Kháng sinh là những chất do vi sinh vật tiết ra hoặc những hoạt chất hóa học bán tổng hợp, tổng hợp có khả năng đặc hiệu kìm hãm sự phát triển hoặc tiêu diệt được các vi sinh vật khác
Trang 1PGS.TS Phaạm Nhâạt An
Trang 2 Nh c l i ắ ạ đượ c các ki n th c c b n v KS v ế ứ ơ ả ề à
các nhóm kháng sinh, nguyên t c c b n “s ắ ơ ả ử
d ng KS h p lý”ụ ợ
N m v ng ch nh v nguyên t c l a ch n ắ ữ ỉ đị à ắ ự ọ
KS cho tr em, các cách tính li u lẻ ề ượng
thu c, ố đườ ng dùng… các tai bi n, tác d ng ế ụ
ph c a KS cho TEụ ủ
C p nh t v n ậ ậ ấ đề áp d ng kháng sinh i u tr ụ đ ề ị
nh ng b nh nhi m trùng hay g p trong Nhi ữ ệ ễ ặ
khoa
Trang 4Nhữững chú ý khi dùng thuộốc cho trẻẻ ẻm
Trang 5 Kháng sinh là những chất do vi sinh vật tiết ra hoặc những hoạt chất hóa học bán tổng hợp, tổng hợp có khả năng đặc hiệu kìm hãm sự phát triển hoặc tiêu diệt được các vi sinh vật khác với nồng độ rất thấp
“ A drug used to treat infections caused by
bacteria and other microorganisms
Originally, an antibiotic was a substance
produced by one microorganism that
selectively inhibits the growth of another
Synthetic antibiotics, usually chemically
related to natural antibiotics, have since been produced that accomplish comparable tasks."
Trang 6Biological Hep B-Hyperimmune globulin
Intravenous immune globulinPalivizumab
Rabies- Hyper immune globulin
Tetanus- Hyperimmune globulin
VIG (Vaccinia Immune Globulin)
Varicella Zoster- Hyperimmune globulin
rho (D) immune globulin
Other
Lindane Treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei ( scabies )
Malathion Pediculus capitis = viêm nang (tóc, da…)
Permethrin ( Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis )
Trang 9 1 generation:
- PO: Cephalexin, cephadroxil, cephradin…
- IM, IV: Cefazolin, cephalotin, cephapirin…
2 generation:
- Cefamandole IV/IM Cefuroxime IV/IM;
CefoxitinIV/IM; CefotetanIV/IM Cefmetazole IV
- Cefaclor PO; Cefprozil250-500mg PO; Cefpodoxime PO; Loracarbef PO
3 generation:
- Cefotaxime1-2gmIV/IM; Ceftriaxone IV/IM;
Ceftizoxime IV/IM; Ceftazidime IV/IM;
CefoperazoneIV/IM;
- Cefixime PO
4 generation:Cefipime
Trang 10Generally distributes well into the lung; kidney;
urine; synovial, pleural, and pericardial fluids
Penetration into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of some 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime) is adequate to
effectively treat bacterial meningitis
Elimination is primarily via the kidneys
Few exceptions include cefoperazone and
ceftriaxone which have significant biliary
elimination
Trang 11The earlier generation cephalosporins are
commonly used for community-acquired
infections
The later generation agents, with their better spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria make them useful for hospital-
acquired infections or complicated
community-acquired infections
Trang 13Group 1 includes broad-spectrum Carbapenems,
with limited activity against non-fermentative
Gram-negative bacilli, particularly suitable for
community acquired infections (e.g ertapenem) Group 2 includes broad-spectrum Carbapenems,
with activity against non-fermentative
Gram-negative bacilli that are particularly suitable for nosocomial infections (e.g imipenem and
Trang 14Appropriate use
Empiric treament of severe nosocomial
infections in critically ill patients or in ICU
Failure of first-line antibiotics for
Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) infections
Directed treatment according to results of culture and susceptibility testing
Chronic multiresistant pseudomonal
infections
In certain settings of neutropenic sepsis, severe nosocomial intra-abdominal sepsis and meningitis
Trang 15Inappropriate use
Routine treatment of otitis media
Routine treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Trang 20C ch TD: c ch t ng h p Protein c a VK ơ ế Ư ế ổ ợ ủ
Tác d ng t t lên các lo i c u khu n, ụ ố ạ ầ ẩ
Ricketsia, Mycoplasma, Spirochaetes
(Treponema Pallidum), Chlamydia…
Trang 22C ch TD: c ch SX DNA v c RNA (gián ơ ế Ư ế à ả
Trang 23 Clindamycin
Cotrimoxazole (Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole)
Trang 24Ph i có b ng ch ng c a nhi m khu n:ả ă ứ ủ ễ ẩ
Bi u hi n lâm s ngể ệ à :
S t, các d u hi u nhi m khu n to n thân…ố ấ ệ ễ ẩ à
Các d u hi u khu trú t i c quan b nhi m ấ ệ ạ ơ ị ễ
Trang 25 Theo lo i Vi khu n v Kháng sinh ạ ẩ à đồ
Theo b nh, theo c quan b nhi m ệ ơ ị ễ
Trang 27C n cân nh c có c n s d ng KS không?ầ ắ ầ ử ụ
Ph i có b ng ch ng c a nhi m khu nả ă ứ ủ ễ ẩ
L y XN vi sinh trấ ước khi s d ng KHử ụ
L a ch n KS theo ch ng c khoa h c (Evident ự ọ ứ ứ ọ
Trang 28Đặc điểm kháng kháng sinh của Heamophilus
Trang 29 Các tai bi n chungế
Các tai bi n ế đặc thù theo t ng nhóm, th m ư ậ
chí t ng lo i kháng sinhư ạ
Trang 30Thường do các VK sau: Group B streptococci,
Enterobactericeae, or rarely Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae or Listeria monocytogenes
Trang 31 Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria
meningitidis account for the majority of
cases (Penicillin-resistant and
intermediately-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae now
almost invariably sensitive to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and vancomycin However, strains with reduced
susceptibility to the third-generation cephalosporins, although rare, have been described in many of the
major centres in South Africa)
Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day, up to 2 g/day
IV, as a single daily dose
Or Cefotaxime 150 - 200 mg/kg/day, up to
6 g/day IV, divided 6 - 12 hourly
Considering combination with Vancomycin to
S Pneumonie
Trang 32 Principles: suspect if aspiration prone pt + infiltrate + cough/fever Note that the elderly are prone to silent aspiration.
Pathogens: community-acquired - anaerobes and streptococci; healthcare-associated -
GNB, S aureus +/- anaerobes
Anaerobic aspiration pneumonia (preferred): clindamycin 600mg IV q 8h or 300mg PO four times a day (+/- fluoroquinolone) x 10d
Alt: amoxicillin-clavulanate 875mg PO twice daily x 10d, or ampicillin-sulbactam 1.5-3gm
IV q 6h or piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375gm
IV q 6h, or imipenem 0.5-1gm IV q 6h All x 10d
Trang 33 Community-acquired pneumonia with
questionable aspiration: use fluoroquinolone + clindamycin or beta-lactam/beta-
lactamase inhibitor (IDSA guidelines)
Nosocomial case: see "Pneumonia, Acquired" module - for anaerobes use
Hospital-imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam or
clindamycin + GNB coverage +/-
vancomycin for trough 15-20 mcg/mL
Trang 38Question and comment?