THE LOCAL CONCERNS AND STRATEGIES IN CONFUCIAN CLASSICS COMMENTARIES a CASE OF LI GUANGPOS (1651 1723) ANNOTATIONS ON THE RITES OF ZHOU

Summary Academics have recently noted a rising interest in Confucian rituals and Confucian ritual classics studies during the late imperial China.. 10 Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucia

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A CASE OF LI GUANGPO’S (1651-1723) ANNOTATIONS

ON THE RITES OF ZHOU

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A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

2015

Acknowledgements

I am most indebted to my supervisor A/P Koh Khee Heong He was immensely patient and provided me with much invaluable guidance, and this helped me greatly in overcoming the difficulties and frustrations of constant puzzlement amidst the

unfamiliar maze of Confucian classic’s commentaries His critical yet constructive questions and comments during formal consultation sessions and casual discussions provoked my thoughts and sharpened my ideas, ultimately leading to the fruition of this thesis I would also like to extend my gratitude to A/P Ong Chang Woei for his support and concern I have truly benefited from his lectures and seminar classes since

my undergraduate years His signature question “So what?” had a great impact on me and have served as a constant reminder that I have to make sense of my research

I am fortunate to have my friends, Samantha, Khoon Hiang, Yuanlin, Shaun,

Charles, Ying-Ruo, FeiFei, Wu Qi, Fatima, Dean, Susan, Huey Chyi, Yu Ju, Dongli and Siew Choon, for lending their ears to me and being supportive throughout the

different stages of my graduate studies

Additionally, I am grateful to be awarded with the NUS Research Scholarship and later on, the Tuition Fee Waiver that alleviated the otherwise financial burden for five semesters of my graduate studies I am also thankful for the FASS Graduate Research Support Scheme for funding my fieldwork in Beijing, China during June 2014 Last but not least, I truly owe it to my beloved family for their understanding and unconditional faith in me as I embark on a path less traveled

Acknowledgements……….i

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Summary Academics have recently noted a rising interest in Confucian rituals and Confucian ritual classics studies during the late imperial China Relevant studies typically discuss specific ritual performances such as the funerary rites as well as

Confucian ritual classics – Book of Etiquette and Rites and Family Rituals

The discussions of these studies generally concentrated on the literati from the Jiangnan area, focusing on intellects of the Ming-Qing transition period, or those from mid-Qing period and beyond

Thus, this thesis aims to fill research gaps through the examination of the

annotations on Confucian ritual classic Rites of Zhou by a Fujian local elite Li Guangpo (1651-1723) from the early Qing period It will first scrutinize the correspondences and poems Li’s elder brother Li Guangdi (1642-1718) penned to him, alongside with the reconstruction of the Anxi Hutou Li Clan to elucidate Li’s social motivations to annotate the classic It seems to me that Li’s efforts

in the classical studies were part of the Li brothers’ strategies to accumulate cultural resources in building up the clan’s social prestige and intellectual standing

This thesis then attempts to analyze the characteristics of Li’s commentaries The analysis shows that Li’s work exudes a strong flavor of Cheng Zhu School of Neo-Confucianism Li Guangdi had earlier on perceived and attempted to reconstruct the Fujian’s local intellectual tradition as inheritor of Cheng Zhu School of Neo-Confucianism As Li Guangdi had intended to revive this local intellectual

tradition, and the fact that Li Guangpo was very much influenced by his elder brother intellectually, Li Guangpo’s classics commentaries could be seen as part of the project

to revive Fujian’s local intellectual tradition

Finally, this thesis will relate Li’s commentaries of the passage “Office of Earth”

in the classic Rites of Zhou to the Qing dynasty’s politics in the early years,

with regards to issues of the local government and the drainage system Li’s rationalization of the local official positions mentioned in the “Office of Earth” revealed that he understood these positions as being occupied by local elites rather than national officers delegated from the central government In addition, Li’s explanation of the well-field system cited in “Office of Earth” exhibited a sense of localism In Li’s opinion, the well-field system had called for more resources to be reserved locally, so as to use them for the building and maintenance of the local drainage system, as compared to the taxes paid to the central government In other words, Li responded to national issues with local-oriented solutions and strategies Hence, through this discussion, this study will attempt to reveal the local concerns and strategies in Li’s work

10 Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics,

Classics, and Lineage Discourse (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994)

The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics ,

Classics, and Lineage Discourse 信 下 。 值

20 Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics

Classics, and Lineage Discourse, pp.73-130

21 Timothy Brook, “Funerary Ritual and the Building of Lineages in Late Imperial

China”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49.2 (1989): 465-499

佞 乃亲 2001 9-12

24 Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics

Classics, and Lineage Discourse, pp 44-45

25 Norman Kutcher, Mourning in Late Imperial China (New York: Cambridge

University Press, 1999), pp.190-191

36 Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics,

Classics and Lineage Discourse, p.130; 132

37 Timothy Brook, “Funerary Ritual and the Building of Lineages in Late Imperial China”, pp.465-499 。 :

: 侄 亩 ,2000

69-80

44 Robert M Hartwell, “Demographic, Political, Social Transformations of China,

750-1550,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42 2 (1984), pp 365-442

45 Robert Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-his, in

Northern and Southern Sung New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986

Kenneth Dean, Lord of the Three in One: the Spread of A Cult in Southeast China New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998; Michael Szonyi, Practicing Kinship:

Lineages and Descent in Late Imperial China California: Stanford University Press,

2002; David Faure, Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China

California: Stanford University Press, 2007; 丛 下什 亲

乃亲 2009 !

3 235

49 Peter K Bol, “Neo-Confucianism and Local Society, Twelfth to Sixteenth Century:

A Case Study”, in Paul Jakov Smith and Richard von Glahn, The Song-Yuan-Ming

Transition in Chinese History (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003),

pp.242-243

50 258-259

51 281

52 Khee Heong Koh, A Northern Alternative: Xue Xuan (1389-1464) and the Hedong

School (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2011), p.8

59 Chang Woei Ong, Men of Letters within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in

Chinese History, 907-1911(Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2008), pp

132-194

乃亲 1995

of Zhou”, in Benjamin Elman and Martin Kern (Eds), Statecraft and Classical

Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in East Asian History (Leiden; Boston: Brill,2010), pp

252-276

2 Joseph W Esherick and Mary Backus Rankin (eds.), Chinese Local Elites and

Patterns of Dominance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p.316

可 载载

24 Peter K Bol, “Chu His’s Redefinition of Literati Learning,” in Wm Theodore de

Bary and John W Chaffee (eds.), Neo-confucian Education: The Formative Stage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp.152 – 155; Peter K.Bol, “This

Culture of Ours”: Intellectual Transitions in T’ang and Sung China (Stanford, Calif

: Stanford University Press, 1992), pp.300-342

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2 Daniel K Gardner, “Confucian Commentary and Chinese Intellectual History”, the

Journal of Asian Studies 57,2 (May 1998): pp 397-422

of Change in Late Imperial China (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies,

Harvard University, 1984), esp pp 7-13

12 Chang Woei Ong, Men of Letters within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in

Chinese History, 907-1911, pp 188-194

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1998

Bol, Peter K “This Culture of Ours”: Intellectual Transitions in T’ang and Sung

China Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992

Chow Kai-wing The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics,

Classics, and Lineage Discourse Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994

Dean, Kenneth Lord of the Three in One: the Spread of A Cult in Southeast China

New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998

Esherick, Joseph W., and Mary Backus Rankin (eds.) The Chinese Local Elites and

Patterns of Dominance Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990

Elman, Benjamin A From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects

of Change in Late Imperial China Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian

Studies, Harvard University, 1984

Faure, David Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China California:

Stanford University Press, 2007

Hymes, Robert Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi, in

Northern and Southern Sung New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986

Koh Khee Heong A Northern Alternative: Xue Xuan (1389-1464) and the Hedong

School Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2011

Kutcher, Norman Mourning in Late Imperial China New York: Cambridge

University Press, 1999

Ong Chang Woei Men of Letters within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in Chinese

History, 907-1911 Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2008

Szonyi, Michael Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China

California: Stanford University Press, 2002

信

Song Jaeyoon, “Shifting Paradigms in Theories of Government: Histories, Classics,

and Public Philosophy in 11th-14th Century China.” Ph.D diss., Harvard

Brook Timothy, “Funerary Ritual and the Building of Lineages in Late Imperial

China”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49.2 (1989): 465-499

Bol Peter K., “Chu Hsi’s Redifinition of Literati Learning”, in Wm Theodore de Bary

and John W Chaffee (eds.), Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, pp.151-185

——, “Neo-Confucianism and Local Society, Twelfth to Sixteenth Century: A Case

Study”, in Paul Jakov Smith and Richard von Glahn, The Song-Yuan-Ming

Transition in Chinese History Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center,

2003, pp 241-283

Elman Benjamin A., “The Story of A Chapter: Changing Views of the “Artificer’s

Records (“Kaogong Ji” 保) and the Zhouli””, in Benjamin Elman and

Martin Kern (eds.), Statecraft and Classical Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in

East Asian History Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010, pp 330-356

Gardner Daniel K., “Confucian Commentary and Chinese Intellectual History”,

Journal of Asian Studies 57.2 (May 1998): 397-422

Hartwell Robert M., “Demographic, Political, Social Transformations of China,

750-1550,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42.2 (1984): 365-442

Song Jaeyoon, “Tension and Balance: Changes of Constitutional Schemes in Southern

Song Commentaries on the Rituals of Zhou”, in Benjamin Elman and Martin

Kern (eds.), Statecraft and Classical Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in East

Asian History Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010, pp 252-276