VE THE LOAI TlT Of VIET NAM PHAM VAN ANH • T tr la mdt the loai van hgc cd vj tri dae biet trong ljeh sir van hgc Trung Qude, nhat la vao thdi Tdng.. Thdi Tdng, ttr dat thanh tuu ru
Trang 1VE THE LOAI TlT Of VIET NAM
PHAM VAN ANH ( • )
T tr la mdt the loai van hgc cd vj tri
dae biet trong ljeh sir van hgc
Trung Qude, nhat la vao thdi Tdng
Nhae den thanh tuu ndi bat cua van hgc
Trung Qude qua cac thdi ki, ngudi ta
quen ndi "Han phii, Dudng thi, Tdng ttr,
Nguyen khiie, Minh - Thanh tieu thuyet"
Dd cflng ehinh la eai dugc tur luan gia
Vuong Qude Duy ggi la "van hgc tuong
ung vdi mdt thdi dai" (nhat dai chi van
hgc) ma eae ddi sau chang the nao theo
kjp duge Tren thyc td, mdi the loai van
hgc trong qua trinh phat trien eua minh
ttr liic manh nha den khi dat den thanh
tuu dinh eao thudng phai trai qua mdt
qua trinh van ddng va phat trien lau dai,
the loai tir cflng khdng nam ngoai quy
luat ay Thdi Tdng, ttr dat thanh tuu rue
rd song chi it trudc dd, nd da phai trai
qua cac giai doan ttr sang tae dan gian va
eua eac van nhan thdi Dudng (nhu eac
tac pham tir trong Vdn dao tap, ttr eua
Ly Bach, Bach Cu Di ), qua Hoa gian
phdi {Hoa gian tap: On Dinh Quan,
Hoang Phu Tung, Vi Trang, Tdn Quang
Hien ), va ttr thdi Nam Dudng (vdi cae
tae gia nhu: Phung Didn Tj, Ly Canh, Ly
Dye ) Sang thdi Tdng, ttr tiep tyc dugc
sang tac rdng rai Sd lugng tac pham, tac gia ttr thdng ke so bd qua cae bd toan tap cho thay dieu dd Sang tae ttr thdi Tdng
trong Todn Tdng tir thu thap dugc khoang
gan 1 van bai cua 1330 tac gia Cae giai doan sau duge coi la thdi ki suy thoai eua the loai ttr song sd lugng tae pham eung nhu tae gia van rat Idn, thdng ke
qua Todn Kim - Nguyen tir ed hon 7290 bai cua 288 tac gia, trong Todn Minh tir
ed tdi khoang 18 nghin bai cua 1300 tac
gia, va den Todn Thanh tir mac du ehi
tap hgp duge mdt phan sang tac tur cua cac tac gia giai doan nay song con sd thu thap dugc da Idn tdi 5 van bai eua tren 2 nghin tac gia'''
Do anh hudng cua van hgc, van hda Trung Hoa, cae nude trong khu vyc nhu Viet Nam va Nhat Ban ddu cd tiep thu the loai ttr
Ngay ttr thdi Thjnh Dudng, khi the loai ttr d Trung Qude mdi xuat hien
khdng bao lau thi bai dieu tu' Ngu phu
ciia Truang Chi Hda da anh hudng sang
Nhat Ban Tha Nga Thien hoang ("^J^
Ai., 786 - 842) va quin thin da sang
'*' ThS Vien Van hgc
Trang 2MQT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU 6 VIET NAM
mdt loat bai theo dieu ttr nay Sau dd ttr
tiep tyc duge sang tac, vdi cae tac gia
nhu than vuong Kiem Minh ( ^ a ^ l E i , ?
- ?) - eon ciia De Hd Thien hoang (S%5*/1
Ai., tai vj 897 - 930)'^', tuong duong
vdi thdi Ngu dai cua Trung Qude
d Viet Nam, theo tu lieu hien edn,
the loai ttr truyen nhap va duge van
dyng trong sang tae mudn hon Nhat Ban,
bit diu vao dau thdi ty chu (tuong
duong vdi dau thdi Tdng d Trung Qude)
vdi bai ttr didu Nguyen lang quy eua
Khudng Viet dai su Bai ttr Nguyen lang
quy duge viet nam 987 nhan vide tien su'
gia nha Tdng la Li Giac'^' ve nude Xet
trong sy van ddng cua the loai cting
nhflng dac trung nghe thuat cua the loai
tuong ling vdi cae giai doan cy the cua
nd, tiic la xet dudi gdc do tu' su', ed the
xae djnh ring bai tur Nguyen lang quy
ciia Khudng Viet Ngd Chan Luu ra ddi
dudi sy anh hudng eua tu' phong thdi
Ngu dai; ngdn tu' trang nha, tinh y thiet
tha, liy ldi dep dl thi hien tinh ndng,
dem diem ngfl' de bieu dat eai diem tinh,
vura bilu hien duge tinh cam rieng tu,
vira thdng qua dd kheo leo gu'i gam sy
vy qude gia Le Quy Ddn trong phan
"Le ngdn" sach Todn Viet thi luc khen
ring bai ttr eua Khudng Viet "uyen
chuydn hoa mT, cd the vde dugc" (MM,
'^i^ - uyIn le kha ciic) Tae pham
Nguyin lang quy chang nhfl'ng la bai tu'
diu tien danh diu su tidp nhan the loai
tir trong van bgc Viet Nam ma cung cac
bai nhu Nam qude son hd, Qude to, trd
thanh mgt trong nhflng tac pham khdi
diu cho nen van hgc dan tdc
Sau bai Nguyen lang quy cua
Khudng Viet dai su, the loai ttr gan nhu
hoan toan vang bdng trong giai doan Ly
- Tran Tat ca mgi tu lieu hien cdn ve the loai tir giai doan nay chi cho ta biet rang vao thdi Tran, ngudi Viet ttmg sang tac
theo mdt sd dieu nhu Nggc Idu xudn, Dgp thanh du, Mdng du tien'-'^\ Tae
pham cdn lai den nay chi cd duy nhat
mdt bai ttr dieu Tdy giang nguyet ciia Ly
Dao Tai (tire Huyen Quang)'^' Tbye
chat bai ttr dieu Tdy giang nguyet nay
hien trong tinh trang tan khuyet, ehi edn
nira bai, tuong ung vdi phan Thugng phien, eung khdng chuan each luat; them
niia, xet van ban tac pham hien cdn, cd the thay mdt each hien nhien rang tae pham nay tuy ghi lai dau an sang tac ttr thdi Tran song tide rang khdng ed gia trj dang ke ve ndi dung va nghe thuat
Thdi Le so, hien khdng edn lai bat eii tur phim nao Den thdi Le Trung bung, thi loai ttr mdi xuat hien trd lai Nhu vay, xet trong tfl' sir Viet Nam, sau
bai tu' dieu Nguyen lang quy ciia Khudng Viet Ngd Chan Luu va bai ttr dieu Tdy giang nguyet cua Huyen Quang Li Dao
Tai rit lau sau the ttr mdi dan dan duge sang tae trd lai Tae gia md dau eho the loai ttr thdi Le la Phung Khae Khoan, dai thin thdi Le Trung hung, mdt con ngudi ludn mang trong minh khat vgng hao kiet, phd nghidng dd lech Tae pham ttr eua dng hien ehi edn 03 bai, nam
trong Ngdn ehi thi lap (Tap tho ndi chi), trong dd tieu bilu nhit la bai Thudng xudn, dieu Tdm vien xudn, mdt bai
tu-kha dam da ban sac the loai
"Thien thugng duong hoi, Nhan gian xuan chi
Huu nhat phien tan
Cai khai thai can khdn,
Trang 3Thidu quang tie ue,
Hudng duong quang thao,
Sinh y ban ban
Hdng san dao tai,
Thanh khuy lieu nhan,
Oanh huynh diep phac long tan phan
Nhi tam tir,
Ngd dao lai thi tiet,
Phong quang kha nhan
Gia ban mT canh luong thi
Dye hanh lae tu cap thtr thanh xuan
Lieu van lieu van hoa huong,
Hue hdng ty nhat trudng,
Tien sT da cau,
Bdi than thj yen,
Cd lai lae sy thugng truydn van
Kim tao phiing,
Thanh thien ttr,
Hanh dae tri than"
(Dich nghTa: Khi duong ve trdi /
Mtia xuan den nhan gian / Lai mdt phen
ddi mdi / Xet le, trdi dat md van thai /
Anh xuan ndng nan / Cd cay hudng ve
vang thai duong / Bimg bimg siie sdng /
Da dao phd sac sac hdng / Mat lieu he
chdi xanh / Chim oanh thdi sao, lu budm
danh nhip phaeh, miia rdn tung bimg /
Cac vi / Gap khi tiet dep den / Phong
canh say ldng ngudi /— Liic canh dep,
thdi tiet tdt nhu the nay / Mudn hanh lae
eho kip thanh xuan nay / Hay hdi lieu
biec, hdi huong hoa / Tay ao hdng nang
chen rugu / Ciing vjnh cting ea cho vang
tan lan may trang / Tien sT danh cau /
Thj than hau yen / Nhung viec vui thud
xua van truyen nghe / Nay gap gd /
Thanh thien tu / May dugc tidn than) Bai tur vilt hoan toan khdng tuan thii diing dieu thiic duge ttr phd ghi nhan, ed
xu hudng tu do hda Lai dting mdt sd ttr cua cd van nhu "cai", "nhj tam tir" Nhip tu' khi khoan khi nhat, liic diem tTnh cham chap, liic nhu hdi ha giye gia Canh sac dugc midu ta la eanh sac mtia xuan dep den "say ldng ngudi", eai eanh sac khidn ngudi ta khdng the hflng hd, mudn hudng lac nhan sinh, "hanh lae" ngay "cho kjp thanh xuan nay" Tuy nd chua dat miic day su hanh lac len nhu mdt thii tu tudng de ehdng lai tu tudng khae ki nhu kieu Nguyen Cdng Tni, nhung neu ndi eai "vdi vang" eua Xuan Dieu hinh nhu ed thap thoang d day thi cflng khdng phai la mdt su lien he khdng
ed can cii Tieng vgng ttr con chfl" ggi cho ngudi dge y thuong xuan tide xuan eua Thi tidn Li Bach "Cd ehi binh chiic
da du du", hay cau tho dien Ndm y cd nhan kieu Nguyen Trai: "Tide xuan cam dude mang choi dem" Dan cai ngdn ttr cua cd van, lai ngu dugc cai tu cua cd nhan khien cho bai ttr tuy vang vgng tidng ndi thiic giye hudng lae nhan sinh
ma van ed chtmg myc va day trang trgng, diln nha; phong each ttr vtra cd y vi cua phai Hao phdng, vtra cd y vj cua phai Uyen udc Chi can mdt bai ttr nay Phimg Khic Khoan khdng mat di phong pham dai gia, du tu each la ttr nhan tien phong eho eae tur nhan thdi Le Trung hung va tham ehi cac giai doan sau
Nhiing ngudn tu lieu cd the xae dinh
ve nien dai cho thay the loai tur thdi Le
so lugng chua nhieu, chua ed tur tap ehuyen biet'^', sang tac tir nam rai rac trong eac thi tap, xen vdi tho, hoac xen
Trang 4MQT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU 6 VIET NAM
trong cac truyen Va, kha ban mdt chut,
thi duge sang tac thanh chum bai, hay
dugc nhdm vao mdt mue rieng, dat theo
mdt ten ggi khae eua ttr la "thi du" Ten
ggi "thi du" vtra eho thay ttr la bd phan
khae tho, khai niem tho khdng bao quat
lgn duge nd vao trong, nhung ddng thdi,
CO hd cflng la giri gam trong dd mdt
quan niem coi ttr la bd phan cd phan
thap kem ban tho'^' Trgng diem sang
tae ttr thdi Le Trung hung roi vao
khoang the ki XVIII vdi eae dai dien
nhu: Doan Thi Diem, Dang Tran Cdn,
Pham Nguyen Du, Nguyen Huy Oanh,
Ngd Thi ST, Le Khae Vien Tren co
ban, eac tac gia nay deu la nhflng ngudi
cd quan he kha mat thiet vdi nhau Tac
gia ttr thdi nay deu la nhfl'ng ngudi ed
hgc van sau sac Su trd lai eiia the loai ttr
vao thdi Le Trung hung ed nhien khdng
ed sy ke thira ttr truyen thdng ttr hgc
Viet Nam Cac ngudn anh hudng dan
din sy xuat hien trd lai cua the loai ttr
thdi nay kha phiic tap: ngoai anh hudng
eua Tdng ttr thdng qua sd hgc eua eac
nha nho cdn cd anh hudng tur ngudn
sach vd Trung Qude thdi Minh - Thanh
truyin sang, hon nu'a ed ea nhflng tiep
xiic true tiep vdi cac tac gia, tac pham ttr
Trung Qude thdng qua viec di sii
Sang tae ttr thdi Le Trung hung nhin
chung sd lugng ehua Idn, ehua ed tu' tap
rieng biet; tae pham tu' nam trong eac thi
van tap va cae truydn, xen vdi tho, bj
"ngap" trong tho Tuy trong quan niem
cua eac tac gia, ngoai sy khae biet ve
hinh thirc, ranh gidi gifl'a ttr va tho kha
md nhat, xu hudng "thi hda" da cd
nhflng dau hieu nhat djnh
Mdi trudng tiep nhan khdng phu hgp eho mdt the thirc van chuong giai tri noi ea lau kT quan nen lien tyc mdt thdi
gian dai ke tu' bai ttr dieu Nguyen lang
quy eua Ngd Chan Luu va sau dd la bai Tdy giang nguyet eua Li Dao Tai, the
loai tir vang bdng trong van hgc Viet Nam Sang thdi Le Trung hung, the loai ttr bat dau xuat hien trd lai Ttr ehd trai hon 5 the ki chi ed mdt hai tae pham ttr, den day sd lugng tac pham it nhat da len tdi eon sd 73, vdi sy gdp mat cua 8 tae gia Sy trd lai ay ed lien quan nhat djnh vdi sy thay ddi cua mdi trudng tiep nhan
va quan niem van hgc Tuy nhien, ttr thyc te eac sang tac tir thdi Le Trung hung, ed the khang djnh rang thdi nay ehua ed tae gia nao thue sy danh nhieu tam huyet de dien tir, tac ttr, eung chua
ed tac gia nao kha dT cd the coi la tur nhan thyc thy
Giai doan giao thdi Tay Son -Nguyen ghi nhan mdt hien tugng kha thu vj, dd la sy xuat hien eiia cac tae pham ttr viet bang Qude am - chu Ndm
Trong truyen Ndm So kinh tdn trang,
mdt tae pham giau mau sac ty truyen, tae gia Pham Thai da ldng ghep vao truyen 4 bai ttr chii Ndm Trong ttr sir Viet Nam, theo khao sat cua chiing tdi cho din thdi diem nay, Pham Thai la tae gia duy nhat sang tae tu' bang ehu Ndm,
va do dd, sy xuat hien eae tae pham ttr
Ndm trong So kinh tdn trang ed the tam
coi la hien tugng vd tien khoang hau Khdng chi vay, dd deu la cac tac pham nghiem cin ve each luat, tinh dieu thiet tha, giau nhae tinh, xet ndi dung va hinh thirc nghe thuat deu dat den mirc hoan mT
Trang 5Sang thdi Nguyen, sang tac tu nhidu
hon ban tat ca eac tac pham ttr eua cae
giai doan trudc Khdng tinh Cd dieu
ngdm tir (theo nghien eiiu giam dinh eua
chung tdi, la mdt ttr tap ngyy tao)'*', giai
doan nay ehi it hien edn hai ttr tap, gdm:
Mdng Mai tit lue ciia Dao Tan (Tuy
nhien, theo nghien cuu giam dinh van
ban cua chiing tdi, ttr tap nay ed Ian it
nhat 38 tac pham tu eua Trung Qude)'''
va Thuong Son lit lap eua Mien Tham''"'
Ca hai tae gia khdng ehi chuyen viet tur,
song vdi cae tir tap cdn lai, chiing td hg
ed nhieu hiing thii va dyng edng trong
sang tae, cd tu each la eac ttr nhan thyc
thy Ben eanh dd, ed tae gia tuy khdng
ed ttr tap ehuyen biet, song da de lai mdt
khdi lugng tac pham ttr phong phu Nhu
trudng hgp tae gia Thidu Tuan'"', ben
eanh cac tac pham tho, dng edn 75 bai ttr,
trong dd khdng it bai dat den trinh do
xuat sac Sd lugng tae pham ttr eua rieng
dng Idn hon toan bd cae tir pham hidn
cdn tur thdi Tay Son trd ve trude
So vdi eac giai doan trudc, thdi
Nguyen khdng chi ghi nhan su thudng
xuyen cua cae tae pham ttr ma cdn ghi
nhan su xuat hidn eua mdt sd tac pham
ed tinh chat ttr thoai vdn trudc dd ehua
ttmg xuat hien
Sach Vl Dd hgp tap ciia Mien Trinh
cd nhae den mdt cudn Tit thogi cua Ttr
Dy - tiic Nguyen Mien Khoan, ngudi
hoang toe nha Nguyen - song tide rang
cudn Tit thogi nay nay da that truyen
Hien cdn mdt sd bai viet (thudc ve cae
the sd, bat, thu, tu ) cd gia tri nhit dinh
ve ttr hgc Vi Dd hgp tap cua Mien Trinh
cd cac bai: Thi tit hgp nhgc sd, Ddp
chieu trat tir (quyen \),Tit tuyin bat, DH
Trgng Cung ludn diin lit thu (quyen 3)
da de cap den mdt sd phuong dien nhat dinh cua thi loai ttr Cac bai hoac bay td quan diem ve vide sang tac tir, hoac ndi den cai khd cua vide dien ttr; ddi khi di vao nhflng khia eanh rat sau, chang ban ban den tinh chat hgp nhae eua ttr (nhu
bai Thi tit hgp nhgc sd va Ddp chieu trdt
tit, tide rang hieu bidt ve mdi quan he
giflra ttr va nhae ciia tac gia edn qua
nhieu ban ehd) Ngoai ra trong Thuang
Scm ngogi tap edn ed bai tya Cd Due tit
do Mien Tham viet Bai nay tuy khdng giau gia tri li luan nhung qua dd cflng cd the thay duge mdt sd quan niem eua tac gia trong viee tac ttr
Tren co sd khao sat mdt each tdng the thanh tyu tae ttr d Viet Nam ca ve phuong dien sang tac cung nhu li luan ttr hgc, de nhan thay, neu nhu d Trung Qude, ttr la the loai dae bidt phat trien thi trai lai, d Viet Nam, ttr khdng phat trien manh nhu mdt sd the loai khae, dae biet la eac the loai gan vdi khoa cir Sd
dT cd hien tugng nay vi ttr vdn la the loai
"diem khoa", la thii van hgc hgp nhae, gan lien ea Iau kT quan, vdi mdi trudng giau chat am nhae va nii tinh Co sd cho
sy phat trien eua nd la ddi sdng do thi, trong khi dd d Viet Nam, dd thj khdng phat trien manh Thdm ntra, d giai doan ttr edn tdng thude vao am nhae, ttr nhan khdng chi la ngudi nang van ma cdn phai rat sanh sdi ve am nhae mdi cd kha nang dien ttr Didu nay gay trd ngai rat Idn cho eae tir nhan Viet Nam Ndu nhu
d giai doan dau, vide sang tae tir tuan theo nguyen tac "tien nhae hau tir" (nhae trude ldi sau), "y thanh dien ttr" (nuong
nhae dien ldi), nghTa la viec sang tac tit
phai dya vao cac ban nhae (Ydn nhae)
Trang 6M O T SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU 6 VIET NAM
ed sin, thi sau khi ttr nhae thit truyin,
each luat eiia ttr duge khai quat hda
trong cae sach tu' phd, vide tae ttr la "an
phd dien tu'" (dua vao tur pho dl dien ldi),
tuy ed thuan lgi hon, song each luat cua
tu' vdn phire tap, va lai khdng phai ai
cung cd tir phd, do vay vide tae ttr gap
nhieu trd ngai Them vao dd, dudi thdi
quan ehii, Viet Nam la nudc thuin ndng
nghiep, kinh td dae biet kem phat trien,
nha nho ve can ban deu cdt hgc de di thi,
de lap than, tham gia vao ddi sdng quan
lieu, lay vinh than phi gia la mye dich
eho sy hgc, do vay it ehu y den the loai
ttr, vdn la the loai khdng thiet dyng eho
cai hgc khoa ctr Xem y kien eua Pham
Dan Khanh (ngudi thdi Nguyen) neu ra
nhan nhan xet eho mye Dinh ehi sach
Nghi Am sa hoc dinh thicc ciia Nhu Ba
ST cd the thay cai hep hdi trong sd hgc
cua nha nho: "Vide hgc d nude ta den
nay, cai chi cd the biet dugc vay Ngoai
cai hgc eir nghiep dang ma di thi ra, thi
chi hudng khdng cd gi khae ntra; ngoai
khoa bang ra, ehi hudng cua ngudi hgc
khdng ki vgng vao dieu ehi khae Con
em di hgc lay cai dd de ma djnh ehi; cha,
thay eung lay dd de djnh chi eho con
cho trd Tieh tap thanh thdi quen lau
ngay, ngudi ta cflng chang ai cd y gi
khae""^' Ngay nhu Mien Trinh ndi
tieng la ngudi cd hgc van sau rdng, gidi
tha van, dugc ca tyng la "Van nhu Sieu
Quat vd tien Han / Thi dao Timg Tuy
thit thinh Dudng" (Van nhu Sieu
[Nguyen Van Sieu], Quat [Cao Ba Quat]
hon tien Han / Tho den Tung [Thien
Vuong Mien Tham], Tuy [Li Vuong
Mien Trinh] vugt thjnh Dudng) eung
khdng td ra la ngudi cd hieu biet ve the
loai tir* ' "Hien dai ban" nhu Bui Ki,
la ngudi thdng tudng eyu hgc (tu'ng thi
do Phd bang), ed trinh do tan bgc (hgc trudng Phap, tham gia viet bao, giang
day, vilt sach ) vay ma trong Qude vdn cu thi (Tan Viet Nam thu xa,
Trung Bic tan van, H 1932) neu d eae the loai nhu tho, phii, dng td ra la ngudi bet sire am tudng thi phan viet
ve the loai ttr, cd nhirng dieu cdn bat cap""' Thue t l dd eho thay, nha nho Viet Nam vdn khdng ed nhieu ngudi
am hieu ve the loai ttr, va vide didn ttr, tae tir thyc khdng phai la sd trudng eua nha nho Viet Nam Dieu nay cflng giai thich tai sao eae tae gia ttr d Viet Nam hau nhu deu la nhtrng ngudi cd trinh
dd hgc thirc cao, ed dja vi trong he thdng ehinh trj, ed quan he rdng rai vdi gidi khoa bang, ddng thdi ttrng sdng d nhung noi dd hdi
Do ehd dung trong Ijch sir van hgc Viet Nam, tur khdng phai the loai cd nhieu thanh tyu, do vay nd khdng thu hilt sy ehu y eua gidi nghien ciiu Va vi vay, cho den thdi diem nay, hau nhu tat
ea eae edng trinh, bai viet da cdng bd khdng du eho ngudi dge mdt eai nhin dti ehi la so gian ve the loai ttr trong van hgc trung dai Viet Nam Gan day, xu hudng nghien cim theo the loai van hgc ngay cang duge chu trgng, hi vgng trong tuong lai khdng xa, vide nghien cim the loai ttr se ed nhiing bude tidn mdi
P.V.A
Chii thich:
(1) Xem cae muc tir ciing ten trong
Trung Qude tit hgc dgi tic dien (Chiet Giang
Giao due xuat ban xa, 1996) Xem them thong ke ciia Tran Nggc Vuong - Dinh
Thanh Hieu trong bai: Tic - mdt chitng logi
Trang 7cdn it biet tdi {Nghien cuu Vdn hgc, sd
9-2002, tr.35-47)
(2) Xem Than Dien Hi Nhat Lang ( # 3 ?
-g- —^P, Nhat Ban): Nhdt Bdn dien tir sie
thogi { Q ^i^is\^ii Ban djch tieng Trung
ciia Trinh Uc Xuylt ^I'^p.^i va Cao Da
Tuyet fft^f # , Bae Kinh Dai hgc xuat ban
xa, Bic Kinh, 2000, tr.5-12
(3) Ly Giac ^ ^ : Trong cac thu tjeh cd
Viet Nam, cd sach ghi la Nguyen Giac P.^^
Sd dT cd su khae biet nay, do nha Tran thay
nha Li nen hg Li bj ddi thanh hg Nguyen
(4) Le Tac: An Nam chi lugc (ban djch)
Nxb Thuan Hda, Trung tam Van hda ngdn
ngir Ddng Tay, H 2002, tr.72
(5) Xem tac pham cua Huyen Quang Li
Dao Tai trong sach Tam td thuc luc
(6) Theo mgt sd tu lieu, chang han Phan
Huy Chii trong Lich trieu hien chuang logi
chi cho biet: Luang Nhu Hoc (the ki XV)
cd sach Cd kim che tir tap (-i"4"#'J^^)
song sach nay nay da that truyen Co nha
nghien ciru cho day la mgt tir tap Do sach
da that truyen nen khdng cd dieu kien de
kiem chung Tuy nhien neu chi dua vao ten
sach, nhat la hai chir "che tir MW' chua du ca
sd de cd the dam chac day la mgt tir tap Vi
le chir "tir" trong cum ttr "che ttr" khdng
phai chu "ttr" nghTa la the loai ttr Va lai
ndi ve viec sang tac tir, gidi tir hgc cd kim
thudng dting cae tir: dien tir, tae tir, y
thanh, ehii khdng thay diing hai chir "che
ttr" Trong trudng hgp nay, hai chii "che
tir", theo chiing tdi chi cd nghTa la che tae
van ttr Va do vay, ten ggi Cd kim che tir
tap cd nghTa la tap sach tap hgp cac tac
pham van chuong cd kim Theo nghTa do,
tac pham nay thue chat la mgt tdng tap,
tuyen tap van hgc ndi chung, khdng phai
la mgt tir tap Ket qua khao sat the loai tir
tir thi ki XV vl trudc ed thi lam minh chii'ng cho nhan djnh dd
(7) Ngd Trugng Thuc: Tir hgc khdi thuyet
Trung Hoa thu cue xuat ban, 2001, tr.34
(8) Xem Pham Van Anh: Cd dieu ngdm tir khdng phai tir tap ciia Viet Nam, Tgp chi Hdn Ndm so 3/2007
(9) Qua nghien ciiu giam djnh van ban,
chiing tdi phat hien trong Mdng Mai tir luc
hien cdn cd lan it nhit 38 tac pham tir ciia Trung Qude, thugc cac tac gia tir ndi tieng tir thdi Tdng den thdi Thanh
(10) Thuang Scm tir tap ciia Mien Tham
hien trong nudc khdng cdn May thay, do cac sir gia Viet Nam, nhan di sir sang nha Thanh cd mang theo ttr tap nay de "khoe" vdi ngudi Trung Quoc, va nhd vay dugc hg
ghi chep lai Xem Tran NghTa: The logi tir cua Trung Qude du nhdp vdo Viet Nam vd dnh hudng ciia nd ddi vdi vdn hgc bdn dia Tgp chi Hdn Ndm, so 5/2005, tr 14
(11) Thieu Tuan: hien ehua ro hanh trang Theo khao ciru ciia chiing tdi tren ea sd tac pham hien cdn cua dng, dng sdng eudi Le -dau Nguyen, que tai xa Nhan Mue (lang Mgc ngay nay), tirng di sir sang nha Thanh (12) Nguyen van la: " 4 S ^ ^ ^ ^ ,
^ # "
(13) Xem ngi dung cac bai: Thi tit hgp nhgc sd, Ddp chieu trdt tir, Tir tuyen bgl, DH Trgng Cung ludn dien tir thu trong quyen 1
va quyen 3 sach Vi Dd hgp tap
(14) Trong sach Qude vdn cu the eua Btii
Ki cd danh mgt sd trang de viet ve ttr - khuc nhung phan viet vl dac trung the loai khdng nhieu, chii yeu la dan ra cac vi du minh hga
Trang 8MOT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU O VIET NAM Trong sd 4 vi du ve tir - khuc ma tac gia dua
ra chi cd mgt bai thugc thi tir, theo dieu
Hdnh Id nan (dieu nay it gap) Dieu Hdnh Id
nan cdn cd cac ten ggi kbac la Mai hoa ddn,
Tieu mai hoa, Tuang tien tiru, Bdn dd lgc,
trong sach tren khdng hieu tac gia trich dan
theo ngudn tu lieu nao, chi biet rang tac
pham trich dan khdng dung the thiic cua
dieu ttr dugc ttr phd ghi nhan Ve dac trung
the loai, trong mgt doan van ngan 6 ddng,
thdng tin do tac gia cung cap it nhat da sai
3 diem can ban Cho rang: "Ldi tir - khiic
ctia Tau cd nhieu dieu, song deu la bien the
cua cd thi ca", each hieu nhu vay ma hd,
dudng nhu chi can eii vao hinh thirc ciia the
tir va the khuc dan den nhan djnh sai ve
nguon goc the loai Lai ndi: "Tuy mdi mgt
khuc CO mgt ten rieng, song cd the ggi tdm
lai la Trite chi tit, dat cau dai ngan, nhieu it
khdng CO luat nhat djnh" Ttr va khiic deu
cd nhieu dieu kbac nhau True chi tir chi la
mgt trong may ngan the thirc khae nhau cua
ttr, hem niia cung khdng phai the thirc dac
trung cho Idi cau "dai ngan khdng ddng
diu" (trudng doan cu), vi the chua tirng cd
tac gia nao dting ten dieu Trite chi tir lam
ten ggi chung cho the loai ttr, hudng chi la
ca the tu va the khue! Tir va khuc cd nhieu
dieu, mdi dieu cd each luat rieng Ve the
loai tir, cac dieu deu cd quy djnh rat chat
che, chat che den mirc khat khe (irng vdi timg doan - phien, cau, chir), eae cau dai ngan khdng ddng deu khdng phai la dai ngan mgt each ngau hirng (kieu tha tu do),
ma la su dai ngan irng vdi nhirng thanh dieu cu the, bat huge phai tuan thii do su quy djnh ciia nhae khiie hay tir pho, do vay khdng CO cai dugc ggi la "nhieu it khdng co each luat nhat djnh" Sau khi dan cac vi du
ve ttr - khiic Trung Qude, tac gia dan them mgt sd vi du ve "ca khiic cua ta", nhu khiic
Nam ai, Hdnh vdn, Kim lien, Tir dgi cdnh
tien hanh so sanh mgt vai diem ve cau chir,
vj tri gieo van rdi di den ket luan: "Ndi tdm lai, ldi ttr khuc ciia Tau va ciia ta co the cho la Cling chung mgt gdc Tuy nhirng bai dan de lam thi du nhu tren nay, chua gom dugc dii het cac ldi, song nhan day ma suy rong ra dai khai cung tuang tir nhu nhau het ca" The loai tir ra ddi tir yen nhae, cac
"ea khiic ctia ta" nhu tren day ra ddi tir dau? Ta khdng dung cdng tim hieu, chi biet chac ehan khdng ra ddi ttr yen nhae Qua each trinh bay cua tae gia cd the thay cac kiln thirc ve the loai tir trong sach nay duge viet ra thdng qua kinh nghiem hay mgt each "cam" nao dd han la qua sy khao ciru thuc sy, vi the su md ta ve the loai va mgt sd ket luan tuy cd manh dan nhung khdng tranh khdi sai lam./