THE NATIONAL COURTS MANDATE IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION

THE NATIONAL COURTS’ MANDATE IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION The reform of the European Constitution continues to dominate newsheadlines and has provoked a massive debate, unprecedented in

THE NATIONAL COURTS’ MANDATE

IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION

The reform of the European Constitution continues to dominate newsheadlines and has provoked a massive debate, unprecedented in the his-tory of EU law Against this backdrop Monica Claes’ book offers a ‘bottomup’ view of how the Constitution might work, taking the viewpoint of thenational courts as her starting point, and at the same time returning tofundamental principles in order to interrogate the myths of Communitylaw Adopting a broad, comparative approach, she analyses the basic doc-trines of Community law from both national constitutional perspectives

as well as the more usual European perspective It is only by combiningthe perspectives of the EU and national constitutions, she argues, that acomplete picture can be obtained, and a solid theoretical base (constitu-tional pluralism) developed Her comparative analysis encompasses thelaw in France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland,Italy and the United Kingdom and in the course of her inquiry discusses

a wide variety of prominent problems

The book is structured around three main themes, coinciding withthree periods in the development of the judicial dialogue between the ECJand the national courts The first focuses on the ordinary non-constitu-tional national courts and how they have successfully adapted to the

mandates developed by the ECJ in Simmenthal and Francovich The second

examines the constitutional and other review courts and discusses thegradual transformation of the ECJ into a constitutional court, and its rela-tionship to the national constitutional courts The contrast is marked;these courts are not specifically empowered by the case law of the ECJand have reacted quite differently to the message from Luxembourg, leav-ing them apparently on collision course with the ECJ in the areas of judi-

cial Kompetenz-Kompetenz and fundamental rights The third theme

reprises the first two and places them in the context of the current debate

on the Constitution for Europe and the Convention, taking the tive of the national courts as the starting point for a wide-ranging exami-nation of EU’s constitutional fundamentals In so doing it argues that thenew Constitution must accommodate the national perspective if it is toprove effective

perspec-Volume 5 in the series Modern Studies in European Law

Modern Studies in European Law

Soft Law in European Community Law Linda Senden The Impact of European Rights on National Legal Cultures Miriam Aziz Partnership Rights, Free Movement and EU Law Helen Toner National Remedies Before the Court of Justice Michael Dougan The National Courts’ Mandate in the European Constitution Monica Claes

The National Courts’ Mandate in the

European Constitution

Monica Claes

HART PUBLISHING OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON

2006

Published in North America (US and Canada) by

Hart Publishingc/o International Specialized Book Services

5804 NE Hassalo StreetPortland, Oregon97213-3644USA

© Monica Claes 2006Monica Claes has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.Hart Publishing is a specialist legal publisher based in Oxford,England To order further copies of this book or to request a list of other

publications please write to:

Hart Publishing, Salters Boatyard, Folly Bridge, Abingdon Rd,

Oxford, OX1 4LBTelephone: +44 (0)1865 245533 Fax: +44 (0)1865 794882

email: mail@hartpub.co.ukWEBSITE: http//:www.hartpub.co.ukBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data AvailableISBN 10: 1-84113-476-7 (hardback)ISBN 13: 978-1-84113-476-5 (hardback)

Typeset by Datamatics Technologies Ltd, IndiaPrinted and bound in Great Britain by

TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

This book was originally written as a PhD thesis, which I defended atthe Law Faculty of the University of Maastricht in June 2004 The originaltopic of my research had been the impact of Community law on theconstitutional position of national courts (this ultimately became Part I)

As I went along, I became more interested in the multifaceted theme ofthe relationship between legal orders and constitutionalism in a multi-level Constitution, which I decided to include in the book, and analysedfrom the perspective of national courts (this ended up being Part II of mybook) When I returned to my research after maternity leave, the consti-tutional debate had been redirected, and was now phrased in terms of theConvention and the Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Idecided to add a third (and final!) Part to my book, examining the impact

of the Constitutional Treaty on the national courts’ European mandate.Writing this book took time and patience, and would never have beenpossible without the encouragement and support of many people Beinggrateful to many, I would like to mention a few

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Bruno

de Witte and Aalt Willem Heringa I thank Bruno for his astute commentsand sharp remarks, for his kind encouragement and his wise and flexibleapproach He was always ready to share his wide knowledge and clearinsights, first in Maastricht, later from Florence by e-mail Bruno truly was

and is my mentor, my Doktorvater I thank Aalt Willem for his help,

guid-ance and support, both with respect to my work and in human matters.His belief in me and my work gave me confidence I hope and trust that

I will continue to learn from both of them

I would like to thank the members of the PhD committee: HildegardSchneider, Sacha Prechal and Luc Verhey, for their time and support

I thank Leonard Besselink, Ellen Vos and Pierre Larouche for theircomments and for the stimulating debate at the defense ceremony

I thank my seconds (‘paranimfen’) Janneke Gerards and Margreet Keus,

both of whom I admire greatly, and whose strength and dedication inspire

me Margreet and Janneke have supported me during the final stages ofwriting and in the preparation of my PhD defence They have shared thelegendary nervous last minutes before the start of the ceremony in the

‘zweetkamertje’ of the University of Maastricht

Nettie Litjens kindly agreed to put the files together and produce acamera-ready manuscript, and did so with remarkable patience and

equanimity She, in fact, gently forced me to finally bring my research to

an end The University of Maastricht provided the opportunity and thewarm environment to conduct my research and write the book

I am grateful to my family, friends, and colleagues who helped me inways unknown to them Above all, I thank my parents and my parents-in-law Writing this book simply would not have been possible withouttheir support

Finally, words cannot express my gratitude to Eric, for his unfailinglove and support He put up with me during the entire process of writingand not writing, enquiring as to progress at the right times, respecting mygrudging silence at others, patiently encouraging me to persevere allalong During the process, we were joined by our sons Lucas and Michiel;and after the completion of the manuscript, by Olivier The boys tookaway much of our time and sleep, but they gave me the energy to bringthis project to an end I dedicate this book to my boys, all four of them

Maastricht, October 2005

The Judge, his Mandate, the National Constitution and

European Union Law

The National Courts as Common Courts of European Law

3 The Creation of a Community Mandate for National Courts 58

3.1 Introduction: National Courts as Community Courts 583.2 Hints of a Role for National Courts in the Treaties 603.3 The Community Mandate of the National Courts 67

4 The Duty to Review National Law: the ‘Simmenthal Mandate’ 69

4.3 Direct Effect and Supremacy: the ‘Simmenthal Mandate’ 108

5.2 From a ‘Principle’ of Structural Supremacy

to the Principle of Full Effectiveness 1245.3 The Principle of Effective Judicial Protection 1355.4 The Requirement of Uniform Application

5.6 Changing the Perspective: the Creation of New Remedies 143

6.2 Gradual Acceptance of the Duty of Judicial Review

by the Domestic Courts: a Bird’s Eye View 150

8.1 The Place of the Courts in the National

8.2 The Court of Justice and the Jurisdictional Issue 222

9.10 …And Beyond 263

9.12 The Proportion of Community Law Cases

10 Excursion: The ‘Costanzo Mandate’

11 The ‘Francovich Mandate’: Jurisdiction to Hold

Governmental Liability for Breach of Community Law 31811.7 Liability of the State: the National Answer 346

PART 2

The Court of Justice and National Constitutional Jurisdictions:

13 Introducing the Actors:

13.1 Defining the Actors: National Courts

13.2 The European Court of Justice as

14.1 Constitutional Courts and the ‘Simmenthal Mandate’:

Are the Constitutional Courts under

14.2 Community Law and the National Constitutional

15 Prior Review of the Constitutionality of Treaties 465

15.3 Preventive Constitutional Review of the Treaties: A Few

17 Preventive Constitutional Review of the Constitutionality

18 Judicial Review of Secondary European Union Law

PART 3 The National Courts’ Mandate and the Future

20.1 Past Constitution Building: the IGC Model 65520.2 The Convention Model: the Convention Preparing

20.3 The Convention on the Future of Europe 658

21.1 The Current Situation: Revolt or Revolution,

21.2 Supremacy in the European Constitution? 67121.3 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 675

22 Incorporation of the National Courts’ Mandate? 680

22.2 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 682

23.2 The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 68623.3 Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights 700

23.5 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 708

Table of Cases

Court of Justice

Case 8/55 Fédéchar v High Authority [1956] ECR 299 .607 Case 6/60 Humblet v Belgian State [1960] ECR 559 117, 282, 496 Case 26/62 NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie [1963]

ECR 1 3, 19, 21, 30, 45 47, 57, 61–3, 66, 70–5,

83, 90, 94–6, 108, 132, 150, 159, 168, 171, 176, 180–2, 195, 202–3, 206–7, 216, 225, 228, 246, 249, 253,

258, 300, 312, 320, 381, 410, 423, 530, 565, 578, 668, 683

Case 2/63 Acciaierie San Michele SpA v High Authority [1963]

ECR 661 501–2

Joined Cases 28-30/62 Da Costa en Schaake NV and

others v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie [1963] ECR 31 435

Case 6/64 Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 3, 19, 21, 30, 45, 47,

Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel

[1970] ECR 1125 8, 101, 463, 497, 525,

537, 560, 564–5, 590, 598, 696 Case 22/70 Commission v Council (ERTA) [1971] ECR 263 538

Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schöppenstedt v Council [1971]

Forstry of the Italian Republic [1972] ECR 291 186

Cases 21–24/72 International Fruit Company v Produktschap voor

Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219 70, 84, 569–70

Case 39/72 Commission v Italy (Premiums for slaughtering

cows case) [1973] ECR 101 186, 282

Case 4/73 Nold v Commission [1974] ECR 491 419, 602 Cases 146 and 166/73 Rheinmühlen Düsseldorf v Einfuhr-und

Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel (II) [1974] ECR 33 525

Case 167/73 Commission v France (French maritime

labour code) [1974] ECR 365 98 Case 185/73 Hauptzollamt Bielefeld v Offene Handelsgesellschaft

in Firma H.C König [1974] ECR 616 540

Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoît et Gustave Dassonville

[1974] ECR 837 422

Case 9/74 Casagrande v Munich [1974] ECR 773 327 Case 41/74 Yvonne Van Duyn v Home Office [1974]

ECR 1337 70, 88, 429

Case 36/75 Rutili v République Française

(Ministre de l’intérieur) [1975] ECR 1219 701

Case 43/75 Gabrielle Defrenne v Sabena [1976] ECR 455 70 Case 60/75 Carmine Antonio Russo v AIMA [1976] ECR 45 283, 201 Case 87/75 Conceria Daniele Bresciani v Amministrazione

Italiana delle Finanze [1976] ECR 129 85

Case 33/76 Rewe-Zentralfinanz eG and Rewe-Zentral AG v

Landwirtschaftskammer für das Saarland [1976]

Case 51/76 Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen (VNO)

v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen [1977] ECR 113 89

Case 68/76 Commission v France (pommes de terre) [1977]

ECR 515 302

Joined Cases 83 and 94/76, 4, 15 and 40/77 Bayerische HNL

Vermehrungsbetriebe GmbH & Co KG and others v Council and

Commission [1978] ECR 1209 314–6, 329

Case 107/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v Centrafarm Betriebsgesellschaft

Pharmazeutische Erzeugnisse mbH [1977] ECR 957 441

Opinion 1/76 Laying-up Fund [1977] ECR 741 408

Case 38/77 Enka BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen [1977] ECR 2203 89

Case 100/77 Commission v Italy [1978] ECR 879 327

Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA [1978] ECR 629i 4, 19, 43–4, 59, 67, 68,69–118, 99–102, 122, 124, 126–8, 130–5, 142, 147, 149–65, 192–5, 207–8, 222-4, 246–9, 255–8, 261–2, 267, 272, 272–6, 320, 362, 371, 380–2, 423, 453–4, 458, 535, 565, 578, 683 Joined Cases 116 and 124/77 G R Amylum NV and Tunnel Refineries Limited v Council and Commission [1979] ECR 3497 316–7 Case 21/78 Knud Oluf Delkvist v Anklagemyndigheden [1978] ECR 2327 89

Case 101/78 Granaria BV v Hoofdproduktschap voor Akkerbouwprodukten [1979] ECR 623 283

Case 120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) [1979] ECR 649 422

Case 148/78 Criminal proceedings against Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629 59, 67, 270 Case 168/78 Commission v France [1980] ECR 347 350

Case 230/78 SpA Eridania-Zuccherifici nazionali v Minister for Agriculture and Forestry [1979] ECR 2749 638

Case 25/79 Sanicentral GmbH v Réné Collin [1979] ECR 3423 589

Case 44/79 Liselotte Hauer v Rheinland Pfalz [1979] ECR 3727 419

Case 102/79 Commission v Belgium [1980] ECR 1473 537

Case 149/79 Commission v Belgium [1980] ECR 3881 537

Case 811/79 Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v Ariete SpA [1980] 2545 65

Case 112/80 Firma Anton Dürbeck v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt am Main-Flughafen [1981] ECR 1095 570

Case 158/80 Rewe-Handelsgesellschaft Nord mbH and Rewe-Markt Steffen v Hauptzollamt Kiel (butter-buying cruises) [1981] ECR 1805 142, 457 Case 244/80 Foglia v Novello (No 2) [1981] ECR 3045 433–4 Case 270/80 Hauptzollamt Mainz v Kupferberg [1982] ECR 3641 572

Case 8/81 Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Münster-Innenstadt [1982] ECR 53 70, 77, 79–81, 269, 429 Case 17/81 Pabst [1982] ECR 1331 (Association agreement with Greece) 85

Case 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz v C.A Kupferberg &

Cie KG a.A [1982] ECR 3641 85, 96–7

Case 104/81 Kupferberg & Cie KG a.A [1982] ECR 3659 70 Case 283/81 Srl CILFIT v Ministry of Health [1982]

The Netherlands, Denmark and United Kingdom v

Case 24/86 Vincent Blaizot and others v University of Liège

and others [1988] ECR 379 312

Joined Cases 31 and 35/86 Levantina Agricola Industrial SA

(LAISA) and CPC Espana SA v Council of the EC [1988]

Glaverbel SA v Commission [1988] ECR 1573 727

Case 70/87 Fediol v Commission [1989] ECR 1781 570 Case 80/87 A Dik, A Menkutos-Demirci and H G W

Laar-Vreeman v College van Burgemeester en Wethouders Arnhem and Winterswijk [1988] ECR I-1601 376

Case 142/87 R Belgium v Commission [1987] ECR 2589 727 Case 169/87 Commission v France [1988] ECR 4093 347 Joined Cases 193 and 194/87 Maurissen and EPSU v

Court of Auditors of the EC [1989] ECR 1045 408

Case C-213/87 Gemeente Amsterdam and (Stichting

Vrouwenvakschool voor Informatica Amsterdam (VIA) v Commission [1990] ECR I-221 727

Case 302/87 European Parliament v Council of the EC

(Comitology) [1988] ECR 5615 408

Case 2/88 Imm Zwartveld and Others [1990]

ECR I-3365 58, 409–11, 413, 550, 557

Case 5/88 Hubert Wachauf v Bundesamt für Ernährung

und Forstwirtschaft [1989] ECR 2609 68, 685

Case C-70/88 European Parliament v Council [1990]

Joined Cases C-143/88 and C-92/89 Zuckerfabrik Süderdithmarschen

AG v Hauptzollamt Itzehoe and Zückerfabrik Soest AG v Hautzollamt Paderborn [1991] ECR I-415 130, 141, 563, 130

Case C-221/88 ECSC v Acciaierie e Ferriere Busseni (in liquidation)

Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR I-4135 44, 65, 67, 115, 145

Case C-184/89 Helga Nimz v City of Hamburg [1991]

Case C-213/89 The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte

Factortame Ltd and Others (Factotrame II) [1990]

ECR I-2433 44, 68, 100, 122, 126, 222, 235, 246,

249–50, 258, 276, 380–1, 396, 580, 683

Case C-221/89 The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport,

ex parte Factortame (Factortame I) [1991] ECR I-3905 126, 326

Case C-234/89 Stergois Delimitis v Henniger Bräu AG [1991]

ECR I-935 68

Case 246/89 R Commission v United Kingdom

(Merchant Shipping Act) [1989] ECR 3125 326

Case C-260/89 Elleniki Radiophonia Tiléorassi AE v Dimotiki Etairia

Pliroforissis (ERT) [1991] ECR I-2925 68, 425, 446, 685

Case C-307/89 Commission v France [1991] ECR I-2903 452, 455 Case C-313/89 Commission v Spain [1991] ECR I-5231 499 Case C-340/89 Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und

Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg [1991] ECR I-2357 345

Joined Cases C-6/90 and 9/90 Andrea Francovich and Danila

Bonifaci and Others v Italian Republic [1991]

others v Sociale Verzekeringsbank [1991] ECR I-3756 138

Case C-159/90 The Society for the Protection of Unborn

Children Ireland Ltd v Grogan [1991] ECR I-4685 .534, 528–9

Case C-208/90 Teresa Emmott v Minister for Social Welfare

and Attorney General [1991] ECR I-4296 122

Case C-282/90 Vreugdenhill v Commission

(Vreugdenhill II) [1992] ECR I-1937 316

Case C-295/90 European Parliament v Council [1992] ECR I-4193 607 Joined Cases C-320/90, C-321/90 and C-322/90 Telemarsicabruzzo

SpA v Circostel and Ministero delle Poste e Telecomunicazioni and Ministero della Difesa [1993] I-393 433–4

Case C-343/90 Lourenco Dias v Director da Alfandega

do Porto [1992] ECR I-4673 434

Case C-83/91 Wienand Meilicke v ADV/ORGA F.A Meyer AG

Joined Cases C-181/91 and C-248/91 European Parliament v

Council of the EC and Commission of the EC [1993]

ECR I-3685 408, 538

Joined Cases C-267 and C-268/91 Criminal proceedings

against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097 422

Case C-271/91 Helen Marshall v Southampton West Hampshire

Area Health Authority [1993] ECR 4367 136

Case C-314/91 Beate Weber v European Parliament [1993]

ECR I-1093 411, 413

Case C-328/91 Secretary of State for Social Security v Evelyn

Thomas and Others [1993] ECR I-1247 263

Case C-338/91 Steenhorst-Neerings v Bestuur van de

Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Detailhandel, Ambachten en Huisvrouwen [1993] ECR I-5475 122

Opinion 1/91 on the EEA Agreement (No 1) [1991]

ECR I-6079 21, 410–11, 413, 607

Case C-2/92 The Queen v Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries and

Food, ex parte Dennis Clifford Bostock [1994] ECR I-955 68

Case C-31/92 Marius Larsy v Inasti [1993] ECR I-4543 133 Case C-66/92 Genaro Acciardi v Commissie Beroepszaken Administratieve

Geschillen in de Provinice Noord-Holland [1993] ECR I-4567 376

Case C-91/92 Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1994]

Case C-188/92 TWD Textilwerke Deggendorf GmbH v

Germany [1994] ECR I-833 568–9

Case C-236/92 Comitato di Coordinamento per la Difesa della Cava and

others v Regione Lombardia and others [1994] ECR I-483 76

Case C-319/92 Salomone Haim v Kassenzahnärtztiche Vereinigung

Nordrhein (Haim I) [1994] ECR I-425 240

Case C-334/92 Wagner Miret v Fondo de Garantía Salarial [1993]

ECR I-6911 80, 321

Case C-410/92 Elsie Rita Johnson v Chief Adjudication Officer

[1994] ECR I-5483 122

Case C-431/92 Commission v Germany

(Grosskrotzenburg) [1995] ECR I-2189 77, 88–9

Case C-18/93 Corsica Ferries Italia Srl v Corpo dei Piloti del Porto

di Genova [1994] ECR I-1783 434

Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v

Germany and The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport,

ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (Brasseire and

Factortame III) [1996] ECR 1029 132–6, 146–7, 222,

ECR I-4973 78, 84, 449, 540, 570, 573, 612–3, 615, 617

Case C-392/93 The Queen v H.M Treasury, ex parte

British Telecommunications [1996] ECR I-1631 347, 360, 367, 377

Joined Cases C-430/93 and C-431/93 Van Schijndel en

Van Veen v Stichting Pensioenfonds voor Fysiotherapeuten

[1995] I-4705 68, 82, 100, 123–4, 130–1,

134, 142, 276, 380

Case 441/93 Paganis Pafitis and others v Traeza Kentrikis Ellados

A.E and others [1996] ECR I-1347 141–2

Case C-465/93 Altanta Fruchthandelsgesellschaft mbH

and others v Bundesamt für Ernähnrung und Forstwirtschaft

[1995] ECR I-3761 43, 68, 130, 564, 612, 614

Case C-466/93 Atlanta and others v Bundesamt für Ernährung

und Forstwirtschaft [1995] ECR I-3799 612, 614–5

Case C-469/93 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v

Chiquita Italia [1995] ECR I-4533 85

Case C-473/93 Commission v Luxemburg [1996] ECR I-3207 537 Case C-479/93 Andrea Francovich v Italian Republic (Francovich II)

[1995] ECR I-3843 354

Case C-5/94 The Queen v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries

and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd [1996]

ECR I-2553 230–1, 233, 336, 344, 351, 260

Case C-84/94 United Kingdom v Council (Working Time Directive)

[1996] ECR I-5755 364

Case C-167/94 Criminal proceedings v Grau Gomis and Others

[1995] I-1023 586

Case C-175/94 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home

Department, ex parte John Gallagher [1995] ECR I-4253 360

Joined Cases C-178/94, C-179/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94

Erich Dillenkofer and Others v Germany [1996]

ECR I-4845 234–5, 336, 344, 364, 374

Case C-192/94 El Corte Inglés v Cristina Blàzques Rivero [1996]

ECR I-1281 321

Case C-253/94 P Olivier Roujansky v Council of the

European Union [1995] I-7 498

Case C-290/94 Commission v Greece [1996] ECR I-3285 537

Opinion 2/94 Accession by the Community

to the ECHR [1996] ECR I-1759 419, 649, 657, 701Opinion 2/94 Accession by the Community to the ECHR

[1996] ECR I-1788 516, 625

Case C-27/95 Woodspring District Council v Bakers

of Nailsea Ltd [1997] ECR I-1847 560, 562–3

Case C-66/95 The Queen v Secretary of State for Social Security,

ex parte Eunice Sutton [1997] ECR I-2163 363

Case C-68/95 T Port GmbH Co KG v Bundesanstalt für

Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (T.Port I)

[1996] ECR I-6065 450, 564, 595, 613–4, 617, 619Case C-72/95 Aannemersbedrijf Kraaijeveld BV v

Gedeputeerde Staten van Zuid-Holland [1996]

ECR I-5403 67–8, 82, 89, 110, 114

Case C-87/95 P CNPAAP v Council [1996] ECR I-2003 567 Joined Cases C-94/95 and C-95/95 Danila Bonifaci and Others

and Wanda Berto and Others v INPS [1997] ECR I-3969 67, 356

Case C-122/95 Germany v Council [1998] I-973 616 Case C-185/95 Baustahlgewerbe GmbH v Commission [1998]

ECR I-8417 701

Case C-188/95 Fantask v Industriministeriet [1997]

ECR I-6783 122

Case C-127/95 Norbrook Laboratories Ltd v Ministry of Agrigulture,

Fisheries and Food [1998] ECR 1531 326

Case C-178/95 Wiljo v Belgian State [1997] ECR I-585 569 Case C-182/95 T Port v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas),

Finanzgericht Hamburg 614

Case C-183/95 Affish BV v Rijksdienst voor de keuring van Vee en

Vlees [1997] ECR I-4315 572

Case C-231/95P Greenpeace v Commission [1998] ECR I-1651 579

Case C-241/95 The Queen v Intervention Board for Agricultural

Products, ex parte Accrington Beef [1996] ECR I-6699 568

Case C-261/95 Rosalba Palmisani v INPS [1997] ECR I-4025 122, 256 Case C-299/95 Friedrich Kremzow v Austrian State [1997]

ECR I-2629 685

Case C-321/95 P Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International)

and Others v Commission [1998] ECR I-1651 59, 139

Case C-337/95 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums

Christian Dior BV v Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013 441–2

Case C-334/95 Krüger GmbH & Co KG v Hauptzollamt

Hamburg-Jonas [1997] ECR I-4517 564

Joined Cases 364/95 and 365/95 T Port GmbH v Hauptzollamt

Hamburg-Jonas [1998] ECR I-1023 84, 572, 574, 614, 616

Case C-368/95 Familiapress [1997] ECR I-3689 685 Case C-373/95 Federica Maso and Others and Graziano Gazzetta and

Others v INPS [1997] ECR I-4051 356

Case C-390/95 P Antillean Rice Mills NV v Commission [1999]

ECR I-769 545

Case C-408/95 Eurotunnel v SeaFrance [1997] ECR I-6315 568 Case C-53/96 Hermès International v FTH Marketing

Choice BV [1998] ECR I-3603 572

Case C-54/96 Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v

Case C-231/96 Edilizia Industriale Siderurgica Srl (Edis) v

Ministero delle Finanze [1998] ECR I-4951 124

Case C-260/96 Ministero delle Finanze v Spac SpA [1998]

ECR I-4997 124

Case C-262/96 Sema Sürül v Bundesanstalt für Arbeit [1999]

ECR I-2685 573

Case C-228/96 Aprile Srl, in liquidation v Ministero delle Finanze

dello Stato [1998] ECR I-7141 124

Case C-319/96 Brinkmann Tabakfabriken GmbH v Skatteministeriet

[1998] ECR I-5255 336, 342

Case C-326/96 B.S Levez v T.H Jennings (Harlow Pools) Ltd

[1998] ECR I-7835 122, 124, 142

Case C-343/96 Dilexport Srl v Amministratzione delle Finanze

dello Stato [1999] ECR I-579 124

Case C-352/96 Italy v Council [1998] ECR I-6937 570 Case C-2/97 Salomone Haim v Kassenzahnärztliche Vereinigung

Nordrhein [2000] ECR I-512 336–7

Joined Cases C-10/97 to C-22/97 Ministero delle Finanze v

IN.CO.GE.’90 Srl and others

[1998] ECR I-6307 99, 109, 124, 249, 452, 455

Case C-70/97 P Kruidvat BVBA v Commission [1998]

ECR I-7183 59, 139, 567, 579

Case C-93/97 Fédération belge des Chambres Syndicales de

Médecins ASBL [1998] ECR I-4837 437

Case C-104/97 P Atlanta at al v Commission and Council [1999]

Vereinigung Nordrhein (Haim II) [2000] I-5123 340–2, 344–5

Case C-435/97 WWF and Others v Autonome Provinz Bozen

and Others [1999] ECR I-5613 89

Case C-17/98 Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v Aruba [2000]

ECR I-675 545–7, 549, 564

Case C-37/98 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home

Department, ex parte Abdulnasir Savas [2000] ECR I-2927 572

Case C-65/98 Safet Eyüp v Landesgeschäftsstelle des Arbeitsmarktservice

Vorarlberg [2000] ECR I-4747 250

Joined Cases C-110/98 to C-147/98 Gabalfrisa and Others v

Agencia Estatal de Administraciòn Tributaria [2000]

ECR I-1577 436, 439

Case C-287/98 Luxembourg v Berthe Linster and Others [2000]

ECR I-6917 76, 89, 113

Joined Cases C-300/98 and C-392/98 Parfums Christian

Dior SA v TUK Consultancy BV and Assco Gerüste GmbH and Rob van Dijk v Wilhelm Layher GmbH & Co KG and Layher BV [2000] ECR-11307 78, 85, 571–2

Case C-376/98 Germany v European Parliament and Council

of the European Union (tobacco advertising and sponsoring)

[2000] ECR I-8419 42, 649

Case C-377/98 The Netherlands v European Parliament

and Council (Biotechnology) [2001] ECR I-7079 421

Joined Cases C-397/98 and C-410/98 Metallgesellschaft Ltd,

Hoechst AG and Hoechst (UK) Ltd v Commissioners of

Inland Revenue and HM Attorney General [2000]

de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche [2000] ECR I-1651 79, 563

Case C-63/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home

Department, ex parte Gloszczuk and Gloszczuk [2001]

ECR I-6369 82, 85, 572

Case C-74/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for Health and

Others, ex parte Imperial Tobacco Ltd and Others [2000]

ECR I-8599 42

Case C-143/99 Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH v Finanzlandesdirektion

für Kärnten [2001] ECR I-8365 437–8

Case C-150/99 Svenska Staten v Stockholm Lindöpark AB and

Stockholm Lindöpark AB v Svenska Staten [2001] I-493 236

Case C-173/99 Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematographic and

Theatre Union (BECTU) v Secretary of State for Trade and

Industry [2001] ECR I-4881 421

Case C-226/99 Siples Srl v Ministero delle Finanze [2001]

ECR I-277 138

Case C-235/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for

the Home Department, ex parte Kondova [2001]

ECR I-6427 79, 82, 85, 572Joined Cases C-238/99 P, C-244/99 P, C-245/99 P, C-247/99 P,

Case C-257/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home

Department, ex parte Barkoci and Malik [2001]

Case C-353/99 P Council v Heidi Hautala [2001]

ECR I-9565 421

Case C-453/99 Courage Ltd v Bernard Crehan and Bernard

Crehan v Courage Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-06297 324

Case C-17/00 De Coster v College van Burgemeester en

Schepenen van Watermaal-Bosvoorde [2001]

ECR I-9445 436, 438–9

Joined Cases C-27/00 and C-122/00 The Queen v Secretary of

State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions,

ex parte Omega Air Ltd [2002] ECR I-2569 571–2

Case C-50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v

Council [2002] ECR I-6677 41–2, 59, 65, 140,

421, 555, 560–1, 567, 579–80,

582–3, 593, 682

Case C-60/00 Mary Carpenter v Secretary of State for the

Home Department [2002] ECR I-6279 68

Case C-92/00 Hospital Ingenieure Krankenhaustechnik

Planungs-GmbH (HI) v Stadt Wien [2002] ECR I-5553 142

Case C-94/00 Roquette Frères SA v Directeur général de

la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes

Cases C-187/01 Criminal proceedings against Hüseyn Gözütok

and C-385/01 Criminal proceedings against Klaus Brügge [2003] ECR I-1345 95, 585

Case C-224/01 Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich,

[2003] ECR I-10239 280, 336, 428, 450

Case C-241/01 National Farmers’ Union v Sécretariat général

du gouvernement [2002] ECR I-9079 569

Case C-278/01 Commission v Spain, decision of

25 November 2003, 285

Case C-453/00 Kühne & Heitz NV v Productschap voor

Plumvee en Eieren, Judgement of 13 January nyr 110

Case C-491/01 The Queen v Secretary of State for Health,

ex parte British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd and Others [2002] ECR I-11453 42

Case C-167/02 P Willy Rothley and Others v

European Parliament 412

Case C-171/01 Wählergruppe ‘Gemeinsam Zajedno/Birlikte

Alternative und Grüne Gewerkschaftr Innen/UG’ pending,

Opinion of AG Jacobs delivered on 12 December 2002 444

Court of First Instance

Case T-51/89 Tetra Pak Rausing SA v Commission

[1990] ECR II-309 3, 58

Case T-521/93 Atlanta and others v Council

and Commission [1996] ECR II-1707 612, 615–6

Case T-584/93 Olivier Roujansky v Council

of the European Union [1994] ECR II-585 498

Case T-398/94 Kahn Scheepvaart BV v Commission [1996]

(Mururoa nuclear tests case) [1995] ECR II-3051 58

Joined Cases T-79/96, T-260/97 and T-117/98 Camar srl and

Tico srl v Commission and Council [2000] ECR II-2193 617

Case T-113/96 Dubois et Fils v Council and Commission [1998]

ECR II-2123 574–5, 618

Case T-52/99 T Port v Commission [2001] ECR II-981 618 Case T-54/99 max.mobil Telekommunikation Service GmbH v

Commission [2002] ECR II-313 421

Joined Cases T-222/99, T-327/99 and T-329/99

Jean-Claude Martinez, Charles de Gaulle and Others v

European Parliament [2001] ECR II-2823 412

Case T-17/00 R Willy Rothley and Others v European Parliament

Case T-236/00 Gabriele Stauner and Others v European Parliament

and Commission [2002] ECR II-135 412–3

Case T-177/01 Jégo-Quéré Cie SA v Commission [2002]

ECR II-2365 139–40, 421, 561

Case T-211/02 Tideland Signal Ltd v Commission [2002]

ECR II-3781 421

Case T- 228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du Peuple d’Iran

(OMPI) v Council, pending 594

Case T-333/02 Gestoras Pro Amnistia association and others v

Council (pending) 694

International Court of Justice

Permanent Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion of

3 March 1928, Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig, PCIJ Series B, no 15 72, 106International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion of

11 April 1949, Reparations for Injuries Suffered

in the Service of the UN, ICJ Reports 1949, 174 105, 607International Court of Justice, decision of 27 June 2001,

Germany v United States (in the case of La-Grand), available on www.icj-cij.org 106, 183

ECHR

All decisions are available on www.echr.coe.intEuropean Court of Human Rights, decision of

29 October 1992, Open Door Counselling Ltd and

Dublin Well Woman v Ireland, Series A, no 246 528

European Court of Human Rights, decision of

18 February 1999, Matthews v United Kingdom,

no 24833/94 (GC), ECHR 1999-I 446, 703European Court of Human Rights, decision of

15 November 1996, Cantoni v France .702 European Court of Human Rights, decision of 16 April 2002, SA

Dangeville v France, no.36677/97, ECHR 2002-III 352

European Court of Human Rights, admissibility decision of

23 May 2002, Segi and Gestoras Pro Amnistia and others v

Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland,

France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,

Portugal, the United Kingdom and Sweden, available

on www.echr.coe.int 592, 704European Court of Human Rights, decision of

24 September 2002, Posti and Rahko v Finland,

no 27824/95, ECHR 2002-VII 420European Court of Human Rights, decision of

26 February 1998, Case 163/1996/782/983, Pafitis

and Others v Greece 703

European Court of Human Rights, decision of 19 March 1997,

Hornsby v Greece 703

Austria

Verfassungsgerichtshof, decision of 11 December 1995,

Case B 2300/95-18, available on www.ris.bka.gv.at/vfgh 443

Verfassungsgerichtshof, decision of 10 December 1996,

Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz, VfSlg, 1996, 14701 337 Verfassungsgerichtshof, decision B 2251, 2594/97 of

10 March 1999, Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH v

Finanzlandesdirection für Kärnten; available on

www.ris.bka.gv.at/vfgh 444

Oberster Gerichtshof, decision of 25 July 2000, Klaus Konle v

Republik Österreich, available on www.ris.bka.gv.at/jus 339

Arbitragehof, decision n 7/95 of 2 February 1995, NV Solvay

and NV Bru Chevron et al 460

Arbitragehof, decision n 6/97 of 19 February 1997 Fédération

Belge des Chambres Syndicales de Médecins ASBL 437, 444

Arbitragehof, decision n 78/97 of 17 December 1997,

Orfinger 508, 511

Arbitragehof, decision n 120/98 of 3 December 1998,

Fédération Belge des Chambres Syndicales de Médecins ASBL 437

Arbitragehof, decision n 102/99 of 30 September 1999,

in Re tobacco advertising 373

Arbitragehof, decision n 13/2000 of 2 February 2000,

Radio Flandria SA et al 460

Arbirtagehof, decision n 36/2001 of 13 March 2001,

in Re sponsoring of events in the Walloon Region 373, 727

Conseil d’État/ Raad van State

Decisions of the Conseil d’État/Raad van State from

1994 onwards are available on www.raadvst-consetat.be Conseil d’État (B), decision of 5 November 1996,

Orfinger v Belgian State, JT, 1997, 254, note R Ergec 510, 640

Cour de cassation/Hof van Cassatie

Decisions of the Cour de cassation/Hof van Cassatie from 1990 onwardsare available in full on www.cass.be

Cour de cassation, decision of 5 November 1920, Fladria, Pas,

1920, I, 193 288Cour de cassation (B), decision of 26 November 1925,

Schieble, Pas., 1926, I, 76 53, 200–2

Cour de cassation (B), decision of 13 April 1964,

Ananou, Pas., 1964, I, 849 201

Cour de cassation (B), decision of 27 May 1971, SA Fromagerie

franco-suisse Le Ski, JT, 1971, 460, with note J.A.A Salmon;

CDE, 1971, 559, with note P Pescatore; [1972] CMLR 330;

SEW, 1972, with note J Mertens de Wilmars; Oppenheimer, The Cases, 245 151, 172, 200, 202–4,

242–3, 246, 248, 259, 260, 289,

312, 368, 506, 588, 640–1

Cour de cassation (B), decision of 23 April 1971,

postontvangers, Arr Cass., 1971, 786 288

Cour de cassation (B), decision of 19 December 1991,

P.V.B.A Anderlecht Café (Anca) v Belgian State, Pas.,

1992, I, 316; JT, 1992, 142 289, 366

Cour de cassation (B), decision of 8 December 1994,

Anca II, R.W 1995, 180-181; JT, 1995, 497, available

on www.cass.be 366Cour de cassation (B), decision of 26 January 1995,

minerval, JMLB, 1995, 425; available on

www.cass.be/juris/jucn/htm 312, 366, 368

Cour de cassation (B), decision of 14 January 2000,

rayon de braquage, available on www.cass.be 374

Lower courts

www.juridat.be

Cour d’appel de Liège, decision of 25 January 1994,

minerval, unreported 367

Cour d’appel de Liège, decision of 12 February 1998, in re Spa

Francorchamps, Jurisprudence de Liège, Mons et Bruxelles,

1998, 502, commented by F Abu Dalu 371–2Cour d’appel de Bruxelles, decision of 6 September 2000,

contrat d’agence, available on www.cass.be 374

Cour du travail de Liège, decision of 6 April 1995,

Chronique Droit social, 1995, 7 368

Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, decision of

9 February 1990, Michel, unpublished 311 Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, decision of

17 March 1997, NV Spaas Industrie v Belgian State,

R.W., 1997, 257 368–9

Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, decision of

13 February 1998, Delsa v S.P.R.L Rovi and État belge,

Ministre de la Justice, Revue de Jurisprudence de Liège,

Mons et Bruxelles, 1998, 1261 374

Tribunal de première instance de Verviers, decision of

26 June 1998, S.c Association pour l’exploitation du circuit de

Francorchamps et al v État belge, JTDE, 1998, 210 373

Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, decision of

9 September 1999, in re N.V Abba Travel,

Consumentenrecht, 1999, 305 374

Président du tribunal de première instance de Verviers,

decision of 30 December 1997, in re Spa Francorchamps,

Højesteret, decision of 6 April 1998, Treaty of Maastricht,

UfR 1998, 800H; unofficial translation available on

the internet: www.um.dk/udenrigs-politik/

europa/domeng 491, 596, 625–6

Højesteret, decision of 19 February 1999, in re Tvind,

UfR 1999, 841H 221

Højesteret, decision of 29 November 2001, Folkebevaegelsen mod

EU v the Prime Minister, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen,

UfR 2002, 418H 518

Højesteret, decision of 26 June 2001, Foreningen Grundlaovsvoern

1977 for Susanne Tiggelsen v the Prime Minister, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, UfR 2001, 2065H 518

Østre Landsret, decision of 19 June 1972, Grønborg v

Prime Minister, UfR 1972, 903H; [1972] CMLR 903 490, 513

Østre Landsret, decision of 4 December 1972, Helge Tegen v

The Prime Minister, UfR 1973, 694H; [1973] CMLR 1 513

France

All decisions of the Conseil constitutionnel are available on www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr

Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 70-39 DC of 19 June 1970,

Oppenheimer, The Cases, 275 468, 470, 519, 541Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 70-39 DC of 9 June 1970 476Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 71-44 DC of

16 July 1971, liberté d’association 253Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 74-54 DC of 15 January 1975,

Interruption volontaire de grossesse (IVG) 155, 457–8Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 76-71 DC of

29-30 December 1976, Parlement européen 468, 472, 541Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 77-90 DC of

30 December 1977, Loi de finance rectificative pour 1977 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 77/89 DC of 30

December 1977, Loi de finance pour 1978 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 78-100 DC of

29 December 1978, Loi de finance rectificative pour

1978 (sixième directive TVA) 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 86-216 DC of

3 September 1986, Loi relative aux conditions d’entrée et de séjour des étrangers en France, Rec., 35; RFDA, 1987, 120 155Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 88-1082/1117 AN of

21 October 1988, Val d’Oise, RFDA, 1988, 908;

AJDA, 1989, 128 155, 458Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 80-126 DC of

30 December 1980, Loi de finance pour 1981 628

Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 91-294 DC of

25 July 1991, Schengen 468, 474Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 91-293 DC of

21 July 1991, loi sur la fonction publique 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 92-308 DC of

9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I, Oppenheimer,

The Cases, 384 417, 469–70, 474, 476,

518, 629Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 92-312 DC of

2 September 1992, Treaty of Maastricht II 470Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 92-313 DC of

23 September 1992, Treaty of Maastricht III 471Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 93-325 DC of

13 August 1993, Maîtrise de l’immigration 519Conseil constitutionnel, decision 94-348 DC of

3 August 1994, Loi relative à la protection sociale

complémentaire des salariés (transposition des directives

92/49 et 92/96) 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 96-383 of 6 November 1996,

Loi relative à l’information et à la consultation des salariés

dans les entreprises et les groupes d’entreprises de

dimension communautaire 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 97-394 DC of

31 December 1997, Treaty of Amsterdam 469, 518Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 98-399 DC of

5 May 1998, Séjour des étrangers et droit d’asile 519, 630Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 98-408 DC of

22 January 1999, Treaty establishing the

International Penal Court 469Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 2000-440 DC of

10 January 2001, Loi portant diverses dipositions

d’adaptation au droit communautaire dans le domaine

des transports 628Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 98-408 DC of 22 January 1999, Treaty establishing the International Penal Court 469Conseil constitutionnel, decision n 99-412 DC of 15 June 1999,

European Charter of regional and minority languages 469

France

Available at www.legifrance.fr

Conseil d’État, decision of 14 January 1938, Société des

produits laitiers La Fleurette, Rec., 25 291

Conseil d’État, decision of 21 January 1944, Caucheteux et

Desmonts, Rec., 222 291

Conseil d’État, decision of 25 January 1963,

Bovero, Rec., 53 291

Conseil d’État, decision of 1 March 1968, Syndicat général de

fabricants de semoules de France (semoules), and

observations du Commissaire du gouvernement Questiaux, Rec., 149; RTDeur., 1968, 388, with annotation by

C Constantinidès-Mégret; AJDA, 1968, 235; Rev.crit.dr.int.pr.,

1968, 516, with note by R Kovar; RGDIP, 1968, 1128, with note Ch Rousseau; English translation in [1970] CMLR 395 155, 248Conseil d’État, decision of 22 December 1978,

Cohn-Bendit, Rec., 524; RTDeur., 1979, 168 with note by

L Dubouis; [1980] 1 CMLR 543 348, 435Conseil d’État, decision of 22 October 1979, RDP, 1980, 541 230

Conseil d’État, decision of 2 March 1984, Ministre du

Commerce extérieur v Société Alivar, RTDeur.,

1984, 341; AJDA, 1984, 396 202Conseil d’État, decision of 27 April 1985, Roujansky,

AJDA, 1985, 216 230

Conseil d’État, decision of 13 December 1985, Zakine,

Rec., 515 348Conseil d’État, decision of 13 December 1985,

Société International Sales and Import Corporation BV, Rec., 377 347

Conseil d’État, decision of 20 October 1989, Nicolo,

RTDeur., 1989, 771 154–5, 222, 230–1, 246,

259, 262, 291, 346, 348Conseil d’État, 29 June 1990, G.I.S.T.I., Rec 171,

conclusions Abraham; AJDA, 1990, 621, with annotation

by G Teboul; RFDA, 1990, 923, with note J.F Lachaume 57, 225

Conseil d’État, decision of 24 September 1990, Boisdet, Rec., 250 348 Conseil d’État, decision of 28 February 1992, Philip Morris,

Conseil d’État, decision of 30 October 1996, Ministre du Budget v Sté

Jacques Dangeville, with conclusions of commissaire du

gouverne-ment Goulard, RFDA, 1997, 1056; RTDeur., 1997, 171 351

Conseil d’État, decision of 18 September 1998, Société Demesa 631 Conseil d’État, decision of 30 October 1998, Sarran,

Levacher et autres, RFDA, 1998, 1081;

AJDA, 1998, 1039 476, 518, 520–2, 631

Conseil d’État, decision of 18 December 1998, SARL

du Parc d’activités de Blotzheim et SCI Haselaecker,

AJDA, 1999, 127 522Conseil d’État, decision of 3 December 2001, SNIP,

available on www.legifrance.gouv.fr 631Cour administrative d’appel de Nantes, decision of

20 June 1991, S.A Duault, AJDA, 1992, 172 304, 313 Cour administrative d’appel, decision of 1 July 1992,

Sté Dangeville, AJDA, 1992, 768; Droit fiscal,

1992, n 1665 350

Cour administrative d’appel, decision of 12 November 1992,

Sté John Walker, Dr Adm., mars 1993, n 130; RJF 3/93, n 469 350

Tribunal administratif de Paris, decision of 2 April 1980,

Société Alivar v Ministre du Commerce extérieur,

unreported 302, 304, 312–3, 347

Tribunal administratif de Rennes, decision of 2 May 2001,

Société Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux, unpublished 252

Cour de cassation, decision of 22 December 1931, Clunet,

1932, 687; Gazette des tribunaux, 14 January 1932;

S 1932, I, 257, with note by Niboyet 51, 226

Cour de cassation, decision of 23 May 1975, Cafés Jacques

Vabre, D., 1975, II, 497, Conclusions Touffait; RTDeur.,

1975, 621, with note R Kovar; CDE, 1975, 336;

Oppenheimer, The Cases, 287 228–9

Cour de cassation, decision of 24 May 1975, Administration des

Douanes v SociétéCafés Jacques Vabre, D., 1975, 497, 2 CMLR 335

Oppenheimer, The Cases, 287 155

Cour de cassation, decision 450 of 2 June 2000, Pauline Fraisse,

Bull., Ass plén., no 4, 7 523

Constitutionality Case, BVerfGE 22, 134 505Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 18 October 1967,

EEC Regulations Constitutionality Case,

BverfGE 22, 293; Oppenheimer, The Cases, 410 152, 195, 401,

506, 597, 599

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 9 June 1971,

Alfons Lütticke GmbH, BVerfGE 31, 145; English

translation in Oppenheimer, The Cases, 415 196, 261, 427, 459Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 9 June 1971,

Alphons Lütticke GmbH, BVerfGE 31, 145; English translation

in Oppenheimer, The Cases, 415 152Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 29 May 1974,

Internationale Handelsgesellschaft (Solange I),

BVerfGE 37, 271; [1974] 2 CMLR 540;

Oppenheimer, The Cases, 419 152, 197, 259, 419,

445, 512, 595, 598–601, 602–4,

645, 648, 656, 690, 699

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 25 July 1979,

Vielleicht (‘maybe’), BVerfGE 52, 187; [1980] 2 CMLR 531 601

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 23 June 1981,

Eurocontrol, BVerfGE 58, 1 601

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 19 October 1982,

Staatshaftungsgesetz, BVerfGE 61, 149 295

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 22 October 1986,

Wünsche Handelsgesellschaft (Solange II),

BverfGE 73, 339, Oppenheimer, The Cases, 461 152, 197, 417, 419, 427–8,

543, 590, 599, 601–4, 605,

619, 624, 645, 648, 690, 699

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 8 April 1987, Kloppenburg,

BverfGE 75, 223; [1988] 3 CMLR 1; Oppenheimer, The Cases, 497 430, 603Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 11 April 1989,

TV Broadcasting Directive - interim measures, BVerfGE 80, 74; English version in [1990]

1 CMLR 649 549, 552–3, 610

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 12 May 1989, M GmbH

and others v Bundesregierung, BverfGE 80, 74; published in

English in [1990] 1 CMLR 570 553, 602Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 31 May 1990,

Absatzfonds, BVerfGE 82, 159 430

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 12 October 1993,

Treaty of Maastricht (Brunner), 89 BverfGE 155;

[1994] 1 CMLR 57; Oppenheimer, The Cases, 526 492, 564, 596, 21, 288, 604Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 12 October 1993,

Treaty of Maastricht, 89 BverfGE 155; [1994] 1 CMLR 57;

Oppenheimer, The Cases, 520 152

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 25 January 1995,

Bananas I (T.Port), NJW 1995, 950;

EuZW 1995, 126 482, 610–2, 617, 619Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 22 March 1995,

TV Broadcasting directive, BVerfGE 92, 203 482, 553, 610

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 26 April 1995,

Bananas II (T.Port), EuZW 1995, 412 482, 573, 610–1, 613

Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 17 February 2000,

Alcan, available on www.bverfg.de 431, 482, 618Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 7 June 2000,

Bananas III (Atlanta), BVerfGE 102, 147; French version in 37

RTDeur., 2001, 155 9, 152,

198, 417, 431, 482, 611,616–9, 648, 670, 699Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 9 January 2001,

Medical training, available on www.bverfg.de;

commented in 39 CMLRev., 2002, 641 431, 443Bundesverfassungsgericht, decision of 22 November 2001,

Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD),

available on www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de .443, 699Bundesgerichtshof, decision of 29 March 1971, BGHZ 56, 40 293–4

Bundesgerichtshof, decision of 12 March 1987, Kleingarten,

BGHZ 100, 136; NJW 1987, 1875 294

Bundesgerichtshof, decision of 10 December 1987, Waldschäden,

BGHZ 102, 350 294NJW 1988, 478 293

Bundesgerichtshof, decision of 28 January 1993, Brasserie du Pêcheur

Finanzgericht Rheinland Pfalz, decision of 14 November 1963, FGE 22,17; CMLRev., 1963-1964, 463 505

Finanzgericht Hamburg, decision of 19 May 1995, T Port v

Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas, EuZW, 1995, 413 573, 614

Ireland

All decisions of the High Court and Supreme Court from 1997 onwardsare available in full on www.irlii.org; a selection of previous cases

is also available

Supreme Court, decision of 17 June 1983, Campus Oil Ltd v

Minister for Industry and Energy [1983] IR 82; [1984] 1

CMLR 479 525

Supreme Court, decision of 21 May 1985, Pesca Valentia Ltd v

Minister for Fisheries and Forestry, Ireland and the Attorney General [1985] IR 193; [1986] IRLM 68; www.irlii.org 127

Supreme Court, decision of 24 July 1986, State (Gilliland) v

Governor of Montjoy Prison [1987] IR 201; [1987] ILRM 278;

www.irlii.org 523Supreme Court, decision of 18 February and 9 April 1987,

Crotty v An Taoiseach [1987] ILRM 400; [1987] IR 713;

Oppenheimer, The Cases, 594; available also on www.irlii.org 485, 487–8, 532, 634

Supreme Court, decision of 16 March 1988, Attorney General v

Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman,

[1988] IR 593 526

Supreme Court, decision of 6 March 1989, Society for the

Protection of Unborn Children (Ire.) Ltd v Open Door Counselling Ltd [1989] IR 593; [1989] ILRM 19; available on

Supreme Court, decision of 1 April 1993, Meagher v Minister

for Agriculture [1994] 1 IR 329; [1994] ILRM 1;

www.irlii.org 210, 526, 633, 635–7Supreme Court, decision of 30 March 2001,

Maher v Minister for Agriculture, [2001]

2 ILRM 481; www.bailii.org/ie/cases 633, 637

High Court (Ireland), decision of 30 June 1978, Pigs and Bacon

Commission v McCarren [1978] JISEL 87 210

High Court (Ireland), decision of 26 April 1983, Doyle v An Taoiseach [1986]

ILRM 693; available also on www.irlii.org 256

High Court (Ireland), decision of 2 October 1987, Lawlor v Minister

for Agriculture [1988] ILRM 400; [1990] 1 IR 356;

www.irlii.org 526, 633

High Court (Ireland), decision of 4 April 1989, Greene v Minister

for Agriculture [1990] 2 IR 17; [1990] ILRM 364;

cases are added regularly)

Corte costituzionale, decision of 11 March 1961,

Riv.dir.int., 1961, 670 55Corte costituzionale, decision of 22 December 1961 55Corte costituzionale, decision 14/64 of 24 February 1964,

Costa v ENEL, Foro Italiano, 1964, I-30;

English version in 1 CMLRev, 1963–1964, 463 153, 190, 496, 501Corte costituzionale, decision n 98/65 of 16 December 1965,

San Michele; English version in [1967] CMLR 160;

4 CMLRev, 1966, 81 602Corte costituzionale, decision n 183/73 of 27 December 1973,

Frontini, 18 Giur Cost I 2401; 39 Rac.uff 503 (1973); 2 [1974]

CMLR 372; French version in CDE, 1975, 114, with note by

P de Caterini; RDI, 1989, 64; Oppenheimer,

The Cases, 629 153, 191–4, 222–3, 241, 248, 259,

461, 502–3, 620, 622–3Corte costituzionale, decision n 232/75 of 30 October 1975,

Società industrie chimiche Italia Centrale (I.C.I.C)., 20 Giur

Cost I 2211; Foro Italiana, 1975, I-2661; summary in

English in 12 CMLRev, 1975, 439-441 and ibid., 1976,

525-526 and 530-533; French version in RTDeur,

1976, 396 124–5, 153, 193, 461Corte costituzionale, decision n 54/76 of 16 March 1976,

Italo-French Extradition Treaty, available on

www.giurcost.it 501

Corte costituzionale, decision n 170/84 of 8 June 1984, Granital,Giur Cost I 1098; Foro Italiano, 1984, 2062, with note

A Tizzano; English translation in 21 CMLRev, 1984, 756, with

annotation by G Gaja; Oppenheimer, The Cases, at 642;

extract in French in CDE, 1986, 185, with note J.-V Louis .154, 193

222, 241,460, 502–3 Corte costituzionale, decision n 113/85 of 19 April 1985,

Spa BECA, 68 Riv.dir.int., 1985, 388 154, 194Corte costituzionale, decision n 132/85 of 2 May 1985,

Convention of Warsaw on International Air Transport;

www.giurcost.org 501Corte costituzionale, decision n 210/86 of 9 July 1986,

ILO Convention no 89 on night labour for women,www.giurcost.org 501Corte costituzionale, decision no 128/87 of 8 April 1987,

US-Italian Extradition Treaty, www.giurcost.org 501Corte costituzionale, decision n 1146/88 of 15 December 1988,

criminal proceedings against Franz Pahl, available on www.giurcost.org 621Corte costituzionale, decision n 232/89 of 21 April 1989,

Fragd, Oppenheimer, The Cases, 653 502–3, 622–4, 642

Corte costituzionale, decision n 389/89 of 4 July 1989, Provincia di Bolzano, 72 Riv.dir.int., 1989, 404 154, 194Corte costituzionale, decision n 64/90 of 18 January 1990,

Foro Italiano, 1990, I, 747; RTDeur, 1991, 294 154Corte costituzionale, decision n 168/91 of 18 April 1991,

Giampaoli, Foro italiano, 1992, I, 660; published also onwww.giurcost.org 439, 447

Corte costituzionale, decision n 168/91 of 18 April 1991,

Spa Giampaoli v Ufficio del registro di Ancona, 18 April 1991, Riv.dir.int., 1991, 108 (relating to directives) 154

Corte costituzionale, decision n 168/91 of 18 April 1991,

Spa Giampaoli v Ufficio del registro di Ancona, 18 April 1991,

Foro Italiano, 1990, I,747; RTDeur, 1991, 294 154

Corte costituzionale, decision n 285/93 of 16 June 1993,

Paolo Bracaglia and Others v INPS, www.giurcost.org 355

Corte costituzionale, decision n 512/93 of 31 December 1993,

Daniele Assoni v INPS, www.giurcost.org 355

Corte costituzionale, decision n 117/94 of 31 March 1994, Fabrizio Zerini, Foro italiano, 1995, I, 1077;

www giurcost.org 620Corte costituzionale, decision n 384/94 of 7 November 1994,

Regione Umbria, [1995] Gazzetta Ufficiale, I,

Special Series, no 47; Foro italiano, 1994, I, 3289;

www.giurcost.org 440, 461Corte costituzionale, decision n 94/95 of 30 March 1995,

Regione Siciliana, Foro italiano, 1995, I, 1081 462Corte costituzionale, decision n 482/95 of 7 November 1995,

Regione Emilia Romagna et al., Rivista italiana

di diritto pubblico comunitario, 1996, 749 462Corte costituzionale, decision n 509/95 of 11 December 1995,

Zandonà Albano v INPS, on www giurcost.org 620, 622

Corte costituzionale, decision n 536/95 of 15 December 1995,

s.r.l Messaggero Servizi, available on

www.giurcost.org 439, 447Corte costituzionale, decision n 520/95 of 28 December 1995,

Regioni Lomardia e Veneto, Rivista italiana di diritto

pubblico comunitario, 1996, 768 462

Corte Suprema di cassazione

Decisions from 2002 onwards available on www.giustizia.it/cassazioneCorte di cassazione, decision n 3458 of 4 August 1977,

Biscotti Panettoni Colussi snc 308Corte di cassazione, decision n 7832 of 19 July 1995,

Il Fallimento, 1996, 137 297, 356Corte di cassazione, decision n 9547 of 9 September 1995,

I Giustizia Civile, 1996, 1383 356Corte di cassazione, decision n 10617 of 11 October 1995,

Il Foro Italiano, I, 1996, 503 356Corte di cassazione, decision n 133 of 9 January 1999,

Campanelli, Il Foro Italiano I, 1998, 1469 357Corte di cassazione, decision n 1366 of 10 February 1998, Pacifico, IlForo Italiano I, 1998, 1476 357Corte di cassazione (Sezione Unite), decision n 500 of 22 July 1999,

Comune di Fiesole v Vitali, available on www.giust.it 358

Hoge Raad, decision of 24 January 1969, Pocketbooks II,

Hoffmann-La Roche, AB 1987, 70 299

Hoge Raad, decision of 14 April 1989, Harmonisatiewet,

NJ 1989/469 216

Hoge Raad, decisions of 10 September 1999,

Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v Staat der Nederlanden,

RVDW, 1999, 122 c and 123 c; AB, 1999, 462, note by FHvdB 545, 548Hoge Raad, decision of 21 March 2003,

Stichting Waterpakt et al v Staat der Nederlanden,

NJ 2003/691 299–300, 375, 378, 381

Gerechtshof ‘s Gravenhage, decision of 13 March 1985,

Staat der Nederlanden v FNV (WWV), AB, 1985, 253 110 Gerechtshof ‘s Gravenhage, decision of 20 November 1997,

Emesa, JB, 1997, 272, note AWH 545, 547

Gerechtshof ‘s Gravenhage, decision of 2 August 2001,

Staat der Nederlanden v Stichting Waterpakt et al.,

M & R, 2001, 95 310, 378Arrondissementsrechtbank’s Gravenhage, decision of

23 October 1974, Kerncentrale Borssele, NJ, 1975, 115 309Arrondissementsrechtbank’s Gravenhage, decision of

18 July 1984, Roussel, unpublished 308Arrondissementsrechtbank’s Gravenhage, decision of

24 November 1999, Stichting Waterpakt et al v

Staat der Nederlanden, M & R, 2000, 24 310, 378

Arrondissementsrechtbank Utrecht, decision of

25 October 1995, Lubsen-Brandsma v

Staat der Nederlanden and Gemeente Abcoude,

JB 1995, 305; Rawb 1996, 24 339, 376–7

Arrondissementsrechtbank’s Gravenhage, decision of

14 February 1996, Boris Shapiro v Staat der Nederlanden,

RAwb 1996, 90 377

Arrondissementsrechtbank Amsterdam, decision of

11 September 1996, Genaro Acciardi v Gemeente Amsterdam

and Gemeente Amsterdam v Staat der Nederlanden,

JB 1996, 237; Rawb, 1997, 23 376–7