Thiết kế bài giảng sinh học 12 nâng cao (tập 2) phần 1

- GV nhan xet, danh gia, bd sung kien thiic va gidi thieu phep lai tao ngudn bien di td hgp cho chgn gidng.. Hogt ddng cda HS - HS quan sat hinh 22 SGK —> van dung kie'n thiic vi phuon

THIET KE BAI GIANG

TRAN KHANH PHirCJNG

THIET KE BAI GIANG

NilNGQIO-TdPHfll

NHA XUAT BAN HA N 6 I

Chuong IV UNG DUNG Dl TRUYEN HOC

Bai 22 CHON GIONG VAT NUOI VA CAY TRONG

I MUC TIEU

1 Kien thurc

• HS biet duoc nguon vat lieu cho chon giong t\i tu nhien va nhan tao

• HS biet dugc vai tro eia bien di to hgp trong chgn giong vat nuoi cay trong

• Nang cao kl nang phan tfch hien tugng de tim hieu ban chat cua su viec qua chgn giong mdi tir nguon bien di to hgp

2 KT nang

• Phan tfch thong tin de nam bat kien thiic

• Khai quat hoa kien thiic

• Van dung kien thiic, giai thfch thuc te

II CHUAN B!

• Tranh anh ve giong vat nuoi, cay trong

• Tu Ueu v6 chgn giong vat nuoi, cay trong

III HOAT DONG DAY - HOC

1 Kiem tra

• Ngi dung dinh luat Hacdi Venbec, cho vf du minh hoa

• Khi a trang thai can bang di truyen thi cau tnic di truyen cua quan the nhu

the nao?

• HS lam bai tap 5, 6 SGK trang 87

2 Trong tam

• Bien di to hgp la nguon nguyen lieu quan trgng cho chgn gidng

• Bien di to hgp la nguyen nhan ciia su da dang ve kieu gen, phong phu ve kieu hinh ciia gidng

3 Bai mdi

• GV gidi thieu ngi dung ciia chuong IV va gidi han kien thiic ciia bai hgc

• GV gidi thieu 4 budc trong quy trinh chgn gidng vM nuoi, cay trong do la: tao nguon nguyen lieu, chgn lgc, danh gia chat lugng gidng va dua ra san xuat dai tra

Hogt dpng I

GIC5I THIEU VE NGUON GEN T U N H I E N VA NHAN TAG

Muc tieu:

• HS biet each tao dugc nguon gen

• HS biet lien he thuc te

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV dan dat:

+ Mudn chgn lgc cd ket

qua c&i cd ngudn vat Ueu

+ Ngudn vat lieu trong tu

nhien chua du de chgn

lgc dat hieu qua, nen con

ngudi da chu dgng tang

ngudn vat lieu nhd gay

dot bien, lai tao

—GV neu yeu cau:

+ Nghien ciiu SGK trang

88 muc I

Hogt dpng cua GV

+ Hoan thanh phieu hgc

tap "Gidi thieu vt ngudn

gen tu nhien va ngudn

gen nhan tao"

- GV nhan xet va thong

bao dap an

Nguon gen tu nhien

Thu thap vat lieu tCr thien nhiSn, tif cac dja

phuong

xay dung bp suu tap cac dang tu nhien ve

vat nuoi, cay trong

Trung tSm phat sinh giong ngd, gidng l<hoai

tay hoang dai d IVIehicC va Bac IVIy

Nguon gen nhan tao

- Gay dot bie'n de tao ra nhigu dang l<hac nhau

- Lai tao de tao ra vat lieu mcii

- Thanh lap ngan hang gen, luu giu' bao quan cac k^t qua lai

- Trao ddi vdi cac thanh ph6, qu6c gia Vifn nghien ctru hoa quoc te IRRI d Phiiippin

Hogt dpng cua GV Hogt dpng cua HS Ngi dung

phuong lai thfch nghi tdt

vdi dieu kien mdi trudng

noi chiing sdng?

+ Cac vat lieu tu nhien

dugc thu thap ban dau da

cd the trd thanh gidng vat

nuoi cay trdng dugc

chua? Tai sao?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va bd sung kien thiic

+ Cac dang vat nudi, cay trdng cd sSn trong tu nhien d timg dia phuong thdng thudng cd td hgp nhieu gen thich nghi tdt vdi dilu kien mdi trudng noi chiing sdng la ket qua cua chgn lgc tu nhien til hang trieu nam

VD: Lgn rimg, ga rimg, man, dao

+ Cac vat lieu tu nhien dugc thu thap ban dau khdng phai da chuyen thanh gidng dn dinh va hoan chinh ngay dugc

+ Can phai gay dot bien lai tao de thu dugc nhieu dang khac nhau va tao nen vat lieu mdi cho chgn gidng

Vl du: Liia mi hoang dai

cd kha nang chdng chiu tdt, tuy nhien nang suat rat thap, can cai tao gen, chgn lgc td hgp gen qui

- Dai dien HS trinh bay

-^ ldp nhan xet

Hogt dpng 2

TIM HIEU CHON GIONG T L T N G U O N BIEN DI TO HOP

Muc tieu:

• HS chi ra dugc vai trd cua bien di td hgp trong chgn gidng vat nuoi, cay trdng

• HS van dung kien thii'c, lien he thuc te

Hogt dpng cua GV

- GV dua va'n dt thao

luan:

+ Bien di td hgp la gi?

+ Tai sao lai la phuong

phap CO ban tao nen bie'n

di td hgp?

+ Ket qua tao bien di td

hgp la gi? Cho vf du?

+ Cd nhung phep lai nao

sir dung di tao ngudn bien

+ Phep lai da tao nen vat cha't di truySn va cd di6u kien trao ddi td hgfp lai thanh kieu gen mdi

+ Ket qua: Tao ra sd lugng ldn kieu gen khac

nhau thi hien qua vd sd

gen, nhirng kiiu hinh,mdi

xuat hien chfnh la kieu hinh do bien di td hgp

+ Cac phep lai: Tu thu pha'n bat budc, giao phdi can huyet, lai khac ddng, lai kinh te

Hogt dpng cua GV Hogt dpng cda HS Ndi dung

- GV tiep tuc neu van de

de phan tfch vai trd cua

bien di td hgp

Tai sao bie'n di td hgp cd

vai trd dac biet quan trgng

trong viec tao gidng mdi?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia,

bd sung kien thiic va gidi

thieu phep lai tao ngudn

bien di td hgp cho chgn

gidng

- GV neu yeu c5u:

+ Quan sat hinh 22 SGK

trang 89

+ Phan tfch qua trinh chgn

lgc td hgp gen mong mudn

- HS cd the van dung

kien thiic vi dot bien gen,

bieu hien cua kieu gen ddng hgp, di hgp, td hgp gen rdi trao ddi trong nhdm —> thdng nha't y kien

- Yeu cau neu dugc:

+ Dot bien gen chi lam xuat hien 1 gen mdi d mgt ca the rieng le nao

vi chung se dugc nhan len thanh tap doan cay trdng, vat nudi

Hogt dpng cua GV

- GV ggi y:

+ Chi ra phep lai dugc sii

dung trong so dd

+ Ddng thuan cd kieu gen

nhu the nao?

GV nhan xet, danh gia va

y6u cau HS neu y nghia

ciia ddng thuin chung

- GV nhan xet, danh gia,

giiip HS hoan thi6n kien

thiic

Hogt ddng cda HS

- HS quan sat hinh 22

SGK —> van dung kie'n

thiic vi phuong phap lai,

dac diem kieu gen ddng hgp va di hgp de nhan biet kie'n thiic

- Thao luan nhanh trong

nhdm -^ thdng nha't y

kien

- Yeu cau neu dugc:

+ Sur dung phep lai: Tu

thu phan, giao phdi gin

(F1,F3)

+ Ddng thuan d F4 cd kieu gen AAbbCC, F2 cd kieu gen AABBcc, AAbbcc

- Dai dien HS trinh bay

- Ca the mang td hgp gen mdi dugc tu thu pha'n

hoac giao phdi gin de tao

ra ddng thuan

- Lai cac td hgp ddng thuan va chgn lgc td hgp gen mong mudn

Hogt dpng cua GV Hogt dpng cua HS Ndi dung

- GV hdi:

+ Uu the lai la gi? Cho vf

du ve uu the lai

+ Uu the lai the hien ro

nha't trong trudng hgp

nao?

+ Uu the lai vugt trgi so

vdi bd me thi hien nhu

the nao?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

- GV neu va'n d6:

+ Hien tugng uu' the lai

dugc giai thfch nhu the

nao?

+ Lam the nao de tao

duoc uu the lai?

- HS van dung kien thirc sinh hgc 9 tra ldi

- Yeu cau neu dugc:

+ Fl cd siic sdng cao hon

+ Uu the lai rd khi lai giiia cac ddng thuan cd kieu gen khac nhau

+ Kieu hinh Fl ldn hon

so vdi bd me, dac biet la nang xuat cao hon nhieu

- Dai dien HS tra ldi ->

ldp nhan xet

- HS nghien ciiu SGK trang 89 muc 11(2)

- HS van dung kien thiic sinh hgc 9 tra ldi

+ Tfnh trang sd lugng do nhieu gen trgi quy dinh

+ Dang bd me thuan chung nhieu gen lan d trang thai ddng hgp bieu hien tfnh trang xau

+ Khi cho lai ca the cd kieu gen trdi va kieu gen lan chi cd gen trgi mdi duoc bieu hien o F l

2 Tao gidng lai co uu the lai cao

Hogt dpng cua GV Hogt dpng cua HS Ngi dung

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va sir dung SG V trang 136

de nha'n manh

+ Trang thai di hgp ve

nhieu cap gen con lai cd

kieu hinh vugt trdi

(AA<Aa>aa)

+ Con lai cd uu the lai cao

cho tu thu pha'n qua cac

the he con lai cd kieu gen

ddng hgp -> uu the lai

giam

+ Vai trd cua te bao chat

trong su hinh thanh mgt

sd tfnh trang

+ Gia thie't sieu trdi

+ Lai khac ddng, khac thii, lai kinh te, lai thuan nghich

- Dai dien HS trinh bay -> ldp nhan xet bd sung

- HS khai quat kien thiic + Khai niem uu the lai

+ Giai thfch hien tugng

11

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS

* Lien he

Hay neu cac thanh tuu

chgn gidng ,d Viet Nam ve

vat nudi, cay trdng cd uu

the lai

Ngi dung

HS van dung hieu biet thuc te, kiet hgp kien thiic sinh hgc 9 tra ldi:

- Lgn 1 Mdng Cai x Dai

Bach -^ con lai Fl tang

trgng nhanh, ti le thit nac cao

* Giai thfch hien tugng: Gia thiet sieu trgi

+ Lai thuan nghich

AA X aa

aa X AA + Lai khac ddng

° Lai khac ddng don

A X B -> c (san xua't)

° Lai khac ddng kep

A x B ^ c C x F

E x D ^ F G Luu y:

- Uu the lai bieu hxtn

cao nhat d ddi con lai Fl,

sau dd giam din

- Khdng dung con lai Fl

lam gidng

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cua HS

- Bd vang Thanh Hoa lai vdi bd Hosten Ha Lan ->

con lai Fl cd trgng lugng tang, san lugng siia nhieu hon

- Gidng ngd, lua, dau tuong, lac

Ngi dung

4 Kiem tra danh gia

GV yeu cau HS tdm tat kien thiic bai hgc

5 Dan do

• Hgc bai, tra ldi cau hdi SGK

• Suu tam tu lieu ve chgn gidng vat nudi cay trdng

• Dgc muc "Em cd bie't?"

Bdi 23 CHON GIONG VAT NUOI VA CAY TRONG (tiep theo)

• Phan tfch thdng tin phat hien kien thiic

• van dung If thuyet vao thuc tiln

II CHUAN Bj

• Tranh hinh 4.1,4.2 SGK trang 21, 22 phdng to

• Tu lieu ve chgn gidng vat nudi, cay trdng

• Cud'n "450 gidng cay trdng mdi nang suat cao" ciia tac gia Dudng Hdng Dat

13

III HOAT DONG DAY - HOC

• HS bie't van dung If thuyet giai thfch cac hien tugng thuc te

- GV dua van de:

Gidng ngd ne'p VN2 ciia

Viet Nam cd nang sua't la

40 ta/ ha Ne'u cham sdc

that tdt cd the cho nang

suat tdi 80 ta/ha hay

khdng? Vi sao?

1 Khai niem ve tao gidng bdng phuong phap gay dot bien

- HS van dung kien thiic tra ldi:

+ Gidng ngd —> kieu gen

+ Nang sua't —> kieu hinh

+ Cham sdc -^ mdi trudng

Hogt dpng cua GV

- GV hdi: Mudn tang

nang sua't vdi gidng ngd

VN2 con ngudi can ap

dung kl thuat nao? Co sd

khoa hgc cua ki thuat dd

lagi?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va giang giai miic tran ve

nang sua't ciia kieu gen cu

the

- GV hdi: The' nao la tao

gidng bang phuong phap

gay dot bie'n?

- GV nhan xet va bd sung

kie'n thiic

Hogt dpng cua HS + Kieu gen quy dinh gidi

han nang suat ciia mdt gidng vat nudi hay cay trdng

+ Gidng ngd ne'p VN2 cd the cho nang suat 45 ta/ha chir khdng the cho nang suat 80 ta/ha vi kieu gen quy dinh

HS cd the tra ldi:

+ Mudn tang nang sua't cua gidng ngd VN2 hay cua cac gidng khac can phai lam thay ddi vat lieu

di truyen

+ Sir dung cac tac nhan If hoa lam bie'n ddi gen, NST

- HS van dung kie'n thiic

sinh hgc 9 tra ldi -^ ldp

nhan xet

Npi dung

Gay dot bien tao gidng mdi la phuong phap sii dung cac tac nhan vat If

va hoa hgc nham lam thay ddi vat lieu di truyen cua sinh vat de phuc vu cho lgi fch cua con ngudi

15

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV gidi thieu khai quat

qua trinh tao gidng mdi

bang phuong phap gay

dot bie'n gdm 3 budc, sau

dd HS di sau tim hieu

timg budc

- GV neu van de:

+ Cd nhiing tac nhan If

hoa nao diing de gay dot

bien?

+ Tai sao lai phai lua

chgn tac nhan, lieu lugng

va thdi gian xir If cua tac

nhan gay dot bie'n?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va yeu cau HS khai quat

kie'n thiic

Hogt dpng cua HS

- HS van dung kien thiic

sinh hgc 9 va bai 4 SGK sinh hgc 12 nang cao de nhan biet kie'n thiic

+ Phai lua chgn tac nhan

vi neu sir dung sai cd the gay chet hoac anh hudng xa'u de'n sinh vat

- Dai dien HS tra ldi -^

ldp nhan xet

Npi dung

2 Chu trinh tao gidng

mdi bang phuong phap

gay dot bien

a) Xic li mdu bdng tdc

nhdn gdy dot Men

Hogt dpng cua GV

- GV bd sung kie'n thiic:

+ Tia phdng xa: Kfch

thfch va ion hoa cac

nguyen tir khi chiing di

xuyen qua cac md sdng

+ Tia tir ngoai: Chi cd tac

dung kfch thfch nen chi

dung xir If bao tii, hat

pha'n, vi sinh vat

+ Sdc nhiet: Tang giam

nhiet do dot nggt gay

chan thuong bd may di

truyen

+ Cdnsixin can trd hinh

thanh thoi vd sdc

+ EMS lam thay G bang

T hoac X hau qua la cap

G - X bi thay bang T - A

hoac X - G

- GV neu va'n de:

+ Tai sao sau khi gay dot

bie'n phai chgn lgc?

+ Dua vao dau de chgn

dugc the dot bie'n mong

de nhan biet kien thiic

+ HS van dung kien thiic chuong I de bd sung kien thiic ve the dot bien cd lgi, cd hai, trung tfnh

- Thao luan nhdm thdng nha't y kie'n tra ldi

- Yeu cau neu dugc:

+ Dot bie'n thudng vd hudng

Npi dung

- Tac nhan gay dot bien bao gdm: Tia phdng xa, tia tir ngoai, xdc nhiet, cdnsixin, EMS, NMU

- Lira chgn tac nhan gay dot bie'n thfch hgp, tim hieu lieu lugng, xac dinh thdi gian xir If tdi im

b) Chgn lgc cdc the dot bien cd kieu hinh mong mudn

17

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va giiip HS hoan thien

kie'n thiic

- GV neu van di:

+ Tai sao phai tao ddng

thuan chiing theo gen dot

bie'n vira gay dugc?

+ Tao ddng thuan chiing

nay bang each nao?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va giiip HS hoan thien

+ Dua vao dac diem nhan bie't de tach dot bie'n ra khdi ca the khac, nhu dd'i vdi vi khuan d mdi trudng khuyet dudng

- Dai dien HS tra ldi -^

ldp nhan xet

- HS van dung kie'n thiic tra ldi:

+ Ciing cd dot bien mdi

+ Cho sinh san

Npi dung

Chgn lgc nhiing the dot bie'n mong mudn la dua vao nhirng dac diem cd the nhan biet dugc de tach ra khdi cac ca the khac

c) Tgo ddng thudn chiing

- Nhan bie't dugc the dot

bie'n mong mud'n cho chiing sinh san de nhan len thanh ddng thuan chimg theo dot bien tao dugc

- Ciing eg the dot bien cd lgi nay

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV hdi:

De gay dot bie'n d thuc

vat bang tac nhan vat If

ngudi ta tie'n hanh nhu the'

nao? Cho vf du

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va giiip HS hoan thien

kie'n thiic

Hogt dpng cda HS

- HS ket hgp SGK va

kie'n thiic sinh hgc 9 de

tra ldi -^ ldp bd sung

- Vf du:

+ Gidng lac D332 dugc tao ra do xir If dot bien gidng Sen lai, dugc phep khu vuc hoa nam 1995

+ cay cao 60 cm, cay Cling, la to, thdi gian sinh trudng 1 2 6 ^ 130 ngay

+ Nang suat: 18 ta/ha hat deu, vd nhan, ti le nhan 72%, cay chiu ret tdt

- Chie'u xa vdi lieu lugng

thfch hgp vao hat nay mam, dinh sinh trudng gay nen dot bie'n gen, dot bie'n NST, tao ra cac the dot bie'n

- Chgn lgc the dot bien

cd lgi nhan lam gidng mdi hoac diing lam bd

me de lai gidng

VD: Gidng liia Moc tuyen xii li bang tia gama

19

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV neu yeu cau:

+ Quan sat hinh 4.1 va

4.2 phdng to

+ Trinh bay co che' gay

dot bie'n do chat 5-BU

+ Trinh bay co che' gay da

bdi the d thuc vat cua

chat cdnsixin

GV nhan xet, danh gia

va bd sung hoan thien

kie'n thiic

- GV yeu cau HS ke bang

"Thanh tuu gay dot bien

bang tac nhan hoa hgc"

+ Van dung kie'n thiic -^

nhan biet co che

+ Trao ddi va trinh bay dot bie'n thay the' cap A - T bang G-X va da bdi chan

le, do thoi vd sac khdng dugc hinh thanh -> NST khdng phan li

- Dai dien HS trinh bay

—> ldp nhan xet

- HS van dung kien thiic thuc te' ket hgp vdi cac tu lieu suu tam ghi them mdt sd gidng nhu liia

rau, dau tam, lac

- Cac nhdm theo ddi va sira chira neu can

Npi dung

b) Gdy dot Men bdng cdc tdc nhdn hod hgc

* Ca che:

- Hoa chat 5-BU, EMS

tham vao te' bao gay sao

chep nhim lan hoac lam

bien ddi ca'u tnic gen

- Cdnsixin tham vao md dang phan bao can trd hinh thanh thoi vd sac lam cho NST nhan ddi nhung khdng phan li nen tao te' bao cd bd tu" bdi 4n

Ten giong

Tao ma hong

Dau tam tam bdi so 12

Lua xuan 10

Rau mu6ng tir boi

Giong ban dau

Tao Gia LOc

Dau tCf boi lai dau iuQng boi

NN8/xuan/pelital Rau muong luang boi

Tac nhan dung xir If

NMU

Consixin

QMS 0,02%

Hoa chat

Dac diem thanh phan

2 vu qua/nam, qua ngpt, thorn, cui day

La to, ban day, nang suat cao

Nang suat tang 61,8 ta/ha Than la to, nang sua't gap dOi

300 ta/ha

4 Kiem tra danh gia

GV yeu cau HS tdm tat kien thiic bai hgc

5 Dan do

• Hgc bai, tra ldi cau hdi SGK

• Suu tam tu lieu ve cdng nghe te' bao

Bai 24 TAO GIONG BANG CONG NGHE TE BAO

2 KT nang

• Phan tfch xir If thdng tin de phat hien kieh thiic

• van dung If thuye't vao thuc tien

II CHUAN B!

• Tranh:

- ca'u tao hoa ludng tfnh

- Qua trinh giam phan

21

- Qua trinh phat sinh giao tir d thuc vat, ddng vat

- Nhan ban vd tfnh d cim Ddly

- Cay truyen phdi bd

Nuoi cay TBTV in vitro tao mo seo

Chon dong te bao xoma CO bien dj

Dung hdp

te bao tran

III HOAT DONG DAY - HOC

1 Kiem tra

• Trinh bay quy trinh tao gidng mdi bang phuong phap gay dot bie'n

• Trinh bay mdt sd thanh tUu tao gidng bang gay dot bie'n d Viet Nam

2 Trong tam

• Tao gidng thuc vat, chii y phuong phap nudi cay hat pha'n, nudi ca'y te' bao

• Cdng nghe te' bao d ddng vat: Uu diem ndi bat la nhanh chdng cho san pham vdi sd lugng ldn, cha't lugng cao

• GV nhan xet va dSn dat HS vao bai hgc

• HS neu dugc uu die'm cua timg kT thuat

• HS bie't van dung If thuyet vao thuc tien

- GV hdi:

Cdng nghe te' bao la gi?

- GV nhan xet va bd

sung kie'n thiic

- GV dan dat: Tao gidng

thuc vat gdm cac ki thuat

nhu: Nudi ca'y hat phan

(bao pha'n), nudi ca'y te'

bao thuc vat in vitro tao

md seo, tao gidng bang

chgn ddng te' bao xdma

cd bie'n di, dung hgp te'

bao tran

- GV: De tim hie'u rd cac

kT thuat tren GV yeu cau

- La nganh san xua't theo

quy md cdng nghiep, sii dung cac dd'i tugng la vat cha't sdng de san xuat ra cac thanh pham hang hoa phuc vu lgi ich con ngudi

- Cdng nghe te' bao lam thay ddi nhanh chdng cac gidng vat nudi, cay trdng

ca ve chat lugng va sd lugng

23

Hogt dpng cda GV

+ Quan sat cac tranh

hinh: Qua trinh giam

phan, qua trinh phat sinh

+ Ke phie'u hgc tap len

bang de HS ghi dap an

+ Chie'u phie'u hgc tap

ciia mgt sdnhdm

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va thdng bao dap an

Hogt dpng cda HS

- HS hoat ddng ca nhan,

nghien ciiu SGK trang 95,

96 nhan bie't kien thiic theo cac ndi dung phie'u hgc tap

- Ldp trao ddi bo sung

- Cac nhdm theo ddi va

tu sira chiia (ne'u can)

bao don bSi

- Tao dong thuan

li/9ng bOi tCr dong

Chon dong TB xoma CO bien di

T6' bao 2n

- Dua vao dflt bie'n gen va bi^n dj s6 lirong NST tao thd lech bfli khac nhau

Dung hdp

te bao trIn

2 dong te bao c6 b6 NST 2n cua hai loai khac nhau

- Lai xa, lai khac loai tao thd song nhi bOi khdng thdng qua lai hOu tfnh, tranh hidn tugng bat thu cua con lai

Nuoi cay hat, phoi

- Nudi hat pha'n trdn

mdi trirdng nhan tao

- Chon Ipc cac ddng

dan bdi bieu hien tinh

trang mong mudn -^

cho ludng bdi hoa

- Hidu qua cao khi

chpn cac cay cd dac

tinh khang thudc didt

CO, chiu lanh, khang

bdnh

- Cac ddng nhdn

dugc ddu thuan

chung, tinh trang

- Nhan nhanh cac gidng cay trdng cd nang sua't cao thfch nghi vdi didu kien sinh thai, chdng chju sau bdnh

- Tao thanh cdng d khoai tay, mfa, diia, ca rdt

Chondong TB xoma CO bien di

- Nudi trdn mdi trudng nudi ca'y nhan tao - > chpn Ipc cac ddng td bdo cd ddt bien gen va bie'n dj sd lugng NST khdc nhau

- Tao gidng cdy trdng mdi cd cac kidu gen khac nhau ciJa cung mdt gidng ban dau

- Gidng lua DR2 chju han, chju ndng, nang suat cao, la gidng dugc chpn tCf ddng te bdo xdma bidn dj cua gidng lua CR203

Dung hdp

te bao tran

- Tao td bdo tran cho dung hgp hai khdi nhan va te bao chat thanh mdt, nudi trong mdi trudng nhdn tao cho phat then thanh cay lai

- Gidng mdi mang dac didm cija ca hai loai ma each tao gidng mdi thdng thudng khdng thd tao dugc

- Tao dugc cay pomato lai giiJa cd chua va khoai tay

nhung lai khdng gidng

nhau ve kieu gen?

- Cd may each lai tao

thanh cdng the ludng bdi?

Hogt dpng cda HS

- HS quan sat tranh qua

trinh giam phan, qua trinh giao tir due, cai

- HS ke't hgp SGK va ndi dung phie'u hgc tap

- Trao ddi nhdm tra ldi:

+ Giao tir mang td hgp gen cua bd me khac nhau

do bie'n di td hgp, khi nudi

Npi dung

25

Hogt dpng cda GV

- Nhung loai te bao nao

cua thuc vat cd the nudi

cay dugc?

- Phan biet md seo trong

nudi cay te bao vdi vet

seo tren than cay ngoai tu

nhien

Hogt dpng cda HS

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va bd sung kie'n thiic

- GV neu cau hdi:

+ Cac te bao 2n (te bao

xdma) sau mdt thdi gian

nudi cay tao thanh cac

ddng te bao khac nhau

nhu the' nao?

+ Tai sao trong viec dung

hgp te bao tran ngudi ta

phai bdc ldp thanh

xenlulozo cua te bao?

tren mdi trudng nhan tao

se mgc thanh ddng don bdi cd kieu hinh khac nhau

+ Cd hai each tao thanh cay ludng bdi

+ Bat ki te' bao hay md nao ciia co the thuc vat deu chiia bd gen quy dinh kieu gen ciia loai dd va deu cd kha nang sinh san

vd tfnh de tao thanh cay trudng thanh

+ Md seo gdm nhieu te' bao chua biet hoa cd kha nang sinh trudng manh, cdn vet seo tren than cay

la do md bi tdn thuong rdi cac te' bao dugc sinh ra va han gan md

- Dai dien HS tra ldi ->

ldp nhan xet

Npi dung

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung

+ Kha nang dung hgp

khdi sinh chat cua te' bao

cd the' xay ra giira cac te

bao khac loai hay khdng?

+ Dung hgp te' bao tran

gidng va khac lai hiiu tfnh

nhu the' nao?

- HS tie'p tuc thao luan de tra ldi dugc:

+ Cac ddng te' bao 2n sau khi nudi cay tao cac ddng

te bao cd bd NST: 2 n - l , 2n-2

+ Phai bdc bd vd xenlulozo

vi ldp vd nay ciing lam nhiem vu dinh hinh te' bao

va bao ve khd'i sinh chat

+ Cd the dung hgp te' bao tran vdi cac te' bao khac

xa nhau trong he thdng phan loai

+ Dac diem gidng nhau giiia sinh san hiiu tfnh va dung hgp te' bao tran la tao ra cay song nhi bdi

+ Dac diem khac nhau:

klidng cd qua trinh ket hgp giao tir due va cai Bd NST ciia cay lai d dang song nhi bdi ma khdng can da bdi hoa

- GV gidi thieu 2 kT thuat

tao gidng dgng vat dugc

de cap trong bai hgc

- GV hdi:

Cdng nghe cay truyen

phdi nham muc dfch gi?

Cho vf du

- GV nhan xet, bd sung

hoan thien kie'n thiic

- GV neu yeu cau:

•f Quan sat tranh kT thuat

cay truyen phdi

+ Trinh bay cac budc tie'n

hanh kT thuat cay truydn

+ KT thuat gdm 3 budc

+ Ca the con cd kieu gen

va kieu hinh gidng nhau

- Dai dien HS trinh bay

tren tranh hinh -^ ldp

nhan xet

Npi dung

1 Cay truyen phoi

* ca'y truyen phdi (hgp tir) nham tao ra nhieu ca the con gidng, cd ph^m chat gidng nhau tir mdt hgp tir ban dau

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cua HS Npi dung

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va bd sung kie'n thiic

- GV yeu cau HS:

+ Quan sat tranh nhan

ban vd tfnh d cim Ddly

+ Trinh bay cac budc tien

hanh ciia phuong phap

nhan ban vd tfnh

- GV nhan xet va giiip

HS hoan thien kie'n thiic

- HS de xuat van de:

KT thuat cay truyen phdi

ap dung dd'i vdi cac loai ddng vat qui hiem cd nguy CO bi tuyet chimg nhu: sao la, seu dau dd, vogc trang

- Ca nhan HS quan sat tranh, van dung kie'n thiic

de phat hien kien thirc

- Dai dien HS trinh bay

tren tranh -^ ldp nhan xet

* Quy trinh cay truyen phdi:

- La'y phdi tir ddng vat

cho, tach phdi thanh hai hay nhieu phan, mdi phan sau dd se phat trien thanh mdt phdi rieng biet

- Phdi hgp hai hay nhieu phdi thanh mdt the kham, tao CO the kham tir hai hgp tu khac nhau

- Lam bie'n ddi cac thanh phan trong te' bao cua phdi khi mdi phat tridn, ca'y phdi vao ddng vat nhan

* Co sd khoa hgc

- Cac ca thi dugc nhan

len tir hgp tii ban dau nen

cd ciing kieu gen

2 Nhan ban vd tinh b^ng kT thuat chuyen nhan

Cac budc trong cdng nghe tao cim Ddly:

- Tach te' bao tuye'n vii ciia cim cho nhan va nudi trong phdng thf nghiem

29

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV neu cau hdi:

+ Tir thanh cdng trong

nhan ban vd tfnh bang kT

thuat chuyen nhan da md

ra cho cdng tac chgn tao

gidng ddng vat kha nang

gi?

+ KT thuat nhan ban vd

tfnh vat nudi cdn cd

nhiing dug dung to ldn

nhu the' nao cho con

+ Cd the nhan ban te' bao xdma de tao dugc dgng vat cd vii ma khdng can

cd su tham gia ciia nhan te' bao sinh due, chi can

cd te' bao cha't cua mdt noan bao (triifng)

+ Tao dgng vat mang gen ngudi de cung cap co quan ndi tang cua ngudi trong viec thay ghep ndi tang d ngudi benh

+ Ngay nay nhan ban vd tfnh da dugc ap dung thanh cdng d cac ddi tugng ddng vat nhu chudt, khi, bd, de, lgn

Npi dung

- Tach te bao triing ciia cim khac rdi loai bd nhan eiia te' bao triing

- Nudi cay tren mdi

trudng nhan tao -^ tning

phat trien thanh phdi

- Chuyen phdi vao tir cung ciia cim me, phdi tie'p tuc phat trien de'n khi cim con dugc sinh ra (cuu con gidng cim cho nhan te' bao)

1

4 Kiem tra danh gia

GV yeu cau HS tdm tat kie'n thirc ciia bai hgc

5 Dan do

• Hgc bai, tra ldi cau hdi SGK

• On tap kie'n thiic vi gen, vi khuan, vi riit

Bai 25 TAO GIONG BANG CONG NGHE GEN

I MUC TIEU

1 Kien thurc

• HS hieu dugc ban chat cac khai niem cdng nghe gen, kT thuat chuyen gen

• HS hieu va trinh bay dugc quy trinh chuyen gen

• HS bie't dugc cac thanh tuu cua cdng nghe gen trong chgn tao gidng mdi, tir

dd cd dugc niem tin, say me khoa hgc

2 KTnang

• Quan sat, phan tfch tranh hinh, thdng tin nam bat kien thiic

• Trinh bay quy trinh kT thuat dac thii bd mdn

• Van dung If thuyet phan tfch vf du cu the

II CHUAN Bj

• Phim ve quy trinh chuyen gen

• Tranh hinh SGK phdng to

• Cud'n "Cdng nghe sinh hgc" cua tac gia Nguyen Nhu Hien (tap 1)

Tao ADN tai to hdp Chuyen ADN tai to hdp

vao te bao nhan

Tach dong te bao chiia ADN tai to hdp

31

• Thdng tin bd sung vd ADN tai td hgp:

- Cdc enzim:

Trong CO the sdng phan tu ADN cd thi bi phan giai, bi cat ra thanh nhieu

doan bdi cac enzim Nam 1970 H.Smith va D.Mathur phat hien ra enzim gidi han (restrictase) d vi khuan Cac enzim gidi han cd dac tfnh cat phan

tu ADN d nhung vi trf nhat dinh trong phan tir ADN (tiic la d nhiing trinh

tu nucledtit nhat dinh) thanh nhieu doan cat Ngoai ra cdn tim tha'y enzim ligaza cd vai trd gdn, khau ndi cac doan ADN vdi nhau Trong hien tugng

tu tai ban ciia ADN cac enzim cd vai trd cat bd va khau ndi cac nucledtft

de sira chiia cac sai sdt trong su lap rap cac nucledtft vao mach ADN mdi

- ADN tdi to hgp:

+ La san pham cua hien tugng tai td hgp gen, nhd hoat ddng ciia he enzim

endunucleaza va ligaza trong co the sdng cac ADN tai td hgp ludn dugc tao ra, tir dd cac nha di truyen hgc phat minh ra kT thuat ADN tai td hgp + Thdng qua md hinh hoat ddng cua Jacop va Mdnd ngudi ta bie't rang su bieu hien gen d vi khuan dugc dieu khien bdi he thdng operon Cac doan ADN thu dugc do cat the nhilm sac cd the bi thie'u cac gen van hanh va gen lie che' tuong iing Khi chi cd doan promotor ghep vao plasmit cua vi khuan, gen ludn ludn bieu hien vi khdng cd co che' de ddng nd lai va te' bao chii ludn tdng hgp mdt sd lugng ldn cac protein mong mud'n

- Thdnh ti(u:

+ Bang cdng nghe tao ADN tai td hop tir promotor cua gen

metalothionein va cdng nghe chuyen gen, ngudi ta da tao dugc gidng ca hdi cd khd'i lugng gap hang chuc lan ca hdi binh thudng

+ Bang cdng nghe chuyen gen cac nha chgn gidng da tao dugc gid'tig liia mdi chiia den 6 gen ngoai lai cho nang sua't cao,cd mau vang nhat, giau cha't dinh dudng (giau carden va tang ha'p thu sat )

+ Nam 1983 san ph^m dau tien ciia kT thuat ADN tai td hgp la insulin va san pham thii hai la hoocmdn sinh trudng ngudi HGH Mdt ngudi My (em Kathy) bi benh liin liic 10 tudi sau nhieu nam dugc tiem HGH da ldn len binh thudng nhu nhiing em be binh thudng khac

Mi HOAT DONG DAY - HOC

1 Kiem tra

• Phan biet cac phuong phap chgn gidng thuc vat bang kT thuat nudi ca'y te' bao? Cho vf du

• So sanh phuong phap cay truyen phdi va nhan ban vd tfnh bang kT thuat chuye'n nhan d ddng vat

2 Trong tam

Quy trinh chuyen gen:

• Chii trgng enzim cat, enzim ndi va vecto chuyen gen

• Cach thiic chuyen gen vao te' bao nhan

• Phuong phap tach ddng te' bao chiia ADN tai td hgp

3 Bai mdi

Md bai: GV cd the bat dau tir viec gidi thieu thudc chiia benh tieu dudng cho con ngudi cd hieu qua va gia thanh ha la nhd thanh tuu cua cdng nghe gen, tu dd dan dat vao bai hgc

- GV dat van de:

+ Cd the lap gen cua loai

nay vao he gen cua loai

khac hay khdng? Va bang

each nao?

- GV nhan xet va bd

sung kie'n thiie

+ Hien nay cdng nghe

gen dang dugc thuc hien

phd bie'n la tao ra phan tir

ADN tai td hgp de

chuyen gen

Hogt dpng cda HS

- HS cd the tra ldi dua

tren hieu biet ve di truyen

va kie'n thiic thuc te'

+ Cd the gdn gen ciia loai nay vao he gen cua loai khac

+ Viec gdn gen ddi hdi kT thuat rat cao

Hogt dpng cda GV

+ The truyen la plasmit

hoac the thuc khuan

- De tim hieu ve quy

trinh chuyen gen GV c^n

cung cap cac kien thiic ve

plasmit the truyen, vecto

HS nghien ciiu SGK trang

99 -> tdm tdt kie'n thiic va tra ldi

- KT thuat chuyen gen la chuyen mdt doan ADN tir

te bao cho sang te bao nhan bang nhieu each:

Dung cac thi truyen,

vecto chuyen gen, diing Sling ban gen

2 Quy trinh chuyen gen

- Vecto chuyen gen (vat chuyen gen, the truyen): + La phan tir ADN cd kha nang tu nhan ddi tdn tai ddc lap trong te' bao va mang dugc gen cdn chuyen

+ Loai vecto chuyen gen: plasmit, the thuc khudn lamda (phago), dd la vi riit lay nhiem vi khuan

- Plasmit: La ADN vdng mach kep ndm trong te' bao chat cua vi khuan, cd kha nang nhan ddi ddc lap vdi ADN nhiem sdc the

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung

- GV neu yeu cdu:

+ HS gap toan bd SGK

+ Quan sat tranh hinh

25.1 SGK phdng to

+ Hoan thanh cac ndi

dung phie'u hgc tap " Tim

hieu quy trinh chuyen

+ GV cd the cho HS xem

phim ve quy trinh chuyen

gen va SGK de HS ddi

- HS hoat ddng nhdm + Ca nhan quan sat va nghien ciiu kT cac chii thfch d hinh de nhan biet kie'n thiic

+ HS ndm bdt dugc tren tranh hinh tir 1 —> 4 la tao ADN tai td hgp

- HS hieu rd vai trd cua cae enzim gidi han, va cac vi trf cdt, ndi tuong ling giii:a ADN plasmit va gen can chuyen

+ Trao ddi trong nhdm thdng nha't y kie'n, ghi phie'u hgc tap, can luu y tdi ke't qua dat dugc d mdi khau trong quy trinh

- Cac nhdm theo ddi —>

nhan biet, trao ddi bd sung va sura chira neu can

- Dai dien nhdm trinh bay tren tranh hinh -> ldp theo ddi nhan xet

Noi dung

Tien hanh

Ket qua

Tao ADN tai to hgp

- ADN tai td hgp la mdt phan tif

ADN nhd dugc lap rap tCr cac doan

ADN lay tCr cac ngudn khac nhau

(gdm the truyen va gen can

chuydn)

- Tach ADN tif vi khua'n, gen can

chuydn tCr te bao cho (cua ngudi)

- Cat ADN cua te bao cho va ADN

cua plasmit nhd enzim cat gidi han

-^ tao cac dau dinh cd trinh tu

gidng nhau

- Trdn 2 loai ADN vdi nhau, nhd

enzim ndi tao lien ke't phdtpho

disste lam lien mach ADN

- Tao dugc ADN tdi td hgp mang

gen can chuydn

Chuye'n ADN tai td hgp vao te bao nhan

- Hai phuong phap chuydn ADN tai td hgp + Bid'n nap; Dung mudi CaClj hoac dung xung didn Idm gian mang sinh chat cija te bao phan tii ADN tai td hgp chui qua mang vao trong te bao

+ Tai nap: Vi rut mang gen can chuydn xam nhap vao te bao chu (vi khua'n)

- Dua dugc the truyen vao te bao vat chu

Tach dong te bao chiilla ADN tai td hgp

- Chpn thd truyen cd cdc dau chua'n hoac cac gen danh da'u, nhd dd nhan bie't dugc su cd mat cua ADN lai td hgp

- Nhan biet dugc vi khua'n cd mang ADN tai

td hgp vd tach dugc ddng td bdo chUa ADN tai td hgp de san xuat san pham mong mudn

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV neu cau hdi thao

luan:

+ ca'y gen bdng plasmit

gidng va khac so dd cay

gen bang thuc khudn the

lamda nhu the' nao?

Hogt dpng cda HS

- HS thao luan, van dung

kie'n thiic trong phie'u hgc tap de tra ldi:

+ Sir gidng nhau: Deu tie'n hanh gdm 3 khau

Npi dung

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung

+ Phan biet hai each

chuyen ADN tai td hgp

vao te' bao nhan

- GV nhan xet, bd sung

kie'n thiic

- GV neu yeu cau: Hay

trinh bay va phan tfch mdt

sd vf du cu the ve quy

trinh chuyen gen

+ Sir khac nhau: d each tao dau dfnh

° Dd'i vdi plasmit ed dau dfnh so le tren 2 mach don cua ADN

° Ddi vdi thuc khudn the lamda cd dau dfnh bdng

va gen la gdn true tiep vao vat lieu di truyen cua vi riit

+ Phan biet each chuyen ADN tai td hgp vao te' bao nhan

° ADN tai td hgp phai tao

dieu kien thuan lgi cho nd xam nhap dugc vao te' bao nhan

° Vi riit nd ed the chu ddng xam nhap vao vi khuan

- Dai dien cac nhdm trinh

bay -^ ldp nhan xet

- Cac nhdm thao luan, dua vao kie'n thiic d phie'u hgc tap va SGK, cd the trinh bay quy trinh chuyen gen tdng hgp insulin de' san xuat thudc chira benh tieu dudng

+ Chuyen gen ma hoa hoocmdn insulin ciia ngudi vao vi khuan E.Coli

37

Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS

+ Tach ddng te' bao chiia

ADN tai td hgp (mang gen ma hoa hoocmdn insulin) rdi nudi cdy de san xuat ra thudc

- GV neu cau hdi:

IJhg dung cdng nghe.gen

mang lai nhirng thanh tuu

gl?

- GV nhan xet, danh gia

va giiip HS hoan thien

+ Ket hgp vdi cac tu lieu suu tdm dugc de tra ldi cau hdi

- Yeu cau neu dugc:

+ Thanh tuu ndi bat trong iing dung cdng nghe gen

+ Tao sinh vat bien ddi gen

+ Sii dung sinh vat bien ddi gen

- Dai dien HS tra ldi -^

ldp thao luan, nhan xet

Npi dung

- Cdng nghe gen cd kha

nang cho tai td hgp thdng tin di truyen giiia cac loai diing xa nhau trong bac

Hogt dpng cda GV

- GV su dung thdng tin

bd sung de gidi thieu

thanh tuu vi cdng nghe

chuyen gen d liia, cdng

nghe tao ADN tai td hgp

san xuat insulin va

hoocmdn sinh trudng d

ngudi

+ Chudt chuyen gen cd

the dugc sii dung nhu cac

he thdng md hinh de xac

dinh CO sd sinh hgc eiia

• ' 1 - ^ 1 ' ' ^ ^ • ' "^ 1 ^

cac benh o ngUOi va phac

dd dieu tri Su chuyen gen

d chudt la mdt he thdng

thir nghiem ve tfnh kha

thi ciia viec san xudt cac

tac nhan tri lieu

thang phan loai ma lai hiiu tfnh khdng thue hien dugc

- Tao ra cac sinh vat chiia cac gen khdng cd trong tu nhien nhu cac gidng, cac chiing vi khudn cd kha nang san xua't tren quy

md cdng nghiep vdi nhieu loai san pham sinh hgc (a xit amin, vitamin enzim ) vdn khdng phai

la san pham cua chung

- Cdng nghe gen da tao

ra cac sinh vat chuyen

•

gen

+ Sinh vat chuyen gen la cac ca the dugc bd sung vao bd gen cua minh nhung gen da dugc tai td hgp hoac nhiing gen da dugc sira chiia ggi la sinh vat bie'n ddi gen

+ San pham ciia sinh vat bie'n ddi gen phuc vu cho cugc sdng con ngudi ca

ve sd lugng va chat lugng

4 Kiem tra da nli gia

GV yeu cdu HS tdm tdt kien thiic bai hgc

5 Dan do

• Hgc bai, tra ldi cau hdi SGK

• Dgc muc "Em cd bie't?"

• Suu tdm tu lieu thanh tuu ve tao gidng vi sinh vat, tao gidng thuc vat, tao gidng ddng vat

39

Bai 26 TAO GIONG BANG CONG NGHE GEN (tiep theo)

2 KTnang

• Quan sat tranh hinh phat hien kie'n thiic

• Van dung kie'n thiic cac bai hgc vao thuc te

• Phan tfch tu lieu khai quat kie'n thiic

II CHUAN B!

• Tranh hinh bai 25 va hinh 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26.4 SGK phdng to

• Tu lieu anh, phim cua HS va GV

• Cud'n "Cdng nghe sinh hgc" cua tac gia Vii Van Vu, Nguyen Mdng Hung,

Le Hdng Diep

• Thdng tin bd sung:

- Chuyen gen bdng xung dien:

Xung dien cao tao ra cac Id tam thdi tren mang te' bao, qua dd cac phan tir ldn bao gdm ca ADN cd the di vao te' bao Chuye'n gen bang xung dien dugc su dung trong chuyen gen d thuc vat 1 la mam nhu liia, ngd

- Chuyen gen bang vi tiem:

+ Phuong phap nay dimg te' bao tran lam ddi tugng thao tac cho chuyen

gen vao te' bao thuc vat

+ Te' bao dugc giu trong dng thuy tinh bdng mgt luc hiit yeu va ADN dugc tiem true tiep vao nhan te' bao qua pipet thuy tinh nhd

+ Qua trinh vi tiem can thiet bi cd do chfnh xac cao va kT nang phiic tap

- Chuyen gen qua d'ng phdn (Ray Wu va ddng nghiep cdng bd nam 1988)

ADN can chuyen theo dudng d'ng phdn chui vao bau nhuy cai Qua trinh