Ebook ĐỘC QUYỀN (C) Tâm lý học tội phạm - Hê thống các hành vi phạm tội (Anh ngữ)

Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior Mental illness is just one factor that may play a role in some incidents and types of criminal behavior.. Conflicting Goals of the Mental Health a

Criminal Behavior

Theories, Typologies, and Criminal Justice

J.B Helfgott Seattle University

CHAPTER 3

Typologies of Crime and Criminals

Typologies of Crime and Criminals

“There are two types of people in this world, good and bad The good sleep better, but the bad seem to enjoy the waking hours much more.”

Woody Allen

Typologies in Everyday Life,

Science, and Policy and Practice

 Typology construction is a fundamental

component of human cognition and scientific investigation

Examples of typologies we all use in everyday life?

Examples of scientific typologies?

How are typologies used at the institutional

level in schools, hospitals, and the criminal

justice system?

Criminological Theories and

Criminal Typologies

A CRIMINAL TYPOLOGY is

criminological theory made manageable

in a way that can be practically applied to organize, classify, and make sense of a

range of behaviors that violate the law.

Examples?

Examples of Comprehensive

Criminal Typologies

 Clinard, Quinney, & Wildeman’s

(1994)Criminal Behavior Systems

 Miethe, McCorkle, & Listwan’s (2006) Crime Profiles

Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior

 Mental illness is just one factor that may play a role in some incidents and types of criminal behavior

 Mental disorder and criminal behavior are distinct

concepts that sometimes overlap.

 Some mental disorders have been empirically

associated with criminal behavior (antisocial

personality disorder and psychopathy)

Defining “Mental Disorder”

 When people speak of “mental disorder” this term encompasses an enormous range of human behavioral symptoms and conditions ranging from everyday problems in living to severe psychopathological disturbances

 “No definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of ‘mental

disorder’ (APA, 2000, p xxx)

Conflicting Goals of the Mental Health and Criminal Justice Systems

 Conflicting goals of the mental health and

criminal justice systems make it difficult to

understand and respond to mentally ill

offenders and to understand the relationship between mental illness and crime

 According to Blackburn (1993, p 246),

“concerns about the ‘psychiatrisation’ of crime

… have been paralleled by concerns over the

‘criminalisation’ of mental disorder.”

Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)

 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, published since 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association, is a categorical system for classification of mental disorders for the purpose of communication, diagnoses, education, research, and treatment.

 Editions of the DSM:

-1952/DSM -1968/DSM II

-1980/DSM III -1987/DSM-III-R

-1994/DSM-IV -2000/DSM-IV-TR

DSM Multiaxial System

 The DSM is organized around a multiaxial system that involves assessment on several axes:

 Axis I: Major clinical syndromes

 Axis II: Personality disorders

 Axis III: Physical disorders

 Axis IV: Psychosocial stressors

 Axis V: Global level of functioning

The Macarthur Study of Mental

Disorder and Violence

 The Macarthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence

(Monahan et al, 2001) has been described as the best designed

study ever done on violence risk assessment involving over 1000 psychiatric patients examining the relationship between 134

potential risk factors and subsequent violence.

 The study concluded that, “… the propensity for violence is the

result of the accumulation of risk factors, no one of which is either necessary or sufficient for a person to behave aggressively

toward others People will be violent by virtue of the presence or absence of different sets of risk factors There is no single path in

a person’s life that leads to an act of violence” (p 142).

Criminal Typologies:

Theory and Purpose

 Criminal typologies are necessary to

understand, identify, and respond to crime.

 The criminal justice system cannot respond to crime with a “one size fits all” approach Sanctions, management strategies,

treatment approaches, and public safety policies and practices are highly dependent on differentiation of types of crimes and criminals

 The question, “What type of person are we dealing with?” is of

central importance at every stage in the criminal justice process.

Types of Criminal Typologies

How are Typologies Constructed?

 Typologies are constructed in two general

ways

based on a subjective clinical impression (“armchair” theorizing)

constructed describing patterns that exist in the real world through multivariate statistical methods

Categorical v Dimensional Models

 Human types may be more appropriately

viewed along a continuum or dimension dimension

rather than as a discrete category or taxon taxon

 Categories or types that are not inherently taxonomic (no clear boundaries) are often formed by empirically grouping those who

share features on several dimensions using statistical methods such as cluster analysis

Knight & Prentky (1990) Typology of

Sexual Offenders: An Example

 One of the most sophisticated and complex typologies of sex offenders developed to date used in criminal justice decisionmaking in

treatment and management of sex offenders

 Empirical typology of rapists and child

molesters based on inductive and deductive research strategies now in its 3rd version

(MTC:R3 and MTC:CM3)

J.B Helfgott, PhD Department of Criminal Justice Seattle University CRJS 515 Typologies of Crime

& Criminal Behavior

J.B Helfgott, PhD Department of Criminal Justice Seattle University CRJS 515 Typologies of Crime

& Criminal Behavior

J.B Helfgott, PhD Department of Criminal Justice Seattle University CRJS 515 Typologies of Crime

& Criminal Behavior

J.B Helfgott, PhD Department of Criminal Justice Seattle University CRJS 515 Typologies of Crime

& Criminal Behavior

Stages of Knight and Prentky’s Rapist and

Child Molester Typology Development

 STAGE 1 - THEORY FORMULATION

Comparison of available typologies to determine whether consensus exists regarding specific types of sex offenders

 STAGE 2 – IMPLEMENTATION

Definition of types/dimensions, assessment of interrater reliability, and

determination of coverage/degree to which typology is exhaustive

 STAGE 3 – VALIDATION

Look to research literature to determine whether the constructed types

could be shown to have distinctive and theoretically coherent

developmental roots

 STAGE 4 – INTEGRATION

Responding to the analyses of construct validity to determine which

dimensions of the typologies needed modification

Evaluating Typologies

 A criminal typology is only useful to the extent that it describes

homogeneous categories of offending, is comprehensive/exhaustive with respect to the stated purpose, contains categories that are mutually

exclusive, is complex enough to have explanatory value, and simple

enough to be applied in criminal justice policy and practice

 In evaluating offender typologies, it is important to ask the following

questions:

 Is the typology and the categories it includes homogeneous ?

 Is the typology and the categories it includes heterogeneous?

 Is the typology and the categories it includes exhaustive ?

 Are the categories included in the typology mutually exclusive?

 Is the typology too simple?

 Is the typology too complex ?

Evaluating Typologies

 Simplicity/Complexity

The Use of Typologies in the Criminal Justice System

Meloy’s Sexual Homicide Typology

Meloy, J.R (2000) The nature and dynamics of sexual homicide: An integrative review

Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 1-22

J.B Helfgott, PhD Department of Criminal Justice

Seattle University

Nature of sexual

scientific investigation One way to think of a typology is that it is theory

made manageable

decisions, policies, practices, and laws Typologies are used at all stages of the criminal justice process.

homogeneous categories of offending, is comprehensive/exhaustive with respect to the stated purpose, its categories are mutually exclusive, is

complex enough to have explanatory value, and simple enough to be

applied in criminal justice policy and practice.