Experimental and observational approaches to investigating sexual selection in sepsidae (diptera

+

+ + + + + + + +

(*)&-(*+!4(&0"%/&)9!-:!/&(3*$-%"!

;<==!

!

!

&520*;2! <-*>23.0! &'6! ,*-! &! 7&8! 2'?"-*';2'.! %&.! 2'3*+-&/20! 6"03+00"*'@!3*77&8*-&."*'!&'6!'2-6A<-"62B!!=!%*<2!*'2!6&)!.*!"'0<"-2!0*;2*'2!"'!.%2!5&)!=!022!)*+!"'0<"-2!&77!)*+-!0.+62'.0!2?2-)!0"'/72!6&)9!!!

!

3EFGGB#!$%&'(!)*+!,*-!82"'/!.%2-2!.*!<"3(!+<!.%2!<"2320!2?2-)!.";2!=!5-".2!&!.%20"0!

&'6!,*-!.2&3%"'/!;2!&77!.%2!.-"3(0!.*!/2 "'/!CDE!,-*;!.%2!."'"20.!*,!"'023.!<&-.0!&'6!,*-!82"'/!;)!8"//20.!3%22-72&62-!.%2!2'."-2!.";29!

!

91#!$%&'(0!,*-!.%2!3&-!-"620@!,*-!82"'/!.%2!820.!.&/A.2&;A.%20"0A?2 "'/!<&-.'2-!&'6!

,*-! 82"'/! 0*! 0522.! &'6! %27<"'/! *+.! 5".%! %2! %20"0! 620<".2! %2! 0"FA%*+-! ";2!6",,2-2'329!!

!

2HD! :IGJ#! G*+4-2! %2! 37*020.! *! ;)! %2&-.! 20<23"&77)! 0"'32! 52! 0.&-.26! %"0! >*+-'2)!

.*/2.%2-9!!G*+-!<&00"*'!,*-!-202&-3%!&'6!;*'(2)0!-2&77)!;*."?&.20!;2B!G*+-!<&00"*'!,*-!.2''"0!&'6!;&%>*'/@!=!5"77!'2?2-!,+77)!3*;<-2%2'69!

!

7DGJ!2DGJ#!$%&'(0!,*-!0&)"'/!)20!.*!/"?"'/!+<!522(2'60!&'6!<+87"3!%*7"6&)0B!$%&'(0!

,*-!2'6+-"'/!.%2!.*+/%20.!<&-.0!*,!.%"0!<-*>23.!5".%!;29!=!6*'4.!('*5!",!=!5"77!2?2-!82!

&872!.*!,+77)!3*'?2)!%*5!;+3%!*,!&!-2&00+-"'/!<-202'32!)*+!%&?2!822'!.*!;29!=,!".!52-2!&')*'2!2702@!=!6*'4.!.%"'(!.%2!<-*>23.!5*+76!%&?2!.&(2'!*,,!7"(2!".!%&09!=!.%*+/%.!

'BDQDGU! $%&'(! )*+! ,*-! 82"'/! 0*! %&-63*-2! &'6! ,*-! 82"'/! %2! *-/&'"Q&."*'&7! *,! %2!

*-/&'"Q&."*'9! =! 6*'4.! ('*5! %*5! =! 5*+76! %&?2! /* 2'! %-*+/%! %2! %20"0A5-"."'/!

!

'?!(IGPI!IGP!NLB!TBBWB?C!IN!NLB!(DJLN!/IAI?D#!$%&'(!)*+!,*-!&77!)*+-!2'.%+0"&0."3!

&00"0.&'32!&'6!.%2!<-*?"0"*'!*,!/&+-!6+'/!5".%*+.!5%"3%!.%2-2!5*+76!%&?2!822'!'*!

,7"20@!'*!-202&-3%!&'6!62,"'".27)!'*!.%20"0B!'?!1QBMBGN!:B?GIGPBX8!'?!,BCM@GP!)IG! 5*0*6! IGP! NLB! CNIAA! IN! >BGP@! )?IPDGJC#! $%&'(! )*+! ,*-! 0+<<*-."'/! *+-! -202&-3%!

=Z[!%BCHQNCZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ =\!

X9Z9X!Y2'2."3!6"?2-0".)!5".%"'!E9!='6"3& 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999X\! X9Z9[!$20."'/!,*-!-2<-*6+3."?2!"0*7&."*'99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999X]! X9Z9Z!H*;<&-&."?2!;*-<%*7*/) 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999[X! X9Z9_!C",,2-2'320!"'!;&."'/!82%&?"*-999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999[`! X9Z9`!R*<+7&."*'!6)'&;"30!999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999[\!

;Z[!%BCHQNC!IGP!,DCVHCCD@G!ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ `;!

[9Z9X!KF<2-";2'.&7!?0!3*'.-*7!M!C2?27*<;2'.&7!.";2!&'6!8*6)!0"Q2!99999999999999999999999999999`[! [9Z9[!KF<2-";2'.&7!?0!3*'.-*7!M!C",,2-2'320!"'!02F+&77)!6";*-<%"3!.-&".099999999999999999999999`_!!

!

1LIWNB?![U!:?@M!aV?FWNDV!CWBVDBCb!N@!DGNBJ?INDKB!NIY@G@MFU!IG!DNB?INDKB!W?@VBCC! DGK@QKDGJ!,(*!CBcHBGVBC8!M@?WL@Q@JF8!IGP!_BLIKD@H?!QBIPC!N@!NLB!?BCH??BVND@G!@A!

!

[Z[!%BCHQNC!ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ \d!

Z9Z9X!O*-<%*7*/)! 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\b! Z9Z9[!O*723+7&-!6&.&!999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\]! Z9Z9Z!J2%&?"*+-&7!*802-?&."*'0!&'6!-2<-*6+3."?2!"0*7&."*'!.-"&70! 999999999999999999999999999999999bX! Z9Z9_!$&F*'*;"3!3*'37+0"*'!9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999bZ! Z9Z9`!S<23"20!-26203-"<."*'999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999b_!

!

! ?"!

!

='!.%"0!.%20"0!=!2F<7*-2!%*5!6&.&!,-*;!;*-<%*7*/)@!82%&?"*+-!&'6!/2'20!,*-!;+7."<72!0<23"20! 3&'! -2?2&7! '25! "'0"/%.0! "'.*! 02F+&7! 02723."*'! "'37+6"'/! M! %*5! ;&."'/!82%&?"*+-!3&'!-2?2&7!0<23"20!7";".0!"'!3-)<."3!0<23"20@!.%2!2,,23.0!*,!*<2-&."*'&7!02F!-&."*! *'! %2! 2?*7+."*'! *,! 02F+&77)! 6";*-<%"3! -&".0! &'6! %2! -27&."*'0%"<! 82.522'!

;&."'/!82%&?"*-@!;&72!;&."'/!3*0.0@!&'6!;*-<%*7*/"3&7!2?*7+."*'9!!

!

='!.%2!,"-0.!3%&<.2-@!=!,"'6!%"/%!/2'2."3!6"?2-/2'32!5".%"'!&!0+<<*0267)!15"620<-2&64!

0<23"20! 488')/9)-)+-(6-$7+de"262;&''@!Xa[_f!.%&.!"'6"3&.20!.%2!<-202'32!*,!3-)<."3! 0<23"209!='!*-62-!.*!&66-200!",!;+7."<72!0<23"20!0%*+76!82!-23*/'"Q26!5".%"'!45+-(6-$7@!

=! 3*'6+3.26! %)8-"6"Q&."*'! 2F<2-";2'.0! &'6! "62'.","26! ;+7."<72! -2<-*6+3."?27)!

"0*7&.26! <*<+7&."*'09! =! ,"'6! %&.! CDE! 02N+2'320! ?2-)! &33+-&.27)! <-26"3.26! 0<23"20!8*+'6&-"20!5%2-2&0!;*-<%*7*/"3&7!3%&-&3.2-0!<-*?"626!*'7)!<&-."&7!-20*7+."*'9!C+2!.*!%"/%!<*<+7&."*'A72?27!?&-"&."*'@!3*+-.0%"<!82%&?"*+-!&'6!3*<+7&."*'!6+-&."*'!52-2!.%2!72&0.!+02,+7!.-&".0!,*-!-20*7?"'/!0<23"20!7";".09!R*<+7&."*'!6)'&;"30!0+-?2)0!52-2!3*'6+3.26!&'6!.%202!0%*526!.%&.!&!,2;&72A8"&026!02F!-&."*!<2-0"0.26!"'!7&8!3+7.+-20!

*,! R+7&+! $"*;&'! ,7"20! 6+2! *! 0"/'","3&'.7)! 0%*-.2-! ;&72! 7",20<&'9! =! ,*+'6! 0.-*'/!3* 27&."*'0!82.522'!.%2!*<2-&."*'&7!02F!-&."*!dVSIf!*,!.%2!<*<+7&."*'!&'6!02?2-&7!

&0<23.0! *,! ;&."'/! 82%&?"*+-! d72?27! *,! ;&72! 3*+-.0%"<@! 62/-22! *,! ,2;&72! -20"0.&'32!

! ?""!

2F<2-";2'.&7! -2&.;2'.0! *! 82! ,2;&72A8"&026! d\#Xf@! 0";+7&."'/! %2! 2,,23.0! *,! &!

B'8@7$<-7!"',23."*'9!E0!&!-20+7.!*,!/-2&.2-!;&."'/!*<<*-.+'"."20!&'6!3* 20<*'6"'/!

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

82%&?"*+-!6&.&!.%&.!726!.*!.%2!-20+ 23."*'!*,!#/9)-)+9C>><')'=7!O27&'62-!g!S<+72-@! X]Xb@!&!0<23"20!.%&.!5&0!<-2?"*+07)!0)'*');"026!5".%+#5+.87D-=7(79!

!

='!.%2!,*+-.%!&'6!,"'&7!3%&<.2-@!=!6203-"82!.%2!;&."'/!82%&?"*+-!*,!#78A/887+)9<'(6C8 +

dS%-&'(@!Xa^Zf!"'!62.&"7!&'6!,"'6!,"?2!+'"N+2!272;2'.0!,*-!.%"0!0<23"209!$%"0!3*',"-;26!.%&.!;&."'/!82%&?"*+-!"0!-&<"67)!2?*7?"'/!"'!S2<0"6&29!=!6"03+00!&0<23.0!*,!.%"0!+'"N+2!

;&."'/! <-*,"72! %&.! ;&)! 3*'.-"8+.2! *! %2! %"/%! ;&72! ;&."'/! 3*0.0! "'! %"0! ;*627!

0<23"209!=!&70*!<-*?"62!SKO!";&/20!*,!.%2!#5+)9<'(6C8 !;&72!"'.-*;" 2'.!*-/&'!&'6! 6*3+;2'.!0.-+3.+-20!.%&.!";<7)!.%&.!#78A/88740!"'.-*;" 2'.!*-/&'!"0!;*-2!,-&/"72!.%&'!

.%2!*'2!*,!*.%2-!02<0"6!0<23"209!

!

! ?"""!

$%"0! %20"0! "0! 5-" 2'! "'! &! 3%&<.2-! ,*-;&.! &'6! %2! ,"'&7! 5*! 3%&<.2-0! &-2! &7-2&6)!

<+87"0%269! =! +02! ;+7."<72A,"-0.A<2-0*'! <-*'*+'0! 5%2'! -202&-3%! 5&0! 3*'6+3.26!3*77&8*-&."?27)9!

[9b! L*&6"'/0!*,!02F+&77)!6";*-<%"3!.-&".0!*'!R-"'3"<&7!H*;<*'2'.!&F209!J*76!?&7+20!"'6"3&.2!0"/'","3&'.!3*'.-"8+."*'9! `_!

! F!

[9a! E?2-&/2!RHX!&'6!RH[!?&7+20!,*-!2F<2-";2'.&7!&'6!3*'.-*7!7"'20!5".%!<A?&7+20!.*!"'6"3&.2!0"/'","3&'329! ``![9]! E?2-&/2!?&7+20!,*-!&77!,*+-!;*-<%*7*/"3&7!.-&".0!;2&0+-26!&3-*00!8*.%!.-2&.;2'.09! `\!Z9X! T'3* 23.26!<&"-5"02!/2'2."3!6"0.&'320!82.522'!&'6!5".%"'!&'6!82.522'!S2<0"0!,7&?";&'&!&'6!S9!<) %*0*;&!;*-<%*.)<209! \_!Z9[! j+&7".&."?2!3*;<&-"0*'!*,!82%&?"*+-&7!272;2'.0!*802-?26!"'!#5+ .87D-=7(7+&'6!#5+9C>><')'=7+d?"-/"'f!;&."'/!.-"&709!&'!k!X[i!8'!k!X^! b[!

! F"""!

+ &/)!-:! $ 4.+&1*)&-(/!

!

=Z ,BGDCB8!)Z!/Z!29@!:9!E7"@!S9!D9!Ự.)@!&'6!I9!O2"2-9![^^a5+$%2!'226!,*-!0<23",)"'/!

0<23"20! 3*'32<.0#! P*5! ;&')! 0<23"20! *,! 0"7?2-26! 7&'/+-0! d;>7$<C9-A</$?)+

$>-)A7Ả)! /-*+<f! 0%*+76! 82! -23*/'"Q26m! O*723+7&-! R%)7*/2'2."30! &'6!

K?*7+."*'@!_]#!\aaA\a]9!

!

;Z R+'"&;**-.%)@! D9@! O9! I9! J9! =0;&"7@! ,Z! /Z! 2Z! )IG@! &'6! I9! O2"2-9! [^^]9! :-*;!

("00"'/!.*!8277)!0.-"6+7&."*'#!3*;<&-&."?2!&'&7)0"0!-2?2&70!0+-<-"0"'/!6"?2-0".)@!-&<"6!2?*7+."*'@!&'6!;+3%!%*;*<7&0)!"'!.%2!;&."'/!82%&?"*-!*,![b!0<23"20!*,!

02<0"6! ,7"20! dC"<.2-&#! #/9)-67/f9! l*+-'&7! *,! K?*7+."*'&-)! J"*7*/)@! [[#[X_\A

! [!

=Z=!&()%-,41)&-(!

e"620<-2&6! *-! 3*0;*<*7".&'! 0<23"20! &-2! *,! <&-."3+7&-! "'.2-20.! "'! 2?*7+."*'&-)!8"*7*/)@!8"*/2*/-&<%)@!8"*6"?2-0".)!&'6!3*'02-?&."*'@!&0!.%2)!&<<2&-!.*!%&?2!.-&".0!.%&.! &77*5! %2;! *! 3*7*'"Q2! &'6! *72-&.2! &! 5"62! 0<23.-+;! *,! 2'?"-*';2'.&7!3*'6"."*'0! de"2'0! &'6! Y-&%&;! [^^`f9! P*52?2-@! &77*<&.-"3! <*<+7&."*'0! *,! 0+3%!5"620<-2&6!0<23"20!2?*7?2!"'62<2'62'.7)!&'6!'25!0<23"20!;&)!*-"/"'&.2!dS3%2"'2-!X]]Zf9!='6226@!.%2!-232'.!7".2-&.+-2!*'!o3-)<."3!0<23"20p!0+//20.0!.%&.!;&')!0<23"20!,*-;2-7)!('*5'!&0!o5"620<-2&6p!3*'0"0.!*,!;+7."<72!0<23"209!$%2!7&-/2!;*-<%*7*/"3&7!

&'6!;*723+7&-!"'.-&0<23","3!?&-"&8"7".)!"0!'*5!*,.2'!"'.2-<-2.26!&0!2?"62'32!,*-!.%2!2F"0.2'32!*,!0<23"20!3*;<72F20!de2"'0!2.!&79!X]]]f9!!

!

S<23"20!"62'.","3&."*'!&'6!6203-"<."*'!.-&6"."*'&77)!-27)!*'!;*-<%*7*/"3&7!.-&".09!:*-!.%"0! -2&0*'@! "0*7&."*'! ;23%&'"0;0! '*.! ;&'",20.26! "'! ;*-<%*7*/"3&7! 3%&'/2! %&?2!822'! +'62-&<<-23"&.26@! &7.%*+/%! ;*-<%*7*/"3&77)A0.&."3! 37&6*/2'20"0! 3&'! 82!2F<23.26! +'62-! &! ?&-"2.)! *,! 3"-3+;0.&'320! dI*.%03%"76! &'6! O&'3"'277"! [^^Xi!S3%*'-*//2!2.!&79![^^[i!P2'-)!X]]_i!H"32-*!X]]\i!l*'20!2.!&79![^^Zf9!$%2!&?&"7&8"7".)!

*,! "'2F<2'0"?2! CDE! 02N+2'3"'/! %&0! <-*?"626! &! '25! &?2'+2! ,*-! -2?"0"."'/! %2!8*+'6&-"20! *,! 5"620<-2&6! 0<23"209! J&026! *'! ;*723+7&-! 6&.&! &'6! 23*7*/"3&7!6",,2-2'320@! ;&')! &+.%*-0! %&?2! &-/+26! ,*-! 3-)<."3! 0<23"20@! &7.%*+/%! ?2-)! ,25! *,!.%202! 0.+6"20! <-*?"62! &66"."*'&7! 2?"62'32! "'! %2! ,*-;! *,! 3*;<&-&."?2! ;*-<%*7*/)!

d$&'! 2.! &79! [^X^f! &'6! 2?2'! ,252-! &-2! &872! *! <-*?"62! 6&.&! *'! 82%&?"*-! &'6!-2<-*6+3."?2!"0*7&."*'!dY*;2Q!2.!&79![^^bf9!!

!

! Z!

O"0.&("'/! ;+7."<72! 3-)<."3! 0<23"20! &0! &! 0"'/72! 0<23"20! 3&'! 82! 3*0.7)! &'6! ;&)! %&?2!'2/&."?2! ";<7"3&."*'0! ,*-! 3*'02-?&."*'! ;&'&/2;2'.9! :*-! 2F&;<72@! &'! &7-2&6)!2'6&'/2-26!0<23"20!5"77!"'3-2&02!"'!3*'02-?&."*'!<-"*-".)!5%2'!".!"0!0%*5'!.*!3*'0"0.!

*,! 5*! *-! ;*-2! 3-)<."3! 0<23"209! S+3%! -237&00","3&."*'! 2'.&"70! ;&>*-! &6>+0.;2'.0! "'!

;&'&/2;2'.! 0.-&.2/"20@! 20<23"&77)! 5%2'! *'2! *,! %2! 3-)<."3! 0<23"20! <&"-! "0!6"0<-*<*-."*'&.27)! +'62 2<-202'.26! "'! 2F"0."'/! -202-?20! dC&+/%2-.)! 2.! &79! X]]^f9!D25! ;2&0+-20! 5"77! &70*! %&?2! *! 82! ";<72;2'.26! "'! *-62-! *! 2'0+-2! 3*'."'+26!0+-?"?&7! *,! %2! 0<23"20! dS3%*'-*//2! 2.! &79! [^^[i! I+8"'*,,! &'6! S<2-7"'/! [^^_f9!:+-.%2-;*-2@!/"?2'!.%2!-&.2!&.!5%"3%!3-)<."3!0<23"20!&-2!3+ 2'.7)!82"'/!<-*<*026@!

*+-!0<23"20!-"3%'200!20.";&.20!&-2!7"(27)!.*!82!&!/-&?2!+'62-20.";&."*'!*,!.%2!.-+2!6"?2-0".)9! G2.@! &33+-&.2! 6&.&! *'! 0<23"20! -"3%'200! &'6! 2'62;"0;! "0! 3-+3"&7! ,*-! %2!

<-*<2-! "62'.","3&."*'! *,! <-"*-".)! &-2&0! d29/9! 8"*6"?2-0".)! %*.0<*.0f! ,*-! /7*8&7!3*'02-?&."*'9! e".%*+.! <-*<2-! 20.";&."*'! *,! 0<23"20! 8*+'6&-"20@! 52! -"0(! 7*0"'/!'+;2-*+0! 0<23"20! 5".%*+.! 2?2'! -2&7"Q"'/! %&.! %2)! 2F"0.269! $%2-2,*-2@! -2?"0"'/!5"620<-2&6! 0<23"20! "0! +-/2'.! "'! *-62-! *! ,&3"7".&.2! %2! 6"03-";"'&."*'! *,! -2/"*'&77)!-20.-"3.26! 3-)<."3! 0<23"20! 3*;<72F20! *-! o<02+6*A3*0;*<*7".&'! 0<23"20p! ,-*;! -+7)!3*0;*<*7".&'!0<23"20!dL*%;&'!2.!&79![^X^f9!

!

=Z=Z=!3"(")&1!,&0"%/&)9!7&)2&(!!6673893:3(:;<:=!!

$%2!,&;"7)!S2<0"6&2!3*;<-"020!&<<-*F";&.27)!Z^^!6203-"826!0<23"20!*,!&'.A7"(2!,7"209!S2<0"60!3&'!82!,*+'6!*'!&77!;&>*-!3*'."'2'.0!2F32<.!.%2!R*7&-!I2/"*'09!$%2!,7"20!&-2!0&<-*<%&/*+0! &'6! -2N+"-2! 623&)"'/! *-/&'"3! ;& 2-! ,*-! +02! &0! 8-226"'/! 0+80.-&.29!

H*;;*'7)!+026!0+80.-&.20!&-2!3& 72!*-@!"'!.%2!3&02!*,!,7"20!"'!.%2!/2'+0!;</=->70+

5&.2-,*57! 6+'/! dR*'.! &'6! O2"2-! [^^[f9! O*0.! 02<0"6! 0<23"20! 2F%"8".! 0.-*'/! 02F+&7!

='6*'20"&!dS+7&520"fi!,!M!H&;8*6"&!dE'/(*-!e&.fi!"!M!='6"&!dE772<<)f!

! `!

P*52?2-@!.%2!CDE!02N+2'32!?&-"&8"7".)!&3-*00!.%202!1<*<+7&."*'04!5&0!?2-)!%"/%9!='!&!

<-2?"*+07)! 3*'6+3.26! 0+-?2)@! =! ,*+'6! %&.! ;&F";+;! <&"-5"02! 6"0.&'320! ,*-!

;".*3%*'6-"&7! 3).*3%-*;2! H! *F"6&02! 0+8+'".! =! dEF:f! &'6! 3).*3%-*;2! 8! dECA@f!

02N+2'320!52-2!X\9\q!&'6!X\9Xq!-20<23."?27)!d$&'![^^af9!='!,&3.@!0"F!/2'2."3!37+0.2-0!52-2!3*'0"0.2'.7)!<-*6+326!.%-*+/%!.%2!37+0.2-"'/!*,!/2'2!02N+2'320!+0"'/![!M!\q!.%-20%*760!dS22!:"/!X9_!,*-!37+0.2-0f9!$%"0!";<7"26!.%2!<-202'32!*,!0"F!3-)<."3!0<23"20!

5".%"'! %2! 3+ 2'.! 45+ -(6-$79! $%2! 0&;2! 37+0.2-0! 52-2! *8.&"'26! ,*-! 5*! 6",,2-2'.!

;".*3%*'6-"&7! /2'20@! 5%"3%! 0+//20.26! %&.! %202! 6"0.&'320! 52-2! '*.! 6+2! *! %2!

&33"62'.&7! 02N+2'3"'/! *,! '+372&-! 3*<"20! *,! ;".*3%*'6-"&7! /2'20! dDTO$0f9!H*'0"62-"'/!.%&.!.%2!0+//20.26!.%-20%*76!,*-!0<23"20!627";".&."*'!"'!CDE!8&-3*6"'/!

"0!XAZq!dP282-.!2.!&79![^^Z&@![^^Z8f@!.%2!/2'2."3!6"?2-0".)!*802-?26!5".%"'!45+-(6-$7! 5&0!0+-<-"0"'/9!$%"0!-&"026!";<*-.&'.!N+20."*'0!-2/&-6"'/!0<23"20!7";".0!"'!45+-(6-$7!

! \!

5%2'!;+7."<72!"'6"?"6+&70!*,!?&-)"'/!0"Q20!52-2!"'37+626!"'!.%2!0.+6)9!O&."'/!.-"&70!-2?2&726!6"0."'3.!6",,2-2'320!"'!;&72!3*+-.0%"<!82%&?"*+-!82.522'!.%2!1$2-2'//&'+4!

&'6!1$"*;&'4!<*<+7&."*'0!d$&'![^^af9!

!

E7.%*+/%! "'"."&7! -20+7.0! 3*',"-;26! &.! 72&0.! 5*! 3-)<."3! 0<23"20! 5".%"'! 5%&.! 5&0!0+<<*026! *! 82! *'2! 5"620<-2&6! 0<23"20@! %2! 0.&.+0! *,! %2! -2;&"'"'/! ,*+-! /2'2."3!37+0.2-0!-2;&"'26!+'('*5'9!!

!

=Z=Z;!/"#4*+!/"+"1)&-(!7&)2&(!!6673893:3(:;<:=!!

O&')!0<23"20!*,!02<0"6!,7"20!&-2!2&0)!.*!3+7.+-2!&0!7*'/!&0!*'2!<-*?"620!&!0*+-32!*,!3&-8*%)6-&.20! d29/9@! 3*'32'.-&.26! 0+/&-! 5&.2-f! &'6! &'! &<<-*<-"&.2! 8-226"'/!0+80.-&.2! dR*'.! &'6! O2"2-! [^^[f9! E0! ;2'."*'26! <-2?"*+07)@! %2-2! "0! 0.-*'/! 02F+&7!6";*-<%"0;! "'! 02<0"609! :2;&720! &-2! 7&-/2-! &'6! ;&720! <*00200! 27&8*-&.2!

;*6","3&."*'0! *,! %2! ,*-2! 72/09! $%2! ;&7204! ;*6","3&."*'0! &-2! <&-."3+7&-7)! ";<*-.&'.!6+-"'/!;&."'/!823&+02!.%2)!37&0<!6"-23.7)!*'.*!.%2!,2;&7240!5"'/!6+-"'/!;*+'."'/!

&'6!+0+&77)!.%-*+/%*+.!3*<+7&."*'9!='!-20<*'02!.*!.%"0@!,2;&720!0*;2.";20!-20"0.!8)!0%&("'/!.%2"-!8*6"20!?"*72'.7)!"'!&'!& 2;<.!.*!.%-*5!*,,!.%2!;&720!82,*-2!.%2)!&-2!,"-;7)! ;*+'.269! O&720! *,! ;*0.! 02<0"6! 0<23"20! 6"0<7&)! ?2-)! 27&8*-&.2! 3*+-.0%"<!82%&?"*+-0! <-"*-! *! &'6! 6+-"'/! 3*<+7&."*'! dR+'"&;**-.%)! 2.! &79! [^^]f9! $%202!82%&?"*+-0! &-2! 6"?2-02! &'6! 2?*7?2! -&<"67)! 5".%! 2&3%! 02<0"6! 0<23"20! <*00200"'/! &!+'"N+2!;&."'/!82%&?"*+-!<-*,"72!dR+'"&;**-.%)!2.!&79![^X^f9!H+ 2'.7)!.%2-2!"0!;+3%!6"03+00"*'! "'! %2! 02F+&7! 02723."*'! 7".2-&.+-2! -2/&-6"'/! 6-"?"'/! ,*-320! 82%"'6! 0+3%!-&<"6!2?*7+."*'!*,!02F+&7!6";*-<%"0;0!&'6!02<0"6!,7"20!&-2!"62&7!;*6270!,*-!.20."'/!3*;<2."'/!"62&0!dE-'N?"0.!&'6!$+6&![^^]i!E772'!2.!&79![^XXi!S."775277!2.!&79![^X^f9!!

]^qf! 5%"72! %2! ;&."'/! 0+33200! -&.20! ,*-! ?"-/"'0! *,! *.%2-! 02<0"6! 0<23"20! "0! +0+&77)!s`^q!!d$&'![^^af9!='!&66"."*'@!,2;&72!-20"0.&'32!6+-"'/!;&.2!.-"&70!"'?*7?"'/!?"-/"'!

,2;&720!"0!&7;*0.!'*'A2F"0.2'.!"'!45+-(6-$79!$%2-2,*-2@!".!5&0!'*.!";;26"&.27)!372&-!

5%)! ;&720! 82&-! 52&<*'A7"(2! 0<"'20! *'! %2"-! ,*-272/09! C+-"'/! -2A;&."'/! -"&70!

%*52?2-@! ,2;&720! 823&;2! 2F.-2;27)! -27+3.&'.! *! ;&.29! D*.! *'7)! 52-2! +'5"77"'/!,2;&720! &?*"6"'/! ;&72! ;&."'/! & 2;<.0@! 8+.! %2)! &70*! &3."?27)! 2F%"8".26! 02?2-&7!

&//-200"?2! 82%&?"*+-0! 0+3%! &0! ?"*72'.! 8*6)! 0%&(20@! -&"0"'/! *'2r8*.%! ,*-272/0! "'! &!.%-2&.2'"'/! <*0.+-2@! %2&6! 8+ "'/! &'6! 2?2'! 3%&0"'/! %2! ;&72! 5%2'! %2! 5&0! *?2-7)!

<2-0"0.2'.9! E0! &! -20+7.@! %2! ;&."'/! 0+33200! -&.2! "'! '*'A?"-/"'! ;&.2! -"&70! 5&0!0"/'","3&'.7)! 7*52-! db! A! [\qi! 8&026! *'! 522(7)! -2A;&."'/! -"&70f! d$&'! [^^af9!S+3%!

&'.&/*'"0."3!-2&3."*'0!.*5&-60!;&72!& 2;<.0!.*!;&.2!%&?2!'*.!822'!6*3+;2'.26!"'!02<0"6!,2;&7209!S"'32!&?*"6&'32!82%&?"*+-!022;26!.*!82!.&-/2.26!&.!(22<"'/!;&720!

&.!&!6"0.&'32@!".!5&0!"',2 26!.%&.!.%"0!3*+76!82!&!62,2'32!&/&"'0.!.%2!;&72!,*-272/!

&-;&;2'.0!d"929!*'32!.%2!;&72!5&0!,"-;7)!;*+'.26@!.%2!0<"'20!52-2!<*0"."*'26!.*!3&+02!6&;&/2!.*!.%2!,2;&7240!5"'/!",!0%2!3*'."'+26!.*!0.-+//72f9!$%"0!%&0@!"'!,&3.@!822'!6*3+;2'.26!d022!827*5i!:"/!X9[f9!

! a!

!

!

:DJH?B! =Z;! +BAN! M! 45+ -(6-$7+ 3*+<72+ "'! 3*<+7&! 5".%! ;&72! *'! *<! &'6! ,*-272/! ,"-;7)!

37&0<"'/! *'.*! ,2;&7240! 5"'/9! %DJLN! M! H7*02! +<! ?"25! *,! ;&72! ,*-272/! 0<"'2! <"2-3"'/!

.%-*+/%!.%2!5"'/9!

!

$%2!7&3(!*,!,2;&72!-20"0.&'32!*802-?26!*'7)!"'!?"-/"'!;&."'/!.-"&70!3*+76!82!2F<7&"'26!8)!&!,2;&72A8"&026!*<2-&."*'&7!02F!-&."*!dVSIf9!!$%2!VSI!*,!&!<*<+7&."*'!-2,2-0!.*!.%2!-&."*! *,! ;&720! 5%*! &-2! 02F+&77)! ;&.+-2! *! ,2;&720! %&.! &-2! -2&6)! *! ;&.2! &.! &')!/"?2'!.";2!dK;72'!&'6!V-"'/!X]aaf9!E!8"&026!VSI!3&'!'*.!*'7)!<-26"3.!5%"3%!02F!5"77!3*;<2.2!,*-!&33200!.*!.%2!*.%2-!8+.!%*5!"'.2'02!.%"0!3*;<2."."*'!5"77!82!dO&-(*5!

[^^[f9!=,!&!,2;&72A8"&026!VSI!6*20!2F"0.!5".%"'!.%2!45+-(6-$7+0)0.2;@!?"-/"'!,2;&720!

,&3"'/!/-2&.2-!"'.-&A02F!3*;<2."."*'!5*+76!82!?2-)!-232<."?2!.*!;&."'/0!&'6!823*;2!2F3226"'/7)! 3%**0)! *'7)! &,.2-! %2)! %&?2! 023+-26! 0<2-;! ,-*;! %2! ,"-0.! ;&729! ='! &!

<-2?"*+07)!3*'6+3.26!0+-?2)!.*!62.2-;"'2!02F!-&."*@!6+'/!<7&.20!3*'.&"'"'/!,2-."7"Q26!2//0!7&"6!8)!&!0"'/72!,2;&72!52-2!"0*7&.26@!.%2!'+;82-!*,!2//0!5&0!3*+'.26!&'6!&77!,7"20!.%&.!0+33200,+77)!2;2-/26!52-2!02F269!='6226@!.%2!-20+7.0!0%*526!.%&.!+'62-!7&8*-&.*-)! 3*'6"."*'0! &! ;&>*-".)! *,! %2! 2;2-/2'.0! 52-2! ,2;&72! d;&72#,2;&72! -&."*!

[^XXf! *! *8.&"'! ;".*3%*'6-"&7! /2'2! 02N+2'320! dHV=! g! ECA@f! &0! 5277! &0! 3*'6+3.26!

;&."'/!&'6!;&00!%)8-"6"Q&."*'!.-"&70!,*-!0<23";2'0!*8.&"'26!,-*;!XX!'25!7*3&7"."209!

='!&66"."*'@!=!<-202'.!'25!CDE!02N+2'32!"',*-;&."*'!d[aS!-"8*0*;&7!/2'2f!,*-!8*.%!2F"0."'/! &'6! '25! 0<23";2'0! &'6! %2! -20+7.0! *,! &! ;*-2! 2F.2'0"?2! ;*-<%*7*/"3&7!0+-?2)!"'?*7?"'/!0<23";2'0!,-*;!&77!0"F!/2'2."3&77)!6"0."'3.!37+0.2-09!$%202!6&.&!&-2!

!

!

$5*! 6",,2-2'.! 2F.-&3."*'! <-*.*3*70! 52-2! +026! "'! *-62-! *! *<.";"Q2! RHI! &'6!02N+2'3"'/! 2,,"3"2'3)9! :*-! 3+7.+-26! <*<+7&."*'0! 5%2-2! 0<23";2'0! 52-2! &8+'6&'.@!/2'*;"3!CDE!5&0!2F.-&3.26!?"&!&!N+"3(!2F.-&3."*'!<-*.*3*79!E!0"'/72!"'.&3.!<+<&!5&0!/-*+'6!"'!Z^v7!*,!$K!8+,,2-@!&'6!"'3+8&.26!,*-![^;"'0!&.!]`*H9!$%2!2'0+"'/!."00+2!,7+"6! 5&0! +026! &0! 2;<7&.2! ,*-! RHI! &;<7","3&."*'9! V.%2-5"02@! 2F.-&3."*'! *,! 0"'/72!

"'6"?"6+&70! 5&0! 3& "26! *+.! 5".%! %2! j"&/2'! CD2&0)! $"00+2! U".! &33*-6"'/! *!

! XX!

C"<.2-&!A!=A6I!&'6!=A6J!dS";*'!2.!&79!X]]_f9!e%2-2!<-";2-!*<.";"Q&."*'!,&"726!&,.2-! w`!& 2;<.0@!&!<&"-!*,!+'"?2-0&7!EF:!<-";2-0!dLHV@!PHVf!5&0!+026!"'0.2&6!d:*7;2-!2.!

&79! X]]_f9! H).*3%-*;2! J! dECA+ "f! 5&0! &70*! &;<7","26! ,*-! 02N+2'3"'/9! $%2! ,*-5&-6!

<-";2-!HJAlAX^]ZZ!&'6!-2?2-02!<-";2-!$S=ADAXX\aZ!5&0!+026!dS";*'!2.!&79!X]]_f9!=!

&70*!02N+2'326!&!'+372&-!/2'2!"'!*-62-!.*!.20.!5%2.%2-!.%2!7&-/2!/2'2."3!6"0.&'320!,*-!;".*3%*'6-"&7!/2'20!52-2!6+2!.*!.%2!&33"62'.&7!02N+2'3"'/!*,!<02+6*/2'209!$%2!'+372&-!/2'2!3%*02'!5&0!&!,-&/;2'.!*,!.%2![aS!-"8*0*;&7!CDE!,-&/;2'.!d.%2!;*0.!

?&-"&872!-2/"*'i!"929!.%2!,"-0.!.%*+0&'6!8&02!<&"-0f9!C"<.2-&A0<23","3!<-";2-0![aSX:!&'6![aSXI!<-";2-0!52-2!+0269!R-";2-!62.&"70!&'6!02N+2'320!3&'!82!,*+'6!"'!$&872!X9X9!!

!

)I_QB!=Z=!L"0.!*,!/2'20!&'6!<-";2-!02N+2'320!+026!"'!.%"0!0.+6)!

!

!

E;<7","26! ,-&/;2'.0! 52-2! ?2-","26! ?"&! &/&-*02! /27! 2723.-*<%*-20"0! *,! `v7! *,! RHI!

<-*6+3.@! &'6! <+-","26! 5".%! S+-2H72&'! dJ"*7"'2! ='3f! "'! &33*-6&'32! *! -23*;;2'626!0<23","3&."*'09! R+-","26! RHI! <-*6+3.0! 52-2! %2'! 3)372A02N+2'326! 5".%! J"/C)2!.2-;"'&.*-! RHI! "'! 8*.%! 6"-23."*'0! &'6! %2! -20+7."'/! 0"'/72A0.-&'626! CDE! 52-2!

<+-","26! 5".%! H72&'SKj! ;&/'2."3! 82&60! dE/2'3*+-.! J"*03"2'32! H*-<f! ?"&! 6)2!.2-;"'&.*-! 3)372! 02N+2'3"'/! *'! &'! EJ=ZX^^! /2'2."3! &'&7)0"0! 02N+2'32-! dR2-("'!K7;2-f9!!

[aS!

! X[!

$%2!&7"/';2'.@!26"."'/!&'6!&002;87)!*,!-2?2-02!&'6!,*-5&-6!02N+2'32!,*-!&77!/2'20!52-2! 3*'6+3.26! "'! S2N+2'3%2-! dY2'2! H*620! H*-<*-&."*'@! E''! E-8*-@! O=f@! 82,*-2!82"'/! 2F<*-.26! &0! 02<&-&.2! 3*'."/+*+0! ,"7209! $%2)! 52-2! 3*;<"726! &'6! ?"2526! "'!O&3H7&62!dO&66"0*'!&'6!O&66"0*'![^^Xf9!$%2!02N+2'320!52-2!&7"/'26!+0"'/!OE::$!dU&.*%!2.!&79![^^`f!&'6!.%2!-20+7."'/!&7"/';2'.!5&0!+'&;8"/+*+0!&'6!/&<A,-22!,*-!.%2! ;".*3%*'6-"&7! /2'209! S2N+2'320! ,*-! &77! %-22! /2'20! 52-2! 3*'3&.2'&.26! +0"'/!S2N+2'32!O&.-"F!dW&"6)&!2.!&79![^XXf9!!

!

E!;&F";+;!<&-0";*')!&'&7)0"0!5&0!+026!.*!62.2-;"'2!.%2!/2'2."3!0.-+3.+-2!*,!45+

-(6-$7!<*<+7&."*'09!$%2!'25!.23%'*7*/)!<&-0";*')!02&-3%!5&0!";<72;2'.26!"'!$D$!

?2-0"*'!X9^!dY*7*8*,,!2.!&79![^^^f!5".%!02&-3%!72?27!02.!&.!\`9!O"'";+;!.-22!72'/.%!5&0! ,*+'6! X^! ";209! D*62! 0+<<*-.! 5&0! &3320026! %-*+/%! &! 8**.0.-&<! &'&7)0"0! ,*-![`^!-2<7"3&.209!!$%2!3&73+7&."*'!*,!+'3* 23.26!<&"-5"02!6"0.&'320!&'6!37+0.2-"'/!*,!02N+2'320! &.! ZM\q! 5&0! <2-,*-;26! +0"'/! $&F*'CDE! d&?&"7&872! &.!

&'6! ,2;&72A*'7)! 3*'.&"'2-09! S2<0"6! ,7"20! & &"'! 02F+&7! ;&.+-".)! ZA`! 6&)0! &,.2-!2;2-/2'32!dR+'"&;**-.%)![^^]f!.%2-2,*-2@!?"-/"'!,7"20!52-2!&77*526!.*!& &"'!02F+&7!

;&.+-".)!,*-!&.!72&0.!,"?2!6&)0!82,*-2!82"'/!+026!"'!;&00!%)8-"6"Q&."*'!.-"&709!!

!

='! %202! -"&70@! ,"?2! ;&720! &'6! ,"?2! ,2;&720! ,-*;! 5*! 6",,2-2'.! <*<+7&."*'0! 52-2!

<7&326! "'! %2! 0&;2! 3*'.&"'2-9! $%2! 8-226"'/! 0+80.-&.2! 5&0! "'0<23.26! ,*-! 2//0! &'6!7&-?&2! 2?2-)! *.%2-! 6&)! ,*-! &<<-*F";&.27)! 5*! 522(09! W"&872! *,,0<-"'/! %&.! 52-2!3&<&872! *,! 8&3(3-*0020! 52-2! 3*'0"62-26! 2?"62'32! ,*-! %)8-"6"Q&."*'! 0+332009! =,! '*!7&-?&2! 52-2! ,*+'6! &,.2-! 5*! 522(0@! %2! 0+-?"?"'/! ,7"20! 52-2! 02F26@! 02<&-&.26! &'6!

<7&326! "'! )2.! &'*.%2-! 3*'.&"'2-! 5".%! "'6"?"6+&70! *,! %2! *<<*0"'/! 02F! 827*'/"'/! *!.%2"-!*5'!<*<+7&."*'9!$%"0!3*'.&"'2-!5&0!&/&"'!;*'".*-26!,*-!.%2!<-202'32!*,!7&-?&2!

&'6!<+<&29!$%"0!<-*326+-2!2'0+-26!.%&.!.%2!2F<2-";2'.&7!0+8>23.0!52-2!,2-."729!E.!72&0.! %-22! -2<7"3&.20@! <2-! 6"-23."*'! *,! 3-*00"'/@! 52-2! 02.! +<! ,*-! 2&3%! ;&00!

%)8-"6"Q&."*'!.-"&7!d:*-!62.&"70!*,!3-*00"'/0!-2,2-!.*!:"/!X9Zf9!S"'32!<&-2'.&7!3+7.+-20!

! X`!

52-2! "'.-*6+326! "'.*! &! 0;&77! <2.-"! 6"0%! +'62-! &! L2"3&! OcX\E! ;"3-*03*<2! 3&;2-&!5".%!6"-23.!*+.<+.!.*!&!lWH!P"A-20*7+."*'!;*'".*-9!$%2!&'&7*/!*+.<+.!5&0!-23*-626!

*'.*!O&F5277!KXa^!Yy!WPS!.&<20!+0"'/!&!$";2!L&<02!S+<2-!WPS!K$!W"62*!H&002 2!I23*-62-9!

!

W"62*!-23*-6"'/0!82/&'!+<*'!.%2!"'.-*6+3."*'!*,!8*.%!,7"20!"'.*!.%2!<2.-"!6"0%!&'6!2'626! 2".%2-! &,.2-! 0+33200,+7! 3*<+7&."*'! *-! &,.2-! Z^! ;"'+.20! ,*-! +'0+33200,+7!

& 2;<.09! E,.2-! 2&3%! -"&7@! ,7"20! 52-2! <-202-?26! "'! 7&82726! ?"&70! 3*'.&"'"'/! b^q!2.%&'*79! E.! 72&0.! X^! 0+33200,+7! ;&.2! -"&70! 52-2! 6*3+;2'.26! ,*-! 2&3%! <*<+7&."*'9!

$%2!&'&7*/+2!-23*-6"'/0!52-2!6"/"."026!&'6!&'&7)026!,-&;2A8)A,-&;2!d[`!,-&;20!<2-!023*'6f!+0"'/!.%2!?"62*!26"."'/!0*,.5&-2!:"'&7!H+.!R-*!W2-0"*'!`!dE<<72!H*;<+.2-@!

='39@!H+<2-."'*@!HEf9!J2%&?"*+-&7!272;2'.0!52-2!"62'.","26!&'6!.&8+7&.269!

!

=Z;Z]!'-%$2-+-3&1*+!*(*+9/&/ !

='! *-62-! *! "62'.",)! 6"0."'3.! ;*-<%*7*/"3&7! 6",,2-2'320! 82.522'! %2! 0"F! /2'2."3!37+0.2-0@! 0<23";2'0! ,-*;! 2&3%! 37+0.2-! 52-2! 0&;<7269! e%2-2! 7"?2! 3+7.+-20! 52-2!+'&?&"7&872@! <-202-?26! 0<23";2'0! ,-*;! %2! [^^a! 0.+6)! d$&'! [^^af! 52-2! +0269! E77!0<23";2'0! d,-*;! 6",,2-2'.! /2'2."3! 37+0.2-0f! 52-2! ";&/26! +0"'/! &! W"0"*'&-)! C"/".&7!J"*A=;&/"'/! S)0.2;! &.! H:Z9! $%2! ";&/20! 52-2! %*-*+/%7)! 3*;<&-26! "'! *-62-! *!

"62'.",)!6"0."'3.!;*-<%*7*/"3&7!3%&-&3.2-09!e%2'!<+.&."?27)!6"0."'/+"0%"'/!3%&-&3.2-0!52-2! ,*+'6@! 3*'0"0.2'3)! *,! %202! 3%&-&3.2-0! 5&0! 20.26! 8)! 0.+6)"'/! &66"."*'&7!

0<23";2'0!+'62-!&!L2"3&!OX\`H!;"3-*03*<29

!

!

! X\!

=Z;Z`!)&'"S,"$"(,"()!/"#!%*)&-!*(*+9/&/!

$%2!<*<+7&."*'!6)'&;"30!*,!0DBNGIM!dS&<&!W&772)f!&'6!$BGDGCHQI?!'IQIFCDI!dR+7&+!

$"*;&'f!3+7.+-20!52-2!"'?20."/&.26!"'!*-62-!.*!62.2-;"'2!02F!-&."*!*?2-!.";29!:7"20!,-*;!.%202!<*<+7&."*'0!62;*'0.-&.26!3*'.-&0."'/!72?270!*,!3*+-.0%"<!82%&?"*+-@!&'6!52-2!.%+0!0+".26!,*-!0.+6)"'/!.%2!2,,23.0!*,!02F!-&."*!*'!;&."'/!82%&?"*+-9!='!*-62-!,*-!'+.-"2'.0!'*.!.*!82!7";"."'/@!&!7&-/2!<2.-"!6"0%!d]3;f!*,!3*5!6+'/!5&0!<7&326!"'!.%2! <&-2'.&7! 3+7.+-2! ,*-! &! 6&)9! $%"0! 6"0%! 5&0! 3%23(26! ,*-! 2//0! 82,*-2! 82"'/!.-&'0,2 26! *! &! '25! 3*'.&"'2-9! V'32! %2! ,7"20! 82/&'! 2;2-/"'/! ,-*;! %"0! 6"0%@! %2!3+7.+-2! 5&0! ;&"'.&"'26! "'! %2! 0&;2! ;&''2-! &0! 6203-"826! ,*-! <&-2'.&7! 3+7.+-209! E!

;26"+;!<2.-"!6"0%!*,!3*5!6+'/!5&0!&70*!0+<<7"26!&0!8-226"'/!0+80.-&.2!8+.!.%"0!6"0%!5&0!-2<7&326!2?2-)!.%-22!6&)0!"'!*-62-!.*!<-2?2'.!.%2!&66"."*'!*,!'25!2;2-/2'.0!.*!.%2!<*<+7&."*'!82"'/!0.+6"269!$%2!'+;82-!*,!62&6!,7"20!5&0!-23*-626!6&"7)!&'6!.%2"-!02F!'*.269!$%"0!3*'."'+26!+'."7!&77!.%2!,7"20!"'!.%2!12;2-/2'32!3*'.&"'2-4!%&6!6"269!

! Xb!

!

Y"?2'!.%&.!;".*3%*'6-"&7!/2'20!2?*7?2!`!M!X^!.";20!;*-2!-&<"67)!.%&'!'+372&-!/2'209!D+372&-! &'6! ;".*3%*'6-"&7! 6"0.&'320! 52-2! 0";"7&-! "'! %&.! 7&-/2! ;".*3%*'6-"&7!02N+2'32!6"?2-/2'32!%&0!&70*!)"27626!7&-/2!'+372&-!02N+2'32!6"?2-/2'32!"'!*+-!6&.&!02.9! P*52?2-@! '*.2! %&.! %2-2! 52-2! 5*! 3&020! *,! "'6"?"6+&70! ,-*;! 0);<&.-"3!

<*<+7&."*'0! 82"'/0! +'2F<23.267)! 6"?2-/2'.! M! :-&02-40! P"77! dEF:! A! XX9]qf! &'6!

M!*Z!45+-(6-$7!$2-2'//&'+!=!.Z!E5+-(6-$7!:-&02-40!P"77!==!1Z!45+-(6-$7!H%"'&!&'6!W"2.'&;! ,Z!45+-(6-$7!:-&02-40!P"77@!$2-2'//&'+@!l&?&!&'6!G+''&'!"Z!45+-(6-$7+S+7&520"!&'6!:Z!45+

-(6-$7+ R%"7"<<"'20@! ='6"&@! ='6*'20"&! de20.! S+;&.-&! g! J&7"f! H&;8*6"&@! $%&"7&'6@!

J*-'2*! &'6! O&7&)0"&! 2F32<."'/! :-&02-40! P"77! &'6! $2-2'//&'+! d:"/! X9_f"!

:DJH?B! =Z]! $%2! <%)7*/2'2."3! -22! 8&026! *'! EF:@! ECA+ "! &'6! [aSX! 02N+2'320! 5".%!

8**.0.-&<! 0+<<*-.! "'6"3&.269! E7.2-'&.2! 37+0.2-0! %&?2! 8-&'3%20! 8*7626! ,*-! 2&02! *,!

?"25"'/9!h!='6"3&.20!'25!02N+2'3209!!

"0*7&.26! dC2.&"70#! $&872! X9[f9! P*52?2-@! %2! ,7"20! +026! "'! %202! +'0+33200,+7!

!

$%2-2,*-2@!.%2!*?2-&77!-20+7.0!*,!%)8-"6"Q&."*'!.-"&70!&-2!"'!?2-)!37*02!&/-22;2'.!5".%!0"/'&7!,-*;!;*723+7&-!6&.&!&'6!/2'2."3!37+0.2-"'/9!S"'32!3-*00"'/0!82.522'!,7"20!,-*;!W"2.'&;! d/2'2."3! 37+0.2-! Hf! &'6! $2-2'//&'+! d/2'2."3! 37+0.2-! Cf! 3*+76! '*.! 82!3*'6+3.26!6+2!.*!&0)'3%-*')!"'!0<23";2'!&3N+"0"."*'!&'6!3+7.+-2!20.&87"0%;2'.@!52!3&'! 0."77! *'7)! 3*',"-;! %2! <-202'32! *,! 5*! 8"*7*/"3&7! 0<23"20! 5".%"'! %2! 3+ 2'

37&00","3&."*'!*,!45+-(6-$79

! !"#

#

!"#$%&'()&$%&&'()#*+#(,-%./-#*+#0)1(2324'/2*5#,67,(2&,5/-#258*.8259#7*7%.'/2*5-#+(*&#9,5,/2:#:.%-/,(#;#<25#1.%,=>#?#<25#9(,,5=#'53#@#<25#725A=B#

!(,7(,-,5/-#-%::, +%.#:(* 259->##" (,7(,-,5/-#(,7(*3%:/28,#2-*.'/2*5#'53##C#2532:'/,-#/0'/#5*#:(* 259-#0'8,#1,,5#:*53%:/,3#),/B#;(* 259#7,(+*(&,3#1)#D**59#<!"EE=#'(,#:*.*%(,3#25#9(,)B#

! !"#

!"#"#$%&'()*)+,-.$'&*(/&0&12$

$%#!&&'(#)*+,,#-.+/*.0.12340#3*4+43),+5#6,+,#5)782,8#,9),%52:,0;#<#/21-,%)4)2.%#.%#8.+540#)*.+49(#5*4/,#.=#>048,#.%#=.+,#=,-7+#4%8#%7->,+#.=#>+25)0,5#.%#=.+,#4%8#-28#

0,15# ?@4%# !&&'AB# C00# )*+,,# )+42)5# 6,+,# ,:,%)7400;# =.7%8# ).# >,# 3.%)2%7.75# 62)*2%# !"#

$%&$'(# 4%8# %.)# 2%=.+-4)2:,# =.+# 825)2%1725*2%1# >,)6,,%# /./704)2.%5# =+.-# 82==,+,%)#

1,%,)23# 3075),+5# ?@4%# !&&'AB# $%# )*25# 7/84),(# 6,# /+,5,%)# +,570)5# =# 4# 3.-/4+4)2:,#4%40;525#)*4)#3.%3,%)+4),8#.%#)*+,,#4882)2.%40#5)+73)7+,5B#

#

"B D+72%.52);#/4)),+%#.%#)*.+4323#/0,7+4##

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

=+.-# 3075),+5# I(# R# 4%8# G# 2%).# %,# )49.%# ?@,+,%114%7# $Q(# L7046,52# 4%8# DB# @2.-4%(#+,5/,3)2:,0;AB#

! !E"

'$%)$&*(Q$20?";/*".( $'$,*(1*$."(*"-'+3"%)$&(3$,%";$2+,D(,D"*+"D$,$*(&"&2/%*$'%"R"=S1"Q(?"1,."S"=B'1%$'T%"U(22"GG?=#$%&'()*(+,%V"M1;2$":HFW"B(D":HX?H"

*4'$$" ;'(%*2$%" K4(2%*" %)$&(3$,%" -'+3" D$,$*(&" &2/%*$'%" 8N" #N" ON" 1,." B" =M$'$,DD1,/" GN"M$'$,DD1,/" GPN" I/21K$%(" 1,." 6H" M(+31," '$%)$&*(Q$20?" 41." +,20" *K+" =B(D" :HY?H

! !L"

!"#$%& '(/& 5+')4+2+D(&12" )'+-(2$" -+'" %)$&(3$," '$)'$%$,*(,D" %(C" D$,$*(&" &2/%*$'%H" \"

(,.(&1*$%" *41*" +,20" +,$" %13)2$" K1%" 1Q1(21;2$" -+'" *41*" &2/%*$'H" #( $'$,*" &+2+/'%"'$)'$%$,*".( $'$,*"3+')4+7%)$&($%H"