FU LEI AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE IN MODERN CHINA

‟ ‟ – – Examples: Ye Yonglie, Fu Lei huazhuan Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2005; Ye Yonglie, Fu lei yu Fu Cong: jiedu “Fu Lei jiashu” Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe, 2004; Ye Ka

……… …………

………

………

………

……….

………

………

……… …

………

……… …………

………

……….…

‟

For example: Xu Jianping, Yinghan huyi shijian yu jiqiao (Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe, 2003), p 7;

Li Ming, Yinghan hudong fanyi jiaocheng (Wuhan: Wuhan daxue chubanshe, 2006), p 4

2

For example: Xu Yuanchong, ‘Weishenme chongyi “Yuehan kelisiduofu”?’, Waiguoyu, 4 (1995), pp 37-40; Serena Jin, ‘Fuyi “Gao laotou” de yishu’, in Serena Jin, ed Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei (Beijing:

Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), pp 209-29; Xu Jun, ‘Zuozhe, yizhe he duzhe de gongming yu

shijieronghe – wenben zaichuangzao de ge’an piping’, Zhongguo fanyi, 23, 3 (2002), pp 23-7; Wang Hongtao, ‘Fu Lei yu huomusi mianduimian’, Shanghai fanyi, 4 (2008)

Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese Enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth movement of

1919 (Berkeley, LA and London: University of California Press, 1986), p 3

4

Ibid., pp 2-4

5

Ibid., pp 284-6

6

Leo Ou-fan Lee, ‘Incomplete Modernity: Rethinking the May Fourth Intellectual Project’ and Rudolf G

Wagner, ‘The Canonization of May Fourth’ in Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China’s May Fourth Project (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London,

2001)

7

Geremie R Barmé, An Artistic Exile: A Life of Feng Zikai (1898-1975) (Berkeley: University of California

Press, 2002)

Joseph R Levenson, Confucian China and its modern fate: the problem of intellectual continuity (London:

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958)

Lydia H Liu, Translingual practice: literature, national culture, and translated modernity China,

1900-1937 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1995)

11

Ibid., p 82

12

Ibid., pp 83-4

Used here as a general term to refer to ‘a system of accepted beliefs which control behavior’

(Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)

D.C Lau, trans., Mencius, IV B 12 (London: Penguin, 2004), p 90; Gao Zhuancheng, Mengzi tongshuo

(Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2004), p 127

15

Chen Zishan, ‘Chizi zhixin de zuichu tixian’, Mingbao yuekan, 5 (2008); Xu Jun and Song Xuezhi, eds., Zoujin Fu Lei de fanyi shijie (Beijing: Gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe, 2008), pp 421-31

Benjamin I Schwartz, In search of wealth and power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, Massachusetts:

Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964)

17

Theodore Huters, Bringing the world home: appropriating the West in late Qing and early Republican China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005), p 66

– –

Susan Bassnett, ‘The Tranlsation Turn in Cultural Studies’ in Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere,

Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1998), p 123

– –

Romain Rolland, Beethoven the creator: the great creative epochs from the Eroica to the Appassionata,

trans Ernest Newman (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964)

For example: Jin Mei, Fu Lei zhuan (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe, 1996); Su Liqun, Fu Lei biezhuan

(Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2000)

‟

‟

– –

Examples: Ye Yonglie, Fu Lei huazhuan (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2005); Ye Yonglie, Fu lei yu

Fu Cong: jiedu “Fu Lei jiashu” (Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe, 2004); Ye Kai, Fu Lei de zuihou 17 nian (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2005); Richard Kraus, Pianos and politics in China: middle class

‟

These were Michelangelo and Tolstoy, published in 1935 by the Commercial Press in Shanghai

Beethoven underwent extensive correction from the version completed in 1932 and was initially adapted

as an abridged commentary (‘Beiduofen pingzhuan’, Guoji yibao 7,1, September 1934) The final version was published in 1946 as Beiduofen zhuan (Shanghai: Luotuo chubanshe) These biographies made up the

original ‘Lives of Illustrious Men’ series in French

3

Romain Rolland, ‘Letter from Romain Rolland to the translator: on non-resistance’, 30 June 1934,

reproduced in Mingren zhuan (Nanjing: Yilin chubanshe, 2008), pp 270 – 1

Rolland was a life-long admirer of Tolstoy and wrote him a series of letters in his youth, to which Tolstoy

replied once Tolstoy died in 1910 and Rolland wrote the Tolstoy biography a year later

8

Su Liqun, p 78; Li Yunlei, Ting Fu Lei jiang yishu (Xi’an: Shaanxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2008), p 177

Poshek Fu, Passivity, resistance, and collaboration: intellectual choices in occupied Shanghai, 1937-1945

(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp 21-67

11

Xie Tianzhen and Li Xiaojun, Fu Lei na yuanshi de leihuolinghun (Beijing: Wenjing chubanshe, 2004), pp

103-4

Having no access to the original Declaration published in France, New Youth discussed only signatories

chosen from an abridged list of names from the English versions

Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth Movement of

1919 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), p 119 n 54

19

Song Xuezhi, Fanyi wenxue jingdian de yingxiang yu jieshou (Shanghai: Shanghai yiwen chubanshe,

2006), p 27-8

20

Leo Ou-fan Lee, The romantic generation of modern Chinese writers (Cambridge, Massachusetts:

Harvard University Press, 1973), p 35

It was observed that it was Rolland’s praise for Ah Q that put the piece ‘on a trajectory of legitimization’

to become a work of ‘world literature’ Ibid., p 256

Merle Goldman and Leo Ou-fan Lee, eds., An intellectual history of modern China (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2002), p 197

36

Xie Tianzhen and Li Xiaojun, p 5

„ ‟ „ ‟ „ ‟

– –

Michael Lowy and Robert Sayre, Romanticism against the tide of modernity, trans Catherine Porter

(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001), pp 3-4

44

Lee, pp 278-9

Ye Zhishan, ‘Wa chitang de biyu’, in Ai de jiaoyu, trans Tian Yaqing (Beijing: Zhongguo shaonian ertong

chubanshe, 1980), p 308 Fu Lei reviewed the Xia Mianzun version of 1926, published by Kaiming shudian

„ ‟

– –

„ ‟

‟ –

„ ‟ –

Jing Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of Modern Chinese Identity, 1895-1937

(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2005), pp 205-8

Bertrand Russell, The conquest of happiness (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p 5 Ironically

Russell spoke approvingly of young intelligentsia in China who, while prevented politically from being happy, were living positively and purposefully, and therefore more likely to achieve happiness (pp 103-4)

Charlotte Furth, ‘Intellectual change: from the reform movement to the May Fourth movement,

1895-1920’ in Merle Goldman and Leo Ou-fan Lee, eds An intellectual history of modern China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp 27-8, 37, 53-5; Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese enlightenment: intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth movement of 1919 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of

California Press, 1986), p 25

Leo Ou-fan Lee, The romantic generation of modern Chinese writers (Cambridge, Massachusetts:

Harvard University Press, 1973), p 276

Romain Rolland, Beethoven the creator: the great creative epochs from the Eroica to the Appassionata,

trans Ernest Newman (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964), pp 88-9 This second biography

presents a technical breakdown of the most important music and subjects it to a dramatized reading to explain Beethoven’s creative process This work was not translated in full by Fu Lei but his summary

basically makes the same point ‘Beiduofen de zuopin ji qi jingshen’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, pp 605-29

‟

Poshek Fu, Passivity, resistance and collaboration: intellectual choices in occupied Shanghai (Stanford,

California: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp 42-5

„ ‟ –

Leo Tolstoy, ‘Letter to Gandhi’, 7 September 1910, in Recollections and Essays by Leo Tolstoy (London:

Oxford University Press, 1937), pp 435-439 In English in the original Fu Lei’s translation into Chinese

included in Mingren zhuan, pp.441-4

44

‘Suowei rendao’, pp 265-7

D.C Lau, trans., Mencius, IV B 12 (London: Penguin, 2004), p 90; Gao Zhuancheng, Mengzi tongshuo

(Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2004), p 127

‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 27 December 1954; ‘Letter to Fu Cong’, 31 December 1960, in Fu Lei wenji:

shuxinjuan (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2006), pp 84; 252

‘Fu Lei zishu (1957)’, in Fu Lei wenji: wenyijuan, p 9 Several critics appear to think the early works show

his literary potential

Leo Ou-fan Lee, Shanghai modern: the flowering of a new urban culture in China, 1930-1945

(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp 281

13

See n.8

Ibid., p 112 Jinsuoji is a tale of a widowed concubine whose painful romance with a dallying

brother-in-law provoked destructive passions that spilled over to her relationship with her children

Guo Moruo, ‘Cong zainanzhong xiang juren yiyang jueqi’ (1946), in Guo Moruo yiwenji Vol 2 (Chengdu:

Sichuan daxue chubanshe, 1988), pp 157-9

28

Ibid., pp 158-9

‟ –

attaining the highest standard in translation in the ‘boundless world of art’

44

‘Huai Fu Lei’, p 3

‘Preface to the retranslation of Le Père Goriot (1951)’; ‘Fanyi jingyan diandi’, first published in Wenyibao,

May 1957; ‘Letter to Song Qi (Stephen Soong)’, 10 October 1954 and Yang Jiang, ‘Yi Fu Lei’, p.14, on report submitted to state conference on translation in 1954

56

Han Jianghong, pp 13-4

‟

57

André Lefevere, ‘Mother Courage’s cucumbers: text, system and refraction in a theory of literature’ in

Lawrence Venuti, ed., The Translation Studies Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), pp 234

Serena Jin, ‘Fuyi “Gao laotou” de yishu’, in Jiangsheng haodang hua Fu Lei, pp 209-29; Chen Weifeng,

‘Tan Fu Lei de fanyi’, in Fu Min, ed., Fu Lei tan fanyi (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2005), pp.70-7; Xu

Jun, ‘Zuozhe, yizhe he duzhe de gongming yu shijie ronghe – wenben zaichuangzao de ge’an piping’,

Zhongguo fanyi 23,3 (May 2002), pp 23-7

75

Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi sixiangshi, p 232

Mao Zedong, ‘Talks at the Yenan forum on literature and art’, in Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Vol III

(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1967), pp 69-98

Nicolai Volland, ‘A linguistic enclave: translation and language policies in the early people’s republic of

China’, Modern China 35,5 (2009), pp 467-94

‟ –

Zheng Zhenduo, ‘Virgins and matchmakers (1921)’; Guo Moruo, ‘Letter to Zheng Zhenduo (1921)’,

Rachel Lung, trans., in Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory, pp 251-3

92

Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi sixiangshi, pp 148-53

‟

‟

Lu Xun, ‘Cong “Fu Lei jiashu” kan Fu Lei jingshen ji qi dui dangdai qingnian zhishifenzi de yiyi’, Anhui wenxue, 6 (2008)

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„ ‟