Effect of poverty on the relationship between personal exposures and ambient concentrations of air pollutants in ho chi minh city

Table 3 - Personal and Ambient PM concentration and absorbance levels by District and by SES.. Table 4 – Mean Fixed Sites Ambient PM Concentration and Absorbance.. Table 5- Summary estim

Effect of Poverty on the Relationship between Personal Exposures and Ambient

Concentrations of air pollutants in Ho Chi Minh City

Sumi Mehta, Hind Sbihi, Tuan Nguyen Dinh, Dan Vu Xuan, Loan Le Thi Thanh, Canh

Truong Thanh, Giang Le Truong, Aaron Cohen, Michael Brauer

PII: S1352-2310(14)00532-9

DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.011

Reference: AEA 13097

To appear in: Atmospheric Environment

Received Date: 15 April 2014

Revised Date: 30 June 2014

Accepted Date: 3 July 2014

Please cite this article as: Mehta, S., Sbihi, H., Dinh, T.N., Xuan, D.V., Le Thi Thanh, L., Thanh, C.T., LeTruong, G., Cohen, A., Brauer, M., Effect of Poverty on the Relationship between Personal Exposures

and Ambient Concentrations of air pollutants in Ho Chi Minh City, Atmospheric Environment (2014), doi:

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.011

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Sumi Mehta1,Hind Sbihi2, Tuan Nguyen Dinh3, Dan Vu Xuan4 , Loan Le Thi Thanh5, Canh

Truong Thanh6 , Giang Le Truong7, Aaron Cohen1, Michael Brauer2

Department of Public Health, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Hind Sbihi School of Population and Public Health, 2206 East

Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 Canada hind.sbihi@ubc.ca

Table 3 - Personal and Ambient PM concentration and absorbance levels by District and by SES

Table 4 – Mean Fixed Sites Ambient PM Concentration and Absorbance

Table 5- Summary estimates of individual longitudinal correlation between Ambient (mean levels between two fixed site monitors for PM, and nearest monitor for NO2) and Personal Pollutants levels by SES and by Season

Table 6- Effect of District and SES in personal/ambient concentrations repeated measures models Table 7 - Final explanatory models showing significant variables affecting association between personal and ambient NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and absorbance

Do you spend time close to

traffic when not commuting? *

§ Significant difference by SES (p<0.05)

* Significant difference by District (p<0.05)

Non-Overall Poor

(n=116)

Non-Poor (n=120)

Poor

PM ABS (m -1 x 10 -5 )

PM 2.5

Nearest Station NO 2 Non

poor Mean 0.62* 0.57* 0.53 0.36 Median 0.75 0.68 0.71 0.40 Poor Mean 0.37* 0.43* 0.56 0.35 Median 0.44 0.58 0.66 0.50 DRY Mean 0.45‡ 0.49 0.51 0.37

Median 0.50 0.60 0.66 0.50 RAINY Mean 0.54‡ 0.50 0.58 0.34 Median 0.62 0.60 0.71 0.40

Overall Mean 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.36

Median 0.59 0.60 0.69 0.43

IQR 0.54 0.58 0.49 0.55

*

Statistically different by SES

‡ Statistically different by Season

Figure 2 – Personal and Ambient concentrations and absorbance by Season for PM2.5, PM2.5 Absorbance,

PM10 and NO2

Figure 3 – Box plots of PM2.5 and NO2 individual longitudinal correlations between personal and ambient measurements

Ambient to personal correlations, HCMC

We examined the pollutant exposure-poverty relationship in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Personal exposures to particles and NO2 were higher amongst the poor

Ambient levels poorly reflect personal exposures, in particular for poor residents

In addition to socioeconomic status, behavioral factors determined exposure levels

FIGURE S1 Summary of Household Study Design

FIGURE S2 Stage 1 Sampling scheme within each district

FIGURE S3 Distribution of monthly per capita household expenditure

TABLE S1 Average monthly household expenditure (‘000 VND) in HCMC, 2007, by Quintile

Stage 1 Household Survey

500 households with children

<5 years of age

500 households with children

<5 years of age

self reported information on household

assets and expenditure, respiratory

symptoms prevalence, perceptions of

environment

Stage 2 Personal Exposure

16 caregivers 16 caregivers

9 repeated measures of personal PM2.5,

PM10, NOx exposures and time activity

patterns, simultaneous monitoring of

PM2.5, PM10, NOx at nearby ambient

monitoring stations

higher SES (4th highest quintile)

lower SES (lowest quintile)

higher SES (4th highest quintile)

lower SES (lowest quintile)

FIGURE S1 Summary of Household Study Design: two-stage household sampling frame (stage 1, a survey to identify eligible households; stage 2, selection of households and participants) developed with the assistance of the HCMC Bureau of Statistics to select poor and non-poor households purely on the basis of household expenditure

100 hh with children < 5

100 hh with children < 5

100 hh with

children < 5

selected commune / ward in each district)

FIGURE S3 Distribution of monthly per capita household expenditure (with mean expenditures

of average expenditures range from 169,000 to 5,887,000 VND)

Table S1 Average monthly household expenditure (‘000 VND) in HCMC, 2007, by Quintile

Std dev.

40%) across expenditure quintiles