comparing different supplemental foods for artemia in the intensive culture system

The use of fermented rice bran and tiger shrimp feed early PL stage in Artemia intensive production as supplemented food source was evaluated.. This trial wascarried out in 9 earthen pon

CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES

COMPARING DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTAL FOODS FOR ARTEMIA IN THE INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEM

By

BUI THANH DIEU

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of science in Aquaculture

CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES

COMPARING DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTAL FOODS FOR ARTEMIA IN THE INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEM

By

BUI THANH DIEU

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of science in Aquaculture

Supervisor Assoc.Prof NGUYEN VAN HOA

Msc TRAN HUU LE

Can Tho City, January, 18th 2013

I would like to thank the head of the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries ofCan Tho University has created favorable conditions for learning, studying andteachers imparted to me knowledge that will become the foundation for my future

I wish to express my deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr.Pham Minh Duc for his constant guidance to me throughout the time at Can ThoUniversity

I sincerely thank Assoc Prof Nguyen Van Hoa and Msc Tran Huu Le have taughtand instructed me to complete this thesis

I would like to thank Mr Le Van Thong, and his workers in Artemia Experimental

farm Vinh Chau - Can Tho University has dedicated help and support during thisthesis achievement

I would like to thank my classmate who encourage, support and create favorableconditions for me during the study and implementation of the thesis

The research was conducted in field conditions at Vinh Chau district, Soc Trangprovince

The use of fermented rice bran and tiger shrimp feed (early PL stage) in Artemia

intensive production as supplemented food source was evaluated This trial wascarried out in 9 earthen pond (500m2 each) with 3 treatments as following:

Treatment I (the control known as traditional food supply in Artemia production):

Algae+chicken manure; Treatment II: Algae+chicken manure+rice bran and

Treatment III: Algae+chicken manure+shrimp feed) Artemia was inoculated at a

density of 100 inds/L and culturing for 6 weeks Results indicated that growth anddensities of population during the culture were not statistically significant differenceamong treatments (P>0.05) Similarity, fecundity also did not show statisticaldifference among them even though the observed fecundity in treatment III washighest (53±18 embryo/female), following by treatment I (43±10 embryo/female)and treatment II was the lowest (42±9 embryo/female) The cyst yield reached157.22±15.02 kg/ha/crop, was highest in treatment III and significantly differencescompared to other treatment (P <0.05)

As a consequence, this bring back the highest net income for treatment III(130,689±16,445 millions/ha) and significantly differed from the remainingtreatments (P <0.05) However, return on investment (ROI, also known as rate ofprofit) was highest in treatment III (3.09±0.38 times) but not significant differencewith treatment II (2,51±0,58 times), meanwhile it was differed to treatment I(1.41±0.23 times, P<0,05) These results indecated that using tiger shrimp feed No

0 as a supplemental feed in Artemia intensive production could lead to a better

economic efficiency than utilizing of fermented rice bran as well as traditionalfeeding

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLE v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viError! Bookmark not defined. Chapter I 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Objectives of the study 2

1.3 Contents of the study 2

Chapter II 3

LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 Profile of the biological characteristics of Artemia 3

2.1.1 Classification system 3

2.1.2 Distribution and habitat of Artemia 4

2.1.3 Life cycle of Artemia 5

2.1.4 Feeding of Artemia 6

2.1.5 Reproductive traits 6

2.2 History research and development of Artemia 7

2.2.1 In the world 7

2.2.2 Artemia production in Viet Nam 8

2.3 Intensive system of Artemia culture in Vinh Chau-Soc Trang 9

2.3.1 Siting and construction of pond 9

2.3.3 Care and pond management 10

2.3.4 The method increase cyst yield 11

Chapter III 12

METHODOLOGY 12

3.1 Materials 12

3.1.1 Study location 12

3.1.2 Material and method 12

3.1.3 Brine source 12

3.2 Methodology 13

3.2.1 Prepare the salt water 13

3.2.2 Green water in fertilized pond 13

3.2.3 Artemia incubation 13

3.2.4 Method of stocking 13

3.2.5 Experimental set up 13

4.1.3 Salinity 18

4.1.4 pH 19

4.1.5 Dissolved Oxygen 20

4.2 Growth of Artemia 21

4.3 Fecundity of Artemia 22

4.4 Population density 23

4.5 Yield 25

4.6 Economic Efficiency 26

Chapter V 28

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

5.1 Conclusions 28

5.2 Recommendations 28

REFERENCES 29

APPENDICES 31

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Environmental indicators monitored during the experiment 15Table 4.1: Economic efficiency (calculated on 10,000m2) 27

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Distribution of Artemia in the world (Sorgeloos, 1986) 4

Figure 2.2: life cycle of Artemia (Jumalon, ctv.,1982) 5

Figure 2.3: Artemia adult male and females carrying eggs 6

Figure 2.4: The amount of cysts in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) 8

Figure 2.5: Area and cysts production in Vinh Chau, Soc Trang 9

Figure 3.1: Pond design for Artemia culture in this experiment 14

Figure 4.1: Temperature fluctuation in the morning (7am) and afternoon (2pm) among treatments during the experiment 17

Figure 4.2: Changes in depth during of experiment 18

Figure 4.3: Changes in salinity during the experiment 19

Figure 4.4: Fluctuation of pH in the morning (7am) and afternoon (2pm) in the experiment 20

Figure 4.5: Oxygen fluctuation morning (7am) and afternoon (2pm) in during of the experiment 21

Figure 4.6: Length (mm) of Artemia through out the culture 21

Figure 4.7: Fecundity of Artemia over time (embryos/female) 22

Figure 4.8: Average number of cysts and nauplii among treatments (embryos/female) 23

Figure 4.9: Density of Artemia population in the experiment period (ind/L) 24

Figure 4.10: The average number of Adult and young (nauplii + juvenile) among treatments (inds/L) 25

Figure 4.11: Yield of cysts (fresh) of three treatments (kg/ha/crop) 26

STDEV: Standard deviation

HUFA: Highly unsaturated faty acid

A: Average

PL: Post larvae

Vnd: Viet Nam dong

Ind/L: Individual/litter

Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study

Artemia is a tiny crustacean species which is non selective filter feeder, they have

high nutritional value, play an important role in aquaculture (Bengtson et al, 1991;Sorgeloos et al., 1980, 1998, 2001) In a live condition they are applying to rearing

fish, shrimp larvae, the larvae Artemia is the most widely used (Van Stappen, 1996)

in the world Aquaculture hatcheries

In the early 1980s many countries started to develop the culture of Artemia as

Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Brazil (Sorgeloos et al, 1986) but they have notachieved successfully except in Vietnam (Nguyen Van Hoa et al , 2007)

The success of Vietnam in production of Artemia cysts on saltworks since 1988

along with its higher prices leads activity become more sustainable than saltproduction So it has encouraged farmers in the area quickly to acquire and learn thetechniques for raising and now it has become dominated occupations in this coastal

area In 2001, Artemia culture area was highest and over a thousand of hectares

(including areas adjacent Bac Lieu salt) and from 2005 onwards, farming area ofVinh Chau district varied from 300-400 ha with average yield of 50-70kg/ha(Nguyen Van Hoa, 2007)

At Vinh Chau District, Soc Trang province has about 3,000 hectares of land which

can be used to produce table salt and Artemia culture Artemia ponds culture were

not well designed to built fertilization pond that have often face many difficultieslater on for the culture system In addition, culturing process did not improve sincemany years while water pollution is continuing, along with climate change overtime (unusual weather, short dry season etc) and farmers sometimes withconservative mind and more important that the lack of extension team, these have

made Artemia yields a significant reduction by years The average yield of Artemia

in early year was around 80-100kg/ha compared to only 40-50kg/ha recently

Therefore, the current situation of Artemia cysts production showed that the study to

find out a model of high-cyst yield farming (intensive system), more sustainable andconsistent with local conditions is essential

1.2 Objectives of the study

The main objective of this study is to evaluate different supplementary foods in the

intensive pond system of Artemia culture.

1.3 Contents of the study

Evaluating the effect of fermented rice bran and tiger shrimp feed in Artemia

intensive pond

Evaluating of economic efficiency in the intensive pond of Artemia culture.

Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Profile of the biological characteristics of Artemia

According to Sorgeloos (1986), Linnaeus called Artemia Salina in 1758 are no

longer valid in terms of classification for the crossing experiments have shown that

the difference between the populations of Artemia with closely related species are

recorded under different name

Between the bisexual Artemia or heterozygous (population included males and

females), there are 6 sibling species of the same family are described as follows:

Artemia salina : lymington (England, is now extinct)

Artemia tunisiana : European

Artemia franciscana : Americas( north, central and south)

Artemia perrsimilis : Argentina

Artemia urmiana : Iran

Artemia monica : Mono lake, CA-USA

2.1.2 Distribution and habitat of Artemia

According to Sorgeloos (1986) Artemia populations are found in more than 300 natural and artificial lakes in the world in different geographical regions Artemia

can survive very well in natural seawater, but because the body does not haveability to against predators, they can not grow in the sea where there is so much

competition and preys Therefore Artemia distributed mainly in waters with high

salinity (70 ‰) which limits the predators They can live in high salinities near

saturation (250 ‰) Artemia live in an environment with temperatures between

6-35°C and grow and reproduce well from 24-32.5° C, suitable pH ranged fordevelopment is 7.5 to 8

Artemia distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate along the coast and

inland In Vietnam, an adopted Artemia Franciscana, which originated from the SFB

strain (USA), being adapted almost to the Vinh Chau environmental condition after

introduction to the site since late 80’s and called Artemia Vinh Chau (or Vinh Chau

strain) , they now can grow well in the range of 80-120 ‰ salinity, temperature 35°C Dissolved oxygen is higher than 2 mg/litter, pH (7.0-9.0) (Nguyen Van Hoa,2007)

22-Figure 2.1: Distribution of Artemia in the world

(source from: www.aquaculture.ugent.be/Education)

2.1.3 Life cycle of Artemia

Artemia cysts are inactive status, they are brown color, spherical bi-concave,

200-300  m in dimension, they are existing in lakes, fields or be washed in salinecoastal area When kept dry and in the absence of oxygen, the eggs will cease itsactivity but do not affect the viability and hatching of eggs for years, when faced tosuitable condition, embryos would interrupt their diapause and began to metabolizeand activities (Vos and Rosa, 1980) cited by Sorgeloos, 1986

In sea water after 24 hours, the egg membrane was broken, embryonic appearanceand is surrounded by a hatching membrane, several hours later embryos left out ofthe shell, but still attached to the bottom shell (abdominal phase) called as “umbrellastage”, shortly thereafter, the membrane was broken and hatch (hatching stage),larvae are released and swim freely in the environment (Sorgeloos et al., 1986)

Figure 2.2: life cycle of Artemia (Jumalon, ctv.,1982)

(www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ac420e/AC420e03.htm)

2.1.4 Feeding of Artemia

Artemia is a non-selective filter feeders (Reeve, 1963; Johnson, 1980; Dobbeleir et

al., 1980), and we can use a wider variety of foods (Dobbleir et al , 1980; Sorgeloos

et al., 1986) cited by Nguyen Van Hoa et al, 2006

The agricultural by products such as manure, rice bran, cornstarch, can be used as

supplementary food for Artemia (Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh, 2009) In Artemia culture

in solar saltworks, farmers typically used manure (mainly chicken manure)combined with inorganic fertilizers (urea, DAP, etc.) to stimulate the growth of

algae Chicken manure could be directly applied into the Artemia pond as direct

food, to provide nutrients stimulate the algae growth, which intern to be filtered by

Artemia lately.

2.1.5 Reproductive trait

According to Sorgeloos (1986), while adult males sometimes used claws as holdingthe belly of female so-called "coupling", Males will use 1 of 2 genital spines tomove sperms into the ovaries of reproductive females and fertilized eggs

Figure 2.3: Artemia adult male and females carrying eggs

(Nguyen Van Hoa, 2011)

into environment In unfavorable conditions, the embryos only developed to thestage embryos, they would now be wrapped in a thick shell eggs and turn into cyst.

In the life cycle females can have both reproductive methods either producingnauplii or laying eggs, each female can lay 300 eggs / time, 4 days per brood and anaverage of about 1500-2500 embryonic offspring per lifetime

2.2 History research and development of Artemia

2.2.1 In the world

Most Artemia cysts are harvested in the world, which originated from Great Salt

Lake (90%, USA) and the remainder (10%) contributed from China, Siberia, theSan Francisco area salt (U.S.), the Vinh Chau, Bac Lieu in Vietnam (Nguyen VanHoa et al, 2007), Colombia and East - North (Brazil), Canada (Lake Chaplin),Australia (Shark Bay) (Stappen, 1996)

In recent years, the world Artemia culture have been extended as the need of

aquaculture development After the first step success, cysts production begandeclining in 1982 The reason was believed that the low nutrient content in thelower pond environment lead to the decline of primary productivity However, it

was also indicated that Artemia populations have possibly adapted to environmental conditions, and hence adapted Artemia tended to have ovoviviparous mode in the

reproduction ( Camara and Tackaert, 1992 cited by Nguyen Van Hoa et al, 2007)

The production of Artemia with small cysts are very successful technically as in

Southeast Asia, Latin America (Sorgeloos, 1987) cited by Nguyen Van Hoa, 2007,however, it has not been confirmed contribute significantly to the supply of cysts inthe world market since it only accounts for 2% of total annual cysts productionannually

0 2000

Figure 2.4: The amount of cysts in the Great Salt Lake (GSL)

(Lavens and Sorgeloos, (2000), and

http://www.gslcouncil.utah.gov/docs/2012/Jan/GSL_FINAL_REPORT-1-26-12.PDF)

2.2.2 Artemia production in Viet Nam

Artemia is not a native species in general and Vietnam's Mekong Delta in particular

that it is entered by way of feeding the larvae rearing freshwater prawn in the early

80s of last century However, the price was so high that Artemia farming

researchers tried to culture in saltworks of Cam Ranh, Phan Thiet, Bac Lieu, SocTrang After successful trials, It is only effective in the salt field Bac Lieu, SocTrang

Currently the annual cysts production in Soc Trang - Bac Lieu is estimated about 3% of world total However, the cysts produced in these areas are small in size andvery high levels of HUFA, and these satisfy to most hatcheries, especially forshrimp, crab and other species of marine fish larvae

2-Nowadays, Artemia has become the object of popular culture cysts obtained of

coastal farmers in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu

Figure 2.5: Area and cysts production in Vinh Chau, Soc Trang

(Nguyen Van Hoa, per.com.unpublished data)

2.3 Intensive system of Artemia culture in Vinh Chau-Soc Trang

2.3.1 Site selection and pond construction

2.3.2 Pond preparation

Follow the steps below when the crop started:

- Discharge water in the pond

- Take seawater and evaporate for salinity increasing (to make saline water)

- Salinity ≥ 80 ‰, eliminate predators

If the pond appears “water-bloom”, we need to prepare again the pond fertilization

by raking 1-2 times/day to minimize the development of lab-lab in the pond and

provide the food source for Artemia, do not rake when supplying green water

because it will limit the growth of algae Copepods are the main predators of

Artemia, and need to eliminate them before stocking, usually to prevent tilapia

development by rised level-up the pond salinity (≥ 80%) Beside, tilapia can beremoved easily by debris-root (rotenon)

Supplemental fertilizer

Dipping directly of chicken manure in ponds in order to maintain water color withdoses of 2-3 pack/week, in the pond (2000-3000 m2); moreover, combination ofcomplementary foods is one of the manure to increase the cysts yield

Feeding and aeration

raking Besides, farmer should use aeration for 6-12h at night when high density of

Artemia or standing wind.

Dose and type of feed

Tiger shrimp feed No.0 was used as the main food source at a dose of 4-6kg/ha/day Food source is provided after 1 week of culture and feeding once a dayand in the evening when water temperature was cooling down

Collection and storage cysts

Collecting cyts daily to ensure quality and to avoid thieves, cysts must be filtered,cleaned through a fine nylon mesh (0.5 mm mesh-size) with water in pond beforeselling or stored in saturated salt water (sea brine 250 ‰) for further processing

2.3.4 Enhancement of cysts yield

To improve cysts yield of Artemia in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, farmers have applied

method to replace alternative traditional farming processes such as increaseddensity, water depth and expanding the area of the pond to increase the production

of Artemia Besides, the farmer was more interested in stage management and taken care Artemia more carefully They have approach more techniques, process that

they are using pond fertilization, fermented rice bran, tiger shrimp feed as food

source for Artemia.

Chapter III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Materials

Duration: during 12/2012-06/2012 this experiment was implemented

3.1.2 Material and method

- pH meter, oxygen-meter temperature, refractometer, turbidity (secchi disc),binocular, microscopes, electronic balances, refrigerators

- 250 ml triangular bottles, petri dishes, plastic pipette, buckets, plastic bottles

- Formalin, Lugol solution etc

- Feed: algae (chaetoceros sp), rice bran, chicken manure, yeast breads

- Scoop net, sampling net, brine for preservation of Artemia eggs.

3.1.3 Artemia cyst source

Vinh Chau Artemia cysts (SFB origin, USA), an inoculum provided by the

Aquaculture College and Fisheries, Can Tho University

3.1.4 Brine source

Brine source is obtained directly from the sea (about 20-30ppt) through the process

of evaporation The pond salinity will increase to the level up to 80-90ppt beforestocking