Chapter 3 Kinetic Studies of Enantioselective Protonation Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Bicyclic Guanidine... Representative procedures for enantioselective protonation reaction of itaco
Trang 3PROTONATION REACTIONS
LEOW DASHENG JACKSON
(B.Sc., National University of Singapore)
A THESIS SUBMITTED
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Trang 4
To my family and Su Ying,
Trang 5Acknowledgements
The completion of this work would not have been possible without the support and contribution of the individuals to whom I would like to dedicate this section Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Assistant Professor Tan Choon-Hong He was the role model for me to follow in my development as an organic chemist He introduced me to research when I was an undergraduate and motivated me to stay on for Ph.D He was always willing to listen to my problems when the project was not going well and gave suggestions to solve them It has been a privilege to work under his guidance for more than five years I would also like to thank the Chemistry department for the Kiang Ai Kim scholarship
Also without the constant support and encouragements from fellow members of the Tan’s group, my work might not have completed fast and smoothly I would like to collectively thank the group for the enjoyable and harmonious work atmosphere A few of them had worked with me in the past and their names deserved to be mentioned here Special thanks went to Ms Lin Shishi, Dr Santhosh Kumar Chittimalla, and Mr Liu Hongjun Special mentions went to Ms Loh Weitian, Ms Fan Yitian, and Mr Eey Tze Chiang Stanley for providing critiques for this thesis
I would like to thank Mdm Han Yanhui and Mr Wong Chee Ping for providing their technical expertises in NMR Mdm Wong Lai Kwai and Mdm Lai Hui Ngee were gratefully acknowledged for mass spectroscopic analysis In addition, I would like to acknowledge Dr Koh Lip Lin, Ms Tan Geok Kheng and Ms Woo Su Fen for solving the X-Ray crystal structures Lastly, I would like to thank other staff in the department that had rendered me help from time to time
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my parents Chet Men and Poi Khim for all their sacrifices and pains to educate and bring me up They were the greatest people in my life Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife, Su Ying, for her encouragements and support
Trang 82.1.7 Conclusions 60 2.2 Preparation of a New Bulky Chiral Bicyclic Guanidine 60
Trang 9Chapter 3 Kinetic Studies of Enantioselective Protonation Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Bicyclic Guanidine
Trang 115.4.1 Representative procedure for enantioselective protonation reaction of
tert‐butyl 2‐phthalimidoacrylates 56b with aromatic thiols catalyzed by
5.4.2 Procedure for enantioselective protonation reaction of
phthalimidoacrylate 56b with alkyl thiol 114 catalyzed by chiral bicyclic
5.4.5 Representative procedure for enantioselective protonation reaction of
itaconimide 126a with secondary phosphine oxides 127 catalyzed by
5.4.6 Representative procedures for enantioselective protonation reaction of
itaconimide with thiol catalyzed by chiral bicyclic guanidine 188 5.4.7 Procedures for enantioselective protonation reaction of axially chiral
itaconimide 126h catalyzed by chiral bicyclic guanidine 7c 195
5.4.8 Determination of the relative configuration of axially chiral imides 129d
and 131a by 1H‐1H 2D COSY NMR and 1H NOE NMR 202
Trang 13high ees. This is the first highly successful Brønsted base catalyzed tandem conjugate
addition‐enantioselective protonation reaction. Three reaction systems using both linear
effect is determined to be at least 2.7. This significant KIE value shows that
cleavage/formation of a bond containing H (or D) is involved in the rate determining step.
Along with other experimental results, it supports the postulated mechanism in which
Trang 14guanidine catalyst simultaneously activates itaconimide and secondary phosphine oxide through hydrogen‐bonding from side‐on approach.
In my second project, chiral bicyclic guanidine is found to catalyze the isomerization of
alkynes to chiral allenes with high enantioselectivities. This Brønsted base catalyzed 1,3‐
prototropic shift reaction, which is an efficient and atom economical reaction, proceeds
through de‐protonation and protonation sequences. The axial chirality of the allenes is efficiently transferred to functionalized butenolides products. We have also successfully
demonstrated the stereospecific synthesis of butenolide through allenoate cyclization with
Trang 19protonation of non‐adjacent chiral centers of 2‐chloroacrylonitrile by a
Cinchona alkaloid derivative.
Trang 20Scheme 2.25 Enantioselective conjugate addition followed by diastereoselective
protonation of non‐adjacent chiral centers of 2‐chloroacrylonitrile
catalyzed by a bifunctional thiourea Cinchona alkaloid derivative.
trifluoro(organo)borates to dehydroalanine derivatives and in situ enantioselective protonation.
Scheme 2.27 Rhodium catalyzed conjugate addition of various arylboronic acids to α‐
Trang 22Scheme 3.5 Postulated mechanism of the enantioselective protonation of phosphine
Trang 25Table 2.13 Enantioselective protonation of various 2‐(substituted‐phthalimido)acrylates
Trang 26Table 4.5 Enantioselective isomerization of 4‐aryl 3‐alkynoates 159.
Trang 29Figure 3.15 Graph of 1/[126a] against t (s) in which [126a]o=0.025M, [D 1 ‐127d]o=0.025M
Trang 34Chapter 1
Trang 35The guanidinium functional group is present in many natural products. New compounds are also discovered every year and they are often found to have significant biological activities.[1] Among the most remarkable ones are marine guanidine alkaloids such as crambescidins and ptilomycalin A (Figure 1.1), which served as targets for several total syntheses.[6b] They display a variety of pharmacological activities such as antiviral, antifungal, and anti‐HIV.
Guanidines are neutral nitrogen compounds and they are widely used as strong bases in synthetic organic chemistry.[4] Chiral guanidine derivatives function as asymmetric catalysts by exploiting the high basicity of the guanidine group and the double hydrogen‐bonding of the guanidinium ion. The hydrogen bonding activation mechanism has been reviewed recently.[5] Some excellent accounts of the authors’ personal work on guanidine chemistry have also been
Trang 36reported This chapter summarizes the enantioselective reactions catalyzed or mediated by chiral guanidines and their guanidinium salts.
Chiral Guanidines as Asymmetric Catalysts
Henry reaction
The Henry reaction between a nitroalkane and an aldehyde was discovered in 1895, making it one of the oldest reaction for the formation of C–C bonds.[7] Bicyclic guanidine 1 was shown to
bind tightly to nitroalkanes to form an ion pair (Scheme 1.1).[8] This was supported by X‐ray crystallography and NMR studies. It was anticipated that this type of intermediates could be good models for enantioselective guanidine‐catalyzed Henry reaction.
Trang 37guanidine catalysts with or without C2‐symmetry were examined. Guanidine 2 with C2‐symmetry achieved the best enantioselectivity, affording amino alcohols with up to 54% ee (Scheme 1.2).
screened and acyclic guanidine 3a was found to be the most ideal. The best de value obtained
was 92%. However, the reaction was not general as de values range from 32‐91% for six other examples. Using achiral tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 48% de could be obtained.
Scheme 1.3 Diastereoselective Henry reaction catalyzed by guanidine 3a.
Murphy group synthesized chiral tetracyclic guanidinium salts 4a‐c using either ethyl (R)‐3‐
hydroxybutyrate or (S)‐malic acid and screened them as catalysts for the Henry reaction of
nitromethane with isovaleraldehyde.[11a] 20% ee was obtained using the free base of
guanidinium salt 4a (Scheme 1.4).[11b]
Scheme 1.4 Guanidine 4a catalyzed asymmetric Henry reactions.
Trang 38Nagasawa and co‐workers designed bifunctional C2‐symmetric guanidine–thiourea catalyst 5
and similarly applied it to Henry reactions. It was reported in a series of short communications followed by a full paper.[12] It is proposed that the thiourea moiety and the nitronate anion interact stronger with the carbonyl group and the guanidine group respectively. Hence, the
bifunctional catalyst 5 effectively activates both the nitroalkane (nucleophile) and aldehyde
(electrophile), separated by a chiral spacer. The long alkyl chain group promotes hydrophobic self‐aggregation, increasing the reactivity and selectivity of this phase transfer reaction.
Initially, the ee value obtained for the reaction between cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde and
nitromethane was only 43%. Detailed investigations showed that the level of retro‐Henry process under basic condition was significant. After screening various salts, potassium iodide was found to inhibit the retro process. Subsequently, lowering the amount of KOH from 50
Trang 39Scheme 1.7 Asymmetric Henry reactions of various α‐ketoesters and nitroalkanes catalyzed by guanidine–thiourea
5.
A study on the diastereoselective Henry reactions of N,N‐dibenzyl α‐amino aldehydes with
nitromethane was also conducted (Scheme 1.6). The reactivity and diastereoselectivity were
significantly lowered using the mismatched pair of catalyst and the α‐amino aldehydes.
Guanidine‐thiourea (R,R)‐5 catalyst turned out to be the matched catalyst. The anti
In addition to aldol reactions, nitroalkanes are also known to undergo 1,4‐conjugate addition
(Michael) reactions. Davis et al. reported the synthesis of a chiral bicyclic guanidine 6 (Figure
1.3), which acted as catalyst for the Michael reaction between nitroalkanes and methyl vinyl
ketone to afford products in 9‐12% ee (Scheme 1.8).[14] Guanidine 4a could catalyze the reaction
between 2‐nitropropane and chalcone in 23% ee (Scheme 1.9).[11b]
Trang 40to have anti‐cholesteremic and anti‐allergic effects and required the basic additive trans‐2,5‐
dimethylpiperazine for the reaction to work. In a non‐polar solvent such as chloroform, low conversions were obtained. Both catalysts were more effective in polar solvents like DMSO.
With peptide 8b, in a mixture of CHCl3 and DMSO, product was obtained in 23% yield and 69%
ee (Scheme 1.10).
Trang 41versions 7g‐h.[17b] The Michael reaction of nitroalkanes to chalcone was investigated with
R R
Trang 42One of the most common approaches towards C−C or C−X bond formation is the conjugate addition of nucleophiles to electron deficient alkenes.[18] Ma and co‐workers screened chiral guanidines as catalysts for the Michael reaction between glycinate and ethyl acrylate.[19]
Guanidine 3b was found to be the best, giving 30% ee (Table 1.2). When the ester group of
Me
NH Me Ph
10 9
NH
11
NH HN
Bn NH
Trang 43combination with a chiral auxiliary. Between (‐)‐menthol and benzyl (S)‐lactate, the latter
proved to be more selective. Several chiral guanidines were screened and the best result
obtained was 73% de (Table 1.3).
Ishikawa et al. used guanidine 13a to catalyze the Michael reaction of glycinate with various
Michael acceptors (Table 1.4).[22a] It was conducted under solvent‐free condition to increase the
reaction rates. The reaction worked best for acrylates, affording ee values of up to 97%. The reaction with vinyl ketone and acrylonitrile gave 96% and 55% ees respectively. The typical
Trang 45Scheme 1.12 Guanidine 13a catalyzed Michael reactions between 2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one and dibenzyl malonates.
Ishikawa et al. attempted the Michael reaction of 2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one with dibenzyl malonate
(Scheme 1.12).[23] For this reaction, 17 known acyclic and cyclic guanidine catalysts were
screened. Some examples are guanidines 3, 9, 10, 13 and 14. Guanidine 13a was the best
catalyst and despite extensive optimizations, the best result obtained was 43% ee with a
adjacent positions were screened and guanidine 15a gave the best results. It worked brilliantly
for the Michael reactions between a wide variety of aromatic nitroalkenes and dimethyl malonate (Scheme 1.13). The reactions were high yielding and gave products with high enantioselectivity at low catalyst loading (2 mol%).
Trang 46The enantioselectivity decreased as with increasing bulkiness of the malonate group. The aliphatic nitroalkenes were more challenging, which required 5 mol% of catalyst and longer
Figure 1.8 Structures of pentapeptide catalyst 17.
Trang 47Scheme 1.16 Enantioselective Michael reactions of dithranol to various activated olefins bicyclic guanidine 7a.
Tan and co‐workers re‐investigated the reaction between anthrone and maleimides.[27] Using 10
mol% of guanidine 7a, the cycloadducts were obtained in excellent yields and
enantioselectivities. On the other hand, dithranol (1,8‐hydroxyanthrone) always led to the exclusive formation of the Michael adducts. It worked well with maleimides (Scheme 1.15) and other activated olefins (Scheme 1.16). Excellent enantioselectivities and regioselectivities were obtained in all examples.
They also investigated the Michael reactions between 2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one and 1,3‐dicarbonyl
compounds catalyzed by guanidine 1.[28a] Subsequently, an enantioselective version was
Trang 48developed using bicyclic guanidine catalysts 7a‐d. Catalyst 7c gave the best level of ee
(78%) but the reaction required 4 days for completion.
With the addition of amine and sulfonamide additives, the reaction rates were accelerated.[28b] Triethylamine was found to be the best additive and it could be used as the solvent, resulting in
a significant increase of reaction rate. Generally, excellent ee values were obtained with good
yields at –20°C. Benzoylacetates (Table 1.5, entries 5‐11) were also found to be excellent Michael donors.
Table 1.5 Bicyclic guanidine 7c catalyzed Michael additions of various 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds to 2‐cyclopenten‐ 1‐one.
excellent ee values and good yields were obtained at –50 °C when triethylamine was used as
solvent (Scheme 1.17). Remarkably, the reactions of benzoylacetates with maleimides were
Trang 49The reaction in triethylamine was about 1000 times faster than in toluene. Initial speculation was due to the inactivation of guanidine by atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has since been ruled out with experiments conducted under stringent conditions. There was no acid impurity in the catalyst as it was freshly basified using K2CO3 before commencement of the reactions. It was then postulated that triethylamine might be involved in the stabilization of the enolate‐guanidinium complex, thereby enhancing the reaction rate.
thioesters from nature is the acetyl coenzyme A. The reactions were typically faster (Scheme
1.18). Moreover, the ee values increased to 98% when the reactions were conducted at –50 °C.
In some cases, the amount of catalyst needed for complete reaction was as low as 5 mol%.
Scheme 1.18 Bicyclic guanidine 7c catalyzed Michael additions of various 1,3‐ thiomalonates to cyclic enones.