Tuy nhien, tdng triidng kinh te chita ben viing, chu yeu dUa vda khai thdc tdi nguyen thien nhien can kiet, vdn di, lao ddng gian dm, trong khi cdc nguon liic ndy duac s^ dung kem hieu q
Trang 1Co cdu kinh te Tay Nguyen
va mot so vdn de dqt ra^
BUI QUANG TUAN NGUYEN DINH HOA
r rong thdi gian qua, kinh te Tdy Nguy&n dat dUOc mot sdket qud ddng ghi nhdn, tdc d$ tdng triidng cao han mik trung binh cua cd niidc Tuy nhien, tdng triidng kinh te chita ben viing, chu yeu dUa vda khai thdc tdi nguyen thien nhien can kiet, vdn di, lao ddng gian dm, trong khi cdc nguon liic ndy duac s^ dung kem hieu qud Ca cdu kinh t& cua viing chuyen dich chUa theo hiidng phdt huy Icfi the ddc thu vd lai thd so sdnh cua viing, gid tri gia tdng thdp Cdch tk&e tdng trudng vd cO cdu kinh tenhu vay dang ddt ra nhieu thdch thiic uSphdt trien ben vUng Bdi vi^ ndy neu len thiic trang vd vdn de cua chuyen dich ca cdu kinh tenhdm gdp phdn cho thdo luan ud dinh hiidng cho viec tdi ca cdu kinh teTdy Nguyen theo hiidng phdt trien ben vUng
1 Thfle trang tang trfldfng va chuyen
dich cfl cau kinh te cua Tay
Nguyen
1.1 Tdng triidng kinh te
Kinh td' vflng Tay Nguyen da cd td'c do tang
trfldng eao thdi ky 2001-2012, dat binh quan
12,99%/nam De'n nam 2012, tong gia t r i san
xua't cua vung Tay Nguyen dat 74.727,85 ty
ddng (gia so sanh n a m 1994), tang 54.772,828
ty ddng so vdi nam 2001; trong dd: ndng, lam,
HINH 1: T o e d o t a n g trfldfng k i n h te' c u a
thuy s a n t a n g 17.139,492 ty ddng; cdng ngbiep-xay dflng t a n g 21.862,836 ty ddng; dich
vu t a n g 15.869,125 ty ddng Ddy diiOc coi la
t h a n h t u u ve t a n g trfldng kinh te' cua vflng Tdy Nguydn Ddng gdp vao t h a n h tflu tang trfldr^ nay eiia eac k h u vfle nhfl sau: k h u vUc cdi^ nghiep - xay dflng: 39,9%, k h u vflc ndng, lam, thuy san: 31,9% vd dich vu: 28,2% Nhfl v4y, eac nganh san xuat vat chat ddng vai trd la ddng Ifle d^y trong phat trien kinh te'eiia viiiig
v u n g T a y N g u y e n g i a i d o a n 2001 - 2012
• Canudc
• Tay Nguyen
- Nong, lam, thuy san
- Gang nghiep-xay dung
- Dich vu
2002 2003 2004 2005 2 0 0 6 2007 2008 2009 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2012
Ngudn: NiSn giam thdng ke cua cac tinh TSy NguySn
Bili Quang TuSn, PGS.TS Vien Nghien ciiu phat tri^n ben viing Viing; Nguyen Dinh Hda, ThS., Vien Kinh t^ Viet Nam
I Bai viei la moi phdn trong san phiim cua De tai TN3/X01 (Chuong trinh Tay Nguyen 3 )
Trang 2Co c^u kinh t^Tay Nguyen ,
• Ndng nghiep, lam nghiep vd thuy sdn
Gia tri san xud't ndng, lam, thuy san cua
Tdy Nguyen t a n g binh q u a n 8,11%/nam
trong thdi k^ 2 0 0 1 - 2011 N a m 2011, gia tri
san xuait dat 28.550,644 ty ddng (gia cd' dinh
ndm 1994), t a n g 1,64 l^n so vdi n a m 2005 va
2,28 Idn so vdi n a m 2001 Tuy nhidn, t a n g
trfldng ciia k h u vflc ndng, lam, t h u y san gifla
cac ndm thidii sfl dn dinh Ddng gdp cbinh
vdo tang trfldng ndng nghiep eua vflng la tieu
nganh ndng nghiep, vdi mfle 96,75%; lam
nghiep va thuy san, tfldng flng la 2,48% va
0,77% c a c n a m 2002, 2005 va 2008 ed mfle
tang trfldng tha'p nha't, nguyen n h a n ehinh la
do gia ndng san (cd phd) trdn thi trfldng the'
gidi giam m a n h trong nhflng nam nay
• Cdng nghiip vd xdy dUng
Gia tri san xud't cua ngdnh cdng nghidp
-xdy dflng trong giai doan 2001-2011 tang
binh quan hdng ndm 19,70% Gia tri san
xua't cua nhdm n g a n h nay t a n g tfl mfle
3360,329 ty ddng n a m 2001 len mfle
22.311,258 ty ddng n a m 2011 (tang 6,63 lan)
Tdc dd tang trudng cdng nghiep binh quan
nam thdi k^ 2001-2005 dat 18,37%, thdi ky
2006-2011 khoang 20,36% Mae du trong giai
doan 2001-2011, gia tri san xua't edng nghiep
vflng Tay Nguyen dat td'c do tdng trudng cao,
nhflng do xua't p h a t diem tha'p, nen chie'm ty
Id nhd trong ngdnh cdng nghidp ca nfldc
(khoang 0,9%) Trong edng nghiep, nganh
cdng nghidp didn - nfldc vd nganh khai thac
md la cac nganh cd td'c do t a n g trfldng cao
nha't, Idn Ifldt la 44,84%/nam va 25,34%/nam
Hai ngdnh nay cd dflde td'c do t a n g trfldng cao
la do sfl t r i l n khai xdy dflng, vdn h d n h cua
nhieu nha may thuy dien va du an khai thac
khoang san t r e n dia ban Day Id n h a n to'
chlnh thuc ddy vide chuyen dich cd cau kinh
te, nhflng cung gdy nen nhflng bd't Idi ddi vdi
phat t r i l n ben vflng cua Tay Nguyen
• Dich vu
Dich vu dUdc d a n h gid la mdt trong nhflng
ngdnh cd tiem ndng d Tdy Nguyen, tuy
nhien, hien nay ngdnh nay phat trien chfla
tfldng xflng vdi tiem nang Td'c dd t a n g
trfldng t r u n g binh giai doan 2001 - 2012 cua
n g a n h dich vu dat 16,78%, trong dd giai doan
2 0 0 1 2006 dat 15,33% va giai doan 2007
-2012 dat 18,23% Ke tfl n a m 2005, tdc do
t a n g h a n g n a m ve gid t r i s a n xud't cua
n g a n h dich vu eao hdn td'c do t a n g c h u n g cua n e n k i n h te' Gid t r i tdng san p h a m cua
n g a n h da t a n g tfl 3.184,684 ty ddng n a m
2001 len 5.798,460 ty ddng n a m 2005 va dat 19.053,81 ty ddng n a m 2012
1.2 Chat luang tdng trudng
• Ndng sudt lao dong
Tang nang sudt lao ddng la yd'u td' de dam bao chd't Ifldng tang trfldng Trong giai doan 2001- 2012, tdc do tang nang su^t lao ddng eua vflng Tay Nguyen dat trung binh 5,3%/nam; bang khoang 50% so vdi td'c do tang trfldng kinh td' va nang suat lao ddng tuyet ddi van d mfle tha'p, chi dat khoang 16,32 trieu ddng/Iao ddng Cdng nghiep - xdy dflng Id linh vuc cd nang suat lao ddng cao nhdt trong ba khu vfle, trung binh 64,23 trieu ddngAao ddng/nam Trong khi
dd, hnh vUe ndng, lam, thuy san cd mfle nang sua't tha'p nh^t so vdi cac nganh khac (ehi dat 10,98 trieu ddng) Hdn nfla, khoang each chenh lech ve mfle nang sua't gifla ngdnh edng nghiep
- xay dflng so vdi ndng, lam, thuy san ngdy cang doang rdng ra Neu nhfl nam 2001, khoang each nay la 3,6 lan, thi de'n nam 2012, khoang each nay la 8,36 lan Xu hfldng nay, mdt mat, phan anh qua trinh chuyen dich cd eau lao ddng tfl ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep (tfl nganh ed nang suat lao ddng thap sang nganh cd nang sua't lao ddng cao hdn) trong thdi gian qua didn
ra cham; mat khac, nd ciing the hien nganh ndng, lam, thuy san cd tdc dd tang nang sud't lao ddng cdn ra't cham, tflc la hieu qua va cha't lUdng eua tang trudng nganh cdn tha'p Nganh cdng nghiep tang trfldng chu ye'u la do nganh
md rdng quy md san xuat vd ha'p thu lao ddng trinh do t h d p \ chfl chfla phai ddng thdi tdng quy md va san pham cd ham Ifldng cdng nghe
' Bili Due Hung, Hoang Hdng Hiep (2011) Luimg hda tdc dong ctia cdc nhdn id sdn xudi de'n tdng trudng cong
nghiep vdng Tdy Nguyen Tap chf Nghien cihi kinh le' sd
4-20'll.tr.58-65
4 5
Trang 3C0 cau kinh te Tay Nguyen
eao - la yeii to quyet dinh toe do tang n h a n h
nang suat lao d d i ^ va nang Ifle canh tranh
NhiJng b a n chd' ve chat Ifldng ngudn n h a n
Iflc la mdt trong nhflng nguyen n h a n dan den
nang suat lao ddng cua vung Tay Nguyen cdn
tha'p Theo didu t r a lao ddng va vide lam
h a n g ndm (Tong cue Thd'ng ke), trong giai
doan 2005 - 2012, ty Id lao ddng da q u a dao
tao d Tay Nguyen ludn t h d p hdn mfle chung
toan qudc va chi dflng t r e n vflng ddng b a n g
HINH 2: N a n g s u a t l a o d o n g c u a
sdng Ciiu Long Ty Id lao ddng khdng c6
t r i n h do chuyen mdn ky t h u a t chie'm 89,1% (nam 2011); lao dong q u a dao tao ehi chi^n 10,8% (sd cdp nghe: 1%; t r u n g c^p nghi: 0,8%; t r u n g cap chuydn nghiep: 3,3%; cao ddng nghe: 0,1%; cao dang; 1,7%; dai hoc trd len: 3,6%) Cha't lUdng lad ddng thap anh hfldng tieu cflc den k h a n a n g n a n g eao ndng sua't s a n xud't va p h a t trien cac nganh san xud't mdi ddi hdi n h a n Iflc cha't Ifldng eao
v f l n g T a y N g u y d n (trieu ddng I lao ddng)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
- ^ Tdng stf 10345 107,62
, —•— Ntfng, lam, thuy san j ^ '
-*-C6ng nghiep-xay dung 84,20 ° ' ' ™ / ^
—•—Dichvu 75,94 ^
32,76 32,57 J S ^
12,63 " , 7 6 15,18
9,06 8,20 9,30
2001 2002 2003
58,15 " : ^ v ^ ^
4 8 , 8 9 ^
4 2 3 0 ^ ^ * ^ ^
23 90 25,38 2 8 f 8 j 0 , 2 1
, 1 1 , 1 nn I T - f l ' • ' i " ' ' • ' l * ^ „' Y— m m
10,04 10,00 10,39 11,69 11,49 12,07 12,89 13,71 12,87
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ngudn: Tinh toSn tii Nien giam thdng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyen
• Hieu qud ddu tU
Tang trfldng kinh te' cao eua Tay Nguyen
gan lien vdi tang manh vd'n dau tfl, the hien
qua ty Id dau tfl so vdi GDP tdng trong giai
doan vfla qua, tfl 43,56% n a m 2001 len 51,77%
nam 2011; trung binh giai doan 2001 - 2011, ty
le nay dat 46,2% Hieu qua dau tfl tha'p dflde
the hien rd qua he sd ICOR cao vd cd xu hfldng
gia tdng theo eac n a m gan ddy (hinh 3)
Sfl tang ngudn vd'n ddu tfl eua viing Tay
Nguydn trong thdi gian qua chu ye'u la tfl
kinh td' ngodi nha nfldc, vdi ty le 69%, trong
khi dd, khu vflc kinh te' n h a nfldc la 29,7% vd
khu vflc kinh te' cd vd'n ddu tU nfldc ngoai la
1,3% Xet theo t h a n h phan kinh te, he so'
ICOR cua khu vfle ed vd'n dau tfl nfldc ngodi
cao hdn k h a nhieu so vdi cac khu vflc khac
Trong giai doan 2006 - 2011, de tao r a dflde 1
ddng GDP, k i n h te' ed vd'n ddu tfl nfldc ngodi cdn 12,30 ddng vd'n ddu tfl, trong khi dd, kinh td' ngoai nhd nfldc va k h u vflc kinh t^ nh^ nfldc can tfldng flng la 6,12 dong vd 5,17 ddng He sd ICOR eua k h u vflc cd vdn ddu ti( nfldc ngoai d a t r a va'n de can giam sat chat che ve bao cao t i n h h i n h san xua't kinh doanh
va chd'ng chuyen gia cua eac doanh nghidp
He sd' ICOR cao eua k h u vflc kinh t^ ngoM
n h a nfldc Id do k h u vflc n a y hidn vdn san xua't p h d n t a n , nhd le Theo ket qua diiu tra ndng thdn, ndng nghiep vd t h u y san (ndm 2011), quy md vd'n b i n h q u a n bd cua vAng Tay Nguyen ehi dat 13.856,2 nghin dong, tha'p hdn t r u n g binh cua ca nfldc (16.843,7 nghin ddng) Mfle vd'n nhd khd cd t h e d l san xua't k i n h doanh hidu qua, khi ma cac lo^ cdy cdng nghiep ddi hdi ngudn v6h I6n
46
Trang 4Co eh kinh l£ ray Nguyen
HlNH 3: Ty le v o n d a u tit v a h e s o ICOE c u a v u n g T a y N g u y e n g i a i d o a n 2000-2011
8
7
6
S 3
2
1
0
J*7,56
^!^i< 44,« 43,3
43,6 \
3,66"
2001 2002 2003
48,3
429
2004
48,8
« ^ ~ ~ ^
2005 2006
50,1 Jl'«
46,4 _,• •*
^ • 4!65
- - » _ - — • 4.08 425
3,68
328
-•—ICOR
— • — Ty 1§ v6n ddu tu
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
60
50
?
4 0 |
3 30'^
t
2oa!-p
10
0
Ngudn • Tinh todn tir Nien giam th6ng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyen
• Dong gdp cua cdc nhdn td' vdo tdng
trUdng kinh te
Tren khia canh ddng gdp vao t a n g trfldng
kinh td^ ciia vflng Tay Nguyen, tdng trfldng
kinh t^ cua vflng Tdy Nguydn chfla ben vflng
Tdng trfldng kinh td' cua vung chu ye'u dUa
tren cae ydu td ddu vdo (vd'n, lao ddng va
khai thac cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien)
Nhi^u nghien cflu tie'n h d n h ddc lap deu cd
ciing mdt n h d n dinh nhfl vay P h a m Quang
Tu va Le T h a n h Vdn (2012) da tinh toan
ddng gdp cua nang sud't tong eac n h d n to'
(TFP) vdo tdng trfldng kinh te' eiia vung Tay
Nguyen giai doan 2000-2010 Ke't qua eho
thdy trong t a n g trudng kinh td' Tdy Nguyen
ndm 2003, ddng gdp cua vd'n chie'm tdi
46,76%, lao ddng la 16,27% va T F P la 36,97%
Trong giai doan 2006-2010, vd'n ddng gdp
83,49%, lao ddng la 9,05%, cdn T F P chi cd
7,46% Nhfl vay, trong giai doan tfl 2003 de'n
2010, t a n g trfldng cua vflng Tay Nguydn chu
ydu dfla vdo vd'n va lao ddng Trong khi t a n g
trfldng ngay cang phu thuoc vao vd'n dflde t h e
hi^n nhfl hinh 3 vdi ty Id vd'n ddu tfl ngay
cdng tang, song hidu qua ddu t u lai giam
xudng Ddng gdp ciia T F P ngay cang giam
cflng cd nghia Id vai trd cua khoa hoc cdng
nghe, tinh chuyen nghiep va chd't Ifldng quan
\S, vd vai trd cua thd' ch^ hien nay Id tha'p
ne'u khdng ndi la r a t it Trong khi dd, cdc yeu td' nay mdi la cac ye'u td' quan trong, quyet dinh nang lUc canh t r a n h cua vflng Dieu nay eho tha'y khie'm khuye't ed tinh nen tang trong pang cao nang lUc canh t r a n h va phat trien ben viing eua vung
Cae tdc gia Bui Dflc Hflng va Hodng Hdng Hidp (2011) eiuig da tinh todn ddng gdp eua cac n h a n td' vdo tdng trfldng ngdnh cdng nghiep ciia vung Tdy Nguyen trong giai doan
1996 - 2009 (vdi bd sd lieu hdn hdp vdi mdu
60 quan sat) Ke't qua flde Ifldng cho tha'y: ne'u gia t a n g 1% ve lao ddng se ddn den gia tang 0,75% gia tri san xua't cua nganh cdng nghiep; trong khi do, neu gia tang 1% Ifldng tai san cd' dinh se chi lam tang 0,25% He sd
eo dan cua lao ddng cao the hien edng nghiep cua vung Tay Nguyen chu ye'u gdm nhflng nganh t h u cdng, sfl dung nhieu lao ddng vd tang trfldng cdng nghiep chu ye'u do sfl gia tang sd Ifldng lao ddng Ve ddng gdp cua vd'n, lao ddng va TFP vao tang trfldng eua eac tinh tfldng flng nhfl sau: Kon Tum (63,45%; 58,31%; -21,76%), Gia Lai (42,06%; 40,03%; 17,91%) Dak Lak (47,30%; 44,09%; 8.61%), Lam Ddng (33,77%; 28,41%; 37,82%) Nhfl vay, t a n g trfldng cdng nghiep cua cac tinh vflng Tay Nguyen ehu yeu la tdng trfldng theo chieu rdng, chu ye'u dfla vao gia tang
47
Trang 5vdii vd lao ddng chfla qua ddo tao, chfla cd sfl
ddng gdp dang ke eua TFP
Nguydn V a n H u a n (2011) da t i n h t o a n v^
ddng gdp eua cac n h d n to vdo tdng trfldng
eua t i n h Kon Tum Theo ke't qua cua nghien
cflu nay, trong ca giai doan 2000-2005 va
2002-2008, ddng gdp cua TFP eho deu am
Ve ly thuydt, ddng gdp eua T F P khdng t h e
am Cd the ket qua nay la do sai so' cua sd'
lieu thd'ng ke hoac do each t i n h TFP la theo
each t i n h phdn dfl Solow Tuy nhidn, it nha't
ke't qua nay cho tha'y vai trd eua khoa hoc
cdng nghe, trinh do quan ly va the che' cua
t i n h Kon Tum cdn tha'p va chfla dflde phdt
huy Nen kinh te' tinh Kon Tum tdng trfldng
chu ye'u dua vao vd'n va lao ddng
Nhfl vay, vdi each t i n h toan c h u n g cho ca
HINH 4: Cfl ca'u k i n h t e t h e o n g a n h c u a
vflng, eho mdt n g a n h k i n h t e h a y cho mSt
t i n h ciia Tay Nguyen, d i u cho thd'y tang trfldng kinh te' cua Tdy Nguyen chu ye'u la dfla t r e n cac yd'u to' d a u vao, yeii to TFP (ve
m a t cdng nghe, t h e chd) ddng gdp cdn rd't han
che
2.2 Chuyen dich ca cdu kinh the
So" lieu tfl h i n h 4 eho thd'y, k i n h te Tay Nguydn chu yd'u id ndng, 1dm, t h u y san vdi 46,3% (nam 2012), cdng nghiep - xay dflng va dich vu, tfldng flng la 29,8% va 23,8% Trong khi dd, cd ca'u k i n h te' cua ca nfldc (ndm 2012) nhfl sau: ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san: 19,67%, cdng nghiep - xdy dUng: 38,63% va dich vu: 41,7% N h u vay, ty trong kinh te ndng, Idm, t h u y san Tdy Nguyen cao hdn so vdi cua ca nfldc
v u n g T a y N g u y e n g i a i d o a n 2002 - 2012 (%)
DNdngjam, thuy sdn I Cdng nghidp - xdy dimg D Dich vu
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ngudn: Nien giam th6ng ke cua cac tinh TSy Nguyen cac nSm
Cflng nhfl ca nfldc, cd cd'u kinh te' cua
vflng Tdy Nguyen dang cd chuyen dich theo
hfldng edng nghiep hda Ty trong ndng, lam,
thuy san giam tfl 48,9% n a m 2002 xudng cdn
48,8% ndm 2005 va 46,3% n a m 2012; ty
trong cdng nghiep - xay dflng tdng tfl 25,2%
ndm 2002 len 29,8% n a m 2012 Nhfl vay, ke
ca theo nghia edng nghiep hda truyen thd'ng,
cd ca'u kinh te ehuyen dich vdn cdn cham
trong vdng 10 ndm, ndng, 1dm, thuy san chi giam dflde 2,6% Tuy nhien, mdt vd'n de trim trong hdn ciia chuyen dich cd cd'u kinh t^ Tdy Nguyen Id d chd, viec chuyen dich cd c^u kinh te dang didn r a khdng dfla tren nin
t a n g ve cha't cua q u a t r i n h , md chii y^u 1ft dfla vdo v l Ifldng Ty trong ciia ngdnh c6ng nghiep t a n g ehu ye'u do ed sfl p h a t t r i l n cuft mdt sd n g a n h cdng nghiep nhfl k h a i khoang,
Trang 6Co cau kinh t^ Tdy Nguyen ,
san xudt vdt lidu xdy dflng va dac biet la
khai t h a c t h u y dien, la cac n g a n h khdng cd
vai trd quyet dinh v l n a n g Iflc canh t r a n h lau
ddi cua vung Hay ndi each khdc, chuyen dich
cd cdu kinh t ^ cua viing trong thdi gian qua
chu ydu la do gia tdng v l Ifldng (phat trien
cac n g a n h k h a i t h a c tai nguyen), it ed sti
thay ddi ve cha't (tang n a n g sud't vd tao r a
gid tri gia t a n g cao hdn, c h u y i n dich sang
mdt xich/cdng doan cd gia t r i gia t a n g cao
hdn trong chudi gid t r i gia tang) Nhflng ndi
dung nay dflde p h a n tich va de cap trong
nhiing p h d n sau cua bai vie't
• Ndng nghiep, Idm nghiep vd thuy sdn
Sd hdu tfl h i n h 4 cho tha'y, ndng, lam,
thuy san la n g a n h k i n h te chinh cua vung
Tdy Nguydn Trong nhdm ngdnh ndy chu ye'u
Id tfl ndng nghidp (95,0 %), lam nghidp vd
thuy san, vdi cdc eon so tfldng flng Id 3,9% vd
1,1%
Ddi vdi ndng nghiip, t i i u n g a n h trdng trot
chiem tdi 84,8%; chdn nudi chi chid'm 12,7%
Cac loai cay cdng nghidp Idu ndm ddng vai
trd chinh trong trdng trot cua vung Tay
Nguyen, h a n g n a m chiem t r e n 60% Cae loai
cdy cdng nghiep lau ndm hien nay t r e n dia
bdn la ca phe, cao su, hd tieu, dieu, che,
Tong didn tich cac loai cay edng nghiep Idu
ndm dat 880.815 h a (nam 2011), t a n g
248.648 h a so vdi n a m 2001; trong giai doan
2001-2011, t r u n g binh mdi n a m t a n g khoang
3,6% Ddi vdi cac cay cdng nghidp lau ndm, ca phe la cdy cd dien tich Idn nhd't, n a m 2011 da dat 527.609 ha, tiep den Id cao su: 218.417
ha, dieu: 88.129 h a va che: 24.585 ha Dien tich cae loai cay cdng nghiep lau n a m
t a n g len p h a n a n h ehuyen dich cd cdu sfl dung dd't ndng nghiep theo hfldng tdng cac
loai cay trong cd gia tri kinh tM cao hdn va
d i i u nay gdp p h a n vao qua trinh chuyen dich
cd c^u kinh te ndng nghiep cua vflng Tuy nhidn, viec phdt trien cac loai cdy cdng nghidp trong thdi gian qua dang hoc Id n h i l u vdn d l : p h a t trien khdng theo quy hoach, khdng kiem soat dUde ve dien tich NgUdi ddn cd t a m ly chay theo phong trao, chay theo gia ca ndng san (vi du: khi ca phe dUdc gia thi ngfldi dan dua n h a u md rdng dien tich, chat bd eac cay trdng khdc), cdi vdng ludn quan "trdng - chat" cfl lien tuc xay ra
Mat khac, gia tri san xud't cac loai cay cdng nghiep thie'u tinh on dinh, phu thude vao dieu kidn tfl nhien, nhflng ndm dflde mua thi gia tri cao, mat mfla thi gia tri thd'p, khdng t h u dUdc nhieu tfl khdu che' bien de tao r a gia tri gia t a n g cao hdn Ca phe, bd tieu va cao su la hang hda trao ddi Idn va chie'n lUdc eua Tdy Nguyen nhUng hien tai ehu yeu vdn Id xud't khdu dfldi dang nguyen lieu thd (vi du: ty trong gia tri gia tang tren tdng gid tri san xud't eua cd phe h a t chi dat 10,6%, cao su mu khd Id 13,4%)
BANG 1: Gid t r i g i a t a n g t r o n g g i a t r i s a n xua't c u a m o t s o n o n g s a n Vidt N a m (%)
Ngilnh
Ci phe hat
C i p h e c h « b i « n
Cao su mu khO
2001 9,6
14,8
15,8
2002
10,3
14,4 15,4
2003 10,7 13,8 14,6
2004 11,6 13,4 14,2
2005 12,2 12,9
13,6
2006 11,9
12,4
13.4
2007 10,6 12,1
13.4
2008
10,6
12,1
13.4
Ngudn: Tdng cue Thfing ke
Mdt trong nhflng loai cay trdng chu Iflc va
ddng gdp dang k l vdo gia tri san xua't ndng
nghiap cua vflng Tdy Nguyen Id cay cd phe
M$e dfl v$y, san xufift cd phe hien nay ehu
yeu vdn dang ndm d cdng doan gia tri gia
tftng tha'p trong chudi gia tri P h d n Idn Ifldng
cd phe dflde san xuat ra (87%) chu yeu la ca phe n h a n xua't khau Cd phe dflde che bien
t h a n h ed phe hda tan Id cdng doan ed gia tri gia tdng cao nha't vdi 122,8 trieu ddng/td'n (quy nhdn) nhflng chi chiem khoang 4% td'ng san Ifldng
Trang 7Co cd'u kinh t^ Tay Nguyen
BANG 2: G i a t r i g i a t a n g s a n p h a m c a p h e
Dong san pbam
Ca phe nhan \6i xulft khdu
Ca phe nhan che xu^t kh^u
Ca phe hoa tan nguyen chfCt
Ca phe rang xay
Ca phe hoa tan ph6i tr6n (2 in 1, 3 in 1 v.v )
Tdng
Cff cau san pham (%)
87
6
1
2
4
100
Gia tri gia tang (trieu dong/tan quy nlian) 33,29 60,8 64,58 81,2 122,8
Ngudn: B6 N6ng nghiep va phat trie'n nong thOn, Di an tai cau tnic nong nghiep (2013)
Dd Lat la vflng san xud't hoa noi tieng va
ed tiem n a n g Idn nha't ve san x u a t hoa cua ea
nfldc Dien tich da't trdng hoa cua Lam Ddng
dat 4.500 ha, chie'm 5% dien tich dd't ndng
nghiep San Ifldng hoa Da Lat flde khoang 1,5
ty canh/nam va gia tri h a n g hda khoang
2.500 ty ddng Hoa san xua't chu ye'u la tieu
t h u ndi dia, 60% san lUdng hoa dflde cung ea'p
cho t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh va cac t i n h phia
Bde Cae san p h a m hoa cua Dd Lat ndi rieng
vd ca nfldc ndi chung hien nay mdi ehi qua
cac edng doan cat, tia vd bao quan, de phuc
vu cho n h u cdu tieu dung ndi dia dfldi d a n g
hoa tfldi, vi the' gia tri gia t a n g khdng cao
Vide che' bien hoa t h a n h cac san phdm nhfl
boa khd (tranh bang la, t i n h ddu, ) mac dfl
cd thi trUdng, ed n h u cau vd cd gia t r i gia
t a n g cao, nhUng vide thUc hien theo eac
chudi san p h a m nay hien vdn dang cdn bd
ngd
Bdi vdi ngdnh Idm nghiep, trong cd cd'u
kinh te, nganh nay chiem ty le khdng dang
ke (chi 3,9% trong giai doan 2001 - 2012) va
cd xu hfldng giam ddn, do ea dien tich va cha't
Ifldng rflng deu suy giam Ddng gdp chu yd'u
vao nganh lam nghiep la khai thac lam san
(75,1%); eac boat ddng nhfl trdng va nudi
rflng, dich vu chi chie'm 16,5% va 8,4% Viec
phat trien lam nghiep dfla vao khai thac lam
san, cung vdi md rdng dien tich de trdng cac
loai cay edng nghiep lau nam va phat trien
thuy dien, dd anh hfldng dang ke tdi dien
tich rflng Td'ng hdp d i l n bie'n dien tich rflng
qua cae giai doan p h a t trien k i n h td' - xa hdi cua Tay Nguyen cho thay, tfl n a m 1976 den
2010, dien tich rflng tfl n h i e n cua Tay Nguyen giam hdn 1 trieu ha, giam gdn 30%
so vdi n a m 1976 Do che p h u rCfng cua Tdy Nguyen chi cdn khoang 42% (cd eon so thdng
ke eho tha'y ehi cdn 34%)
Nhfl vay, nhflng vd'n de trdn cua phat
t r i l n ndng nghiep Tay Nguyen hidn nay cho tha'y cae ye'u to' ddng gdp eho t a n g trfldng chu ye'u la ve Ifldng chfl khdng v l cha't, khdng co gia tri gia t a n g cao, chfla t a p t r u n g phdt huy
vd d a u tfl dii de phdt trien eac san phdm c6 Idi the' so s a n h va Idi the' canh t r a n h ciia vung Dieu n a y cung h a m y rdng, cdng nghiep che' bie'n cdn dflde flu tien dau tfl, vai trd cua doanh nghiep can p h a t trien manh hdn nfla de hd trd ndng nghiep va gia tdng gia tri san p h a m cd Idi the'
• Cdng nghiep vd xdy dUng
Trong n g a n h cdng nghiep eua vung Tay Nguyen, trong giai doan 2001-2011, cong nghiep ehe' bie'n chie'm t y trong cao nhd't (79,3%), tiep den la san xua't didn (16,4%) vd cdng nghiep k h a i t h a c md (4,3%) Tuy nhidn,
xu hudng cua n g a n h edng nghiep che biln dang giam ddn; ngfldc lai, n g a n h cdng nghiap khai t h a c va san xua't, cung flng didn cd xu hfldng gia tdng m a n h , nhd't la trong nhflng
n a m gan day Ddng gdp cua ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien ngdy cang giam t h i hien mdt
xu hfldng ba't hdp ly trong qua t r i n h cong nghiep hda
50
Trang 8Co ein kinh te Tay Nguyen
Ddi vdi nhdm n g a n h cong nghidp che bie'n,
bflde ddu da k h a i t h a c tdt t h e m a n h cua dia
phfldng, tijtng bflde da hinh t h d n h mdt so cd
sd cdng nghidp ehe b i l n ndng, lam san, ddng
gop vdo t a n g kim ngach xud't k h a u cua vung
Tuy nhien, viec p h a t trien chfla dflde ddng
diu, chd!t Ifldng va hieu q u a d mot so linh
vflc, san p h a m chfla cao, k h a ndng canh
t r a n h cua san phdm cdn thd'p Cdng nghiep
che bien nong, lam san chfla sau, phdn Idn la
sd che, ty le san p h d m t i n h che chfla cao, h a n
c h i sflc canh t r a n h va x u a t khdu
Chuyen dich cd ca'u n g a n h san xua't dien d
Tdy Nguydn Id do vide xay dflng cdc nhd may
thuy didn quy md Idn, vfla vd nhd trong
nhflng ndm qua D i n ndm 2012, trdn cac he
thdng sdng chinh eiia Tay Nguyen nhfl sdng
Ba, Se San, Srepok, Ddng Nai cd den 287 dfl
a n t h u y dien, vdi tong cdng suat 6.991,8 MW, gdm 43 dfl dn (5.528,7 MW) thuoc quy hoach bac t h a n g t h u y dien t r e n ddng chinh va 244
du an (1.463 MW) thude quy hoach thuy dien nhd t r e n sdng, sud'i n h a n h Xay dUng thuy didn d Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua da chiem dung 65.239 ba ddt dai cac loai, trong dd khoang 16.600 ha rflng (mdi chi r a soat khoang 163 edng trinh) va khoang gdn 25.300 hp dan hi a n h hfldng Vide chan ddng
de xay dflng cac cdng trinh thuy didn khien Iflu Ifldng nfldc tren be m a t cac sdng, ho, sudi can kiet; cac mach nUde ngam vflng ba Iflu suy giam; nhflng tac ddng nay lam eho mfla khd Tdy Nguyen cang trd nen khd ban hdn
HINH 5: Cof cd'u k i n h t e c o n g n g h i d p v u n g T a y N g u y e n g i a i d o a n 2001 - 2011 (%)
D Cdng nghidp khai thac md D Cdng nghidp chd bidn D San xudt va phan phdi dien, khi ddt va ni/dc
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-^2
UnJ
3
tii
Iff
en
17.1
n.4i 26.8
LraJ mm r 4 i
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Ngudn: Nien giam thdng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyfin
Cdng nghidp khai t h a c chi chie'm 3,3%
(ndm 2001) tong gid tri san xud't cdng nghiep
ciia vflng Tdy Nguydn, nhflng da t a n g len
4,0% ndm 2010 Cac loai khodng san dflde
khai thac n h i e u nha't trong thdi gian gan day
Id khai t h a c vdng sa khoang d hdu khdp 5
tinh Tay Nguyen; k h a i t h a c vonfram d Kon
Turn; khai t h a c cac loai da xay dflng d Gia
Lai; khai t h a c bauxite d L a m Ddng Phdn
Idn ho^t ddng k h a i khoang d Tdy Nguyen
mang tinh chd't t u phat (nhU khai thac vat lieu xdy dflng), manh mun, nhd le, ngdn han Bieu hien eua tinh trang nay la gia'y phep khai thac dflde ea'p phep t r a n Ian, chia cac
md thdnh cac md nhd de cap phep Trong khi chfla chfl trong nhieu dd'n tieu chi ndng Iflc, cdng nghd, giam thieu d nhidm mdi trfldng, Cach phat trien theo chilu rdng nhfl vay lam giam hieu qua eua viec khai thac va sfl dung tai nguyen khoang san
5 1
Trang 9CO c^u kinh te Tdy Nguyen
• Dich vu
Trong ngdnh dich vu ciia Tay Nguyen,
ngudn Iflc dang cd xu hfldng chuyen dich
sang thUdng mai, v a n tai, khd bai, hflu chinh
v i l n thdng; giao due vd dao tao; Dich vu
thUdng mai chiem flu t h i va hidn chie'm
23,1%, t a n g 5,4% so vdi n a m 2007 Ty trong
ciia dich vu giao due va dao tao tang tit
15,0% len 23,2% trong cilng thdi k^ Cac dich
v u cd tac d u n g hd trd s a n x u d t p h a t trien nhtf dich vu t a i chinh, n g a n h a n g chid'm ty trong hidn vdn cdn tha'p (6,3%)
BANG 3: Gia t r i s a n x u a t v a cd c a u n g a n h d i c h v u c u a v u n g T a y N g u y d n
Linti vijc
B5n bu6n v l ban le 5 t6, xe may
Giao thOng, lini kho va tnty^n
thbng
Khach san, nha hang
Tmng gian tai chinh
B^t d6ng san va hoat dOng kinh
doanh
Khoa hoc vk cOng nghS
Chinh tri v l an ninh qu6c phong
Giao due v l dao tao
Y t «
Vui choi gidi tri
Hoat dang djch vu khac
Tcfng s6
2007 Gia tri (trieu dong)
1.813.112 1.442.145 828.313 858.171 800.956 676.439 473.238 1.533.758 1.429.429 35.528 355.254
10.246M3
Ty trong (%)
17,7 14,1 8,1 8,4 7,8 6.6 4,6 15,0 14,0 0,3 3,5
100
2009 Gia tri (trieu dong)
5.211.253 2.909.105 1.583.931 1.373.972 1.326.969 753.061 1.013.193 3.174.729 2.372.599 1.097.864 629.267 21.445.943
Ty trong (%)
24,3 13,6 7,4 6,4 6,2 3,5 4,7 14,8 11,1 5,1 2,9
100
2011 Gia tri (trieu dong)
8.762.382 4.852.535 2.460.743 2.398.783 1.971.657 887.701 1.401.964 8.805.368 3.741.076 1.681.416 966.637
37.930.262
Ty trong (*)
23,1 12,8 6,5 6,3 5,2 2,3 3,7 23,2 9,9 4,4 2,5
100 Ngudn: Nien giam thdng ke cua cdc tinh Tay Nguy6n
Vdi flu the' dac t h u cua Tay Nguyen la
nhflng san phdm van hda ndi tie'ng nhfl "van
hda Cdng Chieng", diem du lich rieng ed Da
Lat va nhieu Id hdi khac n h a u , du lich eua
Tay Nguyen cd tiem nang r a t Idn de p h a t
trien Tuy nhien, vui ehdi giai tri vd du lich
eua vflng chfla p h a t trien tfldng xflng vdi
tiem nang va dac thfl cua vung, chfla trd
t h a n h ddng Iflc de phat trien kinh te' Nam
2007, du lich chi ddng gdp 0,3% trong n g a n h
dich vu va n a m 2011 cd tang len nhflng chi
chidm 4,4% Nguyen n h a n cua tinh t r a n g nay
la nhflng h a n che' trong viec xuc tien du lich
d vung Tay Nguyen Cac cd sd phuc vu du
lich nhfl khach san, nhd h a n g da xud't hien
nhieu d Da Lat, Budn Ma Thudt, Pleiku ,
nhflng n h i n chung vdn chfla dap flng dflde ve
ca sd' Ifldng va cha't Ifldng Cd sd h a tdng, dac biet la m a n g Ifldi dfldng bd, chfla dflde cai thien de k h a i t h a c hieu qua t i l m ndng du hch cua vung Cae hoat ddng xuc tien ciing chfla dflde chu trong d a u tfl de t h u hflt khach
du lich nhieu hdn Thie'u n h i l u san phdm du lich de cho du k h a c h trflc tiep t h a m gia boat ddng, de gifl chan du khdch va thie'u cac san
p h a m ha'p ddn de keo du k h a c h quay lai sau khi da de'n t h a m Tay Nguyen Hien nay du lich cua vung Tay Nguyen chi p h a t trien d(Jn
t u y e n (khach chu yeu de'n D a Lat), thilu si^
h e n ket t h a n h cac t u y i n c h a n g b a n nhfl DS
Lat - Mdng Den, tuye'n cac t i n h Tdy NguySn vdi cae tinh ven bien Hdn nfla, vide phfit
Trang 10Co clu kinh \€ Tay Nguyen ,
trien du lich thieu sfl lien k e t va bo trd Idn
nhau Khdch du lich den Tdy Nguyen cung
chi mdi dflde t d n hfldng cae san phdm t h u d n
tfly ve thdm q u a n phong canh du lich, cdn
cac dich vu di k e m nhfl thfldng thfle cac san
phdm ddc san, cac san p h a m dflde ehe bid'n tfl
Ban vdt cua Tay Nguydn, du lich nghi dudng,
cac san p h d m tfl hoa (hoa khd, t i n h ddu tfl
hoa), chfla dflde ehu trong p h a t t r i l n Viec
gdn k i t eac san p h d m ndng nghidp vdi ehe
biln va du lich theo each tiep can chudi vd
each tiep cdn da ngdnh chfla dflde chu y
nghidn cflu ddu tfl de flng dung thvt nghiem
vd trien khai
Cac linh vflc dich v u khac v l tai cbinh
ngan hang, khoa hoc cdng nghd p h a t trien
kdm va chua trd t h a n h nhflng diem dot
phd trong Iinh vfle dich vu Linh vflc du lich
cd t i l m ndng Idn de trd t h d n h Id mdt ngdnh
kinh t l mfli nhon lai chfla dflde khai thdc va
phat t r i l n t i t P h d t trien ngdnh du lich cdn
phai dUdc phat t r i l n m a n h me de p h a t huy
tilm ndng va Idi thd' cua dae thfl Tay
Nguydn P h a t tri^n dich vu trong dd dae bidt
la du lich se tao cd hdi de bien cac ye'u td' xa
hdi, vdn hda, mdi trUdng la ddng Ifle cho phat
trien
2 N h f l n g v a n d l d a t r a d o i vdfi p h a t
t r i l n b i n vijfng T a y N g u y e n
2,1 Kinh tephdt trien khong ben vUng
• Tdng trudng kinh ti'cao, nhiing chUa ben
vUng
Trong hdn 10 n a m qua, vflng Tay Nguyen
dat mfle t a n g trfldng kinh te' khd eao, vdi td'c
do d^t mfle 12,99%/nam - eao hdn t r u n g binh
cua ca nfldc, quy md GDP da t a n g gd'p 3,4 Idn
80 vdi n a m 2001 Tuy nhien, t a n g trfldng
kuih t l cua Tay Nguyen trong giai doan vfla
qua Id md hinh tdng trudng theo chilu rdng,
Tdng trudng kinh tediia vdo lao ddng thu
cdng: t a n g trfldng cua Tay Nguyen vdn chu
ylu dfla vao lao ddng t h u cdng gia tri thd'p
Hi0n tai, ty le ddng gdp vao tdng trfldng kinh
t i c u a n h d n Iflc, tri t u e va ndng sud't lao ddng
d Tdy Nguyen cdn b a n ehe Tuy nhien, lao
dpng hi^n nay chu yd'u Id lao ddng khdng qua
dao tao n g h i , do vay khd tao ra nang sudt lao dong va chat Ifldng h a n g hda cao Trong tfldng lai gan, nhiing Idi the lao ddng gia re
se khdng giam ddn va b i l n md't, do vdy, de ndng cao ehdt Ifldng vd hieu qua t a n g trfldng, va'n d l nang cao cha't Ifldng ngudn nhdn Ifle, thdng qua giao due va ddo tao nghe, dd'i vdi vung Tdy Nguyen la va'n de cd tinh then ehdt
Phdt trien dUa vdo vdn ddu tU di, song sH dung kem hieu qud: t a n g trfldng kinh td' eua
vung Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua dUa trdn v l n
la chinh, vdi ty le vdn ddu tfl gdn 50% GDP Tuy nhien, hieu qua sfl dung vd'n ddu tfl thap
vd thfldng Uu tien dau tU eho cac nganh khai thac tai nguyen (thuy dien, khai khodng) Nguyen n h a n chlnh dan den tinh trang bieu qua dau tfl ddng vdn d Tdy Nguyen thd'p do cdng tac quan ly kinh the' thd'p, tinh chd't thu cdng, sfl dung cdng nghd tha'p, nen phai bd ra rd't nhieu vd'n mdi tao ra dflde san pham
Phdt trien dUa vdo khai thdc tdi nguyen:
cae nganh t a n g trfldng thudn tfly nhd khai thac tai nguyen bao gdm ndng, lam, thuy san
va khai thac mo, thuy dien chie'm ty trpng Idn, flde trung binh 51,64% trong GDP trong giai doan 2001-2012 Sfl dung tdi nguyen dd't
de phdt trien eac loai cay cdng nghiep, didn tich gieo trdng hang ndm t a n g len Vide phat tridn nay danh ddi vdi viec suy giam dien tich rflng, nha't la rflng t u nhidn; trong khi
dd, cac san pham ndng san ehu ye'u dflpc tieu
t h u d dang thd hoac chi qua sd che nen hieu qua kinh t l , gia tri gia tang tha'p Ddng gdp vao tang trfldng va chuyen dich cd cd'u cdng nghiep cua vflng trong thdi gian qua chu ye'u dua vao thuy dien, trong khi dd khai thac thuy dien gay ra nhieu tac ddng ba't Idi dd'i vdi mdi trfldng va cudc sd'ng cua ngfldi dan
• Ca cdu kinh te chuyen dich chdm, chUa
di theo chieu sdu, chUa dUa vao lot the
Cd cau kinh te cua Tay Nguyen da cd sfl ehuyen dich theo hfldng giam ty trong nganh ndng nghidp va gia tang ty trong cua cdng nghiep va dich vu Tuy nhidn, kinh te chu yd'u dfla vao ndng, lam, thiiy san truyen
5 3