technical and economical aspects of artemia farming systems in soc trang and bac lieu provinces, vietnam

Data were collected by directly interviewing 70 households with two modal: Artemia monoculture system and Artemia combines with salt Artemia-salt.. Contents of questionnaires included t

CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES

HONG THI HAI YEN

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF

ARTEMIA FARMING SYSTEMS IN SOC TRANG AND

BAC LIEU PROVINCES, VIETNAM

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of Aquaculture

2014

CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES

HONG THI HAI YEN

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF

ARTEMIA FARMING SYSTEMS IN SOC TRANG AND

BAC LIEU PROVINCES, VIETNAM

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of Aquaculture

SUPERVISOR NGUYEN THANH LONG (Ph.D) NGUYEN VAN HOA (Ph.D and Assoc Prof.)

2014 TECHNICAL AND ECOMOMICAL ASPECTS OF ARTEMIA

FARMING SYSTEM IN SOC TRANG AND BAC LIEU PROVINCES,

VIETNAM

Hong Thi Hai Yen, Nguyen Thanh Long and Nguyen Van Hoa College of Aquaculture and Fisheries – CanTho University – Vietnam

Email: yen105606@student.ctu.edu.vn

ABSTRACT

To assess the current status of technical and economic efficiency of Artemia farming

in five communes including Vinh Phuoc, Vinh Tan and Lai Hoa (Soc Trang Province); Xiem Cang and Vinh Hau (Bac Lieu Province) The survey was done through directly interviewing respondents 70 farmers, in which 37 farmers of Artemia monoculture system and 33 farmers of Artemia-salt system Collected information comprised (i) technical aspects; (ii) financial aspects; (iii) advantages and disadvantages of Artemia farming systems The result showed that Artemia

used popular in recent times was shrimp feed and Artemia feed Stocking density was range from 104-125 nauplii/liter Inorganic fertilizer fluctuated 10-300 kg/ha/crop which Urea, NPK, DAP and phosphate fertilizers Chicken manure was commonly used and varied from 0.8 to 6.5 tons/ha/crop Artemia cyst yields were 84

VND/ha/crop, respectively Artemia-salt integrated system obtained higher benefit than Artemia monoculture system Farmers have to face with many difficulties such as water polluted due to water discharged from shrimp company (62%), weather erratically changes (47.5%), lack of seawater (19%), selling-price instability (14%) and lack of capital (7%) Solutions for these problems can be addressed to: 1) government should prevent wastewater from company, 2) upgrades irrigation system, 3) sourcing market stability, and 4) strengthening financial support for famers

Key words: Artemia, Artemia-salt, monoculture system, integrated system, solar saltworks in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu

1 Introduction

Artemia culture was brought high economic efficiency for farmers in Soc Trang and

Bac Lieu Provinces Profit is higher than crude salt production 4 to 5 times (Vu Do

Quynh et al., 1997) Nowadays, Vinh Chau (Soc Trang) and Bac Lieu become two key regions to provide Artemia cysts with high quality for domestic and foreign markets (Brands et al., 1995) Currently, demand for Artemia cysts in the world and

in our country is increasing because aquaculture development both scale and

volume However, Artemia cysts production is decreased and their prices in the

world and in country is increased (Sorgeloos, 2012) Moreover, quality of cysts production in Vinh Chau is high in term of hatching rate are always higher than

80% Artemia cysts produced in Vinh chau and Bac lieu have traditional market

such as Korea, Japan, EC … since 1990 Locally, labor is cheap and farmers have

long experience in Artemia farming Soil conditions in the areas are suitable for culture Artemia (Nguyen Van Hoa et al, 2007) Therefore, it would be favorable

conditions for the development of brine shrimp farming in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu

in the year of 90’s However, in recent years, productivity and economic efficiency brine shrimp farming in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu has not been improved i.e farming techniques were outdated while at the same time, negative effect of climate change has been recorded Infrastructure investment in farming areas is not synchronized

Although investment costs per hectare area of Artemia is low but most of farmers

are poor and thus still lacking of fund for investment (Aquaculture Vietnam, 2013)

Potential development of Artemia farming so high but this situation development

not deserves to the potential Therefore, a survey on “Technical and economical

aspect of Artemia farming system in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces, Vietnam”

is essential Research objectives are analyzing technical aspects; evaluating financial

aspects and analyzing advantages and disadvantages of Artemia farming systems

2 Research methodology

The survey was conducted in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu Provinces Data were

collected by directly interviewing 70 households with two modal: Artemia monoculture system and Artemia combines with salt (Artemia-salt) Contents of

questionnaires included technical information (farming area, structural pond, stocking density, pond management, crop cycle, and yield), financial information

(fixed cost, variable cost, and income), advantages and disadvantages of Artemia

farming systems All data were collected in 2014, except for yield and productivity

in the period during 2012 to 2014

Table 1: Distribution of samples Artemia systems in two systems

Province Artemia monoculture Artemia-salt system Total

Interview data were processed by Excel software The results were shown through descriptive statistics such as frequency of appears, mean values and standard deviations Independent T-test method was used to compare differences between the indicators of productivity, financial performance of the culture system

3 Result and discussion

In theory, Artemia combines with salt is the system Artemia is cultured in the region

of secondary evaporated pond, where salinity is less than 100 per thousand (‰) and effluent are removed into the high evaporation pond before filled in to salt crystallization

In reality, Artemia combine with salt is the model for salt and brine shrimp farming

independently in two different areas of the same household

3.1 General information of Artemia households

- Education level: Table 2 showed that in Artemia monoculture system, level

of education was medium Number of famers studied primary level was highest with 56.76% The next was high school level in 16.22% People were illiterate and

studied secondary level was least with 13.51% In Artemia-salt system, most of

famers studied primary level (42.42%) and least of people studied high school level (9.09%)

- Experiences: Interviewing 70 households indicated that farmer’s experience

was average 14 years Experience of Artemia monoculture system was 12.73 years and Artemia-satl farmers was 15.76 years

Table 2: General information of households

Description Unit Artemia monoculture

system (n=37)

Artemia-salt

system (n=33)

1 Level of education

3 Obtained Artemia farming

techniques from

- Obtained Artemia farming techniques: To improve efficiency of production,

farmers have to learn knowledge economy - technical Artemia from different sources Table

2 revealed that about 10% of households are self study for Artemia culture techniques, 21%

of households through exchange of experiences among farmers Artemia together and more

than 67% of households through information from training

3.2 Technical information

3.2.1 Artemia pond structure

- Total area of Artemia culture area per household in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces arounded 2.8 ha Total area of Artemia- salt system was higher than Artemia

monoculture farming system area Salt production needed large area to facilitate evaporation

so that famers have less area not chose Artemia-salt for their model (Table 3) Area of pond

in Artemia monoculture farming system approximaated 1.42 ha and pond area in

Artemia-salt system was larger with 1.77 ha

Figure 1: Side view of pond in Artemia monoculture system

Figure 2: Side view of pond in Artemia-salt system

- Figure 1 and 2 described depth and width surrounding ditch of pond

Table 3 indicated that, depth of ditch in Artemia-salt model deeper than Artemia monoculture model about 0.09 m According to Nguyen Van Hoa el al (2007), level

of water in pond should be from 0.2-0.25 m, depth of ditch should be from 0.4-0.5

m to avoid high temperature during hot period In addition, deep water limits growth

of “lab-lab” algae However, if pond is too deep it is difficulties to flow water (i.e to enhance the evaporation) for increasing of salinity and hence inoculation will be late

Table 3: Information structure of Artemia culture system

Description Unit

Artemia

monoculture (n=37)

Artemia-salt

system (n=33)

Total area Ha/household 2.31±1.09a 3.34±1.77b

Pond area Ha/household 1.42±0.39a 1.77±0.63b Number of pond Pond/household 5.05±2.13 6.12±2.68 Width of ditch surrounding

pond

Depth of ditch surrounding

pond

Area of fertilizer pond Ha/household 0.14±0.12 0.21±0.21

Ratio of fertilizer pond per

pond area

Percentage of household with

fertilizer pond

(Means with the different letter in a row are significantly different at p<0.05)

In Artemia culture systems, fertilizer pond played an important role (to produce green water as natural food for Artemia) for production systems and affect to

productivity cysts Area of fertilizer pond is recommended should account for 15%

of total culture area and fertilizer pond should be constructed (Nguyen Van Hoa et

al., 2007) However, table 3 showed that area for fertilizer pond in two models was

less than recommend Ratio of fertilizer pond to Artemia pond accounted for

10.42-11.9% In practical, 75-78% households used fertilizer pond to supply food for

Artemia Generally, there are not significantly different in system design between

two systems (p>0.05)

3.2.2 Artemia pond management

- Stocking density in Artemia monoculture and Artemia salt model were 125

nau/l and 104 nau/l, respectively However, this density is higher than recommended stocking density 1.2 to 1.5 times, approximately According to survey of Nguyen

Thi Ngoc Anh et al., 1997 farmers usually stocked with high density due to the

hatching conditions are different with the standard conditions or pond preparation was not technically correct and thus hatching rate may be lower Another reason from the survey showed that some farmers want to raise their profitability so subjective thinking that if stocked with high density they will to the end obtain high

yields of Artemia cysts According to Brands et al (1995) and Nguyen Tan Sy (2012), in Artemia culture, initial density is one of important indicators impact on

productivity and economic efficiency, appropriate stocking density 70-100 nau/l obtained high yields and low investment cost

Table 4: Information about pond management Artemia system

Description Unit

Artemia

monoculture (n=37)

Artemia-salt

system (n=33)

2 Stocking density Nau/L 125.29±40.71 104.58±36.25

3 Fertilizer cycle Day/time 4.78±1.97 4.48±1.8

4 Level of water supply Cm/time 2.07±1.4 1.7±1

5 Date for water supply Day/time 5.03±1.4 4.91±1.59

- Table 4 indicated that farmers manured fertilizer in fertilizer pond every 2-6 days to stimulate algae growth They supplied water 3-5 days/time with level of water 1-3 cm/time, depend on the pond situation

Generally, Artemia pond management technique was not different between

Artemia monoculture and Artemia-salt systems Concretely as salinity, stocking

density, fertilizer cycle, water supply level and date for water supply were not significant (p>0.05)

3.2.3 Artemia feeding management

- In Artemia culture techniques, using organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer

were important Ratio of households used organic fertilizer (mainly chicken

manure) was 100% for fertilizer pond and Artemia ponds There are 4 common

types of inorganic fertilizer are Urea, DAP, NPK and phosphate Usually, each household used 1 or 2 types of inorganic fertilizer Dose of fertilizer between two models has similar (p>0.05)

- In table 5, chicken manure varied from 3.5 to 3.6 tons/ha/crop Weight of chicken manure used was higher than data indicated by Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh (2011) With the same area and same stocking density, adding too much chicken manure will easily does water pollution and rising feed costs unnecessarily

Table 5: Dose of households use medichine in Artemia pond

Description Unit Artemia monoculture

(n=37)

Artemia-salt

system (n=33)

1 Inorganic fertilizer

- Phosphate Kg/ha/crop 175±195.51 329.71±527.84

2 Chicken manure Tons/ha/crop 3.53±2.4 3.59±2.6 Besides that, rice bran is gradually replaced by other feeds such as fishmeal, shrimp

feeds and Artemia feed

3.2.4 Period Artemia culture

Artemia farming is seasonal and only available during dry season, from January to

July, depending on weather conditions every year that farmers farming earlier or later

- Incubation period: Incubation period was from November, most of

household completed their stocking in January with average accounted for 90% and completely the ends in May

- Harvest period lasted to the end of July and beginning of rainy season

According to Nguyen Van Hoa et al (2007), after incubate 13-14 days, brine shrimp

becomes to adult and start to spawn So that, productivity of cyst focused in February, those with late harvest are one of the causes affecting productivity

3.2.5 Technical parameters of Artemia system

Statistical results revealed that yield in 2014 of two models has significant

difference (p<0.05) and yield of Artemia-salt is higher than Artemia monoculture

farming

In Artemia-salt system, farmers has long experience and they chose only ponds which have favorable conditions for Artemia e.g based on water source, wind

direction In contrast, remaining ponds were used for salt production

Moreover, productivity and yield have relationship with fertilizer pond In system included of fertilization pond, productivity and yield were higher than system without fertilization pond and to level production up 1.3 times higher

Table 6: Information about productivity and yield of cysts

Description Unit Artemia monoculture

(n=37)

Artemia-salt

system (n=33)

1 Productivity

2 Yield

- In 2014 Kg/crop 83.95±42.39a 101.63±77.87b

(Means with the different letter in a row are significantly different at p<0.05) Table 6 indicated data on productivity and yield Artemia cysts from 2012 to 2014

Artemia farmers were interviewed in two systems Productivity and yield Artemia

cysts from 2012 to 2014 unchanged (p>0.05), ranging from 48 - 63 kg/ ha/crop in productivity and 84-138 kg/crop in yield, respectively However, productivity and yield tend to decrease slightly in 2014 In data collection of Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh (2011), productivity of brine shrimp ( wet cysts) culture just over 70 kg/ha/crop

This data showed that Artemia production being went down Rainy season started sooner and average temperature went up were the main causes led Artemia

production declining

3.3 Financial information of Artemia system

Figure 3: Artemia monoculture system

investment cost

Figure 4: Artemia-salt system investment cost

- Fixed cost: fixed cost of two systems was from 1 to 9 million VND/ha/crop,

accounted for 16% per total cost In there, fixed cost of Artemia mono was 3.73 million VND/ha/crop and 6.66 million VND/ha/crop in Artemia-salt Fixed cost in

Artemia- salt higher than Artemia mono (table 7) Higher cost due to Artemia

farming with large area needed more water pump and cost for ponds investment

Table 7: Investment costs and financial efficiency per 1 hectare of Artemia monoculture and Artemia combine with salt systems in 2014

Unit: Million VND/ha/crop

Description

Artemia monoculture

(n=37)

Artemia-salt system

(n=33) Fixed cost 3.73±2.25 6.66±3.99

Variable cost 20.49±10.76 23.68±11.87

- Medicine & chemical 0.7±1.15 1.14±1.87

Total cost 24.22±11.08 a 30.34±13.23 b Income 39.74±16.56 107.81±45.39 Profit 15.53±17.54 a 77.49±44.68 b Ratio profit 1.08±2.17 2.97±2.07

(Means with the different letter in a row are significantly different at p<0.05)