim Qui md phdng Le Comte de Mont - Crista cua Alexandre Dumas, Cay ddng mm ddi rit gidng vdi Sans famille ciia Hector Malo va Ngon co gid diia chinh la Les Miserables cua Victor Hugo Cd le phai tir nam 1928 trd di, khi cdng tac vdi Phu nU tdn vdn Ho Bilu Chinh mdi cd cdt truyen sang tao rieng nhu Chiit phan linh dinh, Vi nghia vi tinh, Cha con nghia nang, Khdc tham

v.v Sang tic ciia Hd Bilu Chinh da gdp phin khdng nhd vao dien mao thi loai va gdp phin thiic diy su phit triin ciia tilu thuyet La mdt nha van it nhilu chiu anh hudng cua tu tudng Nho giao, ddng thdi dugc tie'p xiic rit sdm vdi van hoa phuong Tay va lai sdng va gin bd vdi vimg dit va con ngudi Nam

Bd, nhiing ye'u to dd da chi phdi true tiep den "ldi" viet tilu thuyet cua Hd Bilu Chinh va bde Id rd ret qua mot sd net dac trung sau:

Ve cdt truyen: Trong khi cae van sT Bic ky dang loay hoay tim kiem md hinh, giong dieu thi Hd Bilu Chinh da cho ra ddi nhiing tie phim mang dang dip tilu thuyet trudc het d cdt truyen ly ky, hip din Tilu thuyet cua dng liic

dd da thudng cd an mang, cd chet ehdc va mang tinh chit gay cin Khi thi dng dua ra nhiing nhin vat dam me lim ldi bi net xiu, tiidi me cudn vao bao rie

rdi rdi dng mdi "ra tay" tiiio gd Q/i nghia vi tinh Con nhd giau) Khi thi dng

diy nhan vat vao hoan canh "khat khe tii bl", cang ngay cang that lai den chd

"bT c\id\ dieu diing rdi dugc giai thoit dan din cho den hdi "thai lai" Md tip

phieu luu, nhit la canh ngd "au tho luu lac nien thieu phong trin" da thanh quen thudc trong tic phim ciia dng Nha van kheo khai thic nhiing trd treu cua sd phan, nhirng tao ngd cua cudc ddi dl det nen mot ehudi bien cd ly ky

Da sd nhiing tilu thuyet ndi danh cua dng diu thudc vl loai nay {Chiia Tau Kim Qui, Cay ddng mid ddi, Ldi the trudc miiu )

Tilu tiiuyet Hd Bilu Chinh, vi vay, thudng gay hdi hop va dl ldi cudn ngudi doe vao diln bien gay cin cua cdt truyen Mot mat dng chiu anh hudng nhimg tilu tiiuyet dich cua Tau liic dd, tiiudng la kiem hiep hoae than ky, tao

ra mdt "gu" thi hiiu trong cdng chiing chi di tim cau chuyen ly ky va ong da nham vao nhu ciu dd cua ddc gia Diu tich cua tilu thuyet Tau edn bde 16 rd hon trong hiu het tac phim ciia H6 Bilu Chanh qua cai kit cue gia tao "Luu lac, doan vien" Ngay ca nhung chuyen the tham tang tdc nhit cudi ciing ciing dugc md ra mdt ldi thoat dep de: Ke ddc ac phai chiu tdi, ngudi luong tiiien dugc hudng phiic Idc, ngudi ta sin sang tiia tiiii, khoan dung, hoae tinh ngd dl hudng thu doan vien

Mat khac, dng chiu anh hudng nhiing cudn sach phieu luu hoae ai tinh ciia Phap ma dng da timg md phdng trong nhiing nam diu sing tac, rdi dudng nhu tiianh thdi quen eii theo ldi mdn iy ma xay dung cdt truyen Anh hudng cua tilu thuyet Tay edn hoc Id rd hon d mdt khia canh la tac gia khdng ehi nghT ra tinh tiet ma edn gian thanh chuong, thanh hdi, cd that mit, md mit, cd trudc cd sau rdi cudi cimg thoit khdi tinh chit hoang dudng bang each tim ra mdi lien he gin giii giiia cau chuyen vdi thuc te cudc sdng xung quanh Chinh

vi vay, khi biet rd mudi muoi la dng vay mugn cdt truyen, ngudi doc vin khdng cam thiy xa la

Nhan vat: Thi gidi nhan vat cua Hd Bilu Chinh kha ddng diic: Tir cae

bac "cha chii" hang tren nhu dng cai tdng, dng Phu, dng Hdi ddng (nhit la dng Hdi ddng cd mat hiu he't trong cae tie phim cua Hd Bilu Chinh) den cae thiy Thdng, tiiiy Ky, dng Huong ca, Huong chu, Huong quan, Huong than; Tir nhiing con ngudi tan tien nhu tii tai, y sT, nii sinh den nhiing Idp ngudi nhd be nhu dan cay, dan ludi, ta thd, ta diln v.v Tinh tinh con ngudi ciing cd nhilu dang: ac va hiln, net na va hu ddn, ngang tang bde true, gia ddi de hen, song

vl CO ban cd till duge chia lam 2 loai ddi lap, tuong phan: con nha giau va con nha ngheo, ke bit nhan va ngudi luong thien Trong hang ngudi giau cd, Hd Bilu Chanh tap trung da kich phe phin bon dia chii quan lai phong kien Ong

da khdng ngin ngai bde trin nhiing thu doan lira bip, bde lot, nhiing hanh ddng thuong luin bai ly, nhiing thdi dam d de tien Ddi lap vdi nhiing the luc giau sang quyin tiie dd la nhiing con ngudi ngheo bac tiln nhung giau nhan nghTa (Le Van dd, Huong Su Cu), trong hoan nan cang biet diim boc, son sit

tiiuy chung (Ba Thdi, Ba Cam, tiling Dugc ) Khdng chi dl cao dao diic nhan nghTa dng edn thuc sir xdt xa trudc canh sdng dim mua dai nlng, ddi rich quanh nam cua ngudi lao ddng ngheo khd Mdi nhin vat diu cd mot dung

mao, mdt tinh tinh va diu mang rd diu in thdi dai Diy la hinh anh cua mot

tiiiy Thdng, tiiiy Ky nhiing nim 1930: "Gia tiii bit rang den, tre tiii ddi ndn, song ngudi nao cung mac ao dai, mang giiy Tay, noi canh tay lai cd mang

mdt cay dil den hoae tring (Bo vg); Va day la hinh anh cua mdt Huong quan d

ndng thdn "io Quang ddng, lua tam cdng, quin lanh den mdi, diu trin ma cd diu tdc, tay cim mot ciy du may vai den, chan mang mdt ddi giay ham ech da

ling, rau le tiie miy sgi, mieng ngim triu bd bd" (Vi nghia vi tinh) Va cudi

cimg la trang phuc ciia cd Hai tin ky Nam Bd: "Mac io Thugng Hai mau da trdi bong binh bac, bin quin cim nhung tring may lung mau dot ehudi, diu doi khan mau tning ga, chan mang giay cudm then nhung dd, cd deo mot sgi giay ehuyin nhd ma ml day ddng nhan hot xoan Idn, ban tay trai deo mot bd

ca ra, cudm tay mat deo chile vdng nhan hot xoan, mot tay xich bop, mdt tay

cim khan mu soa, eo budc xud'ng xe rdi xam xam di vd nha" (Nhd giau) Thii

vi hon niia la ben canh nhiing ngudi phu nii truyin thd'ng, biet giii tiet nghTa edn cd ca loai dan ba hu ddn "an no xich dit di choi hoai, rdi edn sanh siia liy

trai niia HI ai ndi cham thi ehui tudp tren diu ngudi ta" (Thi Luu - Cha con nghia ndng)

Thdng qua the gidi nhan vat dd, ngudi ta hinh dung duge biic tranh hien thuc vl ddi sdng vimg Nam Bd liie bay gid Thdi gian trong tic phim ciia dng

la tir ngay Phap sang dd ho den trudc Cich mang Thing Tam 1945 Khdng t^ian trai rdng, khlp luc tinh len tdi Sai Gon, tir miln Ddng den miln Tiy, tii niii Ba Den den dao Kim Qui, tir tinh thanh den ddng rudng, tii Gd Cdng, VTnh Long, Cin Tho den Sai Gdn, Chg Idn Quang canh thien nhien, nhiing phong tuc tap quan cua mot vimg dit dugc hien len gin giii va cd ban sic Ngay ca nhiing tie phim md phdng, Hd Bilu Chanh cung biet bien bao cho hgp ngudi, hgp canh, hgp khi hau Viet Nam

Khuynh hirdng dao ly: Trong ddng van hoc Nam Bd, khuynh hudng dao

ly bde Id rit ro nhit la trong tho van Nguyln Dinh Chilu nhung ciing that khd hinh dung vl H6 Bilu Chanh nlu thieu di phim chit tieu bilu nay Cd till ndi rang: tinh chit giao huih dugc thi hien qua hiu het tilu thuyet cua dng Ben canh cic nhin vat ludn mang theo mdt phin tu tudng "tai dao", nhilu khi Hd

Bilu Chanh edn dimg mach truyen lai dl giang giai, phat bilu quan dilm dao diic, tham chi la can thiep Id lilu vao tie phim Mdi cau chuyen cua dng la mdt bai hoc luan ly: Nhiing ke "tham phii phu bin" bd vg bd ehdng cudi cimg phai tra gii; nhiing ke an d ac nhan ac diic the nao ciing chet the tham Trai lai, nhung ke cd tim Idng nhin hau, thien tam, tiii du cd lao dao khdn khd cudi cung vin dugc an vui sung sudng Dd at hin la cai luan ly Nho gia da an sau trong tam tinic ngudi Viet trd thanh truyin thdng: cha hiln eon thao, vg ehdng thuy chung, trong nghTa khinh tai Ho Bilu Chanh cung nhu mot sd nha van khac diu liy vin chuong bdi dip the dao nhan tam Tic phim cua dng, vi vay tiiudng giau tinh hudng thien Sdng giiia hai ludng tu tudng, Tay hoe va Nho hoe, Hd Bilu Chinh da thien vl y thiie he Nho gia Tuy viy, quan niem dao dire cua dng nhin chung chua thoit khdi khudn khd chat hep ciia dao diic phong kie'n Tic phim ciia dng cd dl cap den vin dl giau ngheo, nhung dng khdng cd tu tudng diu tranh giai cip, giai phdng ngudi ngheo Ddi khi dng cd y mudn khuyen ke giau nen thuong hai ngudi ngheo, bd thi cho ngudi ngheo ciing la mot each lam phiic Cdn ngudi ngheo khdng cd quyen ddi hdi

Va chang, giau ngheo la do sd kiep, dng cdn vien din ca Phat giao de giang

giai vl qua bao, vl tu nhan tich diic (Con nhd ngheo, Ngon co gid diia) Doc mdt vai tilu thuyet khic nhu Chiit phan linh dinh, thoat diu ngudi doe ngd tie

gia dat vin dl xung dot giiia ca nhan va gia dinh, giiia tu do va 11 giao phong kien nhung hoan toan khdng phai Le Hiln Vinh va Thu Van tu do ket hdn bat chip y mudn cua cha me nhung ho khdng phai la nhiing nhan vat phan khang trong tilu thuye't lang man Tu luc Van doan sau nay (nhu Loan va Dung) Tic gia diy ho xa gia dinh cdt dl tao nen canh "linh dinh", sau dd lai trd vl lam

"eon thao diu hiln" Cd thi ndi la Hd Bilu Chanh chua di vao duac the tJidi

Khuynh hirdng dao Iy: Trong ddng van hoc Nam Bd, khuynh hudng dao

ly boc Id rit rd nhit la trong tho van Nguyln Dinh Chilu nhung cung that khd hinh dung vl Ho Bilu Chanh nlu tiiieu di phim chit tieu bilu nay Cd till ndi rang: tihh chit giao huin dugc thi hien qua hiu hit tilu thuyet cua dng Ben canh cic nhin vit ludn mang theo mdt phin tu tudng "tai dao", nhilu khi Hd Bilu Chinh cdn dimg mach truyen lai dl giang giai, phit bilu quan diem dao diic, tham chi la can thiep Id lilu vao tic phim Mdi cau chuyen cua dng la mdt bai hoc luan ly: Nhiing ke "tham phii phu bin" bd vg bd ehdng cudi cimg phai tra gii; nhiing ke an d ac nhan ac diic the nao ciing chet the tham Trai lai, nhiing ke cd tim Idng nhin hau, thien tam, thi dii cd lao dao khdn khd cudi cung vin duge an vui sung sudng Dd It hin la cai luin ly Nho gia da an sau trong tam thiic ngudi Viet trd thanh truyin thd'ng: cha hiln con thao, vg ehdng thuy chung, trong nghTa khinh tai Hd Bilu Chinh ciing nhu mot sd nha van khac diu liy van chuong bdi dip the dao nhan tam Tic phim cua dng, vi vay thudng giau tinh hudng thien Sdng giiia hai ludng tu tudng, Tay hoc va Nho hoc, Hd Bilu Chinh da thien vl y thiie he Nho gia Tuy viy, quan niem dao diie cua dng nhin chung chua thoat khdi khudn khd chat hep ciia dao diic phong kie'n Tic phim cua dng cd dl cap den van dl giau ngheo, nhung dng khdng cd tu tudng diu tranh giai cip, giai phdng ngudi ngheo Ddi khi dng cd y mudn khuyen ke giau nen thuong hai ngudi ngheo, bd tiii cho ngudi ngheo ciing la mdt each lam phiic Cdn ngudi ngheo khdng cd quyIn ddi hdi

Va chang, giau ngheo la do sd kiep, dng cdn vien din ca Phat giao de giang

giai vl qui bao, vl tu nhan tich diic (Con nhd ngheo, Ngon co gid diia) Doc mot vai tilu thuyet khac nhu Chiit phan linh dinh, thoat dau ngudi doc ngd tac

gia dat vin dl xung dot giiia ca nhan va gia dinh, giiia tu do va 11 giao phong kie'n nhung hoan toan khdng phai Le Hien Vinh va Thu Van tu do ket hdn bat chip y mudn cua cha me nhung ho khdng phai la nhiing nhan vat phan khang trong tilu thuyet lang man Tu luc Van doan sau nay (nhu Loan va Dung) Tac gii diy ho xa gia dinh cdt dl tao nen canh "linh dinh", sau dd lai trd ve lam

"con thao dau hiln" Cd thi ndi la Hd Bilu Chanh chua di vao duoc the sidi

tam tu tinh cam ciia ting Idp tn thiic tre tan hoc, cic nhin vat nay dugc ong dua vao tac phim mdt each hdi hgt, so sai Sau 1932, cudc xung dot mdi cu diln ra gay git trong Itnh vuc van chuong, Hd Bilu Chinh vin di theo eon dudng rieng vdi mot the gidi hiln hoa, vdi nhiing nhan vat thien - ac, chinh -

ta don gian Tdm lai, dng vin la nha van dao ly mang tieng ndi cua ting Idp cuu Nho trudc 1930

Giong dieu ke chuyen:

Trudc he't, khdng ehi rieng vin hoc e6 diln, thdi cua Hd Bilu Chanh

"Van each hay edn trang trong lim" Cau van thudng dimg nhilu chii Nho, thich ldi biln ngiu trimg diep bdn nam chii Ay la chua kl den ldi van chem dem vao giiia cau van xudi nhimg bai van vin Nhung ngay tir diu, Hd Bilu Chanh da xay dung cho minh mdt ldi van rieng, dng cd mot ldi thuat chuyen hit siic mde mac, chan chit y nhu ldi ndi nang cua ngudi dan xir luc tinh Khdng ciu ky tao khung canh dl nhan vat xuit hien, Hd Bilu Chanh thudng gidi thieu nhan vat hit sii:e gian di, khdng hi "lam van": "Thing nhd nay ten

nd la Ly Chinh Hdi, cha nd la Ly Chanh Tam, me nd la Ly d m Van Cdn ngudi dan dng vdi ngudi dan ba nay la hai vg ehdng, ehdng ten Tu Cu, vg ten

Tu Tiln, vg ehdng thud nay khdng cd eon, cd 20 sao dit vdi mdt cai nha tranh

d cudi xdm Chi Hoa" (V7 nghia, vi tinh); Hoae: "Trin Van Sim gdc d lang

Trung Trach, tiiudc vl tinh VTnh Long, cha hdi trudc Huong Thi Tao nha d Gidng Ke ciing thudc lang Trung NghTa, cd mdt diia con gii ten la Nguyln

Thi Luu " (Cha con nghia ndng) va: "Ngudi dan ba nay ten la Le Thi Thdi,

cd mot ngudi anh thii hai ten la Le Van Tiet, ehi ta nham thii ba nen keu la Ba Thdi " v.v Cich din chuyen cd khi "that tha den miic vung vl": "Dd, trong khoang miy nim da qua roi chuyen thing Ty chi ed biy nhieu ma thdi Bay

gid lai de'n chuyen con Quyen" (Cha con nghia ndng) Cich mieu ta quang

canh va hanh dong nhan vat - mdt trong nhiing cdng viec ehu yeu cua van xudi tu sir - cang dugc Hd Bilu Chinh kl ll dai ddng "Thing Dugc khong mudn an chiit nao, ngat nd sg con Lien ddi nen cue chlng da phai an Vo nha bep nd tiiiy nam sau ten ban dang ngdi an com Ngudi dan ba lay chen dua

dua cho hai diia rdi bilu len ghe ngdi ma an An com rdi ngudi iy lai bilu xich dd dem len van ding sau roi vd dd nim ma ngu Den sing thing Dugc keu con Lien day roi bilu nhd siia soan ma di Con Lien gat diu rdi kilm dilm

dd dac Thing Dugc nghe thiy dng Hdi dong ndi om sdm tren nha nd mdi len

thua vdi dng ma di Ong ir lang thinh chii khdng them hdi di dau niia" (Cay ddng miii ddi) Hinh nhu Hd Bilu Chinh khdng cd y thiic thay ddi giong dieu

kl chuyen Cudn tilu thuye't nao ciing na ni mdt giong nhu nhau, ta ngoai hinh nhan vat ciing vay Ong chi quan tam lam sao ciu chuyen cd diu ed dudi, khdng bd sdt cic chi tiet nhd nhat Nhirng doan ddi thoai giiia cic nhin vat ciing nhat nheo, khdng ed su lua chon ngdn tir Nhiing han che' tren day da lam giam di ro ret nhiing gii tri nghe thuit trong cic tilu thuye't cua dng

Tuy nhien, thi thoang Hd Bilu Chanh ciing cd dung cdng got riia cau van cho mIm mai Chlng han: "Cd nhilu khi canh khuya trd chuyen, ed nhilu liie dudi cdi nhin nhau, trai bit ngat Idng vang, gii ngin ngo da ngoe, sdng tinh ddn dip, biln ai minh mdng, chang khdng thi din Idng dugc nen mudn md mieng ep lilu nii hoa " Doc cii ngo van Song An Hoang Ngoe Phach hoae Ddng Hd! Nhung day la vai ldi hoa my hi em hoi vdi nhiing di tich nhip dieu

va tir ngir van Ndm trich trong tilu thuye't Vi nghia vi tinh Cai ldi "tap van"

nhu tren khdng tieu bilu cho phong each ngdn ngii ciia Hd Bilu Chanh Ben canh nhiing han che da phan tich, Hd Bilu Chanh ed mot ddng gdp Idn dang ghi nhan: Dd la lin diu tien, mot nha tilu thuyet Viet Nam dua dugc ldi an tieng ndi hon nhien, gian di cua ddi sdng hang ngay vao tie phim Hon niia day lai la mdt thii tieng dia phuong "Nam bd rdng" nen rit dang chii y (Chinh

dd la ly do khien tic phim cua Hd Bilu Chanh trudc day khdng dugc pho bien rdng rai d miln Bic) Ngay nay doc lai tieu thuyet cua dng, ngudi doc kham phi duge nhilu dilu thii vi Nhiing tii ngii dia phuong nhu "buong ba", "nong na", "so sia", "la bo ho bai hai", "cudi ngdn ngoen", "di sin bin", "diing sd rd", "la hole", "dl et" trd nen cd miu, cd vi Nhiing cau van ta canh ta ngudi dung di nhu "Gid niy tiig tiiiy da vd sd lam het rdi, nen ngoai dudng bdt nao nhiet, chi ed con m't dung choi trudc cira, dan ba di lo tho it ngudi, xe keo ha

giong ngdi ndi khao, diu tren xe ca rem rung chuong leng keng, diu dudi

chec dl ganh mi go sanh cic cup" (Ldi the trudc mieu) cung ed phin sinh

ddng But phap md ta nhu tren du cdn luu lai mdt sd vet tich cua van Ndm nhung da tien gin tdi biit phap hien thuc Nhin chung, ciu van cua Hd Bilu Chanh ngin gon, dl hiiu mang tinh khiu ngii nen hgp vdi dai da sd ting Idp binh dan Lin diu tien, trong tilu thuylt Viet Nam, ngudi ta thay giiia ban be, diim chi vg ehdng xung hd vdi nhau "may, tao" Van Hd Bilu ciing ddng vdi Huynh Tmh Cua, Truong VTnh Ky: NghTa la viet tie'ng Viet "tron tudt nhu ldi ndi" Day phai chang la chii truong cua cae van gia miln Nam, ehdng lai ldi van dai cic miln Bic va Hd Bilu Chanh la mdt tie gia rit cd y tinic "dap vd cii khudn khd van chuong dai cic gia tao" iy"

Tom lai: Hoang Ngoc Phach, Nguyln Trong Thuat, Hd Bilu Chanh la 3 tic gii tieu bilu cua tilu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930 Cic sing tic cua cae nha van d giai doan nay neu khdng la nhiing mdi tinh lang man den

dau ddn, tuyet vong, bi tham (Td Tdm) thi cung nang tinh phieu luu, tudng tugng (Qud dua do cua Nguyln Trong Thuat va mdt sd tic phim cua Hd Bilu

Chinh) Song dilm gap go chung giiia ho la liy van chuong dl ehuyin tai nhiing bai hoe dao diic, luan ly Day la mdt the he md dudng, "phae thao nen biic hoa dd", dat nIn mdng cho tilu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan tiep sau

1.2 Tieu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945

Sau 1930, cic khuynh hudng tilu thuyet hien dai phat triin manh me va phiic tap hon Duong Quang Ham trong "Viet Nam van hoe sir yeu" (1942) da chia tilu thuyet Viet Nam thdi ky nay thanh 4 khuynh hudng: Khuynh hudng hoc thuat, khuynh hudng lang man, khuynh hudng xa hoi, khuynh hudng ta thuc Vu Ngoc Phan trong "Nha van hien dai" (1942) tuy khdng chi ra "su tien hoa" cua tilu thuyet nhung cung da danh nhilu chuong dl ndi vl cic nha tilu thuyet Sir chii y quan tam dd cua cic nha nghien cuu, phe binh da ndi len mot thuc te: Day la giai doan tilu tiiuyet Viet Nam phat triin rue rd va cd nhieu thanh tuu Neu nhu trudc 1930, sd nha vin viet tilu thuyet ehi cd vai ba tie gia ding nhd thi den thdi ky nay, tilu thuyet dang vao miia boi thu Neu coi tieu

tiiuylt Ii "hinh thai chii ylu cua nghe thuit ngdn tir" thi ddi vdi van hoc Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945, tilu thuyet ddng mdt vai trd hit siic quan trong trong ddi sdng van hoc Lich sir tilu thuyet Viet Nam thuc su da sang trang va budc vao mdt thdi ky nd rd Cd nhiing nha van trong vdng chua diy chue nam

da cd tdi gin 100 tilu thuylt nhu Le Van Truong, Lan Khai Thdi gian qua di, nhilu gia tri cii da dugc dinh vi lai Trong tinh hinh tilu thuyet Viet Nam giai

doan nay ndi bat len 2 khuynh hudng: Tilu thuylt lang man Tu luc vdn doan

va Tieu thuyet hien thuc Dd la 2 khuynh hudng chinh cd nhilu thanh tuu, cd

vi the dac biet quan trong ddi vdi tien tiinh van ddng va phat triin cua tilu tiiuyet Viet Nam till ky 20

1,2.1 Tieu thuyet lang man ^^Tu life vdn doan''

Tu luc van doan la mot van phai ed co quan ngdn luin, cd tdn chi, muc dich va nha xuit ban rieng Ndi de'n "Tu luc vin doan", ngudi ta khdng the khdng nhlc den vai trd cua Nhit Linh Nguyen Trudng Tam Chinh dng la ngudi da cd cdng sang lap ra td chiic nay

Tuyen ngdn: "Tu lire van doan tap hgp nhiing ngudi ddng chi trong van gidi: ngudi trong doan vdi nhau cdt cd lien lac vl tinh thin, cimg nhau theo dudi mdt tdn chi, het siie giiip nhau dl dat dugc muc dich chung, hit siic che chd nhau trong cdng cudc cd tinh cich van chuong

Ngudi trong van doan dl dudi ten minh chii Tu luc van doan va bao nhieu tie phim cua minh diu dugc van doan nhan va dat diu hieu

Sau nay neu cd thi dugc, van doan se dat giai thudng goi la giai thudng

Tu lire van doan dl thudng nhiing tie phim cd gia tri va hgp vdi tdn chi cua doan"

Tdn ehi:

1 Tu siic mhih lam ra nhimg sach ed gia tri vl van chucmg chir khdng phien dich sach nude ngoai neu nhiing sich nay ehi ed tinh each van chuong thdi: muc dich dl lam giau them van san trong nude

2 Soan hay dich nhirng sach cd tu tudng xa hoi chii y lam cho ngudi va

xa hoi ngay mdt hay hon len

3 Theo chu nghia binh dan, soan nhiing cudn sach cd tinh each binh dan

va c6 ddng cho ngudi khac yeu chii nghTa binh dan

4 Diing mdt ldi van gian di, dl hiiu, it chii Nho, mdt ldi van that cd tinh each An Nam

5 Liic nao ciing mdi, tre, yeu ddi, cd tri phin diu va tin d sir tien bd

6 Ca tung nhiing net hay ve dep cua nude ma cd tinh cich binh dan, khien cho ngudi khac dem Idng yeu nude mdt each binh din Khdng ed tinh each trudng gia quy phai

7 Trong tu do ca nhan

8 Lam cho ngudi ta biet ring, dao Khdng khdng hgp thdi niia

9 Dem phuang phip khoa hoc Thai Tiy ung dung vao van chuong Viet Nam

10 Theo mot trong chin dilu nay cung duge, miln la dimg trai vdi nhiing dilu khac

Tir gdc do thi loai, tdn ehi cua Tu luc van doan tap trung vao nhiing dac dilm chu yeu sau day:

- Vl ndi dung tu tudng: Cic nha van trong nhdm Tu luc van doan ehdng lai dao Khdng, ehdng lai khuynh hudng quan lieu va luan ly gia dinh ha khic ciia che do phong kien Tdn trong tu do ca nhan va ed vii cho ldi sdng tre trung, sdi ndi cua thanh nien Mieu ta nhiing ve dep tiiien nhien, canh sic non nude dl ehdng lai khuynh hudng "edp nhat" phong canh nude ngoai

- Vl hinh tinic nghe thuat: Tu luc van doan chu truong viet mot ldi van gian di, dl hiiu, diing it chii Nho, cd tinh each An Nam dl ehdng lai ldi van nang vl chii Han, nhiing thuat ddi xiing va trimg diep cua giai doan trudc Ngoai ra, cai ten Tu lire van doan da mang y nghTa Tu luc sang tao, tu sire minh sang tie tie phim, khdng phien dich hay md phdng Day cd le cung

la mot phan ling ehdng lai giai doan trudc, chi chuyen chii ban vl ly thuyet cdn tic phim chu yeu la dich tir ngoai van Tu lire van doan chi ehii y den sang tie va coi nhe dich thuit