BỒI DƯỠNG học SINH GIỎI LỊCH sử 12 TRƯƠNG NGỌC THƠI phần 2

H o i nghi nhan manh trong bat eu tinh hinh nao ciing phai tiep tuc con d u o n g each mang bao lire, phai nim vCrng chien luge tien cong, kien quyet dau tranh tren ca ba mat tran quan

Cung voi nhung cuoc chii dong tien cong dich tren chien truang Trj

-Thien, D u o n g so 9 quan ta mo mang hang loat tran phan cong danh bai cac

cuoc hanh quan "tim diet" va "binh djnh" cua djch Loai khoi vong chien da'u

151 000 ten dich, bin roi 1 231 may bay

6 hau k h i p cac viing nong thon, quan chiing dug-c sir ho trg- cua lyc lugng

vu trang da d u n g len da'u tranh chong ach k i m kep ciia djch, pha tung mang

"Ap chien luge" Trong hau khap cac thanh thj, giai cap cong nhan, cac tang i6p

nhan dan lao dong khac, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat tu, binh sT Sai Gon da'u

tranh doi M i riit ve nude, doi t u do dan chu Viing giai phong dugc mo rong,

uy tin cua Mat tran dan toe giai phong mien N a m dugc nang cao tren truong

quoe te

Den euoi nam 1967, Mat tran giai phong c6 eo quan thuong true 6 hau he't

cac nude xa hpi ehii nghia va 6 mpt so nuae the'gioi t h u ba Cuang llnh cua

Mat tran dugc 41 nuoe, 12 to chue quoe te, 5 to chuc khu vuc len tic'ng ung ho

c Cuoc Tong tien cong vd noi day Tei Mau Than nam 1968

* Hoan cnnh: Buoc vao mua xuan 1968, xuat phat t u nhan dinh so sanh luc

lugng thay doi c6 Igi cho ta sau hai mua kho N a m 1968 ta Igi d u n g mau thuan

a M l trong nam bau cu tong thong (1968), ta chii truong m o mgt eugc Tong

tien cong va noi day tren toan mien Nam, trong tam la do thj

* Muc dich: N h a m tieu d i f t mgt bp phan luc lugng quan MT, quan dong

minh, danh don manh vao chinh quyen va dgi Sai Gon gianh chinh quyen ve

tay nhan dan, bugc M I phai dam phan, rut quan ve nude

* Dien bie'n: Cuoc tong tien cong va noi day dugc m o dau bang eugc tap kieh

chien luge cua quan chii luc vao hau kh^p cac do thj trong dem 30 rang sang

ngay 31 - 1 - 1968 (dem giao thua Te't Mau Than) Cuoc tong tien cong va noi

day dien ra ba dgt: 30- 1 - 2 5 - 2 ; thang 5 va 6; thang 8 va 9 -1968

Tai Sai Gon, quan giai phong tien cong vao cae vj tri dau nao eua djch, nhu

Toa dai su M I , D i n h "Doe lap" Bp Tong tham m u u quan Sai Gon, Bp T u lenh

biet khu Thii do, Tong nha canh sat, Dai phat thanh, san bay Tan Son Nha't

* Kt't qua: T u trong eupe Tong tien cong va noi day, eo them nhieu luc lupng

m a i ehong M I , chong chinh quyen Sai Gon xuat hien, mat tran doan ket dan

tpe, chong M I cuu nuac dugc mo rgng To chuc Lien minh cac luc lugng dan tgc,

dan chu hoa binh a Sai Gon, Hue'va toan mien Nam, dai dien cho tang lop tri

thuc, t u san dan tgc tien bp 6 thanh thj dugc thanh lap

Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Te't Mau Than da danh don bat ngd, lam

cho djch choang vang N h u n g do luc lugng djch con dong (hon ni>a tri^u linh

M I va dong m i n h , gan 1 trieu quan dgi Sai Gon) co so 6 thanh thj manh, nen

chung da nhanh chong to chuc lai luc lugng phan cong quan ta gap khong it kho khan va ton that Quan each mang vao chie'm giCr thanh pho trong dgt 1 bl day ra ngoai

* y nghia: Mac d i i co nhirng ton that va h^n che'do, cupc Tong tien cong va

noi day co y nghIa he't sue to Idn:

Lam lung lay y chi xam lugec cua quan M I , bugc M I phai tuyen bo "phi M I hoa" chien tranh xam luge (tue thua nhan that bai cua "Chien tranh cue bg")

M I phai tuyen bdeha'm dut khong dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai mien Bae, chju den ban dam phan 6 Pa ri de ban ve cha'm d u t chien tranh

Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day da mo ra buoc ngoat cua eugc khang chien chong M I ciiu nuoe cua quan dan ta

d Nhimg diem giong vd khdc nhau giiia chien luoc "Chien tranh dac hi^t"

vd Chien luoc "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Mi d Vi?t Nam

* Giong nhau:

Deu la chien tranh xam luge thye dan mdi ciia M I , nham bien mien N a m thanh thupe dja kieu mai cua M I Deu thuc hien am m u u chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam Deu su dung vu khi va phuong ti^n chien tranh cua M I

* Khac nhau:

Ve quy mo chien tranh: "Chien tranh dac biet" dien ra a mien Nam, con

"Chien tranh cue b p " m o rpng ca hai mien N a m - Bac

Ve tinh chat ac liet: "Chien tranh cue bp" ac liet hon, the hien 6 muc tieu, lye lupng tham chien, vQ khi, hoa lyc va phuong tien chien tranh

"Chien tranh dae biet" dupe tien hanh bt^ng quan dgi tay sai d u d i sy chi huy eua co van M I , dya vao vu khi, trang bj k l thuat, phuong tien chien tranh cua M I nham thuc hi^n m u u do co ban la " D i i n g ngudi Viet danh ngudi Vi^t",

"Thay mau da cho xae ehe't" Tien hanh " Chien tranh dae bi^t", M I - nguy m d rpng nhieu cupc hanh quan can quet, mue tieu la chong pha each mang va binh djnh mien Nam Chiing coi " A p chien lupc" la quoe saeh nh^m tach each mang

ra khdi dan de thyc hi^n eai gpi la "Tat nude bat ca"

"Chien tranh cue bp" vdi muc tieu la vua tieu diet quan chu lye vua binh djnh mien N a m , pha hoai mien B3e Lye lugng tham chien dong, gom ca M I , chu hau, nguy, trong do quan M I giir vai tro quan trong va khong ngirng tang len ve so lugng va trang bi Chung su dung vij khi hien dai, hoa lye manh ca

!? tren bg, tren khong, tren bien, toe do nhanh va m d lien tue nhieu chien djch nh^m " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " vao "Da't thanh Viet edng"

1

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4, Thai ki tu nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam chien dau chong " V i ? t Nam

hoa chien tranh" ciia M l

a Chien luoc "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Dong Duong hod chien

tranh" cua dequo'c Mi

Dau nam 1969, Nichxan vua len nam chinh quyen da de ra chien luoc toan

cau "Ngan de thuc tc" (thay cho chien luge "Phan u n g linh hogt" ciia Kennodi)

va tiep tuc C U Q C chien tranh xam luge thi^c dan m o i ; thuc hi^n chien luge "Vict

Nam hod chien tranh" a mien N a m va m o rpng chien tranh ra toan Dong Duong

voi chien luge "Dong D u o n g hoa chien tranh"

Chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh" duge tien hanh bang lue lugng quan

dgi Sai Gon la ehu ye'u, c6 su phoi hgp ve hoa li^c va khong quan M I , va van do

M l chi buy bang h ^ thong eo' van

De thuc hien chien luge "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" M i da:

Rut dan quan MT va quan dong minh khoi chien tranh de giam xuong mau

Tang cuong luc lugng quan dgi Sai Con nham thye hi?n am m u u " D u n g

nguai V i f t danh nguoi Viet" M I diing luc lugng quan dgi Sai Gon de thuc

hi?n " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien tranh"

M I con d i m g thii doan ngoai giao xao quyet n h u thoa thuan v o i Trung

Quoc, hoa hoan v o i Lien X6 nham ban che su giiip do ciia eac nuac do doi vol

cugc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta

b Chien dau chong chien luge "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Bong Duong

hod chien tranh " ciia Mt

Chien dau chong chien luge "Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh" la chong lai cugc

chien tranh xam luge toan di?n dugc tang cuong va m o rgng ra toan Dong

Duong, vua chien dau chong chien djch tren chien truong, vira dau tranh voi

djch tren ban dam phan

Thang Igi chinh t r i m o dau giai doan chong "Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh" la

su ra doi ciia Chinh phii each mang lam thoi Cong hoa mien N a m ngay 6 6

-1969 Do la chinh phii cua nhan dan mien N a m Vua ra doi, chinh phii each

mang lam thai da dugc 23 nuoc cong nhan, trong do c6 21 nuae dat quan he

ngoai giao

GiCra liie cugc chien chong M I cuu nude ciia nhan dan ta 6 ea hai mien dang

tren da thang Igi, thi Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh qua doi ngay 2 - 9 - 1969 Do la mot

ton that Ion, khong gi eo the bii dap doi voi dan toe ta, doi voi each mang nuac ta

Thuc hien d i chiic ciia Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h , nhan dan 6 hai mien day

manh khang chien chong M I cuu nuac

150

Trong hai nam 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung v d i nhan dan hai nude

Campuchia va Lao gianh nhiing thang Igi cd y nghia chien luge tren m|t tran quan su va chi'nh t r i

Trong hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H g i nghi cap cao ba nude Vi^t N a m

- Lao -Campuchia hgp nham bieu thj quyet tam cvia nhan dan ba nude Dong Duong doan ket chien dau chong MT

T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, quan dgi Vi^t N a m cd su phoi hgp ciia quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cugc hanh quan xam luge Campuchia va quan dgi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien dau 17.000 djch, giai phdng nhieu vung rgng Idn dat dai v d i 4,5 trieu dan

T u ngay 1 2 - 2 den ngay 2 3 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , quan dgi Vi^t N a m cd su phd'i hgp ciia quan dan Lao da tap tan cugc hanh quan mang ten "Lam Son -719" ehiem g i u dudng 9 - N a m Lao eiia 4,5 van quan M i va quan dgi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien da'u 22.0000 djch, duoi het quan M I va quan dgi Sai Gon khoi duong 9 -

N a m Lao, giu hanh lang chien luge each mang Dong Duong

Thang Igi tren mat tran quan su da ho trg va thuc day phong trao da'u tranh chinh tri, chong "binh djnh"

6 khap noi eae thanh thj, phong trao ciia eac tang Idp nhan dan no ra lien tyc Dac bi?t d Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, phong trao hoe sinh, sinh vien no ra ram rg da thu hiit dong dao gidi tre tham gia Phong trao tudi tre, hgc sinh,

sinh vien cd vai tro quan trong, thudng la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no"' cho phong

trao chung ciia tang Idp nhan dan thanh thi

Tai eac v u n g ndng thon, dong bang, rung niii, ven thj, khap noi cd phong trao ciia quan chiing nd'i day ehd'ng "binh d j n h " , pha "a'p chien luge" ciia djch Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chii them 3600 ap vdi 3 trieu dan

c Cugc tien cong chien luge nam 1972

Bude vao nam 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cong chien luge t u ngay 30 - 3 danh vao Quang Trj, lay Quang Trj lam hudng tien cong chii ye'u, rdi phat trien rgng ra k h i p chien trudng mien N a m , keo dai trong nam 1972

Quan ta tien cong dich v d i cuong do manh, quy mo Idn, tren hau khap eac dja ban chien luge quan trgng Chi trong thdi gian ngan (den eudi thang 6 -1972), quan ta choc thiing ba phdng tuyen manh nhat eiia dich, la Quang Tri, Tay Nguyen, Dong N a m Bg, loai khoi vong chien da'u hon 20 v?n djch, giai phdng nhieu viing dat dai rgng Idn va dong dan

Sau don m d dau bat ngd ciia quan ta, quan dgi Sai Gon cd su yem trg eiia

M l da phan cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu thiet hai; con M I t r d lai chien tranh pha pha hoai mien Bac

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Cupc tien con^ chien luoc nam 1972 da ^^idn;^ don nqng nevao chien luge "Viet

Nam hod chien tranh", buoc Ml phdi tui/en bo "Mi hod" tra lai chien tranh xdm luge

(tiec thim nhqn that bqi cua "Vict Nam hod chien tranh")

d Tinh dodn kit chien dau cua quan dan Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia

trong chien dau chong chien luge "Vi(t Nam hod chien tranh" va "Dong Duong

hod chien tranh" cua Mi

Chien dau chong chien \ugc "Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh" la chong lai cuoc

chien tranh xam luge toan dien dugc tang cuong va m o rgng ra toan Dong

D u o n g , vua chien dau chong chien djch tren chien truong, vua dau tranh vol

djch tren ban dam phan

Trong hai nam 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung voi nhan dan hai nuoc

Campuchia va Lao gianh n h u n g thang Igi c6 y nghia chien luge tren mat tran

quan sy va chinh trj

Trong hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 - 1970, H o i nghj cap cao ba nuoc Vi^t N a m

- Lao -Campuchia hop nham bieu thj quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nuoc Dong

D u o n g doan ke't chien dau chong M l

T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 - 1970, quan dpi Viet N a m c6 su phol hgp ciia

quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cupc hanh quan xam luge Campuchia va

quan dpi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien dau 17.000 djch, giai phong nhieu v u n g

rpng Ian dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan

T u ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 - 1971, quan dpi Viet N a m c6 su phoi hgp cua

quan dan Lao da tap tan cupc hanh quan mang ten "Lam Son -719" chiem giii

d u o n g 9 - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M I va quan dpi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong

chien dau 22.0000 djch, duoi het quan M i va quan dpi Sai Gon khoi d u o n g 9

N a m Lao, g i u hanh lang chien luge each mang Dong D u o n g

5 Nhung diem giong va khac nhau giua hai chien luge "Chien tranh eye bp"

(1965 -1968) va " V i ? t Nam hoa chien tranh" (1969 -1973) cua M I 6 mien Nam

Tieu chi

so sanh

N h u n g diem giong va khac nhau

Chien tranh cue bp V i ? t Nam hoa

chien tranh Giong nhau: - Deu la chien luge chien tranh xam luge theo kieu thuc dan

m o i cua MT nham chong lai each mang va nhan dan Vi^t N a m

- Deu su d u n g co van MT, vu khi va phuong tien chien tranh cua MT

- Deu d u n g luc l u g n g quan dpi nguy, nguy quyen de lam tay sai dac luc eho

Khac nhau

Ve am m u u , thu doan

Ke't qua

Voi muc tieu la vua tieu di?t quan ehu luc vua binh djnh mien N a m , pha hoai mien Bac

Luc lugng tham chien dong, gom ca

MT, ehu hau, nguy, trong do quan MT giir vai tro quan trpng va khong ngung tang len ve so' l u g n g va trang

bj Chung sir d u n g

vu khi hi^n dai, hoa lye manh ca tren bp, tren khong, tren bien, toe dp nhanh

va mo lien tue nhieu chien djch nham

" t i m diet" va "binh djnh" vao "Dat thanh Vi^t cpng"

Vua gay chien tranh 6 Vi$t N a m , vu-a m o rpng chien tranh xam luge Lao, Campuchia

Bj that bai, phai chap nhan ngoi vao ban dam phan voi

do MT chi huy bang h f tho'ng CO van

- Riit dan quan MT va quan dong m i n h khoi chien tranh de giam

x u o n g mau Tang cuong luc l u g n g quan dgi Sai Gon nh^m thuc hi^n am

m u u " D u n g nguoi Vi^t danh nguoi Viet"

- D u n g luc l u g n g quan dgi Sai Gon de thuc hien

" D o n g D u o n g hoa chien tranh" Thoa thuan voi

T r u n g Quoc, hoa hoan voi Lien X6 nham han che su g i u p d o ciia cac nuoc do do'i voi euge khang chien ciia nhan dan ta

That bai, phai chap nhan

ki ke't Hiep djnh Pari, eong nhan doc lap, ehii quyen, thong nha't va toan v?n lanh tho cua Viet N a m

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6 Thai ki tvr nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam dau tranh chong chinh sach

"binh dinh, laun chiem", tao the va Ivc tien toi giai phong hoan toan mien Nam

V o l H i ^ p dinh Pari nam 1973, ta "ddnh cho Mi cut" Ngay 29 - 3 - 1973, toan

linh M l cuoi ciing da rut khoi nuoc ta N h u n g M I van giO lai hon 2 van co van

quan su, lap ra Bp chi huy quan su, tiep tuc vien tro quan su, kinh techo chinh

quyen Sai Gon

Dugc CO van M i chi huy va nh^n v i ^ n trq cua MT, chinh quyen Sai Gon

ngang nhien pha hoai Hiep djnh Pari, chung huy dong gan n h u toan bo l u t

lugng tien hanh chien djch "tran ngap lanh tho", lien tiep m o nhirng cuoc hanh

quan "Binh dinh - Ian chiem" viing giai phong Day thuc chat la hanh dpng tiep

tyc chien luoc "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" cua Nichxon

Ve phia ta, vi^c k i Hiep djnh Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh 6 Viet N a m , viec

quan dpi xam lupc M i riit khoi nuac ta, da tao nen su thay doi can ban trong so

sanh luc lugng gii>a each mang va phan each mang c6 Igi cho C U Q C dau tranh

cua nhan dan 6 mien N a m

Trong cuoc dau tranh chong djch "hinh dinh - Ian chiem", chong am muu

"tran ngap lanh tho" cua chiing vao nhiing thang dau nam sau ki hi^p djnh,

quan dan ta da dat duoc mot so ket qua nha't djnh N h u n g do khong danh gia

het am m u u pha hoai Hiep djnh ciia dich, do qua nhan manh den hoa binh,

hoa hgp dan tpc nen tren mot so dja ban quan trong, ta bj mat dat, mat dan

Thang 7 - 1973, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang hop H o i nghj Ian t h u 21

H p i nghj neu ro nhiem vu co ban cua each mang mien N a m trong gia doan

hi^n tai la tiep tuc cuoc each mang dan toe dan ehii nhan dan H o i nghi nhan

manh trong bat eu tinh hinh nao ciing phai tiep tuc con d u o n g each mang bao

lire, phai nim vCrng chien luge tien cong, kien quyet dau tranh tren ca ba mat

tran quan su, chinh tri, ngoai giao

Thue hi^n N g h j quyet H o i nghj Trung uong Ian t h u 21 eua Dang, t u cuoi

nam 1973 quan dan ta 6 mien N a m vua kien quyet danh tra quyet danh djch,

bao v^ viing giai phong, vua chii dong m o nhirng euge tien cong djch, m o rgng

vung giai phong

Cuoi nam 1974, dau nam 1975, ta m o dot boat dong quan su Dong - Xuan

vao huong N a m Bg, trgng tarn la dong bang song Cuu Long va Dong N a m Bg

Quan ta da gianh thang Igi vang dpi trong chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuoc Long

* Y nghia cua chien thang Phieac Long:

V o i chien thang Phuoc Long chung to quan chu luc Sai Gon da den luc

khong con d u kha nang chiem g i i i nhiing v i m g dat quan trgng tren dien rgng

Sau chien thang nay eiia ta, chinh quyen Sai Gon phan u n g manh va dua quan chiem lai, n h u n g da that bai Con M i chi phan u n g yeu 6t, chu ye'u diing

ap luc t u xa de doa

Phoi hgp voi dau tranh quan su, nhan dan ta 6 mien N a m day manh dau tranh chinh t r i , ngoai giao nhSm to cao hanh dgng eiia M i va chinh quyen Sai Gon v i pham H i ^ p djnh, pha hoai hoa binh, hoa hgp dan toe, neu cao tinh chat chinh nghla cupe chien dau eiia nhan dan ta; doi lat do chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thi$u, thuc hien cae quyen t u do, dan chii

7 Hi?p dinh Pari ve vi|c cham dut chien tranh lap lai hoa binh d Vi|t Nam

a Dau tranh doi Mixudng thang chien tranh va thuong lumg a Hoi nghi Pari

Dau 1967, sau thang Igi trong hai mua kho 1965 -1966 va 1966 -1967, ta ehu truong m o them mat tran tien cong ngoai giao, nhSm to cao tgi ac eiia bgn xam luge M l , vach tran luan dieu hoa binh bjp bpm cua ehiing, neu tinh chat chinh

nghla, lap truong diing din ciia ta, tranh thii rpng rai su dong tinh ling hp eiia

d u luan quoc te

Mue tieu dau tranh ngoai giao trude mat eiia ta la doi M i cham d u t khong dieu ki?n chien tranh pha hoai mien Bae, coi do la dieu ki?n tien quyet de d i den thuong l u p n g 6 ban hpi nghj

Ngay 31 - 3 - 1968, sau don bat ngo ciia cupe Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than eiia quan ta, Gionxon tuyen bo ngirng nem bom ban pha mien Bae

tir VI tuyen 20 tro ra va bat dau noi den thuong lupng voi V i ^ t N a m

Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cuoc thuong lupng chinh thue hai ben, giua dai d i f n

Chinh phii Viet N a m Dan chii Cong hoa va dai d i ^ n Chinh phii Hoa K i a Pari

hpp phien dau tien

Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, Gionxon tuyen bo'ngung nem bom ban pha tren toan mien Bac T u day, dau tranh giua ta va M i chii yeu xoay quanh van de hinh thuc, thanh phan hpi nghi va da d i den thong nha't ve hinh thuc H p i nghj Bon ben giCra Viet N a m Dan chii Cpng hoa Mat tran dan toe giai phong mien N a m

Viet N a m (sau do la Chinh phii each mang lam thoi Cpng hoa mien N a m Vi?t

Nam) Hoa K i va Viet N a m Cpng hoa (Chinh quyen Sai Gon)

H p i nghj bon ben ve Viet N a m chinh thue hpp phien dau tien ngay 25 1

-1969 tai Pari

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b Hiep dinh Pari 1973 ve chant dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam

Quan diem cua ta: doi M7 rut het quan ciia minh va quan dong minh i<h6i

mien N a m va doi ho ton trong cac quyen dan toe co ban eiia nhan dan Viet

N a m va quyen t u quye't cua nhan dan mien N a m Viet N a m

Phia M l CO quan diem nguge lai, nha't la van de rut quan, doi quan doi mien

Bac cung rut khoi mien N a m , va t u choi ki d u thao Hiep d j n h do phia Viet

N a m dua ra (10 - 1972) de mo cupc tap kich khong quan bMng may bay 552 va

Ha N o i , Hai Phong trong 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 voi y do buoc phia Viet

N a m k i d u thao Hiep djnh do M i dua ra

N h u n g M l da that bai, Viet N a m da dap tan cuoc tap kich khong quan bang

may bay B52 ciia MT, lam nen tran "Trqn Dien Bicn Phu tren khong", sau do buoc

M l tro lai k i d u thao Hiep djnh Pari do ta dua ra truoc do

Hiep djnh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh 6 V i ^ t N a m dupe

ki tMt ngay 23-1-1973 giua dai dien hai chinh phii Viet N a m Dan chii Cpng hoa

va Hoa K i , va ki chinh thue ngay 27-1-1973 gii>a bon Bp truong dai di?n eho

cac chinh phii tham d u hoi nghi tai Pari Hiep dinh Pari bat daiu c6 hien luc tu

ngay ki chinh thue

* Noi dung Hiep dinh goni nhimg dicu khodn ca ban:

Hoa K i va cac nuoc cam ke't ton trpng doe lap, chii quyen, thong nha't va

toan v?n lanh tho cua Viet N a m

Cupc n g u n g ban 6 mien N a m Vi^t N a m dupe thue hi?n vao 24 gio ngay

27 - 1 - 1973 Hoa K i cam ke't eha'm d u t mpi hoat dpng quan su ehong mien Bac

Viet N a m

Hoa Ki rut het quan dpi ciia minh va quan dong minh trong thoi han 60

ngay ke t u khi k i hiep djnh, huy bo cac can cu quan su M i , cam ke't khong tie'p

tue dinh liu quan su hoac can thiep vao cong viee noi bp ciia mien N a m Viet Nam

Nhan dan mien N a m Viet N a m t u quye't djnh tuong lai chinh trj thong qua

tong tuyen cu t u do, khong co su can thi^p ciia nuoc ngoai

Hai mien N a m - BSc Viet N a m se thuong lupng ve v i f c thong nha't da't nuoc

khong co sy can thiep cua nuoc ngoai

Hai ben tie'n hanh trao tra tu binh va dan thuong bj bat

Cac ben cong nhan thue te mien N a m Viet N a m co hai chinh quyen, hai

quan dpi, hai v i m g kiem soat va ba luc lupng chinh trj (luc l u p n g each mang,

lye lupng hoa binh trung lap va lye lupng chinh quyen Sai Gon)

Hoa K i cam ke't gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet thuong chien tranh 6 Viet

N a m va Dong D u o n g tie'n toi thie't lap quan he moi, binh dang va cung co Ipi

gii>a hai nuoc

Cty TNHH MTV DWH KhaPi^lW

* Y nghia:

Hiep djnh Pari ve Viet N a m la thang Ipi ciia su ke't hop giua da'u tranh quan

sy da'u tranh chinh tri va da'u tranh ngoai giao, la ke't qua ciia cupc da'u tranh Icien cuong, bat khua't ciia quan dan ta 6 hai mien da't nuoc, m o ra buoc ngoat moi ciia cupc khang chien ehong M i cuu nuoc eiia dan toe

Voi Hiep djnh Pari, MT phai cong nhan cac quyen dan toe co ban ciia nhan dan ta, phai riit het quan ve nuoc Do la th^ng Ipi Ijch su quan trpng, tao ra

thoi CO thuan Ipi de nhan dan ta tie'n len giai phong toan mien N a m

c Nhung diem giong vd khdc nhau giica Hiep dinh Gianevo veDong Duong nam 1954 vd Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam nam 1973

Tieu chi

so sanh

Nhung diem giong

va khac nhau

H i f p dinh Gioneva Hi^p dinh Pari

Hoan canh

Giong nhau

Ca Hiep djnh Gionevo va Hiep d j n h Pari deu dien

ra trong liic ta lien tie'p gianh dupe n h i i n g t h i n g Ipi

ve quan sy, tao nen the ap dao, buoc ke thii phai chap nhan dam phan

Khac nhau Hiep djnh Gionevo

dupe k i ke't trong liic thyc dan Phap bj that bai hoan toan 6 chien djeh Dien Bien Phii Ta

ki Hiep djnh de buoc thyc dan Phap cong nhan cac quyen dan toe

CO ban ciia ba nuoc

Dong Duong

Hiep djnh Pari dupe k i

ke't trong liic Mi moi chi

bj that bai trong chien lupc "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" 6 mien

N a m va chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai 6 mien Bac Ta k i Hiep dinh de

buoc M l riit quan Ml va

quan dong minh eiia MT

ve nuoc, de eho nhan dan V i ^ t N a m t y quye't djnh tuong lai chinh trj eiia minh

Npi dung

Giong nhau

- Deu buoc ke thu pha cong nhan cac quyen dan

toe CO ban ciia nuoc ta

- Ca hai Hi?p dinh deu dat vari de ngung b i n de giai quye't cac van de khac bang con duong hoa binh

- Deu dat van de thong nha't da't nuoc thong qua viee thuong luong khong co su can thiep ciia nuoc ngoai www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

Khac nhau - Cac ben tham d y hpi

nghi cam ket ton trpng cac quyen dan tpc ca ban cua ba nuoc Dong

D u o n g

- Cac ben tham chien thuc hi?n cupc tap ket chuyen quan, chuyen giao k h u vyc

- Quan dpi nhan dan Vi?t

N a m va quan vien chinh Phap tap ket 6 hai mien

N a m - BSc Sau do, quan Phap n i t ve nuoc

- H o a K i va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng cac quyen dan tpc co ban ciia Vi?t N a m

- H a i ben tien hanh trao tra t i l b i n h va dan thuong bi b3i

- Cac ben cong nhan thuc te mien N a m Vi^t

N a m CO hai chinh quyen,

hai quan dpi, hai vung kiem soat va ba lye lupng chinh t r j

Khac nhau - Danh dau budc thang

Ipi ciia cupc khang chien chong Phap, mien B3c hoan toan giai phong

- Bupc Phap phai chain

d u t chien tranh xam lupc, n i t het quan dpi ve nuoc

- Day la thSng Ipi lich sii quan trpng, tao ra thoi

CO thuan Ipi de nhan

dan ta tien len giai phong toan mien N a m

- M i riit quan M i va quan dong m i n h ciia M i

ve nuoc nhung chua chap nhan vi^c cham

d u t chien tranh 6 V i | t

N a m , M i v a n tie'p tyc vi?n t r p cho ngyy tie'p tyc chien tranh

, G i i i p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m , gianh toan v?n lanh tho

a Chu truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam

* Thai ca chien luge xuat hien:

Sau H i ^ p dinh Pari nam 1973, trudc nhiing am m u u va hanh dpng m o i ciia jvC va chinh quyen Sai Gon, each mang mien N a m van tie'p tyc con d u o n g each iri?ng bao luc, g i i i v i i n g va phat trien the tien cong djch

Cuoi nam 1974 dau nam 1975, quan ta m o nhieu cupc tan cong dich, tao the'ap dao djch, dac bi§t la chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuac Long vao ngay 6 - 1 -

1975 V o i chien thang Phuoc Long lam cho quan dpi Sai Gon ngay cang bat lye trong chien dau va kha nang can thiep bang quan su ciia M I rat han che D o la dieu k i ^ n de quan ta tien len gianh thang Ipi cuoi ciing trong s u nghi^p chong

M l ciiu nuoc

» Chii truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam:

K h i thoi CO xuat h i ^ n Bp Chinh trj Trung uong Dang quyet dinh giai phong

mien N a m trong hai nam 1975 va 1976

"' T u y nhien Bp Chinh tri nhan m^inh "ca nam 1975 la thai ca" va chi ro "neu thai ca den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 thi lap tiec giai phong mien Nam trong nam 1975" Bp chinh t r j cung nhan manh sy can thie't tranh thii thai co danh thang nhanh de d o thi^t hai ve nguoi va ciia cho nhan dan, giu gin tot co so kinh te,

cong trinh van hoa giam bot su tan pha ciia chien tranh

b CuQC Tong tien cong vd noi day Xudn 1975

Cupc tong tien cong va n o i day Xuan 1975 da d i l n ra trong gan 2 thang (tu 4 - 3 den 2 - 5) qua 3 chien dich Ion: Tay Nguyen, Hue - Da Nang va chien djch H o Chi M i n h

* Chien dich Tay Nguyen (tif 3-4 den 24 - 3)

Tay Nguyen la dia ban chie'n lupc het sue quan trpng, ca ta va dich deu co

nim giir N h u n g do nhan dinh sai hudng tien cong ciia quan dan ta, djch cho't

giu o day mpt lyc l u p n g mong, bo phong co nhieu co so Can c i i vao do Bp p\inh trj Trung u o n g Dang ta quyet djnh chpn Tay Nguyen lam huong tien

Cg chii yeu trong nam 1975

r h y c hi^n ke hoach, ta tap trung chii lyc m ^ n h vai v u k h i k i thuat hi^n dgi, chien djch quy m o Ion 6 Tay Nguyen Tran then chot m o man 6 Buon M e Thupt ngay 10 - 3 -1975 da gianh thang Igi, (truac do, ngay 4 - 3, quan ta danh

fhi binh 6 Playku va Kon T u m nham thu hiit quan djch vao h u o n g do) Ngay

- 3 -1975, djch phan cong chiem lai Buon Me Thupt n h u n g khong thanh

159 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

Sau hai don 6 Buon Ma ThuQt (vac cac ngay 10 va 12 - 3), h$ thong phong

thu cua djch 6 Tay Nguyen rung chuyen, quan djch mat tinh than, hang ngO

ro'i loan

Ngay 14 - 3 - 1975, Nguyen Van Thi^u ra lenh rut toan bg quan Tay Nguyen

ve g i u vCrng duyen hai mien Trung Tren duong riit chay, chiing bi quan truy

kich tieu di^t Deh ngay 24 - 3 - 1975, Tay Nguyen rpng Ion voi 60 van dan

hoan toan giai phong

Chien dich Tay Nguyen thang lai da chiiycn awe khdng chien chong Ml ci'ni nteac

sang giai dean mai: tit tien cong chien luge a Tay Nguyen phdt trien thanh Tdhg tien

cong chien lime tren toan chien truvng mien Nam

* Chien dich Hue- Da Nhg (tir 21-3 den 29 - 3)

Nhan tha'y thoi co chien luge den nhanh, het sue thuan Igi, ngay khi chien

djch Tay Nguyen dang tiep dien Bp Chinh trj co quyet dinh kjp thoi ke hoach

giai phong Sai Gon va toan mien N a m , truoc tien tien hanh chien djch giai

phong Hue - Da Nang

Ngay 21 - 3, quan ta danh thang vao can cii djch, chan cac d u o n g riit chay

ciia chung, hinh thanh thebao vay chung trong thanh pho Hue D i i n g 10 gio

30 ngay 25 - 3, quan ta tien vao co do Hue^ den horn sau (26 - 3) thi giai phong

thanh pho va toan tinh Thua Thien

Da N i n g , thanh pho Ion t h u hai a mien N a m , mot can cu quan su lien hop

Ion nha't ciia M I va quan dpi Sai Gon roi vao theco lap H o n 10 van djch don u

ve day tro nen hon loan, mat kha nang chien dau Sang 29 - 3, quan ta t u ba

phia BSc, Tay, N a m tien thang vao thanh pho, den 3 gio chieu thi chiem toan

bp Da Nang

Trong cung thoi gian tren, t u cuoi thang 3 den thang 4, nhan dan cac tinh

con lai 6 ven bien mien Trung, N a m Tay Nguyen va mot so'tinh 6 N a m Bp, co

su ho trp cua luc l u p n g v u trang dja phuong va quan chii luc, da noi day gianh

quyen lam chu

* Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (tie 26 - 4 den 30 - 4)

Sau thang Ipi Chien djch Tay Nguyen va Hue - Da Nang, Bp Chinh tri

Trung uong Dang ta nhan djnh "Thai ca chien luge da den, ta co dieu kien hoan

thanh sam quyel tarn giai phong mien Nam"; t u do di den quyet dinh "Phdi tap

trung nhanh nhd't luc lugng, binh khi kt thuat va vat chat giai phong mien Nam truac

miia mua (truac thdng 5 - 1975)" Chien djch giai phong Sai Gon dupe Bp Chinh

trj quyet dinh mang ten Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (14 - 4 -1975)

Truoc khi bat dau chien djch giai phong Sai Gon, quan ta tien cong Xuan

Lpc va Phan Rang - N h i i n g can cu phong thii trpng yeu cua djch bao v^ Sai

Gon t u phia Dong

17 gio nj;,i\6 - 4, quan ta dupe l#nh tong no siing m o dau ehien djch, anh quan vupt qua tuyen phong thii vong ngoai cua djch tien vao trung tarn

i Gon, danh chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia chung

10 gio 45 phut ngay 30 - 4, xe tang ciia ta tien thang vao D i n h Dpc Lap, bat song toan bp Chinh phii Trung uong Sai Gon, (Duong Van M i n h vua len chue Tong thong Chinh phu Sai Gon ngay 28 - 4) da phai tuyen bo dau hang khong dieu ki?n 11 gio 30 phiit cung ngay, la co each mang tung bay tren noc D i n h Dpc Lap bao hi?u sy toan thang Chien dich H o Chi M i n h lich su

9 Ngh? thuat xay d u n g the tran chien luge trong T o n g tien cong va n o i day mua Xuan 1975

Thoi C O de quan va dan ta mo cupe Tong tien cong chien lupc nam 1975 la

tren co so thMng Ipi ciia cupc tien cong chien lupc nam 1972 6 chien truong mien N a m , buoc dau ta da tieu di^t luc lupng Ion quan djch va giai phong mpt

so v u n g dat dai ciing v o i don danh bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai bang khong quan ciia djch ra mien Bac, bupe M i phai ngoi vao dam phan voi ta tai H p i nghi Pa-ri (27-1-1973)

Sau that bai nang ne do, djch da suy yeu toan di^n ca ve luc lupng, the tran

va tinh than So sanh luc lupng tren chien truong co Ipi cho ta va bat Ipi cho djch, nhung nguy quan Sai Gon van con co su vien trp ve v u k h i va giiip d o

ciia CO van quan sy d u o i dang co van hanh chinh ciia M i Chinh quyen ngyy

Sai Gon ra sue pha hoai Hiep dinh Pa-ri, tang cuong mo cac cupc hanh quan Ian chiem v u n g giai phong ciia ta

Truoc tinh hinh do Bp Chinh trj Ban Chap hanh Trung u o n g Dang ha quyet tarn lich su giai phong hoan toan mien N a m trong 2 nam 1975-1976, ne'u

thoi C O den som thi giai phong hoan toan mien N a m trong nam 1975 Dong

thoi, nha't tri phe chuan phuong an ciia Bp Tong tham muu la chpn N a m Tay Nguyen lam huong tien cong chien lupc chii yeu, day la h u o n g djch tuy ; manh nhung co nhieu so ho va la noi co tinh chat hiem yeu, se gay bat ngo Ion, cSt doi chien t r u o n g toan mien N a m , lam dao Ipn the chien lupc ciia djch Trong cupc Tong tien cong va noi day miia Xuan 1975, ta tien hanh 3 chien ich Ion Day la ba don tien cong chien lupc, the hi?n ro ngh^ thuat chi dao tac ie'n chien lupc, dac bi^t la nghe thuat xay d u n g the tran chien lupc

Truoc het, la the tran diing chan ciia cac binh doan chii luc The tran ciia ta the tran ciia chien tranh nhan dan da dupe xay dung tir daiu cupc chien tranh, do chien tranh nhan dan phat trien cao, nen cac binh doan chii luc ciia ta

da dirng chan 6 phia N a m vT tuyen 17, lap the tien cong 6 phia tay chien tuyen ciia djch, tir v l tuyen 17 den Sai Gon, den dong b3ng song Ciru Long Cac binh

161 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

doan chu li^c ciia ta khong tie'n cong djch t u phia BSc vT tuyen 17, khong danh

vao chieu dpc chien tuyen cua djch Boi v i , neu ta m o cupc tong tie'n cong t u

phia B3c vT tuyen 17 danh theo chieu doc chien tuyen cua djch, c6 dp day va

chieu sau ion t u Quang Tri den Hue - Da Nang - Nha Trang thi kha nang va

sue dpt pha khong d u manh de tieu di?t djch, pha vo cac tuyen phong ngu

cua chung Do do, cac binh doan chu lyc cua ta trien khai d u n g chan 6 phia tay

chien tuyen cua dich, chi each Hue - Da Nang khoang t u 30 den 40km, tham

chi cung d u n g chan a sat nach Sai Gon, chi each phia Tay Bae Sai Gon khoang

60km, thue hanh tien cong djch la hgp l i , de choc thiing va chia eat cac tuyen

phong n g v ciia dich, gianh thang Ipi nhanh chong

The tran trien khai t u phia tay danh vao chieu ngang dpi hinh mong ye'u

cua dich, khong eo chieu sau, thi ta c6 the nhanh chong danh ehiem chien

tuyen phong n g u eo ban cua dich tren duong so 1 6 Hue, Da Nang va Tam K i ,

ta chi can mpt Ian dpt pha chien djch la c6 the dat toi chieu sau chien lupc

Thue teta danh t u phia Tay cac thanh pho Hue^ Da N i n g va thj xa Tam K i thi

tuyen phong n g u ciia djch khong c6 chieu sau chien lupe ma chi c6 chieu sau

chien dich V i cac binh doan ehii lyc ciia ta dung san a phia Bac Sai Gon, nen

Sai Gon gan n h u khong eon chieu sau chien lupc, tao dieu kien cho ta nhanh

chong pha v o chien tuyen, lam syp do nhanh chong the tran chien lupe ciia

dich The tran chien lupc ma ta tao dupe da chia cat the tran, pha dupe the lien

hoan chien lupc eiia dich, c6 lap va chia eat cac tap doan lue lupng eiia dich ra

t i m g cym, kho c6 the ling euu dupe nhau, ta tie'n cong vao dau ciing de gianh

dupe thang Ipi, de phat trien tie'n cong, khue'ch truong thang Ipi truoe de gianh

thang Ipi sau Ion hon, thang Ipi sau tao cho ta mpt the tran v i i n g chae hon de

tie'n cong de b?p dich nhanh chong Day la net dae sac trong xay d y n g the tran

chien lupc ciia ta Trong chien djeh Tay Nguyen, tran Buon M a Thupt la tran

then chot dau tien c6 y nghla quye't djnh v i , giang mot don sa'm set rat nhanh

vao tran dja - tuyen phong n g y ciia dich, mo ra va thiic day su phat trien Ion

ve the'ehie'n lupe eiia ta, pha v o the chien lupc eiia dich Tran t h i i 2 6 Hue - Da

Nang, ta da giang mpt don rat manh, rat nhanh cCing eo y nghla then chot

quye't djnh, lam dao Ipn the chien lupc eiia djch, tao ra eye d i ^ n chien tranh

mod, gay ra dpt bien ehieh tranh, tao dieu ki^n vo cung thuan Ipi cho don thii

ba la chien djeh H o Chi M i n h thanh mpt tran then chot quye't djnh, ke't thiic

chien tranh

The tr$n ciia eupe tong tie'n cong va noi day mua Xuan 1975 la mpt the tran

chien tranh nhan dan, trien khai t u Quang Trj qua Tay Nguyen den Sai Gon, la

mpt the tran danh tir phia tay sang phia dong, danh cat giao thong, theket hpp

162

ac vung, mien va sy noi day ciia quan chiing Xay d y n g the tr|in chien lupc

n h u the, bupc djch phai phan tan doi pho de ta c6 dieu k i ^ n tap trung lyc lupng danh cac don chien lupc quye't dinh 6 Tay Nguyen, Hue - Da Nang, roi phat trien thang Ipi giai phong N a m Trung Bp Tren da thang Ipi, ta diing tat ca lyc lupng, ca quan doan tong d y bi chien lupc va lyc lupng 6 Dong bang song Cuu Long, cung tap doan chien lupc phia N a m da d u n g chan san 6 ngoai v i Sai Gon thye hi?n d o n chien lupe then chot quye't djnh giai phong Sai Gon mpt each nhanh gpn

Nghe thuat xay d y n g the tran chien lupe trong cupc Tong tien cong va noi day miia Xuan 1975 la mpt nghe thuat dpc dao tai tinh, day sang tao ciia chien tranh nhan dan Vi?t N a m , la bude phat trien rye ro, la dinh cao ciia nghe thuat quan sy chien tranh nhan dan Vi?t N a m trong thoi dai H o Chi M i n h Do la bieu t u p n g sang ngoi ciia nghe thuat chi dao tac chien chien lupc tai gioi ciia Dang va t u tuong quan sy H o Chi M i n h

10 Nhung thing Ipi c6 y nghla chien lupc ciia quan dan ta 6 mien Nam tren cac m|t tran quan sy, chinh tri, ngoai giao trong khang chien chong MT, cuu nuorc (1954 -1975)

T h a i gian Quan sy Chinh tri Ngoai giao

T u nam 1954 Phong trao "Dong Phong trao dau Thye hien nhiing

den nam 1960 k h o i " nam 1959 - tranh hoa binh dieu khoan ciia

1960, tieu bieu la nham g i i i gin va HiQp djnh eupe "Dong khoi bao v^ lye lupng Gionevo nam

" d B e ' n T r e ( 1 7 - l each mang Doi 1954 v e D o n g -1960) da danh M l - Diem thi Duong

bai chien tranh hanh Hiep djnh IV mpt phia eiia M i Gionevo va doi •1

hi^p thuong tong tuyen cii

T u nam 1961 Chien thang Binh Phong trao dau

den nam 1965 Gia tranh chinh trj eiia 4

( 2 - 1 2 - 1 9 6 4 ) quan chiing nhan danh bai "Chien dan 6 eae thanh •f

tranh dae bi^t" pho Sai Gon, Hue^

ciia M l Da Nang, noi bat

la eupe dau tranh ciia dpi quan toe dai, eiia tin do i Phat giao

163 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

Tir nam 1965

den nam 1968

T u nam 1969

den nam 1973

CuQC Tong tien

cong va noi day Tet M a u Tiian nam 1968 danh bai "Chien tranh cue bo" ciia M I

Cuoc tien cong chien iuac nam

1972 danh bai chien luac " V i ^ t

N a m hoa chien tranh" ciia MT

T u nam 1973

den nam 1975

Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan nam 1975 voi

ba chien djch: Tay Nguyen, Hue - Da Nang va chien dich H o Chi M i n h Ijch sir, ket thuc thang igi CUQC

khang chien chong

MT cuu nuoc

Phong trao da'u tranh ciia cong nhan, cac tang lop nhan dan lao dong, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat tir doi MT rut ve nuoc, doi t u do dan chii

Phong trao da'u tranh ciia cac tang lop nhan dan 6 kh3p cac thanh thj lien tiep bung no

Dac biet la 6 cac thanh pho Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, phong trao hoc sinh, sinh vien no ra ram ro, thu hut dong dao gioi tre tham gia

Phong trao da'u tranh to cao hanh dong ciia MT va chinh quyen Sai Gon v i pham Hiep djnh Pari, pha hoai hoa binh, hoa hop dan toe

Ngay 13-5-1968,

cuoc thuong lugng chi'nh thuc hai ben, giu-a dai dien ChinJi phii Vi^t

N a m Dan chii Cong hoa va dai dien Chinh phii Hoa KT oPari hop phien dau tien

Hiep djnh Pari ve

Viet N a m dugc ki

ket va thuc hi^n vao ngay 27-1-1973, buoc MT va cac nuoc cam ket ton trong doc lap chii quyen, thong nhat

va toan v?n lanh tho ciia Vi^t Nam

MT phai rut quan ve nuocdecho nhan dan mien Nam Viet Nam t u quyet djnh tuong lai chinh trj ciia minh

Tiep tuc thuc hi^n cac dieu khoan ciia Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 ve Viet N a m

164

CP/ TNHH MTYPVYH Khang Vift

\ \ Hai su ki^n dugc danh gia la buoc phat trien nhay vpt cua each mang mien Nam Nguyen nhan bung no

* Hai sif kicn dime danh ^id la buac phat tricn nhay vat cua each mang mien Nam

Chinh quyen N g o Dinh Diem tang cuong dan ap phong trao da'u tranh ciia nhan dan (1957 - 1959), lam cho mau thuan giira nhan dan mien N a m voi de quoc MT xam luge va tay sai phat trien gay gat, doi hoi phai co mot bien phap quyet liet de dua each mang v u g t qua kho khan, thir thach

Hgi nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (1 - 1959) khSng djnh con d u o n g each mang bao luc, xac djnh phuong huong co ban ciia each mang mien N a m la khoi nghTa gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan bang eon d u o n g da'u tranh chinh trj la chii ye'u, ket hgp voi da'u tranh vij trang, m o d u o n g cho each mang mien N a m tien len

- Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than nam 1968:

Qua hai euge phan cong chien luge miia kho 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967, quan dan ta lien tiep danh bai cac cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va "binh d j n h " ciia MT - nguy, gianh uu the'tren chien truong mien N a m

Nam 1968 la nam bau cir Tong thong 6 MT, noi bg mau thuan gay g3t, ta Igi

dung CO hgi do d e m o cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day

12 So sanh thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945 voi thoi co trong cupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975 Bai hpc kinh nghif m ve thoi CO each mang

' * Thai ca trang Cdch mang thang Tdm:

- Ve khach quan: Den thang 5 - 1945, phat xit Due bj tha't bai 6 mat tran chau A u Den ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, phat xit Nhat bi quan Dong minh danh bai,

ke thu chung ciia nhan loai tien bg bi tieu di?t hoan toan Khi phat Nhat bj

ttanh hai rr mSt trSn r h 5 n A _ Thii R i n h n.fr»ncr l , i m r h n bon N h a t n Dnnff

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3Si dudng HSG L/ch St> 12 - Ths rrucng Ngpc Thoi

Duong va bpn tay sai ciia chving hoang mang den cue do Day la co hpi khach

quan thuan loi cho Cach mang thang Tam gianh dupe th^ng Ipi nhanh chong,

it do mau

- Ve chii quan: Sau 15 nam ehuan bi ma true tiep la thoi ki tu nam 1941 tro

di, lye lupng each mang cua nhan dan ta da co quy mo trong toan quoc va toan

dan tpc, phong trao each mang cua quan ehiing da phat trien thanh cao trao

Dang tien phong da duoc toi luyen day dan, da san sang hoan thanh su menh

phat dong va lanh dao nhan dan dung len dap tan che do eia, gianh dpc lap

dan tpc, thanh lap chinh quyen nhan dan, xay dung che dp moi

- Ve cac tang lop trung gian: Do bp mat cua phat xit Nhat va chinh phu b u

nhin Tran Trpng Kim ngay mpt phoi bay va vach tran; lai do Dang Cong san

Vi?t Nam co duong loi each mang diing dSn, cho nen cac tang lop trung gian

trong xa hpi deu nga h3n ve phia each mang

Nhu vay, thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tam la su ket hop giua cac ye'u to

khach quan va ehu quan, trong do, ye'u to chu quan giu vai tro quyet djnh do

dua Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong

* Thai ca trong each mang mien Nam, ehu ye'u la trong cuoc Tong tien cong va noi

day mita Xuan nam 1975:

Trong each mang mien Nam, Dang ta su dung bao luc each mang voi hai

luc lupng chinh tri va quan su, ket hop khoi nghla tung phan eiia quan chung

6 nong thon voi chien tranh each mang, ket hpp dau tranh quan su, chinh tri

voi ngoai giao, danh djeh tren ca ba vung chien lupc, bang ba niii giap cong,

ket hpp giua danh Ion, danh vua va danh nho cot nham khong ngung phat

trien lye lupng each mang de tao ra thoi co, cho den khi Hi#p djnh Pari ki ket,

M l riit khoi mien Nam Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 lai la mpt thai co de tien len

thyc hi^n eupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975 Ban than cupc

Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan nam 1975 ciing la mpt chuoi nhung khau xuat

hi^n thoi co va tao thoi co (thoi co chien lupc va thai co each mang) Nhieu khi

sai lam eiia djch trong nam 1975 nhu Nguyen Van Thi^u cho so tan khoi Tay

Nguyen cung la thai co thiie day each mang tien len

Nhu vay, thoi co trong each mang mien Nam, nha't la trong cupe Tong tien

cong va noi day miia Xuan nam 1975 ehu ye'u dua vao cac dieu kifn ben trong,

khong CO dieu kien khach quan thuan Ipi nhu Cach mang thang Tam N h u ye'u

tochii quan do do ta tao ra bang each tao luc, tao the'va tao thai co de tien len

danh cho M I cut, nguy nhao, giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, thu giang son

ve mpt moi

* Bat hoc kinh nghiem velhai ca each mang:

Kien tri con duong each mang lau dai, ra sue xay dyng va chuan bi luc lupng ve mpi mat cho that hiing hau, vung chic, tuy theo su phat trien cua tinh hinh khach quan va chii quan ma dua quan chung each mang ra dau tranh

de gianh thang Ipi tu nho den Ion, lam chuyen bie'n so sanh luc lupng co Ipi cho each mang, chii dpng tao tinh the va thai co, loi dung tinh the va thoi co khach quan thi co the gianh thang Ipi co ban, thang Ipi quyet djnh hay hoan toan trong thoi gian ngan ma tiet ki^m dupe xuong mau

Nho bie't ehu dpng tao ra tinh the'va thoi co each mang ma Dang ta da lam cho each mang phat trien voi toe dp "mpt ngay bang hai muoi nam"

III NHtyNG T H A N G LQI CHUNG CUA QUAN D A N HAI MIEN NAM

Thang Ipi eiia mien Bac trong 6 nam cai each rupng dat, khoi phuc kinh te^ cai tao xa hpi chii nghla tao dieu ki^n cho mien Bac ve co ban xoa bo dupe che

dp nguoi boc lot nguoi, xac lap dupe quan he san xuat moi; sue manh ciia mien Bac dupe tang cuong, la cho dya vi>ng chac cho cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan mien Nam

*0 mien Nam:

Sau khi Hiep djnh Gionevo ki ket, nhan dan mien Nam dau tranh chong che dp M l - Diem de bao ve hoa binh, giir gin luc lupng each mang Tieu bieu

la "phong trao hoa binh" cua tri thiie va ciia tang lap nhan dan Sai Gon - Chp

Lon thang 8 -1954 Den thang 11 - 1954

Tu cuoi nam 1957, cupe dau tranh eiia dong bao mien Nam cang tro nen quyet liet nham chong chinh sach dan ap, chinh sach "to cpng", "dift epng",

Ngay 15 - 1 - 1959, khi co Nghj quyet 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, phong trao dau tranh ciia dong bao mien Nam no ra nhu nude va bo Mo dau

la cac cupc khoi nghla tiing phan nhu: cupe noi day 6 Vinh Thanh (Binh Djnh),

Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan) thang 2 - 1959 6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra khap mien Nam thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cupe "Dong

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3Si dirdn^ HC'C) I ich Oir 12 - Ths Tri/ang Ngpc Thai

khoi" 6 Ben Tre ngay 17 - 1 - 1960 Tir Ben Tre phong trao nhanh chong Ian

rpng khSp cac tinh Nam Bo, Nam Trung Bo va Tay Nguyen

Phong trao "Dong khoi" thang Igi danh dau budc ngoat ciia each mang

mien Nam, chuyen each mang tu the giii gin lye luong sang the tie'n eong

Cham dut thoi ki on dinh tam thoi che do thuc dan moi ciia M i 6 mien Nam,

mo ra thoi ki khiing hoang ciia che do Sai Gon

2 Nhung thing Igi co ban cua quan dan ta a hai mien Nam - Bac tu nam 1961

den nam 1965

* Mien Baa

Trong nhi>ng nam 1961 - 1965, mien BMc thuc hi?n ke hoach Nha nuac 5

nam Nhiem vu co ban ciia ke hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va

nong nghiep, tie'p tue eong euoe cai tao xa hoi chii nghia, ciing co va tang

cuong thanh phan kinh te quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc doi song vat chat va

van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dong, ciing co quoc phong, tang cuong trat tu va an

ninh xa hpi

Qua viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam, mien Bac dat dupe nhirng thanh tuu co

ban ve kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te, quan su

Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dupe trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961

-1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bp mat xa hpi mien

Bac Tai Hoi n^hi Chinh tri dac biet than;; 3 - 1964, Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh noi:

"Trong 10 nam qua, mien Bic nuoc ta da tie'n hanh buoc dai chua tirng thay

trong lich su dan tpc Dat nuoc, xa hp! va eon nguoi deu doi mai"

* Mien Nam:

Tu nam 1961 den nam 1965, mien Nam chien dau chong "Chie'n tranh dac

bif t" ciia MT

- Tren mat tran chinh tri:

Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj ciia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thi,

ca 6 nhi>ng thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, co nhiing buoc phat

trien manh me, noi bat la da'u tranh ciia "dpi quan toe dai" ciia cac ba m? va cac

chj; ciia cac tin do Phat giao chong lai su dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh

quyen Diem

Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien

lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tie'n cong lien tie'p ciia cac luc luong vu trang

each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di?m

Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do

thi Ion Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia djch Phong

trao dang cao, cang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham eia

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ VIft

- Tren mat tran chong chinh sdch binh dinh:

Cupc da'u tranh chong va pha "Ap chie'n lupc" dien ra gay go, quyet Met giCra ta va dich, co hang chijc trieu lupt nguoi tham gia pha "Ap chie'n lupc" di (Joi voi xay dung lang chien tranh Voi quyet tam "mot ta'c dat khong di, mot li Ichong roi", nhan dan mien Nam kien quyet bam dat, gii> lang, pha de'kim k?p ciia djch

M i va chinh quyen Sai Gon du tap trung sue vao don dan lap "Ap chie'n lupc" nhung ciing chi thuc hien dupe mot phan ke'hoaeh Den cuoi nam 1962, each mang kiem soat tren nua tong so voi gan 70% nong dan

- Tren mat tran quan siv: •

Trong nhijng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai phong da day liii nhieu cupe chien cong, dong thoi voi tie'n eong tieu diet nhieu don bot le ciia dich Nam 1962 quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupe can quet Ion ciia djch vao chie'n khu D, can cii U Minh, Tay Ninh va Tay B^c Sai Gon

Chien thang Ap Bac danh dau buoc truong thanh ciia luc lupng vii trang

each mang mien Nam, da danh bai cac bien phap chie'n thuat: tri/c thang van",

"thici xa van" ciia djch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bi vu

khi hien dai ciia MT Chien thang nay ciing chung minh quan dan mien Nam hoan toan co kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac biet" ciia M i va chinh quyen

Sai Gon, sau tran Ap Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Biic gict giijc lap cong" day len

khap mien Nam

Sau chie'n thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tie'n len danh nhiing tran co quy mo Ion Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam

Bp mo chie'n djch tie'n cong Dong - Xuan 1964 - 1965 voi tran mo man danh vao a'p Binh Gia

Thua thang sau chie'n thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien Nam day manh tie'n cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac chien djch An Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa)

3 Nhxrng thing Igi co ban ciia quan dan hai mien Nam - BSc trong n h u n g

^ a m 1965 -1968

B * O mien Bac: i ;

H|t Ngay t u ngay dau M l mo rpng chien tranh, mien B3e chuyen m p i boat

H j y n g sang thoi chie'n, thuc hi0n quan su hoa toan dan

H Mien BSc vua san sang chong lai hanh dong danh pha ciia M7 vua lao dong

^ a n xua't

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3Si difdng H5G Ljch SCr 12 - Ths Tnrone Ngpc Thai

Trong chie'n da'u, mien Bac da ban roi va pha buy 3.243 may bay MT; ban

chay va chim 143 tau chien M I Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, M i tuyen bo ngung h5n

chie'n tranh pha hoai mien Bac

Trong san xuat, mien Bac lap duoc nhiing thanh tich quan trpng:

Ve nong nghi^p, di^n h'ch canh tac mo rong, nang suat lao d^ng khong ngurig

tang len, ngay cang c6 nhieu hop tac xa nhieu dia phuong dat "3 muc tieu"

Ve cong nghi^p, nang lye san xuat 6 mpt so nganh dugc g i i i v u n g , cac co so

cong nghi^p Ion kip thai so tan Cong nghi^p dja phuong va cong nghiep quoc

phong deu phat trien

Ve giao thong van tai la mpt trong nhirng trong diem ban pha cua djch,

dupe quan va dan bao dam thuong xuyen thong suot

Ve van hoa, giao due, y te deu phat trien manh me, phuc vu dac luc cho

nhi^m v u chie'n da'u va san xuat

Mien Bac lam nhiem v u hau phuong Ion cua khang chien chong M i ciiu

nuoc, mien Bac luon huong ve mien N a m V i mien N a m rupt thjt, mien Bac

phan da'u "Mm nguai lam viec bang hai" V i tien tuyen keu gpi, hau phuong sSn

sang danh dap lai "Thoc khong thie'u mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngmi" Tuyen

duong van chuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m mang ten H o Chi M i n h tren bp (doc

day niii T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo bo bien) bat dau khai thong tii

thang 5 - 1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau p h u o n g voi tien tuyen

* O mien Nam:

Quan dan mien N a m Ian lupt danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bp" cua MI;

Ma dau la chie'n thang Van Twang (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 - 1965 Vol

chie'n thang Van Tuong kha nang chie'n thang M i trong "Chien tranh cue bo"

cua quan dan ta con tiep tuc dupe chiing minh trong hai miia kho

Tiep den la cuoc phan cong chie'n Urge trong hai mua kho:

M u a kho t h u nhat (1965 - 1966): Quan dan ta trong the tran chien tranh

nhan dan, voi nhieu phuong thuc tac chie'n, da chan danh djch tren moi

huong, chu dpng tien cong djch tren khap m p i noi Quan ta da loai khoi vong

chie'n da'u 104 000 djch, bSn roi 1 430 may bay

M u a kho t h u hai (1966 - 1967): Quan ta m o hang loat tran phan cong danh

bgi cac cupc hanh quan " t i m di^t" va "binh djnh" cua djch Loai khoi vong

chien da'u 151 000 ten djch, ban roi 1 231 may bay

6 hau khap cac vung nong thon, quan chiing pha t u n g mang "Ap chie'n

luge" Trong hau khap cac thanh thj, giai cap cong nhan, cac tang lop nhan dan

lao dpng khac, hpc sinh, sinh vien, Phat t u , binh si Sat Gon da'u tranh doi IVfi

riit ve nuoc, d o i t y do dan chu

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Dink cao la cuoc Td'ng tien cong va noi day Te't Mau Than nam 1968

Cupc tong tien cong va noi day dupe m o dau bang cupc tap kich chie'n lupc

ciia quan chu lyc vao hau khap cac do thi trong dem 30 rang sang ngay 31 1

-1968 (dem giao thua Te't M a u Than)

Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Te't M a u Than da danh don bat ngo, lam cho djch choang vang

Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day da lam lung lay y chi xam lupcc ciia quan

M l , bupc M l phai tuyen bo "phi M i hoa" chien tranh xam lupc (tuc thua nhan that bai ciia "Chien tranh cue bp") M I phai tuyen bocha'm d i i t khong dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai mien B5c, chju den ban dam phan 6 Pa ri de ban ve chain dirt chie'n tranh

Cupc Tong tie'n cong va noi day da m o ra buoc ngoat cvia cupc khang chie'n chong M I ciiu nuoc ciia quan dan ta

4 N h u n g thang I p i ciia quan dan ta d hai mien N a m - B3c trong v i f c danh

bai chien lupc " V i ? t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " cua M i

* Thang led cua quan dan mien Nam:

- Thang Igi chinh tri:

Su ra d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam thoi C o n g hoa m i e n N a m ngay

6 - 6 -1969 D o la chinh phii ciia nhan dan mien N a m

Thyc hien d i ehiic ciia Chii tich H o Chi M i n h , nhan dan 6 hai mien day manh khang chie'n chong M I ciiu nuoc

O cac thanh p h o l o n n h u Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, phong trao hpc sinh, sinh vien no ra ram rp da thu hiit dong dao gioi tre tham gia Phong trao tuoi tre,

hpc sinh, sinh vien c6 vai tro quan trpng, thuong la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no"

cho phong trao chung ciia tang lop nhan dan thanh thi

- Thang Igi tren mat tran phoi hop:

Trong hai nam 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta ciang voi nhan dan hai nuoc Campuchia va Lao gianh nhiing t h i n g Ipi c6 y nghia chien lupc tren mat tran quan sy va chinh trj

Trong hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H o i nghi cap cao ba nuoc Vi^t N a m

- Lao - Campuchia hop n h l m bieu thi quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nuoc Dong

D u o n g doan ke't chie'n da'u chong M I

T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, quan dpi Viet N a m c6 su phoi hpp ciia

0quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cupc hanh quan xam lupc Campuchia va quan dpi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien da'u 17.000 djch, giai phong nhieu v i m g

I '9ng Ion dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan

Tir ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 -1971, quan dpi Vi|t N a m c6 su phoi hpp ciia

A quan dan Lao da tap tan cuoc hanh quan mane ten "Lam Son -719" chiem g i i i

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3Si du&ng HSG Ljch Si} 12 - Ths Trucmg Ngoc Thai

duong 9 - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M i va quan doi Sai Gon, loni khoi vong

chie'n da'u 22.0000 djch, duoi hc't quan MT va quan doi Sai Gon khoi d u o n g 9

-N a m Lao, giu hanh iang chien luge each mang Dong Duong

- TMn^ hi trcn mat tran chon^ chinh sack "binh d'lnh":

Tai cac vung nong thon, dong bang, rung nui, ven thj, khap noi eo phong

trao cua quan chung noi day chong "binh dinh", pha "a'p chien luge" eua djch

Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chu them 3600 a'p vdi 3 tri^u dan

- Than^ Igi qui/c't dinh vcqiian sir

Budc vao nam 1972, quan ta mo cugc tien cong chie'n luge tix ngay 30 - 3

danh vao Quang Trj, la'y Quang Trj lam huong tien cong chii ye'u, roi phat

trien rgng ra khap chie'n truong mien Nam, keo dai trong nam 1972

Quan ta tien cong djch voi cuong do manh, quy mo Idn, tren hau khap cac

dja ban chien luge quan trong Chi trong thai gian ngan (den cuoi thang 6 - 1972),

quan ta choc thung ba phong tuyen manh nhat cua djch, la Quang Trj, Tay

Nguyen, Dong N a m Bg, loai khoi vong chien dau hon 20 van djch, giai phong

nhieu vung da't dai rgng Idn va dong dan

Sau don m d dau bat ngd cua quan ta, quan doi Sai Con cd su yem trg cua

MT da phan cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu theit hai; con MT trd lai chien tranh pha

pha hoai mien Bac

Cuoc tien con^ chien luxrc nam 1972 dil i^idn;^ don nijti^'^ ni}'vao chien litxrc "Viet

Natn hod chien tranh", buoc Mi phdi tuyen bo "Ml hod" tra Iqi chien tranh xani liror

(ti'fc thiea nhqn that bai ciia "Viet Nam hod chien tranh")

* Thdng lot cua qtidtt dchi mien Bdc:

Ngay 6 - 4 - 1972, MT cho may bay nem bom ban pha mgt so'nai thugc khu

IV cii Ngay 16 - 4 - 1972, Nichxan tuyen bo chinh thuc gay ra cugc chie'n tranh

khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien B^c (Ian t h u hai); den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972,

tuyen bo phong toa cang Hai Phong cung cac cua song, luong lach, vung bien

mien Bac

N h d dugc chuan bj trudc va vdi t u the'luon luon san sang chie'n da'u, mien

B3c da cd the chu dong, kjp thai chd'ng tra djch ngay t u tran dau

Ngay 14 - 12 - 1972, gan 2 thang sau khi tuyen bd'ngung nem bom ban ph.i

mien Bac t u vT tuyen 20 trd ra, de hd trg cho m u u do chinh trj - ngoai giao mdi,

Nichxan phe chuan kehoach m d cugc tap kich khdng quan b3ng may bay B52

vao Ha Ngi va Hai Phong bat dau tu chieu td'i 18 den he't ngay 29 - 12 - 1972

Quan dan ta d mien Bac da danh tra djch nhung don dich dang t u tran dau

va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich khdng quan cua MT, lam nen tran "Dieu

Bien Phu tren khona" Ta da bin roi 81 mav h^v hit AI ^U: x^r

uhg, trong ca cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian thu hai (tu 6 - 4 -1972 deh 15 - 1 -1973), lien Bac ban roi 735 may bay MT, ban chim 125 tau chie'n loai khoi vong chie'n a'u hang tram phi cong MT

"Dien Bien Phii tren khCm^" la tran thang quye't djnh cua ta, da budc MT phai

tuyen bd'ngung han cac boat dong chd'ng pha mien B^c (15 - 1 - 1973) va Hiep djnh Pari ve cha'm d u t chie'n tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet N a m (27 - 1 - 1973)

5 Chien thang cua quan dan ta 6 hai mien Nam - S i c buQc MT phai chap nhan ki ket Hi^p d j n h Pari nam 1973

* Chien thang cua quan dan mien Nam:

Thang Igi trong viec danh bai chien luge "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" cua

Ml (1969 - 1973) Tieu bieu nha't la cugc tien cong chien luge nam 1972

Tdm tat dien bien: Budc vao nam 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cdng chien luge t u ngay 30 - 3 danh vao Quang Trj, lay Quang Trj lam hudng tien cdng chu ye'u, roi phat trien rgng ra khap chie'n truong mien N a m , keo dai trong nam 1972 Quan ta tien cdng djch vdi cudng do manh, quy m d Idn, tren hau khap cac dja ban chien luge quan trong Chi trong thai gian ng^n (den cud'i thang 6 - 1972), quan ta chgc thiing ba phong tuyen manh nha't cua djch, la Quang Trj, Tay Nguyen, Ddng N a m Bd, kiai khdi vong chien da'u hon 20 van djch, giai phdng nhieu vung da't dai rgng Idn va ddng dan

Sau don m d dau bat ngd cua quan ta, quan ddi Sai Gon cd su yem trg cua

MT da phan cdng lai, gay cho ta nhieu theit hai; con MT trd lai chien tranh pha pha hoai mien Bac

Cugc tien cdng chien luge nam 1972 da giang don nang ne vao chien luge

"Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh", budc MT phai tuyen bd'"MT hoa" t r d lai chien tranh xam luge (tiic thua nhan that bai cua "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh")

* Chien thdng ciia quan dan mien Bdc:

Thang Igi trong viec danh bai cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai ciia MT

6 mien Bac (1969 - 1973) Tieu bieu la tran Di^n Bien Phii tren khdng nam 1972 Tdm tat dien bien: Ngay 16 - 4 - 1972, Nichxan tuyen bo chinh thuc gay ra

cugc chien tranh khdng quan va hai quan pha hoai mien BSc Ian t h u hai Ngay

14 - 12 - 1972, N i c h x a n phe chuan ke hoach m d cugc tap kich khdng quan bang may bay B52 vao Ha N g i va Hai Phdng bSt dau tir chieu toi 18 den he't ngay 29 - 12 - 1972 Quan dan ta d mien BSc da danh tra djch nhCrng don dich

<Jang t u tran dau va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich khdng quan cua MT,

lam nen tran "Dien Bien Phu tren khon^^" Ta da ban roi 81 may bay , b i t song

43 phi cdng MT

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"Dicn Bicn Pln'i trcn Mioii^" l a t r n n t h a n j ; i | u \'l i l i n l i i i i i l i , b u o r M i phaf

tuyen bo'ngung han cac hoat dong cho'ng pha mien Bac (15 - 1 - 1973) va Hiep

dmh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh 6 Vi#t Nam (27 - 1 - 1973)

IV Y NGHIA LICH S\J, NGUYEN N H A N T H A N G LQH C U A C U Q C

KHANG CHIEN CHONG M I ClTU Nl/OC (1954 -1975)

1 Y nghia lich su

Cupc khang chien cho'ng Mi cuu nuoc thang Igi da ke't thiic 21 nam chien

da'u cho'ng MI va 30 nam chien tranh giai phong dan toe, bao ve To quo'c; cha'm

dut ach thong tri ciia chu nghia de'quoc va chedo phong kie'n 6 nuoc ta Tren

CO so do, hoan thanh cupc each mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoc,

thong nha't dat nuoc

Thang Ipi cua cupc khang chien cho'ng MI cuu nuoc mo ra ki nguyen moi

ciia lich su dan tpc - Ki nguyen dat nuoc dpc lap, tho'ng nha't di len chu nghia

xa hoi

Thang Ipi ciia nhan dan ta, that bai de'quoc MI da tac dpng manh den tinh

hinh nuoc Mi va thegioi nha't la doi voi phong trao giai phong dan tpc

Thang Ipi do "Mai mai diivc ghi vao lich sir cua dan toe ta mot trong nhieng tran^

choi Ipi nhat, mot bieu tugng sang ngoi vesie toan thang cua chu nghia anh hung each

mang va tri tue con nguai va di vao lich su the giai nhu mot chien cong vidai cua the

ki XX, mot sukien c6 tam quan trong quae teto Ian va c6 tinh thai dqi sau sac"

1 Nguyen nhan thang Igi

Nho CO su lanh dao sang suo't ciia Dang dung dau la Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh

voi duong loi chinh trj, quan su dpc lap, tu chii; duong loi tien hanh dong thai

each mang xa hpi chii nghia a mien BSc va each mang dan tpc dan ehii nhan

dan 6 mien Nam diing dan, sang tao voi phuong phap da'u tranh linh hoat, ket

hpp voi da'u tranh quan su - chinh tri - ngoai giao

Nhan dan ta 6 hai mien giau long yeu nuoc, doan ke't, nha't tri, lao dpng can

cu, chien da'u diing cam vi su nghiep giai phong mien Nam, xay dung bao ve

mien Bac, thong nha't nuoc nha

Nho CO hau phuong mien Bac khong ngirng Ion manh, c6 kha nSng dap

ung kjp thoi cac yeu cau ciia cupc chien da'u 6 hai mien

Nho su phoi hpp chien da'u, doan ke't giiip do nhau trong qua trinh da'u

tranh cho'ng ke thu chung ciia ba dan toe a Dong Duong

Nho CO sy dong tinh, ling hp va giiip do to Ion ciia cac lyc lupng each

mang, hoa binh, dan chii tren the gioi, nha't la Lien X6, Trung C^uoe va cac

nuoc xa hpi chii nghia khac; phong trao nhan dan MI va nhan dan the gioi

phan doi cupc chien tranh xam lupc Vi?t Nam ciia de'quoc MI

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BF* Nguyen nhan quyei dinh nha't:

Trong nhung nguyen nhan tren, nguyen nhan ve su lanh dao ciia Dang la Lguyen nhan quyet djnh nha't Boi vi, nho c6 su lanh dao diing dan ciia Dang

Itiai phat huy dupe cac nhan to nhu: giau long yeu nuoc, vai tro hau phuong W(^ien Bac, su doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nuoc Dong Duong Tu do moi phat

}iuy dupe sue m^nh ciia dan tpc voi sue manh thai dai de chien da'u va chien thang ke thu

cAu H 6 I ON T A P

Cau 1 Phan tich moi quan h^ giiia each mang hai mien Nam - Bac Vi^t Nam

sau Hiep djnh Giuonevo 1954 Tai sao noi viec thuc hien thang Ipi cac nhi^m

vy each mang 6 mien B3c c6 y nghia quyet djnh nha't doi voi toan bp su phat trien ciia each mang Vi^t nam?

Cm 2 Trinh bay nhung buoc phat trien va thang Ipi ciia each mang mien Bac

tu nam 1954 den nam 1960 Y nghia ciia nhung thang Ipi do

Cdu 3 Tai sao phong trao "Dong khoi" (1959 - 1960) dupe eoi la mo'c danh

da'u buoc phat trien nhay vpt eiia each mang mien Nam?

Cdu 4 Dai hpi dai bieu toan quo'c Ian thii III ciia Dang hpp trong boi canh

Ijch sir nhu the'nao? Npi dung va y nghia cua Dai hpi

Cdu 5 Bang nhirng sy kien Ijch sir, hay chiing minh cau noi ciia Chu tjch Ho

Chi Minh tai Hpi nghj Chinh trj dae bi?t (thang 3 - 1964): "Trong 10 nam qua,

mien Bac nuoc ta da tien nhiing buoc dai chua tirng tha'y trong Ijch sir dan tpc

Dat nude, xa hpi, eon nguoi deu doi moi"

Cdu 6 Am muu va thu doan eiia M I 6 mien Nam eo gi khac nhau giira hai

giai doan 1954 - 1960 va 1961 - 1965?

Cdu 7 Tien hanh chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bp" 6 mien Nam (1965 - 1968),

de quoe M I thuc hi^n am muu va thu doan gi? Quan dan ta 6 mien Nam da gianh dupe nhiing thing Ipi gi trong chien da'u cho'ng chien lupc "Chien tranh eye bp" cua M I tir nam 1965 den nam 1968? '

I Cdu 8 Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan Mau Than 1968 6 mien Nam da

dien ra trong hoan canh nao? Dien bie'n, ke't qua va y nghia

1; Cdu 9 De'quoc M I gay chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien

Bie tir nam 1965 den nam 1958 nhu the nao? Mien BMe da lap dupe nhirng

^ thanh tich gi trong san xua't va chien da'u cho'ng chien tranh pha hoai eiia M I tir nam 1965 den nam 1968?

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"Cau 10 Than TK h nhCing diem giong va khac nhau giua chien luQC "Chien

tranh dac biet" (1961 - 1965) va "Chien tranh cue bo" (1965 - 1968) ciia M I 6

mien N a m Viet N a m

Cau 11 Lap bang thong ke ve y nghla cua chien thang Van T u o n g (8 - 1965),

cupc phan cong chien lupc trong hai mua kho (1965 - 1966), (1966 - 1967) vn

Tong tien cong noi day Te't Mau Than (1968)

Chien t h i n g Van Tuong

Cupc phan cong chien

lupc hai mua kho (1965

-1966), (1966-1967)

Cupc phan cong chien

lupc hai mua kho (1965

-1966), (1966-1967)

Cupc phan cong chien

lupc hai mua kho (1965

-1966), (1966-1967)

Cupc phan cong chien

lupc hai mua kho (1965

-1966), (1966-1967)

Tong tien cong noi day

Te't Mau Than (1968)

Tong tien cong noi day

Te't Mau Than (1968)

Tong tien cong noi day

Te't Mau Than (1968)

Tong tien cong noi day

Te't Mau Than (1968)

Cau 12 Neu am m u u va thii doan cua M i trong chien lupc " V i ^ t N a m hoa

chien tranh" va " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien tranh" (1969 - 1973) N h u n g thang Ipi

chung cua ba nuoc Dong D u o n g tren cac mat tran quan su, chinh t r j , ngoai

giao trong nhirng nam 1969 - 1973

Cau 13 Quan dan mien B^c da danh bai cupc tap kich bang khong quan cua

M I cuoi nam 1972 n h u the nao? Ke't qua va y nghia Mien BSc thuc hi?n nghla

vu hau phuong n h u the nao doi v o i tien tuyen mien N a m t u nam 1969 den

nam 1973?

Cau 14 Lap bang so sanh nhirng diem giong va khac nhau giCra Hiep djnh

Gionevo ve Dong D u o n g nam 1954 va H i ^ p dinh Pari ve Vi?t N a m nam 1973:

hoan canh k i ke't, noi dung va y nghia cua Hiep djnh

Y nhau nghia Khac

nhau

Cau 15 Lap bang so sanh hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai ciia M I 6 mien Bac ve:

J - Thoi gian danh pha

' - Quy mo danh pha

- A m m u u danh pha

Is - Ke't qua chien dau cua quan dan mien B3c

Cau 16 Sau Hiep dinh Pari ve Vi^t N a m nam 1973, the'va luc m o i ctia quan

dan ta 6 mien N a m n h u the'nao? ^ '

Cau 17 So sanh thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 v o i thoi ca

trong each mang mien N a m

Cau 18 Dang ta da can cu vao dieu kien thai co n h u the nao de de ra ke

hoach giai phong hoan toan mien Nam? N p i d u n g ciia k e h o a c h do T o m t i t dien bien ciia cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan 1975

Cau 19 Trinh bay y nghla Ijch su va nguyen nhan t h i n g Ipi cua cupc khang

chien chong M I ciiu nuoc Phan tich mot nguyen nhan quye't dinh nha't

Cau 20 Lap bang he thong nhi>ng thang Ipi co y nghia chien lupc cua quan

^ n ta a hai mien N a m - Bac tren cac mat tran quan su, chinh trj, ngoai giao i^ong khang chien chong M I , cuu nuoc (1954 - 1975)

Tir nam 1954 den nam 1960

Tir nam 1954 den nam 1960

Tir nam 1954 den nam 1960 i.Tu nam 1961 ideh nam 1965

i.Tu nam 1961 ideh nam 1965

Wit nam 1965

Men nam 1968 'Tir nam 1969

;Tu nam 1973 nam 1975

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Cau 21. Lap bang tong hg^p ve cac giai doan phat trien ciia each mang mio,

Nam theo yeu cau sau:

Cau 22. Lap bang thong ke cac chien luge chien tranh ciia M i , cac doi tong

thong M l va chie'n thang quyet dinh ciia quan dan mien Nam trong vi?c danh

dinh cua each

Trai qua hon hai muoi nam (1954-1975) tien hanh each mang xa hpi chu

nghia, mien Bac dat dxxqc nhiing thanh tyoi to Ion va toan dif n, da xay dvmg

duge nhiing co so vat chat - ki thuat ban dau cua chu nghia xa hpi

Nhimg cuQc chien tranh pha hoai bang khong quan va hai quan cua M i het siic ac li?t, da tan pha nang ne gay hau qua lau dai doi voi mien Bac Chien tranh pha hoai cua M i da pha huy hau het nhung cai ma nhan dan ta ton biet bao cong siic de xay dung nen, lam cho qua trinh tien len san xuat Ion bi cham lai den vai ba ke hoach 5 nam

* Mien Nam: ^ ' '

Da hoan toan giai phong, che dp thuc dan moi ciia MT cimg bp may chinh quyen Sai Gon 6 trung uong bi sup do, nhung co so chinh quyen nay 6 dja phuong cung bao di hai xa hoi van con ton tai

CuQc chien tranh ciia MT gay ra hau qua nang ne Nhieu lang mac, dong ruQng bi tan pha Nua tri^u hecta ruong dat bj bo hoang Mgt trieu hecta bj chat dpc hoa hpc va bom dan cay xoi V6 so'bom min con vui lap tren cac canh dong, rupng vuon, noi cu trii cua nhan dan Dpi ngii that nghif p co toi hang

trifu nguoi So ngudi mu chu chiem ti If Ion trong dan cu •'

Mien Nam co nen kinh te trong chung muc nhat djnh phat trien theo huong

tu ban, song ve co ban van mang h'nh chat ciia nen kinh te nong nghiep lac hau, san xuat nho va phan tan phat trien mat can doi If thupc nang ne vao vif n trg tu ben ngoai

2 Nhtmg chu truong va bi?n phap giai quyet nhirng nhif m vy cap bach sau khi cupc khang chien chong MI ket thiic

d mien Bac, den giua nam 1976 moi can ban hoan thanh nhifm vy va khac

phuc hau qua chien tranh, khoi phuc kinh te

O mien Nam, cong vifc tiep quan viing moi giai phong tu thanh thi deh nong thon, tu dat lien den hai dao, tu can cu quan sy den cac co so san xuat, hanh chinh, van hoa dugc tien hanh khan truong

6 nhung viing moi giai phong, viec thanh lap chinh quyen each m?ng va doan the quan chiing cac cap nhanh chong thyc hien Hang trifu dong bao ta

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trong thoi gian chien tranh bj don vao cac "a'p chie'n luo'c" hay bo chay vao cac

thanh pho khong c6 v i f c lam du(?c hoi huong, chuyen ve nong thon san xuat

hoac di xay d u n g viing kinh t e m o i

Chinh quyen each mang tjch thu tai san va rugng dat ciia bon phan dpng

tron ra nuoc ngoai, tuyen bo xoa bo hinh thuc boc lot phong kien, tien hanh

dieu chinh ruong dat trong noi bo nong dan, quoc huu hoa ngan hang, thay

dong tien cu hang dong tien moi cua each mang

Sau dai thang mua Xuan nam 1975, To quoc Viet N a m ve mat lanh tho da

dugc thong nha't, song 6 moi mien lai ton tai mgt hinh thuc to chuc Nha nuoc

khac nhau

Dap lai nguyen vong chinh dang cua nhan dan ca nuoc, dong thoi phu hop

voi thuc teUch su dan toe - " N u o c Vi?t N a m la mpt, dan tgc Viet N a m la m p t "

Hpi nghj Ian t h u 24 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (9 - 1975) da de ra

nhi?m v y hoan thanh thong nha't dat nuoc ve mat Nha nuoc

T u ngay 15 den ngay 21 - 11 - 1975, hoi nghj hiep thuong chinh trj thong

nha't dat nuoc duoc to chiic tai Sai Gon Hai doan dai bieu dai dien cho hai

mien tham d u H o i nghj nha't tri hoan toan cac van de chu truong, bi#n phap

nham thong nha't dat nuoc ve mat Nha nuoc

Ngay 25 - 4 - 1976, cuoc tong tuyen cu bau Quoc hoi chung dugc tien hanh

trong ca nuoc T u ngay 2 4 - 6 den ngay 3 - 7 - 1976, Quoc hgi nuoc Viet N a m

thong nha't, hop ki dau tien tai Ha N o i Quoc hpi thong qua chinh sach doi npi

va doi ngoai cua nuoc Viet N a m thong nha't

Quye't dinh ten nuoc la Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghta Viet Nam (tir ngay

2-7-1976), quye't djnh Quoc huy, Quoc k i la ca do sao vang, Quoc ca la Tich qudn ca,

Thii do Ha N p i , thanh pho Sai Gon doi ten la Thanh phoHoChiMinh Quoc hpi

bau ra cac co quan, chuc v u lanh dao cao nha't cua nuoc cpng hoa xa hpi chii

nghla Vi?t N a m , bau Ban d u thao Hien phap

Voi ket qua ki hpp t h u nha't quoc hpi khoa V I , cong viec thong nha't dat

nuoc ve mat Nha nuoc da hoan thanh T u day vi^c tiep tuc hoan thanh thong

nha't tren ta't ca cac ITnh vuc chinh trj, t u tuong, van hoa, xa hpi se gan lien voi

viec thuc h i ^ n nhi>ng nhiem v u ciia each mang xa hpi chii nghia trong pham v i

ca nuoc

3 N h u n g thanh t m i trong khac phuc hau qua chien tranh, k h o i phuc va phat

trien k i n h te, on d i n h tinh h i n h mien N a m sau giai p h o n g nam 1975

Cong vi#c tiep quan vung moi giai phong t u thanh thj den nong thon, tir

dat lien den hai dao, t u can cu quan su den cac co so san xuat, hanh chinh, van

hoa dupe tien hanh khan truong

6 nhung viing moi giai phong, viec thanh lap chinh quyen each mang va

doan the quan chung cac cap nhanh chong thi^c hien

Hang trieu dong bao ta trong thoi gian chien tranh bj don vao cac " A p chien lupc" hay bo chay vao cac thanh pho khong co viec lam dupe hoi huong, chuyen ve nong thon san xuat hoac di xay d u n g vung kinh t e m o i

Chinh quyen each mang tich thu tai san va ruong dat ciia bpn phan dong tron ra nuoc ngoai, tuyen bo xoa bo hinh thuc boc Ipt phong kien, tien hanh dieu chinh ruong dat trong npi bp nong dan, quoc hiru hoa ngan hang, thay dong tien eii bSng dong tien m o i ciia each mang Chinh quyen each mang chii

trpng khoi phuc san xuat nong nghjep de dap I'mg nhu eau truoc m3t va lau dai

ve luong thuc Cac hoat dong van hoa, giao due, y te'dupe tien hanh khan truong

I I X A Y D l / N G C H U N G H I A X A H Q I , D A U T R A N H B A O VE T O Q U O C

(1976 -1986)

1 Ke hoach Nha nuac 5 nam 1976 - 1980

- Nhiem vu va muc tieu: *

Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h u IV cua Dang Cpng san Vi?t N a m hpp t u ngay 14 den ngay 20-12-1976 da de ra d u o n g loi xay d u n g chii nghla xa hpi trong pham vi ca nuoc, d u o n g loi chung each mang xa hpi chii nghla va d u o n g

161 xay d u n g kinh te trong thai ki qua dp

Dai hpi quye't djnh p h u o n g huong, nhiem vu va muc tieu eiia ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1976 - 1980), la xay d u n g xa hpi ehii nghla, nham hai muc tieu co

ban: xai/ di/ng mot buoc ca so vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghia xa hoi, buac dau hinh thanh ca cau kinh temoi trong ca nuoc ma ho phan chu yeu la co ca'u cong nghiep - nong nghiep va cai thien mot biroc dai song vat chat va van hod cua nhdn dan lao dong

- Thanh tieu dat dugc:

+ Khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te

Cac CO so nong nghiep, cong nghiep, giao thong van tai ve co ban da dupe

phuc hoi va buoc dau phat trien Nang luc san xuat ciia cac nganh kinh te dupe nang len

Trong cong nghiep, co nhieu nha may dupe gap riit xay d y n g , n h u cac nha may xi mang, dien, co khi dpng luc, duong, giay keo, keo spi, giao thong van tai

dupe khoi phuc va xay d y n g moi 1.700km duong sat, 3.800km d u o n g bp, 30.000m cau, 4.000m ben cang, bo sung them nhieu phuong tien van tai Tuyen duong sat Thong nha't t u Ha N p i di Thanh pho H o Chi M i n h sau 30 nam b| gian doan da hoat dpng tro lai

liii

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B S I dLT&n^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Ths Truong Ngpc Thai

+ Cai tao quan h§ san xua't

Cong cuQC cai tao xa hpi chu nghla dupe day manh v d i toe dp nhanh trong

cac v u n g m o i giai phong 6 mien N a m Giai cap t u san mai ban bi xoa bo Dai

bp phan nong dan mien N a m d i vao con duong lam an tap the, tham gia

nhCrng hinh thuc to chuc san xua't p h u hpp, n h u to doan ke't san xua't, tap doan

san xua't, hpp tac xa san xua't

Van hoa, gido due, y tc: , ,

Nganh giao due mau giao, giao due pho thong, giao due dai hpc va trung

hoc chuyen n g h i f p phat trien manh, phong trao binh dan hpc v u da thu hut

dupe nhieu nguoi tham gia

Mang luoi cac benh v i ^ n , phong kham ehCra b?nh, tram y te, nha hp sinh, eo

so dieu d u o n g dupe m a rpng Cac hoat dpng van hoa, van nghe, the dye the

thao da tao thanh phong trao quan chiing trong cac dja phuong, xi nghi^p,

truong hpc

- Nhung khfl khan, yen kern:

Ben canh nhiing thanh t u u , chiing ta gap rat nhieu kho khan, han che^ nha't

la trong linh vuc kinh te - xa hpi

Kinh te'ciia ta mat can do'i Ion, kinh te quo'c doanh va tap the trong san xua't

luon bi tho l6, khong phat huy dupe tac dung; kinh te t u nhan va ca the bj

ngan cam, khong the phat trien San xua't phat trien cham, thu nh^p quo'c dan,

nang suat lao dpng tha'p, dai song nhan dan gap rat nhieu kho khan

- Nguyen nhan eua nhung kho khan, ye'u kem:

Kinh te'nuac ta von da ngheo nan lac hau lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne

Do chinh sach cam van cua M l lam can tro quan h ^ kinh tegiua nuoc ta v a i cac

nuoc Do su lanh dao eiia Dang va Nha nuoc c6 nhiing sai lam trong viee de ra

chu truong cai tao, xay d u n g kinh te the h i f n 6 t u tuong chu quan nong vpi

trong viec de ra bi?n phap to chuc va chi dao thue h i f n , quan If kinh te theo

kieu bao thii, tri tre

2 Ke hoach N h a nuac 5 nam 1981 -1985

- Nhiem vu va mue tieu:

Dai hpi dai bieu toan quo'c Ian t h u V cua Dang hpp t u ngay 27 den ngay

31 - 3 - 1982 de ra nhi^m v y each mang giai doan tiep theo nham xay d u n g chu

nghla xa hpi va bao v? To quo'c xa hpi chu nghla, hai n h i ^ m v y chien lupc do

quan he mat thie't v o i nhau

Dai hpi khang d j n h tiep tyc d u o n g 161 chung each mang xa hpi chu nghla

va d u o n g 16'i xay d y n g kinh te trong thai k i qua dp bat dau eo sy dieu chinh,

bo sung, phat trien, cy the hoa cho tung chang duong, tirng giai do^n p h u hgp

voi dieu k i ^ n lieh su cy the

Ke hoach 5 nam c6 nhiem v u "phat trien them mpt buoc, sap xe'p lai ca ca'u

a day manh cai tai xa hpi chu nghia nen kinh te quo'c dan" nham ca ban on

^jnh tinh hinh kinh te - xa hpi, dap ung yeu cau cap bach thie't ye'u nha't cua

<Jai song nhan dan, giam nh? su mat can doi nghiem trpng ciia nen kinh te

- Thanh tuu dqt dieoc:

Trong san xua't nong nghiep va cong nghiep da chan dupe da giam sut cua

nhrnig nam 1976 -1980

Vexdy dung eo so vat ehat - ki thuqt, trong 5 nam da hoan thanh hang tram

cong trinh tuong doi Ian, hang nghin cong trinh vua va nho, trong do c6

nhung CO so quan trpng ve dien, dau khi, xi mang, eo k h i giao thong, thuy Ipi,

d^t Cac hoat dpng khoa hpc - k l thuat dupe trien khai, gop phan thiic day san xua't, nha't la san xua't nong nghiep

Trong cai tai quan he san xua't, dai bp phan nong dSn mien N a m di vao con

duong lam an tap the Cung voi vi^e ap d y n g nhung thanh tuu ve khoa hpc

-kl thuat, viec thuc hi#n rpng rai phuong thue khoan san pham cuo'i ciing den nhom va nguai lao dpng theo dja Chi thj 100 (nami981) cua Ban bi t h u Trung uong Dang tuy chua hoan thi^n va con nhieu thie'u sot, song da gop mpt phan quan trpng tao nen buoc phat trien san xua't nong nghiep, m o ra phuang huong diing cho vi^c cung eo'quan h$ kinh te'mdi 6 nong thon

Cham lo dai song cua nhan la nhiem vy thuong xuyen va he't sue kho khan

ciia Dang va Nha nuoc ta trong hoan canh nen kinh te'con ye'u kem, thien tai don dap, dan so tang nhanh Cac nen k i n h te quo'c dan da c6 t h u h u t them

4 trieu lao dpng Su nghiep van hoa, giao due, y te, the due the thao, van hpc

nghe thuat phat trien va c6 nhirng dong gop nha't djnh vao viec xay d u n g nen van hoa m o i , eon nguoi mai

- Nhifng kho khan, ye'u kem:

Ben canh nhirng thanh t u u , chiing ta gap rat nhieu kho khan, han che, nha't

la trong llnh vuc kinh te - xa hpi

Kinh te'cua ta mat can doi Ian, kinh te'quoc doanh va tap the trong san xua't luon bi tho l6, khong phat huy dupe tac dyng; kinh te t u nhan va ca the bj ngan cam, khong the phat trien San xua't phat trien cham, thu nhap quo'c dan, nang suat lao dpng tha'p, dai song nhan dan gap rat nhieu kho khan

- Nguyen nhan cua nhung kho khan, ye'u kem:

Cung la nguyen nhan khach quan, chii quan cua thai k i truoc chua dupe

l«hac phue, nha't la nguyen nhan do "Sai lam, khuye't diem trong lanh dao, quan l i ciia Dang va Nha nuoc gay nen" ^ www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

II C O N G C U Q C D O I M O I DI L E N C H U N G H I A XA HQI (1986 - 2000)

1 Hoan canh dat nuoc va the gioi Npi dung duang loi doi moi ve kinh te va

chinh trj cua Dang

a Hoan earth dat nude:

Trong hon mot thap ki thirc hi^n hai ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1976

1985), each mang xa hgi chii nghia 6 nuoc ta dat dugc nhirng thanh t y u va uu

diem dang ke tren ITnh vyc cua dai song xa hoi Song each mang ciing gap

khong it kho khan, dat nuoc lam vao tinh trang khung hoang, truoc het la

khung hoang kinh te - xa hoi M o t trong nhi>ng nguyen nhan co ban cua kho

kh^n, ye'u kem la do mac phai "sai lam nghiem trong va keo dai ve chu truong,

chirih sach Ion, sai lam ve chi dao chien luge va to ehue thyc hi^n"

De khac phuc sai lam, khuye't diem dua dat nuoc v u g t quan khung hoang

va day manh each mang xa hoi chu nghia tien len Dang va Nha nuoc ta phai

tien hanh doi m o i

b Hoan canh the gioi:

D u o i tac dong cua each mang khoa hoc - k l thuat lam cho quan h ^ cua cac

nuoc thay doi theo xu the'mai

Cugc khung hoang toan di^n, tram trgng cua Lien X6 va cac nuoc xa hoi chu

nghia khac cijng doi hoi Dang va Nha nuoc ta phai tien hanh doi m o i

N h u vay, doi moi la van de cap bach, c6 y nghia song con doi voi chii nghia

xa hoi 6 nuoc ta dong thai la van de phu hgp voi xu thechung cua thoi dai

c Noi dung duang loi doi moi vekinh leva chinh tri cua Dang

D u o n g loi doi m o i cua Dang dugc de ra dau tien tai Dai hoi V I (12 - 1986),

dugc dieu chinh, bo sung phat trien Dai hgi VII (6 -1991), Dai hgi VIII (6 - 1996),

Dai hoi IX (4-2001)

* Doi moi kinh te:

Phat trien kinh te'hang hoa nhieu thanh phan theo djnh huong xa hgi chu

nghia, nham phat huy sue manh cua cac thanh phan kinh t e v a tao sue manh

tong hgp eiia nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan

Cai tao quan he san xuat, cac thanh phan kinh te'lae hau k i m ham su phat

trien Cai tao di doi voi su d y n g va thiet lap quan he san xuat xa hgi ehu nghia

Cai tai phai dugc coi la nhiem vu thuong xuyen, lien tuc trong suot thoi ki qua

dg Xoa bo co c h e q u a n li kinh te tap trung, bao cap, hinh thanh co che thj

truong CO sy quan l i ciia Nha nuoc

Thyc hien chinh sach m o cua, m o rgng quan he kinh t e d o i ngoai, mo rgng

su phan eong lao dong va hgp tac kinh te'quoe tc, tich eye khai thae nguon

von, khai thae eong nghe khai thae thi truong

184

* Doi nuri chinh tri:

Xay d u n g lai Nha nuoc xa hgi chii nghia, Nha nuoc cua nhan dan, do dan

va v i dan lay liem minh giai cap eong nhan, nong dan va tang lap tri thuc lam

nen tang cua Nha nuoc do Dang Cong san lanh dao Xay d u n g nen dan chu xa hgi chii nghia, bao dam quyen lye thuge ve nhan dan Thyc hien quyen dan chu cua nhan dan, chuyen chinh doi voi moi hanh dong xam pham igi ich To quoc cua nhan dan Thyc hi^n chinh sach dai doan ket dan toe, tap hgp mgi lye lugng cua dan tgc, phan dau sy nghiep dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hgi eong bang, dan chu, van minh Thyc hien chinh sach doi ngoai hoa binh, hOu nghi, hgp tac, "Viet N a m muon la ban ciia tat ca cac nuoc"

2 Nhi^m vu va muc tieu cua timg ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990,

1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000

Cac ke hoach

1986-1990 Can tap trung sue nguoi, sue cua thyc hien bang dugc

nhiem v u , muc tieu cua Ba chiam;^ trinh kinh te'va hmng tituc, thuc pham, hang tieu dimg va han;:; xuat khau

M u o n thuc hi^n nhung muc tieu cua Ba chuong trinh kinh te, thi nong nghiep, ke ca lam nghiep va n g u nghiep phai dugc dat dung vi tri la mat tran hang dau

va dugc uu tien nhu eau ve von dau t u , ve nang lye, vat lye, lao dong, k! thuat v.v

1991 -1995 Day liii va kiem soat dugc lam phat On djnh phat

trien nang cao hieu qua nen san xuat xa hgi On djnh va tung buoc cai thien nang cao doi song nhan dan Bat dau

CO tich lijy ngi bg kinh te

De thyc hien muc tieu tren, phat huy sue manh ciia cac thanh phan kinh te, day manh Ba chuong trinh kinh te voi nhirng ngi dung cao han truoc va tung buoc xay

d y n g CO eau kinh tetheo yeu eau eong nghiep hoa

1996 - 2000 Day manh eong cugc doi moi mot each toan dien va

dong bg, tie'p tuc phat trien nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu thanh phan Phan dau dat va v u g t muc tieu tang truong kinh te'nhanh, hieu qua cao va ben vi>ng di doi voi giai quyet nhi>ng van de buc xuc ve xa hgi; cai thien doi song nhan dan, nang'cao tich luy tu n g i b g den kinh te

185 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

3 Nhmig thanh tmi va yeu kem ve kinh te - xa hpi ciia nuoc ta trong t ^ g ke

ho^ch Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990,1991 - 1995,1990 - 2000

Cac ke hoach

1986 -1990 Ve luang thuc, thyc

pham, tit cho thieu an

trien mien, chiing ta da

v u o n len dap ling nhu cau

trong nuoc, c6 d u tru va

xua't khau, gop phan quan trong on dinh d o i song nhan dan va thay doi can can xua't - nhap khau

Hang hoa tren thi truong, nhat la hang tieu dung, doi dao, da dang va luu thong

tuong doi thuan Igi

K i n h te doi ngoai phat trien manh, m o rong Hon truoc ve quy mo, hinh thuc da gop phan quan trong vao vi^c thuc hi^n cac muc tieu kinh te - xa hoi

Da k i m che dugc m o t buoc da lam phat

Buoc dau hinh thanh nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu thanh phan, van hanh

theo CO che thi truong c6

su quan h' ciia Nha nuoc

Nhirng thanh t u u , u u diem, tie'n bo dat dugc chung to duong 161 doi moi ciia Dang la dung, buoc d i ciia cong cupc doi

m o i ve co ban la phu hgp

186

Nen kinh te con mat can doi Ion, lam phat van 6 muc cao, lao dong thieu vi^c lam tang, h i ^ u qua kinh te tha'p, nhieu ca so san xua't dinh don keo dai

Che d p tien l u o n g bat hop li, d o i song ciia nhung nguoi lao dpng chii yeu bang l u o n g hoac trg cap xa hpi va cua mot so bp phan nong dan bi giam sut

Su nghi^p van hoa c6 nhiing mat tiep tuc xuong cap, tinh trang tham nhung,

an hoi 16, mat dan chii, bat cong xa hpi va nhieu hien tupng tieu cue khac nang

ne va pho bieh

"^991 -1995 N h i p d p phat trien kinh

te day manh, nhieu muc tieu chu yeu cua ke hoach

5 nam hoan thanh vupt muc

Kinh te d6'i ngoai phat trien, thj truong xua't nhap khau dupe m o rpng, nguon v o n dau t u ciia nuoc ngoai tang nhanh

Khoa hoc va cong nghe

CO buoc phat trien m o i , van hoa xa hpi c6 nhiing chuyen bien tich cue

O n d j n h tinh hinh chinh trj - xa hpi dupe g i u vung, qu6'c phong va an ninh dupe Cling c6'

M o rong quan h$ doi ngoai, pha the bao vay, tham gia tich cue vao cac hoat dpng ciia cpng dong qu6'c te

N u o c ta v a n con la m p t trong nhirng nuoc ngheo tren the'gioi: luc l u p n g san xua't nho be, co so vat chat

- k l thuat lac hau; trinh dp khoa hpc va cong ngh§ chuyen bien cham; nang suat lao dpng, chat lupng san pham, chat lupng cong trinh tha'p

Tinh trang tham nhung, lang phi, buon lau, lam an phi phap cung n h u hien tupng tieu cue trong bp may N h a nuoc ehua dupe ngan chan triet de

Su phan hoa giau ngheo gii>a cac vung, giiia thanh thj va nong thon, giira cac tang l o p c u dan tang nhanh D o i song ciia m p t

bp phan nhan dan, nhat la nhung v u n g sau, v i m g xa, con nhieu kho khan

1996-2000 N e n kinh te van giii

dupe nhjp dp tang truong

kha, CO cau kinh te co su

chuyen djch tich cue

Can can doi chii yeu trong nen kinh te da dupe dieu chinh thich hpp Kinh te doi ngoai phat trien

Khoa hpc va cong n g h ^

CO buoc chuyen bien tich

cue Giao due va dao tao

CO buoc phat trien m o i ca

Nen kinh te phat trien chua virng chac; nang suat lao dpng hieu qua va sue canh tranh tha'p - M p t so vah de buc xiic ve van hoa -

xa hpi con cham dupe giai quye't

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10 I 1-)t.)) 'Iff i<iyuL inu)

ve q u y mo, chat l u g n g

H i n h t h i i c dao tao va co so vat chat

Cac ITnh v u c van hoa - xa

4 Y nghia cua n h u n g thanh tuu ve k i n h te - xa hpi nuoc ta trong 15 nam

(1986 - 2000) thyc h i ? n duong loi doi moi N h u n g k h o k h a n yeu k e m

a Nlmri*; thanh tyu vc kinh tc'- xa hoi nuvc ta tron^ 15 nam dot m&i (1986 ~

2000) CO y n^hia v6 cutig^ quan tron^, do la:

Da tang c u o n g siic m a n h t o n g h o p cua dan toe tren tat ca cac ITnh v u c kinh

te, c h i n h t r j , xa h o i , v a n hoa, giao due

C o n g cupc d o i m o i v o i n h u n g thanh t u u dat d u o c t r o n g 15 n a m qua da lam

thay d o i bo m a t cua dat n u o c va cuoc song cua nhan d a n

N h O n g t h a n h t u u cua cong cupc d o i m o i gop phan c u n g co v u n g chac doc

lap dan tpc va c h e d o xa h o i chu nghia, nang cao vj t h e v a u y t i n ciia V i ^ t Nam

tren t r u o n g quoc te

h NhCmg kho khan va yeu kem vekinh tc- xH hoi cua nude ta sau 15 nam (1986 - 2000)

thifc hien difdn^ loi doi moi

Mot la, nen k i n h t e p h a t t r i e n chua that s u v u n g c h i c , n a n g sua't lao dong,

hi#u qua va sue canh t r a n h tha'p Chat l u p n g san p h a m chua that s u tot, gia

thanh van con cao Quan he san xuat m o t so mat chua p h u hop K i n h te'Nha nuoc

chua d u p e cung c o t u o n g x u n g v o i vai tro chu dao K i n h te'tap the chua manh

Hai la, m o t so v a n de v a n hoa - xa hpi buc xiic va gay gat c h a m d u p e giai

quye't Cac boat d p n g khoa hoc va cong n g h ^ chua d a p u n g tot y e u cau cU'i

cong n g h i f p hoa, hien dai hoa, xay d u n g va bao ve T o quoc T i le that n g h i ^ p

t h a n h thj va thie'u viec l a m 6 n o n g thon con 6 m i i c cao

Ba la, t i n h t r a n g t h a m n h u n g chua d u p e khac p h u c t r i ^ t de

c A u Hdii O N T A P

lU 1 Sau thang i p i khang chien chong MT c i i u nuoc, each m a n g 6 hai m i e n

- N a m CO n h u n g t h u a n i p i va k h o k h a n gi? N h i i n g t h a n h t u u dat d u p e 6

lam sau n a m 1975

Cau 2 D a n g va c h i n h q u y e n each m a n g da c6 n h u n g chu t r u o n g va bien

phap g' nhSm giai quye't n h i i n g n h i e m v u cap bach sau k h i cupc k h a n g chien chong MT ke't thiic?

Cau 3 T r o n g viec t h y c hien k e h o a c h N h a n u o c 5 nam 1976 1980 va 1981

-j985, nuoc ta dat d u p e n h u n h thanh t u u g i , co n h u n g k h o k h a n va y e u k e m gi?

fjguyen nhan cua nhOng k h o khan, yeu kem do

Cau 4 V i e t N a m t h u c h i ^ n d u o n g loi d o i m o i t r o n g hoan canh d a t n u o c va

g i o i n h u the nao? N e u n p i d u n g d u o n g loi d o i m o i ve k i n h te'va c h i n h t n

Cdu 7 D o i m o i dat n u o c d i len chii nghia xa h p i t u D a i h p i V I (12 - 1986) ciia

D^ng d u p e hieu n h u the nao? N e u y nghTa ciia n h i i n g t h a n h t u u ve k i n h te - xa

hpi nuoc ta t r o n g 15 n a m (1986 - 2000) t h u c hien d u o n g 161 d o i m o i

Cdu 8 So sanh cong cupc cai to cua Lien X6 v o i cong cupc d o i m o i 6 Viet

Nam theo yeu cau sau:

T i e u c h i

so sanh L i e n X 6 V i ^ t N a m Boi canh

jiCaM 9 N e u n h i r n g thang I p i Ijch s u tieu bieu cita each m a n g V i e t N a m d u o i

I lanh dao cua Dang t u nam 1930 den nay Nguyen nhan co ban va bai hpc

n i ; h i e m ciia thang I p i d o la gi?

!^«« 10 L a p b a n g ve n h i i n g s u k i e n tieu b i e u gan v o i t i r n g g i a i d o a n t r o n g

t r i n h Ijch sir V i e t N a m tir sau C h i e n t r a n h t h e ' g i o i t h i i nha't (1919) d e n

l y (2000)

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Chuy§n di 6: TdNG K^T LICH SU VI$T NAM 1919 - 2000

1 N h u n g t h ^ n g Igri lich su tieu bieu cua each mang V i f t N a m d u o i s\ Ig^j^

dao ciia D a n g tvr nam 1930 den nay Nguyen nhan co ban cua t h ^ n g I g i do

- Nhung thang Icn tieu bieu:

Dang Cong san Vi^t N a m ra doi vao ngay 3 - 2 - 1930, m o ra mpt bu6c

ngoat Ijch su v6 cung quan trong trong lich su cua dan tpc ta

Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 thang Igi, m o ra mot ki nguyen moi cho

dan tpc: k i nguyen doc lap dan tpc gan lien v o i chii nghla xa hpi, giai p h o , ,

dan tpc gan lien voi giai phong giai cap

Chien dich Di?n Bien Phii thang Ipi nam 1954, bupc thuc dan Phap k i ke't

H i f p d i n h Gionevo, cong nhan dpc lap chu quyen, thong nha't va toan ven lanh

tho ciia ba nude Dong D u o n g , ke't thuc cupc khang chien chong thyc dan Phap

va can thi^p M i , dua mien Bac tien len xay d u n g chii nghla xa hpi

Cupc l o n g tien cong va noi day miia Xuan nam 1975, danh bai am m u u

xam lupc cua M i 6 Vi^t N a m , dua ca nude buoc vao thai k i xay d u n g chu

nghia xa hpi

Cong cupc doi m o i dat nude dupe de ra t u Dai hpi Ian t h i i V I cua Dang,

khae phuc n h i i n g kho khan, sua ehua sal lam, dua dat nude v u p t qua thoi ki

khung hoang, day su nghiep each mang xa hpi chii nghla tien len

- Nguyen nhan thang Igi:

Nhan dan ta doan ket mot long, giau long yeu nude lao dpng can cii sang

tao, chien dau kien cudng v i dpc lap t u do Truyen thong do ciia dan tpc duoc

phat huy cao dp trong thai k i each mang do Dang lanh dao

Dang Cong san Vi?t N a m do Chu tjch H o Chi M i n h sang lap, la dpi tien

phong ciia giai cap cong nhan, dai d i f n tieu bieu cho quyen Ipi cua giai cap va

dan tpc Su lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang vdi dudng 161 each mang diing dan,

sang tao, dpc lap, t u chu la nhan to thang Ipi hang dau, chi phoi cac nhan to

khae ciia each mang Viet N a m

2, N h i h i g bai hpc k i n h nghi?m cua each m ^ n g V i ^ t N a m tir n a m 1930 den

nam 2000

N a m viiTig dupe ngpn ed dpc lap dan tpc va ehu nghla xa hpi, m p t bai hc^'

xuyen suot qua trinh each mang nude ta

Su nghiep each mang la eiia nhan dan, do nhan dan va v i dan N h a n dan 1''

ngudi lam nen thSng Ipi lich su

Khong ngirng eiing cd, tang cudng doan ket: dogm ket toan Dang, doan ket

toan dan, doan ke't dan tpc, doan ket quoc te

3, N h u n g sv k i ^ n tieu bieu g i n v d i t i m g giai doan trong tien t r i n h lich su

V i ? t N a m tir n a m 1919 den nam 2000

a) Tit nam 1919 den nam 1930

Thuc dan Phap tien hanh khai thae thupe dia Ian thii hai, xa hpi Vi?t N a m

CO nhifng bien doi sau sac M a u thuan dan tpc va giai cap gay g i t Phong trao dau tranh chong thyc dan Phap do giai cap t u san va tieu t u san biing no, euoi eiing that bai

Nguyen A i Quoc t i m d u d n g euu nude den v d i chu nghla Mac - Lenin, t i m

ra con d u d n g each mang diing dan, dd la con d u d n g each mang v6 san Lan lirgrt truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Len nin vao Vi^t N a m

Phong trao dau tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan Vi^t N a m tir nam 1919 - 1925 con mang tinh t u phat

To chiic chinh trj ciia giai cap v6 san: H p i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien thanh lap (6 - 1925); ciia tang Idp tieu t u san: Tan V i f t Cach mang dang (8 -1928) lam nhi?m v u truyen ba chii nghla Mae - Lenin vao V i ^ t N a m de chuan

bi cho sy hinh thanh dang ciia giai cap v6 san; to ehue chinh t r i ciia giai cap t u san dan tpc: V i ^ t N a m Quoc dan dang thanh lap (12 - 1927) to ehiic cupc khdi nghla Yen Bai bj that bai, cham diit vai trd doi v d i each mang Vi?t N a m

Phong trao dau tranh ciia cong nhan trong nhiing nam 1926 - 1929 ehuyen sang dau tranh t u giac, tao dieu k i ^ n cho ehii nghla Mac - Len nin dupe truyen

ba sau rpng vao V i ^ t N a m

Ba to ehiic epng san noi tiep nhau ra d d i nam 1929, chuan bj trye tiep cho sy thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vi^t N a m

Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai (3 -2 - 1930) ma ra mot buac ngoat lich su vd

cung quan trong trong lich sit dan toe Viet Nam Dang ra dai la su chuan bi td\ dau Hen c6 tinh quyet dinh cho nhitng buac phat trien nhay vot tiep theo trong lich sit dan toe Viet Nam

b) Tit nam 1930 den nam 1945

Tac dpng ciia cupc khung hoang kinh te tren the gidi 1929-1933 eiing v d i cupc " k h i i n g b d t r a n g " ciia Phap sau khdi nghla Yen Bai (9 - 2 -1930), da lam

b i i n g no p h o n g trao each mang ciia quan chiing ca nude trong nhirng nam

1930 -1931 Sy lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Vi?t N a m da dua phong trao len tdi dinh cao v d i sy thanh l^p X6 viet d Ngh? Tinh Phong trao tir cudi nam

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1931 di vao thoai trao, each mang Vi$t N a m chuyen sang dau tranh nh3m phuc

hoi phong trao (1932 - 1935)

Trong boi canh lich su nhfrng nam 1936 - 1939, khi chu nghla phat xit xua't

hi^n, de doa hoa binh tiie gioi va phong trao chong phat xit 6 Phap gianh

thang \gi buoc dau, 6 nuoc ta day len phong trao dau tranh cong khai rong

Ion Phong trao da thu hiit dong dao quan chung tham gia d u o i sir lanh dao

ciia Dang, dau tranh doi t u do dan sinh, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh Day la

phong trao quan chiing c6 muc tieu, hinh thuc dau tranh moi me 6 nuoc ta va

rat hiem c6 mot nuoc thuoc dja

Cuoc Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai (1939 - 1945) da tac dong den toan the

gioi Cugc chien dau cua nhan dan Lien X6 va cac luc lugng dan chu the gioi

chong phat xit thang Igi da tao dieu ki?n thuan Igi cho each mang nuoc ta va

nhieu nuoc tien len giai phong dan tgc

Dau nam 1941, Nguyen Ai Quoc ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang, tai

hgi nghj Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941) da hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong dau

tranh de ra tai hgi nghj Trung uong 6 (11 - 1939): Giuong cao hon nua nggn c6

giai phong dan tgc, giai quyet van de dan tgc trong pham vi titng nude 6 Dong

Duong T u day, each mang nude ta day manh ehuan bj tien tdi khoi nghla

gianh ehinh quyen

Khoi nghla gianh ehinh quyen dua den thSng Igi Caeh mang thang Tam 1945

la ket qua cua qua trinh ehuan bj va tap d u g t trong 15 nam t u khi Dang ra doi

Dang da lanh dao cugc dau tranh qua nhieu thoi k i m toan d i ^ n va true tiep

nhat la thai ki tien tdi ehuan bj Tong khoi nghla 1939 - 1945 Cugc khdi nghla

t h i n g Igi, ehinh quyen ve tay nhan dan, nude Viet N a m Dan chu Cong hoa

dugc thanh lap

c) Tit nam 1945 den nam 1954

Trong hon nam dau sau Cach mang thang Tam, dat nude gap muon vang

khd khan t h u thach, tinh the he't sue hiem ngheo khae nao "N;^an can trco sai

toe" Nhan dan ta vua xay d u n g chinh quyen each mang, xay d u n g che dp dan

ehu nhan dan, giai quyet nan doi, nan dot va nhirng khd khan ve tai chinh, vua

dau tranh ehd'ng ngoai xam ngi phan, bao ve nen dgc lap T u euoi nam 1946, toan

dan ta tien hanh cugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap tren pham vi ca nude

Cugc khang chien chong Phap (1945 - 1954) tien hanh trong dieu k i ^ n nude

ta da gianh dugc doe lap va ehinh quyen V i vay, vira khang chien vua kien

qudc la hai nhi^m v u chien luge each mang nude ta trong giai doan nay

Cugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luge, va t u nam 1950 ehd'ng ca

su can thi^p cua de qudc M l , trai qua hai giai doan Phong ngu (tir dau den

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vi^t

trudc chien dich Bien gidi thu - dong 1950) va Tien cong (tu chien djch bien gidi

thu - dong 1950) Dien Bien Phu la tran t h i n g quyet dinh d i den v i f c k i ket Hi?p Gionevo 1954 ve Dong Duong

d) Tit nam 1954 den nam 1975

Sau H i ^ p dinh Gionevo, M i nhay vao mien N a m V i f t N a m thyc hi^n m u u

do xam luge nude ta Xua't phat t u tinh hinh dat nude bi tam thai chia cat lam hai mien Dang de ra nhiem vu cho each mang hai mien, moi quan he giCra each mang khae nhau va nhiem vu chung cho each mang hai mien, moi quan

giiia each mang hai mien N h i f m vu chung, dd la "nhiem vu khang chien chong Ml ci'fu nuac"

6' mien Nam, tien hanh cugc each mang dan tgc dan chu nhan dan phat

trien len khai nghla (tu 1959 - 1960) rdi chien tranh giai phong (tu giOa 1961), ket

hgp khdi nghla v d i chien tranh qua 5 thdi k i ta Ian lugt danh bai 4 chien luge thong trj va xam luge thuc dan m o i ciia MT' 1954 - 1960 danh bai chien luge

"Chien tranh d o n p h u o n g " cua Aixenhao; 1961 - 1965 danh bai "Chien tranh dae biet" cua Kennodi; 1965 -1968 danh" bai chien luge "Chien tranh cue bg cua Gidnxon; 1969 - 1973 danh bai hoan toan chien luge "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" ciia Nichxon va Pho, tien len "Danh cho nguy nhao"

O mien Bac, thuc hien nhiing n h i ^ m vu ciia each mang trong thdi k i qua do

di len chii nghla xa hgi la san xua't, lao dong xay d u n g , va khi M i m d rgng chien tranh pha hoai bang khdng quan va Hai quan thi mien Bac ket hgp chien dau va san xua't Dong thdi nhan dan mien Bac eon lam n h i ^ m v y cua hau phuong ehi v i | n cho tien tuyen mien N a m va thuc hien n h i ^ m v u quoc te'ddl vdi Lao, Campuehia Mien Bac da gianh thang Igi trong cugc chien dau ehd'ng cugc chien tranh pha hoai eiia de'qudc MT: Ian thu nhat bat dau tir ngay 5 - 8 -1964,

chinh thiic ngay 72 1965 den ngay 1 11 1968; Ian t h u hai bat dau ngay 6

-4 - 1972, ehinh thuc t u ngay 16 - -4 -1972 den ngay 15 - 1 -1973

Cugc Tdng tien cong va ndi day Xuan 1975 da giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam, thong nhat dat nude, sau dd dua ca nude tien len xay dung chii nghla xa hgi ;

e) Tit nam 1975 den nam 2000

Trong 10 nam dau (1976 - 1986), nhan dan da thuc hien ke hoach Nha nude ,5 nam (1976 - 1980 va 1981 - 1985) do Dai hgi IV (thang 12 -1976) va Dai hgi V (thang 3 - 1982) ciia Dang de ra Ben canh nhieu thanh t u u va u u diem ta gap khdng it khd khan, ye'u kem, ca sai lam, khuye't diem K h d khan ciia ta ngay cang Idn, sai lam cham dugc sua chua, dua den khiing hoang ve kinh te - xa hgi, doi hoi phai dd'i m d i

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Dirang lo'i doi mai dugc de ra tu Dai hpi VI (1986) nham khac phuc kho

khan, san xua't sai lam, vugt qua khiing hoang, day manh sy nghi^p each mang

xa hoi chu nghia tie'n len Trai qua gan hai thap ki, nhan dan ta da thuc hien

thing lo'i 3 ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (va dang thuc hi?n ke hoach 5 nam laVi

thu tu 2001 - 2005) do Dai hoi VI (thang 12 -1986), Dai hpi VII (thang 6 - 1991),

Dai hpi VIII (thang 6 - 1996) va Dai Hpi IX (thang 4 - 2001) cua Dang ta de ra

Cong cupc doi moi da va gianh dupe thang Ipi ThSng Ipi da dem lai nhieu

thanh tuu quan trpng ve cac mat chinh trj, kinh te- xa hpi, van hoa - giao due

va quan h^ doi ngoai Dong thoi tung buoc thuc hi^n tien trinh cong nghiep

hoa, hi^n dai hoa dat nuac nham muc tieu dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hpi cong

bang dan chii van minh Thing Ipi khang dinh duong lo'i doi mdi ciia Dang la

dung, budc di cua cong cupc doi moi la phu hpp

4 Tom tit npi dung mpt so dai hpi tieu bieu ciia Dang: tir Dai hpi Ian thii I

den Dai hpi Ian thu VIII

Thang 3-1935 Xac dinh ba nhi^m vy ciia Dang trong

thai gian truoc mat la: ciing c6' sir phat trien Dang; tranh thu quan chiing rpng rai; chong chie'n tranh de'quo'c

Thong qua Nghj quyet chinh tri, Dieu 1^

Dang, cac nghj quyet ve v|in dpng cong nhan, nong dan, binh h'nh, phu nir ; ve cong tac trong cac dan tpc thieu so', ve dpi tu vf

va cuu te'do

Bau ra Ban Chap hanh Trung uang va bau

Le Hong Phong lam Tong Bi thu ciia Dang

Nguyen Ai Quoc dupe cii lam dai di$n cua Dang ben canh Quoc te Cpng san

2) Dai hpi

Ian thu II

Tu ngay 11 den ngay 19 - 2 -

1951

Thong qua Bao cao chinh trj ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang do Chii tich

Ho Chi Minh trinh bay

Thong qua bao cao "Ban ve each mang Vi^t Nam" do dong ehi Truong Chinh trinh bay

Thao luan va quyet djnh nhieu chinh sach

CO ban ve cong tac xay dung va ciing co

IQ4

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ ViSt

chinh quyen, quan dpi, mat tran thong nha't dan tpc, cong tac tai chinh

Bau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong mai, do

Ho Chi Minh lam Chii tjch Dang va Trudng Chinh lam Tong Bi thu

"sT^aJ hpi la'n thii III

1960

Dai hpi de ra nhi^m vu chie'n lupc ciia each mang ca nuac va nhi^m vy ciia each

mang tung mien; ehi ro v\, vai tro ciia

each mang tung mien, moi quan hf giiia each mang hai mien

Cach mang hai mien c6 quan h^ mat thiet, g i n bo vdi tac dpng Ian nhau nham hoan thanh cupc each mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dan trong ca nude, thuc hi^n hoa binh thong nha't dat nude

Thong qua Bao cao chinh tri, bao cao sua chira doi Dieu 1^ Dang va thong qua ke hoach Nha nude 5 nam thii nha't (1961 - 1965) nham xay dyng budc dau co so vat chat - kl thuat ciia chii nghia xa hpi, thyc hi^n mpt budc cong nghif p hoa xa hpi chii nghia

Bau Ban Cha'p hanh Trung uong mdi ciia Dang Ho Chi Minh dupe bau lam Chii tich Dang, Le Duan gii> chiic Bi thu thii nha't ciia Dang

4) Dai hpi Ian thii IV

Dai hpi quyet dinh phuang hudng, nhi?m

vy va mye tieu ciia ke hoach Nha nude

5 nam (1976 - 1980), la xay dung xa hpi chu

nghia, nham hai mye tieu ca ban: xay dung

mot bmc ca sa vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghta

xa hoi, bmc dau hinh thanh ca cd'u kinh temai

I A C

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twng cd nieac ma bo phdn chu ye'u Id ca cd'u cong nghiep - nong nghicp vd cdi thien mot bif&c dffi so'n<^ vat chd't vd van hod cua nhdn dan lao dgng

vu, muc tieu ciia each mang trong thai ki doi m o i

K h i n g djnh tiep tuc d u o n g loi chung each mang xa hoi chu nghla va d u o n g loi xay

d u n g kinh te xa hoi chu nghla do cac dai hoi IV va V cua Dang de ra

De ra d u o n g loi xay d u n g chu nghla xa hoi trong thoi k i qua do tiep tuc duoc cu the hoa tren ca so nang cao nhan thuc ve dac diem thoi ki qua do len chu nghla xa hoi 6 Viet Nam Truoc mat, trong 5 nam tir nam

1986 den nam 1990, can tap trung sue nguai, sue cua thuc hien bang dugc nhiem

vu, muc tieu cua Ba chimng tnnh kinh tevd luang thuc, thuc pham, hang tieu dung vd hang xud't khd'u

k h i c phuc nhCrng kho khan, ye'u kem mac phai trong buoc dau doi m o i

Quyet djnh mot so van de ve chien luge lau dai Do la thong qua "Cuong ITnh xay

d u n g dat nuoe trong thoi k i qua do di len chu nghla xa hoi" va "Chien luge on djnh va phat trien kinh te - xa hoi den nam 2000"

De ra nhiem v u , muc tieu kinh te - xa hoi ciia kehoach 5 nam (1991 -1995)

7) Dai hoi Ian thii' VIII

L

T u ngay 2 8 - 6 den ngay 1 - 7 -

1996

Tong ket 10 nam dat nuoc thuc h i f n duong loi doi moi, de ra chii truong, nhiem

vu trong nhiem ki m o i Khang d j n h tiep tuc n i m vCrng hai nhiem

vu chien luge xay d y n g va bao v^ to quoe

xa hoi chii nghla

De ra phuong huong, nhiem v u , muc tieu kehoach kinh te - xa hgi 5 nam 1996 - 2000

« Vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g doi v o i thang Igi ciia each mang V i f t N a m

T h a i k i lich sii Vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang

Phong trao da the hien dugc vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang trong thuc tien dau tranh each mang The hien dugc sue manh ciia lien minh eong - nong

Day la eugc dien tap Ian dau tien chuan bj cho Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945

5) 1932- 1935

Mac dau bj thuc dan Phap dan ap, khiing bo nhung

d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang, cac chien sT cgng san va quan chiing nhan dan van kien tri dau tranh de hoi phuc phong trao

Den thang 3 - 1935, sau khi phong trao each mang dugc phuc hoi Dang ta tien hanh Dai hgi Ian t h u nha't de eiing

C O to chuc Dang va vaeh ra phuong h u o n g lanh dao, chuan bj cho mot phong trao each mang m o i

J) 1936-1939

Truoe n h i i n g bien doi ciia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nude Dang ta chii truong chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien luge, sach luge di den thuc hien eugc van dgng dan chii voi muc tieu dau tranh doi tu do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh Qua eugc van dgng dan chii 1936 - 1939, Dang da tap hgp dugc mot lue lugng chinh trj quan ehung dong dao

va sir d u n g dugc nhieu hinh thire dau tranh phong p h u Day la eugc dien tap Ian thir hai chuan bj cho Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945

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4) 1939-1945

•

a-Khi Chie'n tranh the gioi thii hai bung no, thyc dan Phap tang cuang dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong

Sau do Nhat nhay vao Dong D u o n g cau ke't voi Phap dan

ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta Van m?nh cac dan tpc Dong

D u o n g bj de doa nghi^m trpng

Truoc tinh hinh do Dang ta tri^u tap H p i nghi Trung uong thang 11 - 1939 va H p i nghj Trung u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941) Cac hpi nghi nay da de ra va hoan chinh chu truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cho each mang, dat van de giai phong dan tpc len hang dau, xay dung mat tran Vi?t M i n h , chuan bi luc l u p n g chinh trj, luc lupng v u trang, can cu dja each mang, da don va chop

thoi CO lanh dao nhan ta v i i n g day cuop chinh quyen,

dua Cach mang thang Tam den thang Ipi cuol ciing

Thang Ipi eiia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 da dap tan hai tang xieng xich cua Phap - Nhat; dua nuoc ta tu mpt nude thupc dja nua phong kien tro thanh mpt nuoc

dpc lap CO chu quyen; dua dan tpc ta t u than phan no le

tro thanh nguoi lam chii dat nuoc

5)1945 -1954 Sau Cach mang thang Tam, dat nuoc ta gap muon vang

kho khan Dang da de ra nhirng chinh sach dol dpi dung dan, nhirng chinh sach doi ngoai mem deo, nho vay ta da giii vung dupe chinh quyen va xay dung dupe nen mong cho che'dp moi, bao v? dupe thanh qua Cach mang thang Tam

Khi thue dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta Dang ta da

de ra d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan dan, toan dien, lau dai

va t u lyc canh sinh va lanh dao nhan dan ta khang chien

Sau gan 9 nam khang chie'n truong k i , gian kho, nhan dan ta da Ian lupt danh bai mpi am m u u va thu doan cua thuc dan Phap va bpn can thiep M I , dua cupc khang chie'n den thanh cong

Thang Ipi cua cupc khang chie'n eho'ng Phap da cha'm dut cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc, dong thoi cha'm d u t ach thong trj ciia thuc dan Phap trong gan mpt the ki tren da't nuoc ta; mien Bac nuoc ta dupe giai phong, chuyen sang giai doan each mang xa hpi chii nghia, tao co so de nhan dan ta giai phong mien N a m , thong nhat To quoc

6) 1954 -1975 Sau khi H i ^ p dinh Gionevo nam 1954 dupe k i ke't, mien

BSc nuoc ta dupe hoan toan giai phong, nhung mien N a m con bi de quoc M i va tay sai thong trj Dang ta da lanh dao nhan dan ta tie'n hanh hai n h i ^ m v u chie'n lupc: Xay

d y n g chu nghia xa hpi 6 mien Bac va dau tranh giai phong dan tpc 6 mien N a m

Tie nam 1954 den nam 1960: ',' ' •

Doi voi mien Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan mien Bac tien hanh cai each rupng da't, khoi phue kinh te^ han gan vet thuong chien tranh, tien hanh cai tao xa hpi chii nghia

Doi voi mien N a m : Dang de ra N g h j quye't 15 (1 - 1959),

N g h j quye't chu truong cho dong bao mien N a m co the dung lyc lupng vu trang ke't hpp voi luc lupng chinh trj

de dau tranh chong M i - Di?m D u o i anh sang cua N g h i quye't 15, dortg bao mien N a m da lam nen cupc Dong khoi cuoi nam 1959 dau nam 1960, dua each mang mien

N a m tien len mpt buoe phat trien nhay vpt

Tif nam 1961 den nam 1965:

Doi v o i mien B3c: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan xay

d y n g CO so vat chat - ki thuat cho chu nghia xa hpi, thuc

hi?n ke'hoach nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965)

D61 voi mien N a m : Dang lanh dao nhan dan mien Nam danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dac bi^t" cua M I , dua each mang mien N a m tien len mpt buoc phat trien moi

Tif nam 1965 den nam 1968:

Dol voi mien Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan danh bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nhat ciia M I , bao v?

v i i n g chac mien Bac, chi v i ^ n day d i i , k i p thoi cho each mang mien N a m

Dol v o i mien N a m : Dang lanh dao nhan mien N a m dau tranh danh bai chie'n lupc "Chien tranh eye bp" cua

M I Cung voi thang Ipi ciia quan dan mien Bac, bupc M I phai chap nhan ngoi vao ban dam phan o H p i nghj Pari

Tif nam 1969 den nam 1973:

Dol voi mien Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan danh bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai cua M I , tao nen www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

mot "Di#n Bien Phu tren khong" M i e n Bac tie'p tuc tro

thanh hau phuong Ian cho tien tuyen Ion 6 mien N a m Dol voi mien N a m : Dang lanh dao nhan dan mien

N a m danh bai chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa" va "Dong

D u o n g hoa" chien tranh ciia MT Cung v o i thang Igi ciia

quan dan mien Bac, buQC M I phai chap nhan lei ke't Hiep

djnh Pari nam 1973

TiV nam 1973 den nam 1975: Dang lanh dao nhan dan ta

chop thoi CO, Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan n a m

1975 voi ba chien djch: Tay Nguyen, Hue - Da Nang va

chien djch H o Chi M i n h Ijch sir, giai phong hoan toan mien N a m , thong nha't To quoc

7) 1975 -1991 Dang lanh dao nhan dan ta khac phuc hau qua chien

tranh, khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te

Truoc nhi>ng kho khan to Ion cua dat nuoc Dang de ra

d u o n g loi doi moi da't nuoc D u o n g 16'i nay dug'c the hien trong N g h j quyet Dai hpi Ian t h u V I (12 - 1986) N h o vay, dat nuoc da tung buoc v u g t qua con k h i i n g hoang va tie'p tuc tien len

Tat cd cdc sif kien tren chi'mg to ran^, vai trb lanh dao cua Dang Id nhan toquyel dinh moi thdng loi cua cdch mang Viet Nam

6, Nhirng cong hien to Ion cua Nguyen Ai Quoc - Ho C h i minh doi voi lich

su dan tpc ta tu nam 1911 den nam 1945

Tir nam 1911

den nam

1920

* Tim duang cuu nuoc, den vai chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tint

ra con duomg cuu nuoc dung dan:

Ngay 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , roi ben cang Nha Rong bat dau C U Q C

hanh trinh t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc Cuoi nam 1912 N g u o i d i

M I , cuoi nam 1913 tir M I tro ve A n h N a m 1917, Cach mang

thang M u o i Nga bung no va thang loi Nguyen A i Quoc roi Luan D o n (Anh) ve Pari (Phap) N g u o i tham gia boat dong trong phong trao cong nhan Phap va t i m hieu ve Cach mang thang M u o i Nga Ngay 1 8 - 6 - 1 9 1 9 , thay mMt nhirng

nguoi V i ^ t N a m yeu nuoc t^ii Phap, Nguyen Ai Quoc giri

200

den Hoi nghi Vecxai Ban yen sack cua nhan dan An Nam Ban

yeu sach doi Chinh phii Phap va cac nuoc dong m i n h thira nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chii va quyen binh dSng ciia nhan dan A n N a m Giira nam 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc doc

ban So thdo Ian thu nha't luan cwang vevd'n dcddn toe thuoc dia

Luan cuong ciia Lenin da giup Nguyen A i Quoc kh^ng dinh muon ciru nuoc va giai phong dan tpc la phai di theo con d u o n g each mang v6 san

T u y n i d i Nguyen Ai Quoc lap ra Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia 6

Pari de tap hop tat ca nhirng nguoi dan thuoc dia song tren

da't Phap Co quan ngon luan ciia H o i la bao Ngirai cung kho

N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dao, Dai song cong nhan va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phdp (1925) Thang 6 - 1923, Nguyen Ai Quoc bi mat roi nuoc Phap sang Lien X6 d u Hoi nghi Quoc te'Nong dan (Thang 10 -

1923) N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, vira nghien cuu, hoc tap, vie't bai

cho bao Su that ciia Dang Cong san Lien X6, tap chi Thu tin Quoc tecua Quoc te'Cgng san Tai Dai hoi Quoc te'cpng san

Ian t h u V (1924), Nguyen Ai Quoc trinh bay lap truong quan diem ciia m i n h ve vj tri chien luge ciia each mang cac nuoc thugc dja, ve moi quan h f giira phong trao cong nhan

a cac nuoc de quoc voi phong trao each mang 6 cac nuoc

thuoc dia Ngay 11 - 11 - 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) Thang 6 - 1925, Nguyen Ai Quoc thanh lap H o i Vi?t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghia Mac - Lenin ve Viet N a m

1

201

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A?/ duefng H5G L/ch Si? 12 - Jhs Truong N0(>c Thai

T u nam 1929

den nam

1930

* Sang lap ra Dang Cgng san Viet Nam: ~~'

N a m 1929, ba to chuc cpng san noi tie'p nhau ra d o i 6 Vi^t

N a m : Dong D u o n g Cpng san dang; A n N a m Cpng san dang

va Dong D u o n g Cpng san lien doan Su hoat dpng rieng le cua ba to chuc nay gay anh huong khong tot den tien trinh each mang, can phai hpp nhat Nguyen A i Quoc thay mat Quoc te'Cpng san to chuc va chii tri H p i nghj hpp nhat ba to chuc cpng san de di den thong nhat thanh lap Dang Cpng san Viet Nam H p i nghj con thao luan va thong qua Chinh

cuong van tat, Sach lupc vin tat, Dieu 1$ van tSt do Nguyen

A i Quoc soan thao Day la Cuong ITnh chinh t n dau tien ciia Dang nham vach ra nhCmg net co ban nhat ve d u o n g loi chien lupc va sach lupc cho each mang Vi^t N a m

5 - 1941) de hoan thanh chii truong chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien lupe dupe de ra trong H p i nghj Trung uong thang 11 nam 1939 Do la: Giuong cao hon nua ngpn eo giai phong dan tpc Giai quyet van de dan toe trong khuon kho tirng nuoc Dong Duong, thanh lap Mat tran Viet M i n h De ra ehii truong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen, tir khoi nghla t i m g phan phat trien len Tong khoi nghla khi thoi eo thuan Ipi, dat nhiem v u chuan bj khoi nghla v u trang la trung tam

* Cung Trung ucmg Dang xay dung luc luang each mang:

- Luc luang chinh tri: De eo luc lupng chinh trj, N g u o i sang

lap Mat tran Vi^t Minh, mpt hinh thuc mat tran co to chire khap ea nuoc do N g u o i d u n g dau, la mpt trung tarn doan ke't dau tranh chong Phap - Nhat gianh doe lap Mat tran Viet M i n h da thanh lap eac hpi cuu quoc de xay d y n g luc

l u p n g ehi'nh trj cua quan chiing rpng khap trong ea nuoc

Trong k h i chii trpng toi cong nhan va nong dan, N g u o i ciing Trung uong Dang con tranh thu tap hpp rpng rai cac tang lop khac n h u sinh vien, hoc sinh, tri thuc, t u san dan

tpc vao mat tran cuu nuoc N a m 1943, Dang dua ra ban De cuang Van hod Viet Nam, van dpng thanh lap Hoi van hod cuu quoc Viet Nam va dang Dan chu Viet Nam d u n g trong Mat

tran V i ^ t M i n h

- Luc luang vu trang: Ciing voi vi^e xay d u n g luc l u p n g

chinh trj, cong tac xay d y n g luc lupng v u trang each mang dupe H o Chi M i n h va Trung uong Dang dac biet coi trpng

Sau cupc khoi nghla BMc Son that bai, mpt bp phan luc

l u p n g k h o i nghla v u trang chuyen sang xay d u n g thanh nhirng dpi d u kich hoat dpng 6 nhirng c u dia Bac Son -

V u N h a i Buoc san^ nam 1941, nhirng dpi du kich Bac Son Ion

manh len va thong nhat lai thanh Trung doi citu quoc quan I

(14 - 2 - 1941) Ciru quoc quan phat dpng chien tranh d u kich trong 8 thang (tir thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 - 1942) de doi pho v o i su vay quet cua dich, sau do phan tan thanh nhieu bp phan de chan chinh luc l u p n g , gay d u n g co so chinh t r i trong quan chung tai cac tinh Thai N g u y e n ,

T u y e n Quang, Lang Son Ngay 15 - 9 - 1941, Trung doi citu quoc U ra d o i

Ngay 22 -12 -1944, H o Chi M i n h chi thj thanh lap Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan Sau khi ra doi, dpi da

danh thang lien tie'p 6 hai tran 6 Phay Khat va Na Ngan (Cao Bang) Can eu Cao - BSc - Lang dupe eung eo va m o rpng Thang 4 - 1945, N g u o i eiing Trung u o n g Dang tri^u tap H p i nghi Quan su each mang BSc K i H p i nghi quyet

d j n h thong nhat eae lye l u p n g vu trang va nira vu trang;

tich eye phat trien chien tranh d u kich Ngay 15 - 5 - 1945, thyc hi^n quyet dinh ciia H o Chi M i n h va Trung uong Dang, Vi^t N a m Cuu quoc quan va Vi^t N a m tuyen truyen

giai phong quan thong nhat thanh Viet Nam giai phong quan

~ ' ' 203

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* Ho Chi Minh cung Tning uomg Dang xay dung can cvc each

mang:

Cong tac xay d u n g can cu dia each mang cung dugc H o

Chi M i n h va Trung uong Dang quan tam V i i n g BSc Son

-V i i N h a i duoc xay d u n g thanh can cu dja each mang To

chuc xay d u n g can cii each mang: ban dau la can cii' dja Cao

B^ng, den thang 6 - 1945 thanh lap khu giai phong Viet Bac,

bau Uy ban giai phong do N g u o i d u n g dau

* Ciing Trung uong Dang lanh dao Tong kh&i nghia thang

Tain 1945:

Ngay t u ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, khi nhan duoc nhirng thong tin

ve Nhat dau hang, H o Chi M i n h cung T r u n g u o n g Dang va

Tong bo Viet M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khoi nghia loan

quae va ra "Qmn lenh sol" chinh thuc phap l^nh Tong khoi

nghla trong ea nuoc

T u ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g

u o n g Dang chi dao Hoi nghi loan quae cua Dang hop 6 Tan

Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet dinh phat d p n g Tong khoi

nghTa trong ca nuoc, gianh chinh quyen truoc k h i quan

D o n g m i n h vao Dong D u o n g ; quyet d j n h n h u n g van de

quan trong ve chinh sach doi noi, doi ngoai sau khi gianh

ditgc chinh quyen

Tiep do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc

dan duoc tri^u tap 6 Tan Trao Dai hpi tan thanh Tong khoi

nghTa ciia Dang thong qua 10 chinh sach cua Viet M i n h , c u

ra U}/ ban dan toe giai phong Viet Nam do dong chi H o Chi

M l n h lam Chu tich Dai hoi quyet d j n h lay la c6 do sao vang

nam each lam Quoe k i , bai hat tien quan ca lam Quoc ca

D u o i su lanh dao eiia Dang va H o Chi M i n h , Cach mang

thang Tam dien ra trong 15 ngay (tu ngay 14 den ngay 28

-8 - 1945) va nhanh chong gianh duoc thang Igi

* Thdo vd doc Tuyen ngon Doe lap:

Sau k h i CUQC Tong khoi nghTa thang Tam thang Igi, Chii

tjch H o Chi M i n h thay mat Dang va Chinh phu lam thdi

doe Tuyen ngon Doe lap do chinh N g u o i soan thao Tuyen

ngon tuyen bo khai sinh nuoc Vi^t N a m Dan chii Cong hoa,

danh dau thang Igi hoan toan euge Caenh mang thang Tam

Cty TNHH MTV PVVH Khane Vi^t

\ Cong tac xay dung Mat tran ciia Dang ta trong each mang Viet Nam Bai

I hpc ve xay dtmg Mat tran ciia Dang ta

* Cong tac xay dimg Mat tran:

D u o n g " , n h u n g chua thuc hi^n dugc

H a n che: chua thay dugc kha nang each mang cua cac giai cap va tang lop khae trong xa hoi Viet N a m

2) 1936-1939

Can cu vao tinh hinh the'gioi va trong nuoc nhirng nam

1936 - 1939, dong thoi can cu vao chu t r u o n g cua Quoc te Cong san, thuc h i f n chinh sach cua M a t tran Nhan dan Phap

Tai H g i nghi Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g Dang Cong san

D o n g D u o n g (thang 7 - 1936), Dang ta nhan d j n h : ke thu nguy hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan D o n g D u o n g khong phai la thuc dan Phap noi chung ma la bgn phan dong thugc dja va tay sai ciia chiing Xae d j n h nhiem v u chieh luge ciia each mang t u san dan quyen D o n g D u o n g la chong de'quoc va phong kien; nhiem v u true tiep, truoc mat

la dau tranh chong che do phan dong thugc dja, chong phat xit, chong nguy co chien tranh, doi t u do, dan sinh, dan chii, com ao va hoa binh

H g i nghj chii truong thanh lap M a t tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de'Dong D u o n g

Tai H g i nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung u o n g thang 3 - 1938,

M a t tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de D o n g D u o n g doi

thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, ggi tat la Mat tran dan chu Dong Duvng

3) 1939 -1945

K h i Chien tranh the'gioi t h u hai bung no, thuc dan Phap tang cuong dan ap, boc Igt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g , van m^nh eac dan tgc D o n g D u o n g bj de doa nghiem trgng De gianh dgc lap, phai tap hgp rgng rai lue l u g n g dan toe, xay

d u n g mat tran dan toe thong nhat H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian

t h u 6 (11 - 1939) da ehii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong nhat dan tgc phan de'Dong D u o n g

M a t tran thong nhat dan tgc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g doan ket rong rai cae tang lop, eac giai cap, eac dan tgc, ke ca ea www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

nhan yeu nuac 6 Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thu

chii yeu truoc m i t la chvi nghia de quoc phat xi't Phap

-Nhat, gianh dpc lap dan toe cho cac nuoc Dong Duong

Den Hpi nghi Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) duoi sy chii tri ciia Nguyen A i Quoc chu truong giai quyet van de dan toe, tap hgp luc lugng, xay dung mat tran thong nhat dan tgc cho tung nude 6 Dong Duong O Vi?t Nam, Dang ta thanh lapVi^t Nam dgc lap dong minh (ggi tat la Mat tran Viet Minh)

Mat tran Viet Minh lien hi?p het thay cac gioi dong bao yeu nuoc, khong phan bi^t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu huong chinh tri, dang ciing nhau muu cugc dan tgc giai phong va sinh ton

Mat tran Vif t Minh ra doi vao ngay 19 - 5 - 1941 va ton tai den thang 2 - 1951 Mat tran Vi^t Minh c6 vai tro to Ion trong vi^c chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam

1945 th^ng Igi

4)1945 -1954 Sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Dang ta thay Mat

tran Vi^t Minh van chua thu hiit tang lop tren va van nghe

-1946, Dang ta thanh lap Mat tran Lien Vi#t de thu hiit hp

Cac to chuc quan chiing cua Mat tran cung ra dai

Nam 1951, do yeu cau ciia cupc khang chie'n va su phat trien ciia each mang Dang ta da thong nhat hai mat tran Vi?t Minh va Lien Vi^t thanh mat tran Lien Vi?t, khoi doan ket toan dan cang duge tang cuong

5) 1954-1975

Sau khi phong trao Dong khoi 1959 - 1960 6 mien Nam gianh duge thang Igi, do yeu eau ciia each mang mien Nam sau Dong khoi nen Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam Vi^t Nam ra doi vao ngay 20 - 12 - 1960 Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam Vi^t Nam ra doi da tro thanh nggn c6 doan ket 14 tri^u dong bao mien Nam dung len dau tranh

de cuu nude ciiu nha

6) 1976 den

nay

Sau khi da't nude duge dgc lap, hoa binh va thong nhat

Dang ta hgp nhat cac mat tran trong ca nude thanh lap Mat tran To quoc Vi?t Nam de doan ket toan dan, xay dung chii nghla xa hgi trong ca nude

W * Bat hoc vexay dung Mat tran:

I N3m vCrng tinh chat dan tgc ciia mat tran, chong tu tudng hiru khuynh va

ta khuynh trong van de xay dyng Mat tran

Phai dung virng tren lap trudng eiia giai cap cong nhan de xay dung Mat tran phuong cham ciia Mat tran la doan ket - dau tranh Doan ket de dau tranh y(^i ke thu ed hi^u qua Dau tranh la de dam bao khoi doan ket trong Mat tran (Jugc virng chae han NhiSng mau thuan trong ngi bg Mat tran la mau thuan trong ngi bg nhan dan, chi cd the duge giai quyet theo phuong phap dau tranh

^ thuong lugng - nhan nhugng

Khong ngung cving c6' va tang cudng su lanh dao ciia Dang doi vdi cong tae Ivlat tran, trong dd, mau chdt la eiing co'khoi lien minh cong nong that viing chae

Cd chii truong, chinh sach doan ket diing dan, dong thdi phai cd hinh thue

to chuc, tap hgp phong phii, linh boat, thi moi hinh thanh duge Mat tran dan tgc thong nhat Hinh thue Mat tran qua cac thdi ki phai thay doi cho phu hgp vdi yeu cau, nhi^m vu each mang ciia tirng thdi ki Phai xay dung nhieu Mat tran khac nhau

8 S\ nghi^p dau tranh ngo?i giao trong tien trinh each mang nuoc ta tu nam

1945 den nam 1973

1)1945 -1946

* Truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946: Dau tranh vai quan Trung Hoa

Dan quoc va hgn phan each mang d mien Bac Thue hien sdch luge hoa hoan vai quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc:

Nhugng cho cac dang Vi?t Quoc, Vi^t Cach tay sai ciia Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe trong quoc hgi khong bau

cu, 4 ghe'Bg trudng trong Chinh phii lien hifp chinh thiic Nhan nhugng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mot so quyen Igi

ve kinh te, nhu cung cap mgt phan luong thue, thue pham, phuong ti^n giao thong van tai, cho phep dung tien Trung Quoc tren thj trudng

Doi vai to chuc phan each mang, tay sai cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc (Viet Quoc, Viet each). Chinh quyen each mang dua vao quan chiing, kien quyet vaeh tran am muu va hanh dgng chia re, pha hoai eiia chiing Nhij-ng ke pha hoai cd dii bang chung thi bj trung trj theo phap luat Chinh phii con ban hanh mgt so sac lenh nh5m tran ap bgn phan each mang

207

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eSi du&ng H9G Ljch Sir 12 - Ths Tnrcme Ngpc Thai

Nhimg bicn phdp sack lucre nhdn nhieang tren day da hqn chc aic boat dong chohg phd cita Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idni that bqi dm mim Idt dochinh quycn each mqng ci'ia quart chting

* Til-ngay 6-3 den 14-9- 1946: Hod hodn vcd Phdp nhatn dayqudn Trung Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi nuac ta

Sau khi chie'm dong cac do thj 6 N a m Bo va N a m Trung

Bo, thuc dan Phap de ra ke hoach tien quan ra BMc nham thon ti'nh ca nuoc ta '

De tranh d u n g do vox luc lugng khang chien cua ta, thuc

dan Phap dieu dinh voi Chinh phii Trung Hoa Dan quoc, ki hiep Hoa - Phap (28 - 2 - 1946), theo do Trung Hoa dan quoc duoc Phap tra lai cac to gioi va nhugng dja ciia Phap tren dat Trung Quoc va dugc van chuyen hang hoa qua cang Hai I^hong va Hoa N a m khong phai dong thue De doi

l ^ i , Phap dugc dua quan ra Bac thay quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc lam nhiem vu giai giap quan Nhat Ban

Hi?p u6c Hoa - Phap da dat nhan dan ta truoc su lua chgn mgt trong hai con duong: hoac cam sung chien dau chong thuc dan Phap, khong cho chiing do bg len mien B^c;

hoac hoa hoan, nhan nhugng Phap de tranh tinh trang phai doi pho voi mgt liic voi nhieu ke thii

Chieu 6 - 3 - 1946, tai Ha N g i , Chii tjch H o C h i M i n h thay mat C h i n h phu Vi?t N a m Dan chii cgng hoa k i voi

G Xanhtoni - dai dien Chinh phu Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo

- Noi dung cua Hiep dinh:

Chinh phu Phap cong nhan nuoc Viet N a m Dan chu Cong hoa la mgt quoc gia t u do, c6 chinh phii rieng, nghj vien rieng, quan dgi rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la thanh vien

Lien bang Dong Duong, nam trong khoi Lien hi^p Phap

Chinh phu Vi^t N a m Dan chii Cgng hoa thoa thuan cho 15000 quan Phap vao mien Bac thay quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc lam nhiem v y giai phap quan Nhat, so quan nay

se dong 6 nhiing dia diem quy djnh va riit dan trong thoi han 5 nam

Hai ben ngirng mgi cugc xung dot a mien N a m va giu

nguyen quan dgi ciia minh tai vi tri cQ, tao khong khi thuan Igi cho d i den cugc dam phan chinh thuc ban cac van de

ngoai giao ciia Vi^t Nam, che dp t u o n g lai cua Dong

D u o n g , quyen loi kinh te'va van hoa ciia nguoi Phap 6 Vi?t

N a m

Ki Hiep dinh Sa bo 6 - 3 - 1946, tqm thai hod hodn vai Phdp,

ta trdnh duac cuoc chien dau bat lai vi phai chong lai nhieu ke thii Cling mot luc, day dugc 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc Cling ban tay sai ra khoi nuac ta, gidnh them thai gian hod btnh Cling CO chinh quyen each mqng, chuan bi luc lugng cho moi mat cho cuoc khdng chien lau ddi chong thiec dan Phdp

Do ta dau tranh kien quye't, cugc dam phan chinh thuc giira hai Chinh phii Viet N a m va Phap da dugc to chuc tai

Ph6ng-ten-no-bl6 tie ngay 6-7 - 1946 Cugc dam phan that

bai Trong liic do tai Dong Duong, quan Phap tang cuong boat dong khieu khich Quan he Vi^t - Phap ngay cang cang

thang, CO nguy co no ra chien tranh

Truoc tinh hinh do, Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h , da k i v o i dai

di^n ciia Chinh phii Phap ban Tqm uac ngay 14 - 9 - 1946,

nhan nhugng Phap mgt so quyen Igi kinh te - van hoa 6 Vi^t N a m Ban Tarn uoc da tao dieu k i ^ n cho ta c6 them thoi gian xay dung, ciing co luc lugng, chuan bi buoc vao cugc khang chien toan quoc chong Phap lau dai

* Hgi nghi Gioneva nam 1954 ve doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat vd todn Idnh thocua ba nuac Dong Duong:

Buoc vao dong - xuan 1953 -1954, dong thoi v o i cugc tien cong quan su, ta day manh cugc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o

ra kha n5ng giai quye't bang con d u o n g hoa binh cugc chien tranh d Dong Duong

Thang 1 -1954, H g i nghi ngoai truong bon nuoc Lien X6,

M I , A n h , Phap hgp tai Beclin da thoa thuan ve vi#c trif u tap mgt hgi nghi quoc t e d Gionevo de giai quye't van de Trieu Tien va lap lai hoa binh d Dong Duong

Ngay 8 - 5 -1954, H g i nghj Gionevo bat dau thao luan

ve van de lap lai hoa binh 6 Dong D u o n g Phai doan chinh phii ta do Pho Thii tuong Pham Van Dong lam T r u o n g doan chinh thuc dugc m o i hgp Den ngay 21 - 7 - 1954, cac van ban ciia H g i nghi dugc k i ke't

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- Noi dung Hiep dinh Gianeva quy dinh:

Cac nuoc tham du Hpi nghj cam ket ton trpng cac quyen dan toe co ban la doc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho ciia ba nuoc Vi?t Nam, Lao, Campuchia; cam ket khong can thiep vao cong vi^c noi bp cua ba nuoc

Cac ben tham chien thuc hi?n ngirng ban, lap lai hoa binh tren toan Dong Duong

Cac ben tham chien thuc hien cupc di chuyen, tap ket dpi quan 6 hai vung:

Hi^p djnh cam vi^c dua quan dpi, nhan vien quan sv,

vu khi nuoc ngoai vao cac nuoc Dong Duong khong dupe tham gia bat ki khoi liem minh quan su nao va khong de cho nuoc khac dung lanh tho cua minh vao vi^c gay chien tranh hoac phuc vu muc dich xam lupc

Viet Nam tien toi thong nhat b^ng cupc tong tuyen cu tu

do trong ca nuoc, se dupe to chuc vao thang 7 - 1956 duoi

su kiem soat va giam sat va kiem soat ciia mot Uy ban quoc

te (trong do An Dp lam chu tich, cung hai nuoc Ba Lan va Canada)

Trach nhi?m thi hanh Hi?p djnh thupc ve nhung nguoi

ki hi^p djnh Gionevo va nhiing nguoi ke tuc hp

Hiep dinh Gianeva 1954 ve Dong Duong la van ban phdp li quoc teghi nhan cdc quyen dan toe ca ban cm nhdn dan cdc nuac Dong Duong va duac cdc cuang quoc cung cdc nua tham du Hoi nghi cam ket ton trong

No ddnh dau thang hi cugc khdng chien chong Phdp, song chua tron ven vt mai gidi phong duac mien Bac Cugc dau tranh each mqng van phdi tiep tuc nhSm gidi phong mien Nam, thong nhat dd't nuac

Vai Hiep dinh Gianeva, Phdp bugc phdi cham diet chien tranh xdm luge, rut hel quan dgi venudc; de quoc Mi that hai trong dm muu keo ddi, ma rgng, quoc te hod chien tranh xdm luge Dong Duong

* Hgi nghi Pari veViet Nam:

Ngay 31 - 3 - 1968, sau don bat ngo ctia cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than cua quan ta, Gionxon tuyen

bo ngung nem bom ban pha mien Bac t u vT tuyen 20 tro ra

210

) 1954 - 1973

va bat dau noi den thuang lugng vdi Vift Nam

Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cupc thuang lupng chinh thuc hai ben, giua dai di?n Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va dai dif n Chinh phii Hoa Ki 6 Pari hpp phien dau tien Hpi nghi bon ben ve Vi?t Nam chinh thuc hpp phien dau tien ngay 25-1 -1969 tai Pari

Quan diem ciia ta: doi MT nit het quan cua minh va quan dong minh khoi mien Nam va doi hp ton trpng cac quyen

dan tpc CO ban ciia nhan dan Viet Nam va quyen tu quyet

ciia nhan dan mien Nam Vi^t Nam

Phia M l CO quan diem ngupc lai, nhat la van de riit quan,

doi quan dpi mien Bac cung riit khoi mien Nam, va tu choi

ki du thao Hi?p dinh do phia Vift Nam dua ra (10 - 1972)

de mo cupc tap kich khong quan b5ng may bay B52 va Ha Noi, Hai Phong trong 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 vai y do bupc phia Viet Nam ki du thao Hiep dinh do M i dua ra Nhung M l da that bai, Viet Nam da dap tan cupc tap kich

khong quan bang may bay B52 ciia M , lam nen tran "Trdn

Dim Bien Phii tren khong", sau do bupc Mi tro lai ki dy thao

Hiep djnh Pari do ta dua ra truoc do

Hif p dinh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap la: hoa binh a Viet Nam dupe ki tat ngay 23 - 1 - 1973 giua dai di?n hai

chinh phu Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va Hoa Ki, va ki chinh thuc ngay 27 - 1 - 1973 giiia bon Bp truong dai di^n cho cac chinh phu tham du hpi nghj tai Pari Hi|p dinh Pari

bat dau CO hi^n luc tir ngay ki chinh thiie

- Noi dung Hiep djnh gom nhitng dieu khodn co ban:

Hoa Ki va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam

Cupc ngung ban 6 mien Nam Vi?t Nam dupe thuc hi^n vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973 Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi hoat dpng quan su chong mien Bac Vi^t Nam

Hoa Ki riit het quan dpi cua minh va quan dong minh trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac can cu quan sy Mi, cam ket khong tiep hie dinh liu quan su hoac can thi^p vao cong vi|c npi bp ciia mien Nam Vi^t Nam

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N h a n dan mien N a m Viet N a m t u quyet d j n h t u o n g lai chinh trj thong qua tong tuyen cir t u do, khong c6 su can thiep cua nuoc ngoai

Hai mien N a m - Bac Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve vi^c thong nhat da't nuoc khong c6 sy can thi^p cua nuoc ngoai

H a i ben tien hanh trao tra tu binh va dan t h u o n g bj bSt

Cac ben cong nhan thyc te mien N a m Vi^t N a m c6 hai chinh quyen, hai quan doi, hai v u n g kiem soat va ba luc

l u g n g chinh tri (luc l u g n g each mang, luc l u g n g hoa binh trung lap va luc l u g n g chinh quyen Sai Gon)

Hoa K i cam ket gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh 6 Viet N a m va Dong D u o n g tien toi thiet lap quan he m o i , binh dang va cung c6 Igi giira hai nuoc

Uiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang lai cua su ke\ gim dau tranh quan su dau tranh chinh tri va dau tranh ngoai giao, la ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuang, bat khud't cua quan dan ta

a hai mien da't nuoc, mo ra buac ngoqt mai cua cuoc khang chien cho'ng Ml cuu nu&c cua dan toe

Voi Hiep dinh Pari, Mi phdi cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc co ban cm nhan dan ta, phai rut he't quan venudc Do Id thang loi lich sie quan trong, tqo ra thai ca thuqn lai denhdn dan ta tick len gidi phong todn mien Nam

9 Cong tac xay dimg hau phuong trong khang chien chong Phap va chong MI

a) Khang chien chong Phdp (1945 -1954)

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhitng nam 1946 -1947

Ve chinh tri, C h i n h phii quyet dinh chia ca nuoc thanh 1 4 k h u hanh chinh

Cac liy ban hanh chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh de thuc

hien nhiem v u khang chien va kien quoc M a t tran dan tgc thong nhat dugc

m o rgng, thanh lap H g i Lien Hiep quoc dan Viet N a m (Lien Viet)

Ve kinh te, Chinh phii de ra cac chinh sach nham d u y t r i va phat trien san

xuat, truoc he't la san xuat l u o n g thuc

Vevdn hod, phong trao binh dan hoc v u tiep tuc dugc d u y tri va phat trien

T r u o n g pho thong cac cap dugc xay d u n g Viec cham soc sue khoe cho nhan

dan dugc chu trong

-ujy r/vrm TvnvT'TTTTKnangyTVT

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1948 - 1950:

Ve chinh tri: Dau nam 1949, Chinh phu quyet d j n h to chuc bau cu Hoi dong nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh cac cap Thang 6 - 1 9 4 9 , M a t tran Vi^t

M i n h va H g i Lien Vi?t quyet d i n h tien toi thong nhat hai to chuc

Vekinh te: Chinh p h u ra cac sac l?nh giam to 2 5 % , giam tuc, hoan ng, xoa

no, chia lai rugng da't cong, tam cap rugng dat vang chii, r u g n g da't cap t u tay de'quoc, bgn phan dgng

Cong nghiep va thu cong nghi^p phat trien theo quy m o nho va phan tan, chu trgng cong nghiep dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc phong, dap u n g nhu cau can thie'l ye'u cua d o i song va chien dau

Tren mat tran van hod, gido due: N a m 1948, tai H g i nghj van hoa toan quo'c, Tong Bi t h u T r u o n g Chinh dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc va van de van hod Viet Nam, neu ro nen van hoa m o i each mang Viet N a m dugc xay d u n g theo

p h u o n g cham: Dan tgc - Khoa hgc - Dai chiing

Phong trao "Binh dan hgc v u " va giao due pho thong cac cap dugc d u y t r i

va phat trien Thang 7 - 1950, Chinh phu de ra chii t r u o n g cai each giao due pho thong

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:

Ve chinh tri: T u ngay 3 den ngay 7 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , Dai hgi toan quoc thong nhat

Mat tran Viet M i n h va H g i Lien Vi^t thanh mot mat tran d u y nhat, lay ten la

Mat tran Lien hiep quoc dan Viet Nam (Mat tran Lien Vi$t) Ngay 1 1 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , thanh lap Lien minh nhan dan Viet - Mien - Lao n h a m tang cuong h o n nCra tinh

doan ket giCra nhan dan ba nuoc trong cuoc dau tranh chong ke thu chung la thuc dan Phap va can thiep M I

Phong trao thi dua yeu nuoc ngay cang an sau, Ian rgng trong cac nganh, cac gioi lam nay no nhieu d o n v i , ca nhan u u t u Ngay 1 - 5 - 1 9 5 2 , Dai hgi anh hung va chien sT thi dua toan quoc Ian thii nhat da tong ket, bieu d u o n g thanh

tich cua phong trao thi dua ai quoc va bau chgn 7 anh h u n g D o la: CM Chinh Lan, La Van Cau, Nguyen Quoc Tri, Nguyen Thi Chien, Ngd Gia Khdm, Tran Dai Nghia, Hodng Hanh

Vekinh te: N a m 1 9 5 2 , Chinh p h u de ra cuoc van dgng san xuat va thuc hanh

tiet k i ^ m Cugc van dgng da loi cuon mgi nganh, mgi gioi tham gia San xuat thu cong nghiep va cong nghiep ve co ban dap i m g nhu cau ve cong cu san xuat nhirng mat hang thiet yeu cua doi song

D i doi voi day manh san xuat, Chinh phii de ra n h i m g chinh sach nham chan chinh che do thue'khoa, xay d u n g nen tai chinh, ngan hang, thuong nghiep " www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01/

De boi d u o n g sue dan, nha't la nong dan, dau nam 1953 Dang va Chinh phu

quyet djnh phat dpng quan chiing trift de giam to va cai each rupng da't

T u thang 4 - 1953 den thang 7 - 1954, ta thuc hi^n 5 dgt giam to va mgt dgt

eai each rupng da't a 53 xa thuoe viing t u do Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa Deh

euol nam 1953, t u Lien K h u IV tro ra, each mang da tam cap eho nong dan

184.000ha ruong da't

Ve van hod, gido due, y te: Ta tie'p tuc euoe eai each giao due (tu nam 1950)

thue hi^n theo ba phuang cham: phuc vu khdng ehie'n, phue vu dan sink, phuc vu

sdn xud't, gan nha truong vol doi song xa hoi Van n g h | si hang hai tham nhap

moi mat eua doi song, ehien dau va san xua't, huong u n g lai day eiia H o Chi

M i n h "Khdng ehien hod van hod va van hod khdng ehie'n"

Cong tae van dong ve sinh phong b?nh, thue hi^n doi song moi, bai t r u me

tin dj doan ngay eang eo tinh chat quan chiing rong Ion Cong tae cham lo sue

khoe eho nhan dan dupe coi trpng B^nh v i f n , benh xa, phong y te, tram euu

thuong dupe xay d u n g khap noi

* Tdc dung cua hqu phuctng trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:

Cung cap day d i i , k i p thai sue nguoi va sue eua de d a m bao eho eupe khang

ehie'n gianh thang Ipi euo'i eiing Hau phuang la nhan to' thuong xuyen quyet

dinh den thang Ipi eua ehien truong true tie'p gop phan vao thang Ipi tren mat

tran quan su trong nhi>ng nam 1951 1953; Chien eupe Dong Xuan 1953

-1954 va ehien djeh Ijeh sir D i ^ n Bien Phii

Dap u n g nhu eau bue thie't eiia eupe khang chien, day manh su nghi^p quoc

phong, tao tien de (chinh quyen, eo so kinh te, van hoa xa hpi) de tie'n len ehii

nghla xa hpi sau nay

b) Khdng chien chong Mi (1954 -1975)

* Xay dung hau phuang mien Bac trong nhicng nam 1954 -1960:

Sau khi hoa binh lap lai, mien BSe tien hanh cai each rupng da't, khoi phuc

kinh te'va han gan vet thuong ehie'n tranh

Trong nhirng nam 1958 - 1960, mien Bac thue hi^n eong eupe eai tao xa hpi

chu nghla tren cae ITnh vue cpng nhi^p, thii eong nghiep, thuong nghif p nho, cong

thuong nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la hop tae hoa nong nghiep

Ke't qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo ban che'dp nguoi boe Ipt nguoi, c6 tae d y n g

thue day san xua't phat trien, nha't la trong dieu ki^n ehien tranh, hpp tae xa da

bao dam d o i song vat chat, tinh than eho nhirng nguoi ra d i chien dau, phyc

v u ehie'n dau

Dong thoi v o i nhi^m v u cai tao xa hpi chu nghla, eong nghif p quo'e doanh

dupe u u tien dau t u xay dung Den nam 1960, mien Bae eo 172 xi nghiep Ion

do Trung uong quan li, tren 500 xi nghiep do dia phuong quan l i

214

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1961 -1965:

Trong thai gian nay, mien BSc thue hi^n ke'hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965) Nhiem v u eo ban eiia ke'hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va nong nghiep, tie'p tuc cong eupe eai tao xa hpi ehii nghla, cung eo va tang cuang thanh phan kinh te quo'e doanh, eai thien mpt buoe doi song vat chat va van hoa cua nhan dan lao dpng, cung eo quoc phong, tang cuang trat t u va an ninh

xa hpi

Ve kinh te: Nganh cong nghiep dupe u u tien dau t u xay dung Nong nghiep, t u nam 1961, cae dia phuang thue hien ehii truong xay d u n g hpp tae

xa san xua't nong nghiep bac cao

Thuong nghiep quo'e doanh dupe Nha nuae u u tien phat trien nen da chie'm linh thi truong, gop phan phat trien kinh te Cling eo'quan h$ san xua't m o i , on dinh va eai thi^n d o i song nhan dan

Trong giao thong: H ^ tho'ng giao thong d u o n g bp, d u o n g sat, d u o n g lien tinh, lien huy^n, d u a n g song, duong hang khong dupe ciing c6' Viee di lai trong nuae va giao thong quo'e te'thuan Ipi hon

Ve giao due, y te: He tho'ng giao due t u pho thong den dai hpe phat trien manh H ^ thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dupe dau t u phat trien N h u n g loai djch b^nh 6 mien Bae eo ban dupe xoa bo

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1965 -1968:

Trong thoi gian nay, mien Bac vua c6 hoa binh, vua phai doi dau voi eupe chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't eiia MT

Mae dau vay, mien Bac van lam nghla v u hau phuong Ian ciia khang ehie'n chong MT euu nuoc, mien Bae luon hudng ve mien N a m V i mien N a m rupt

thit, mien Bac phan dau "Moi nguoi Idm viec bdng hai" V i tien tuye'n keu gpi, hau phuong s i n sang danh dap lai "Thoc khdng thieu mot can, quan khdng thieu mot nguoi"

Tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m mang ten H P Chi M i n h tren

bp (dpe day niii Truong Son) va tren bien (doc theo bo bien) bat dau khai thong t u thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay s6^ da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyeh Qua hai tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968) mien BMc da dua hon 300.000 can bp, bp dpi vap mien N a m tham gia ehien dau, phuc v u ehie'n da'u, xay d u n g kinh te, van hoa tai cae v i m g giai phong, va cGng da g u i vao N a m hang ehyc van tan via khi, dan dupe, quan trang, quan dung, xang dau, luong thue, thuc pham, thuoe men va nhieu vat d y n g khae Tinh chung sue nguoi, sue eiia t u mien Bae d i u y e n vao N a m trong 4 nam da tang gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoe

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* Xdy dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1969 - 1973:

Tren kh5p mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dpng

san xua't, nh3m truoc he't khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi

Trong nong nghiep, chan nuoi duoc dua len thanh nganh chinh Cac hgp tac xa

tich eye ap dung tien bo khoa hoc k l thuat, nhieu bien phap tham canh tang vu

Trong cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep trung u a n g va dja phuong tan

pha dupe khoi phuc nhanh chong Nhieu cong trinh dang lam dang do dupe

u u tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, dua vao hoat dpng

He thong giao thong van tai, nha't la cac tuyen giao thong ehien lupe, bj pha

hoai nang ne dupe khan truong khoi phuc

Van hod, giao due, y te, cCing nhanh chong dupe khoi phuc va phat trien Doi

song nhan dan on djnh

Trong khi mien Bac tap trung xay d u n g hau p h u o n g thi M l tien hanh eupc

chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai, mien Bac phai vua san xua't vua chong ehien

tranh pha hoai cua M l

Trong dieu kien tuong doi hoa binh, ca trong chien tranh pha hoai, mien

Bac da tap trung Ian kha nang ve lue lupng va phuong tien de khae phuc kip

thoi hau qua ciia nhij-ng tran danh pha ae liet, vupt qua nhi>ng eupc bao vay

phong toa gat gao cua djch, bao dam tiep nhan tot hang vien trp t u ben ngoai

va ehi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien tuyen mien N a m , c6 ca chien truong Lao va

Campuchia

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1973 -1975:

H i ^ p d j n h Pari nam 1973 ve Viet N a m , quan M I bupe phai riit khoi nuoe ta,

lam thay doi so sanh lue lupng 6 mien N a m eo Ipi eho each mang Mien Bac tro

lai hoa binh, tien hanh khae phuc hau qua ehien tranh, khoi phuc va phat trien

kinh te - xa hpi, ra sue ehi v i ^ n eho tien tuyen mien N a m

Sau hai nam (1973 -1974),ve eo ban mien Bac khoi phuc xong eae eo so kinh

te, cac h0 thong thuy nong, mang luoi giao thong, cae cong trinh van hoa, giao

dye, y te, kinh te'co buoc phat trien

Den cuoi nam 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, nong nghiep tren mot so'mat tran

quan trong da dat vupt muc nam 1964 va nam 1971 la hai nam dat muc cao

nha't trong 20 nam xay d u n g ehii nghla xa hpi a mien Bac Thuc hi^n nghia vu

hau phuong, trong hai nam 1973 - 1974, mien BSc dua vao chien truong mien

N a m , Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bp dpi, hang van thanh nien xung phong,

can bp chuyen mon, nhan k l thuat dpt xua't trong hai thang dau nam 1975

Mien Bac gap riit dua vao mien N a m 57.000 bp dpi (trong tong so 108.000 bp

dpi cua ke'hoaeh dpng vien 1975)

Ve vat chat - k l thuat, mien BSc da eo nhirng no lyc p h i thuong, dap ung

day d i i va k i p thoi nhu cau to Ian va cap bach ciia eupc tong tien cong chien

hoang da day nhan dan Nga vao eupc chien tranh de'quoc, gay nen nhiing hau

qua nghiem trpng cho dat nuoc Phong trao phan doi chien tranh, doi lat do che dp Nga hoang Ian rpng khap trong nuoc Chinh phu Nga hoang ngay cang

to ra bat lye, khong eon kha nang tiep tuc thong tri dupe nvta N u o c Nga da

tien sat tai mot eupc each mang

2 Cach mang thang Hai nam.1917 Cach mang dan chii t u san thang hai bat dau t u thang 2 - 1 9 1 7 M o dau la

eupc bieu tinh ngay 23 - 2 ciia 9 van nvt cong nhan o thu do Petorograt Ngay

27 - 2, phong trao nhanh chong Ian rpng toan thanh pho va chuyen t u tong bai

cong chinh trj sang khoi nghla v i i trang Quan khoi nghia chie'm dupe cae cong

so, bat cac tuong ta eiia Nga hoang Che dp quan chii chuyen che'sup do

Tin thang Ipi ciia eupc khoi nghla o thii do da bay nhanh kh5p trong nuoc Chi trong vong 8 ngay, tren pham v i ca nuoc, quan chiing nhan dan da viing day lat do che dp cij Nuoc Nga tro thanh nuoc cong hoa

Cach mang dan chii t u san thang Hai thang Ipi Tuy nhien, mot tinh hinh

chinh trj phuc tap chua tung eo da dien ra 6 nuoc Nga Do la tinh trang hai

chinh quyen song song ton tai Hai chinh quyen nay dai dien cho Ipi ich ciia

cac giai cap khae nhau nen khong the cung ton tai Truoc tinh hinh do, Lenin

Va Dang Bonsevich da ehuan bj ke'hoaeh tiep tuc lam each mang, lat do Chinh phii t u san lam thoi

3 Cach mang thang Mucri Nga nam 1917

a) Qua trinh chuyen tu Cach mang thang Hai sang Cach mang thang Mucri

Sau Cach mang thang Hai, nuoc Nga xua't hien tinh trang 2 ehinh quyen Song song ton tai: Chinh phii lam thai ciia giai cap t u san va X6 vie't dai bieu Cong nhan va binh linh Sau khi nMm dupe chinh quyen, Chinh phii lam thai da

khong giai quye't n h u n g van de da hua truoc do n h u van de rupng dat ciia

o n

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n o n g dan, vi#c l a m cho cong nhan, t i n h trang thie'u l u o n g t h y c v a nhat la quy^j

theo d u o i chien t r a n h d e q u o c d e n c i i n g

T r o n g hoan canh d o , lanh t u cua d a n g L e n i n tix T h u y ST t r a ve Phan Lan

ngay 3 t h a n g 4 n a m 1917 da nhan diroc s y l i n g hp rat I a n ciia nhan da,^

Petorograt N g a y 4 t h a n g 4 n a m 1917, L e n i n dpc m o t b a i phat b i e u q u a n t r o n ^

CO n h a n de "NhCrng n h i e m v u ciia giai cap v 6 san t r o n g cupc each m a n g hi{>,^

nay" Ban bao cao n a y da d i vao Ijch s u v o i ten g p i " L u a n c u o n g t h a n g T u " chj

ra con d u o n g c h u y e n t u each m a n g d a n chii t u san sang each m a n g xa h o i elm

nghla L e n i n chi ro rang can cham d u t t i n h trang 2 c h i n h q u y e n song song td,^

tai bang each c h u y e n giao c h i n h q u y e n ve tay eac x 6 viet: "Dieu dpc dao tronp

t h a i sv n u a e N g a c h i n h la buoc qua d p t u giai d o a n t h u nhat ciia each mang la

giai d o a n da d e m lai c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap t u san tien len giai d o a n t h u hai

ciia each m a n g la giai d o a n p h a i d e m l a i c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap v 6 san va

cho n h u n g tang l o p ngheo t r o n g n o n g dan" V e p h u a n g p h a p da'u t r a n h , L e n i n

viet: " V u k h i 6 t r o n g tay n h a n d a n , k h o n g c6 s u c u o n g b u c nao t u ben ngoai

d o i v o i n h a n d a n , d o la thue chat cua s u vat D i e u d o cho phep v a bao d a m ' •

phat trien va hoa b i n h cua each mang" T u y nhien, L e n i n cijng chi r o phai san

sang c h u y e n sang k h o i n g h l a v u trang m o t k h i hoan canh thay d o i

De bay to s u l i n g hp dang Bonsevich, ngay Quoc te Lao d p n g 18 thang 4 (1- 5)

n a m 1917, cong n h a n N g a bieu t i n h d o i hoa b i n h , d a n c h u T r o n g k h i do bo

t r u a n g n g o a i giao ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i g i r i cong h a m cho cac n u o c p!

H i ^ p u o c cam ke't theo d u o i chien t r a n h d e n c u n g gay s u p h a n n p t r o n g d

c h i i n g D u o i s u l a n h d a o ciia d a n g Bosevich, ngay 20 v a 21 t h a n g 4, hang ch;

van nhan d a n N g a x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h hoa b i n h , g i o cao k h a u h i ^ u "Tat

c h i n h q u y e n ve tay X 6 viet", "Hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, b a n h m i " N h i r n g cupc b i t

-tinh nay l a m cho C h i n h p h i i t u san lam thoi k h u n g hoang N g a y 2 thang 5 (15 - 5)

truae ap l y e ciia q u a n c h i i n g , bp t r u o n g ngoai giao va b p t r u a n g chien tranh

p h a i tir chiifc N g a y 5 t h a n g 5, C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i tien h a n h cai to v a thanh K

c h i n h p h u lien h i e p tang t h e m so g h e c h o cac d a n g thoa t h i ^ p

N g a y 18 t h a n g 6 (1 - 7), d a n g Mensevich va Xa h p i each m a n g da a m m u u to

chire m o t cupc bieu tinh q u a n c h i i n g de bieu d u a n g l y e l u p n g n h u n g dang

Bosevich da t h a m g i a cupc bieu tinh n a y va bien no t h a n h cupc b i e u tinh iing

hp d u o n g 16'i d a n g Bonsevich v o i cac k h a u h i ^ u : "Da dao chien tranh", "Tat ca

c h i n h q u y e n ve tay cac x6 viet" N g o a i m a t tran, cupc tan cong ciia q u a n Ng'^

theo l ^ n h ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i vao lien q u a n Due, A o - H u n g that bai nang

ne v o i 60.000 b i n h l i n h N g a bj bat va gie't T i n that b a i gay s y cam p h a n va bat

each m a n g b j t u o c k h i g i d i hoac b j d a y ra m a t tran T i r do, t r o n g thang 7, t i n h

trang h a i c h i n h q u y e n song song t o n tai ke't thue v o i t h a n g I p i thupe ve giai cap

t u s a n

T r u o c tinh h i n h d o , t i r ngay 26 thang 7 d e n 3 thang 8, D a n g Bosevich da

hpp D a i h p i V I de d a n h gia tinh h i n h va vach ra sach l u o c da'u t r a n h D a i h p i chi r o p h a i c h u a n b j c h u y e n sang k h o i nghTa v u t r a n g de g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n Dai h p i c u n g ehii t r u a n g t a m t h a i n i t bo k h a u hieu "Tat ca c h i n h q u y e n ve tay X6 viet" con L e n i n r i i t ve hoat d p n g b i mat V e phia C h i n h p h u l a m t h o i , C h i n h

p h i i lien h i e p d u a Kerenski, l a n h t y d a n g M e n s e v i c h len l a m t h i i t u o n g a m

m u u thie't lap che'dp dpc tai q u a n sy

T r o n g hoan canh d o , L e n i n phat d p n g q u a n c h i i n g d a n h tan cupc n o i loan

d o n g t h o i vach m a t c h i n h p h i i Kerenski d o do, sau k h i cupc n o i loan b i d a p t i t ,

uy t i n ciia D a n g Bosevich tie'p tuc d a n g cao N h a n d a n d a n d a n thay the cac d a i bieu D a n g M e n s e v i c h v a Xa h p i each m a n g bSng cac d a i bieu Bosevich t r o n g

cac x 6 viet N g a y 31 t h a n g 8, X 6 viet Petorograt v a sau d o ngay 5 t h a n g 9, X 6

viet M a t x e o v a da t h o n g qua eac nghj quye't cua D a n g Bonsevich v a chuan b i

k h o i n g h l a v u t r a n g g i a n h l a i c h i n h q u y e n

N g a y 7-10, L e n i n tir Phan L a n ve Petorograt, t r y e tie'p chi dao each m a n g Cupc k h o i n g h l a bat d a u d e m 24 - 10 (6 -11) Cac d p i C a n v? da n h a n h chong chie'm d u a c n h i r n g v j t r i then chot a t h u d o D e m 25 -10 (7 - 11), q u a n

k h o i n g h l a c h i e m c u n g d i ^ n M i i a D o n g C h i n h p h i i t u san l a m t h a i sup d o Tie'p theo t h a n g I p i 6 Petorograt, c h i n h q u y e n X 6 viet d u p e t h a n h l a p 6

Matxeova D a u n a m 1918, each m a n g xa h p i c h i i n g h l a g i a n h d u p e t h a n g l a i

tren da't n u a e N g a r p n g I d n

b) V nghia Ijch sti' cua Cdch mang thang Muai Nga

I Cach mang thang M y o i N g a thSng Ipi da lam thay d o i hoan toan v a n m?nh

,da't n y o c v a so p h a n ciia h a n g trieu con n g u o i 6 N g a M o t k i n g u y e n m o i da

Mo ra cho Ijch sir n u d e N g a : Giai cap cong nhan, n h a n d a n lao d p n g v a eac d a n tpc d u p e giai p h d n g k h o i m p i ach ap hue, hoc Ipt, d i r n g l e n l a m chii da't n u d e

| y a v a n m ^ n h ciia m i n h

i i h '''10

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Thang IQ'I cua Cach mang thang M u o i da lam thay d o i eye di§n the giai c6

v u m a n h me va de lai nhieu bai hoc quy gia cho phong trao each mang ciia gigj

cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao d o n g va cac dan toe bj ap buc tren toan the'gioi

Cach mang thang M u o i Nga 1917 duoc danh gia la mpt s u ki?n lich sir vT

dai nhat trong lich s u nuoc Nga va Ijch su nhan loai 6 t h e k i XX:

Cach m a n g thang M u o i dua den viec thanh lap N h a nuoc xa hpi chii nghTa

dau tien tren the'gioi, co y nghla to Ion doi v o i nuoc Nga va the'gioi

Ddi voi nuoc N ^ a , no m o ra mot ki nguyen m o i cho nuoc Nga, lam thay do i

van m ^ n h da't nuoc va so phan hang trieu con nguoi 6 Nga Day la Ian dau tien

trong Ijch su, giai cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao dong va cac dan toe duoc gjai

phong, thoat k h o i m p i xieng xich no le, lam chii van menh da't nuoc Su ra d o i

cua nha nuoc xa hoi chii nghla da dua nhan dan len nam chinh quyen 6 m o t

nuoc chie'm 1/6 dien ti'ch the'gioi

Dd'i v&i the'gioi, no c6 anh h u o n g den phong trao each m a n g the gioi, dac

biet p h o n g trao dau tranh gianh doc lap cua cac nuoc thupc dja va p h u thuoc

Co v i i manh me phong trao each mang cvia giai cap cong nhan quoc te^ chi ra cho

hp con d u o n g d i den thang Igi trong cuoc dau tranh chong chii nghla t u ban

c) Vai trd cua Lenin doi v&i thdng lot cua Cach mang thang Mucri Nga

Su d u n g ye'u to cua thoi dai, bien thanh t h o i co cho Cach mang thang M u o

Nga L e n i n chii t r u o n g : "Bien chien tranh dequo'c thanh npi chien each mang'

Khai thac the ye'u va ban chat ciia chinh p h u lam thoi de co lap va tach ho ra

k h o i nhan dan, the hien qua sach lupc " H o a b i n h - Banh m i - Rupng da't"

Thue hien each mang khong ngung, do la chu t r u o n g ehuyen Cach mang

thang H a i sang Cach mang thang M u o i bang p h u o n g phap hoa b i n h va vu

trang de cuol cung "Tat ca chinh quyen ve tay cac x6 vie't"

Kha nang tap h o p d o n g dao quan chung nhan dan de dau tranh danh do

giai cap p h o n g kien va t u san, gianh chinh quyen ve tay giai cap v 6 san

d) Anh huang cua Cach mang thdng Muoi Nga dot vai each mang Viet Nam

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga la cupe each mang v6 san no ra v a gianh than^

Ipi dau tien tren the'gioi Day la cupe each mang d i theo con d u o n g v 6 san Vi

vay, thang Ipi ciia Cach mang thang M u o i Nga cung la thang Ipi cua con

d u o n g each m a n g v6 san, cho nen Cach mang thang M u o i Nga co anh huong

rat Ion den p h o n g trao giai phong dan tpc 6 cac nuoc A, Phi, M I L a t i n h noi

chung, dac bi^t la each mang Vi^t N a m

T r u o c s u k h i i n g hoang ve d u o n g loi c u u nuoc ciia cac bac tien bol, lam cho

each mang Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u nam trong dem toi, k h o n g co d u o n g ra"

Luc nay, n g u o i t h a n h nien Vi^t N a m - N g u y e n Tat Thanh ra d i t i m d u o n g ciHi

6 ty INHH MI y LWH RtiShg Vlfit

troc, c u u dan Sau nhieu n a m bon ba 6 hai ngoai, den n a m 1920, sau k h i doc

fga thao L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja, N g u y e n A i

Quoc da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc cho dan tpc Viet N a m N g u o i da quyet

t^m d i theo Cach mang thang M u o i Nga, d i theo con d u o n g each mang v6 san

Sau k h i da t i m den chii nghla Mac - Lenin, N g u y e n A i Quoc ra sire hoat

dpng de truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin ve Vi^t N a m Thang 6 nam 1925, [sjguyen A i Quoc thanh lap H p i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien Tai cac lop hua'n luy?n cho to ehire nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da truyen ba t u t u o n g cua chii

nghla Mae - L e n i n va t u t u o n g ciia Cach mang thang M u o i Nga cho nhOng

thanh vien ciia H p i , trong do dac b i f t l u u y den k i n h n g h i ^ m to chuc Dang v 6

san kieu m o i 6 Nga

Cach mang thang M u o i Nga nam 1917 anh h u o n g den Vi^t N a m thong qua con d u o n g sach bao b i mat, thong qua hoat d o n g ciia H p i Vi^t N a m each m a n g Thanh nien Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga truoc he't de lai bai hoc k i n h n g h i ^ m

quy gia cho each m a n g Viet N a m do la, m u o n dua each mang den thang Ipi

phai CO vai tro lanh dao ciia chinh dang giai cap v6 san, 6 Nga la s u lanh dao

ciia Dang Bonsevich, do Lenin sang lap Tie'p nhan k i n h n g h i ^ m do nen ngay 3 thang 2 n a m 1930, N g u y e n A i Quoc sang lap ra Dang Cong san Viet N a m

Sau k h i Dang Cpng san V i f t N a m thanh lap Dang da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc v a giai phong giai cap d i theo con d u o n g Cach

mang thang M u o i Nga: sir d u n g bao luc each mang de gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan; thue h i ^ n lien m i n h cong - nong, lay lien m i n h cong - nong lam nong cot de doan ket cac luc l u p n g yeu nuoc n h a m dau tranh chong ke t h i i

N h o d i theo Cach mang thang M u o i Nga, d i theo con d u o n g each mang v 6

san, nen d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang, nhan dan ta dau tranh gianh thang Ipi

trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945; thang Ipi trong chien djch D i ^ n Bien Phii nam 1954 va thang Ipi trong cupc khang chien chong M i cuu nuoc nam 1975

4 V i sao a n u o c Nga n a m 1917 l a i co hai cupc each m a n g ? K/1

I O Nga nam 1917 da xay ra hai cupc each mang, do la Cach m a n g dan chu t u

I a n thang Hai va Cach m a n g xa hpi chii nghla thang M u o i So d l co hai cupc

pach mang nay v i :

I Vao dau t h e k i XX, d Nga van ton tai cac mau thuan co ban: m a u thuan giira

^ o n g dan Nga v o i che'dp p h o n g kien Nga hoang, giira giai cap v6 san v o i giai cap t u san, giua cac dan tpc trong dequo'c Nga v o i cac de'quoe khae va che dp

uan chii ciing v o i s u ton tai n h i r n g tan tich phong kien lac hau da k i m ham s u hat trien ciia chii nghla t u ban Nga

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