Bài giảng hệ điều hành nâng cao chapter 1 introduction

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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Objectives

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What is an Operating System?

and the computer hardware

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Computer System Structure

applications and users

resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users

systems, video games

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Four Components of a Computer System

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What Operating Systems Do

users happy

life

computers in devices and automobiles

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Operating System Definition

use

of the computer

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Operating System Definition (Cont.)

good approximation

 But varies wildly

Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating

system) or an application program

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Computer Startup

 Initializes all aspects of system

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Computer System Organization

bus providing access to shared memory

memory cycles

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Computer-System Operation

 I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller

causing an interrupt

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Common Functions of Interrupts

 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally,

through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines

instruction

processed to prevent a lost interrupt

user request

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Interrupt Handling

registers and the program counter

each type of interrupt

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Interrupt Timeline

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I/O Structure

completion

 Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt

simultaneous I/O processing

 After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for I/

O completion

wait for I/O completion

its type, address, and state

device status and to modify table entry to include interrupt

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Direct Memory Access Structure

memory speeds

 Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer storage directly to

main memory without CPU intervention

per byte

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recording material

 Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors

device and the computer

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memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage

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Storage-Device Hierarchy

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Caching

hardware, operating system, software)

there

 If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)

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Computer-System Architecture

mainframes)

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How a Modern Computer Works

A von Neumann architecture

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Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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A Dual-Core Design

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Clustered Systems

 Provides a high-availability service which survives failures

monitoring each other

 Applications must be written to use parallelization

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Clustered Systems

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Operating System Structure

execute

so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating

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Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System

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Operating-System Operations

 Software error or request creates exception or trap

other or the operating system

components

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Transition from User to Kernel Mode

 Set interrupt after specific period

program that exceeds allotted time

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Process Management

 A process is a program in execution It is a unit of work within the

system Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity.

 Initialization data

location of next instruction to execute

 Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, until completion

system running concurrently on one or more CPUs

threads

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Process Management Activities

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in

connection with process management:

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Memory Management

and by whom

and out of memory

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Storage Management

 Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file

 Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive)

data-transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)

 Files usually organized into directories

what

 Creating and deleting files and directories

 Primitives to manipulate files and dirs

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Mass-Storage Management

data that must be kept for a “long” period of time

(read-write)

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Performance of Various Levels of Storage

implicit

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Migration of Integer A from Disk to Register

matter where it is stored in the storage hierarchy

such that all CPUs have the most recent value in their cache

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I/O Subsystem

the user

temporarily while it is being transferred), caching (storing parts of data in faster storage for performance), spooling (the overlapping

of output of one job with input of other jobs)

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Protection and Security

users to resources defined by the OS

theft, theft of service

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Distributed Computing

network

 Illusion of a single system

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Special-Purpose Systems

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Computing Environments

mainframe or minicomputers providing batch and timesharing

access to same resources

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Computing Environments (Cont.)

services (i.e., database)

retrieve files

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Peer-to-Peer Computing

 Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or

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Web-Based Computing

load balancers

into Linux and Windows XP, which can be clients and servers

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Open-Source Operating Systems

GNU Public License (GPL)

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End of Chapter 1

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