Characteristics of flow in the wake region of a bluff vertical cylinder in the presence of waves,currents and combined wave current flows 3

280 Appendix B Time Series of Experimental Forces on Downstream Cylinder Figure B1... Appendix C Flow Visualization from PIV Experiments Fixed PIV Frame of Reference Figure C1.. PIV i

280

Appendix B

Time Series of Experimental Forces on Downstream Cylinder

Figure B1 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C=

125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, and (e) C= 50 mm/s

Figure B2 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s and (f) No currents

Figure B3 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Figure B4 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Figure B5 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Figure B6 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for (a) C= 150 mm/s,

(b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, and (e) C= 50 mm/s

Figure B7 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves

and currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, (f) C= 25 mm/s, (g) C= 10 mm/s, and (h) No currents Figure B8 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves

and currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, (f) C= 25 mm/s, and (g) No currents

Figure B9 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves

and currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Figure B10 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves

and currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Figure B1 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C=

1.592 Hz 1.514 Hz

1.592 Hz 1.514 Hz 2.012 Hz

2.383 Hz

1.563 Hz

1.563 Hz 1.865 Hz

Figure B2 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s and (f) No currents

1.777 Hz

1.289 Hz

1.289 Hz 1.631 Hz

1.592 Hz 1.270 Hz

1.270 Hz 1.514 Hz

1.484 Hz 1.240 Hz

1.240 Hz 1.416 Hz

1.387 Hz 1.221 Hz

1.221 Hz 1.328 Hz

Figure B3 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

0.977 Hz

1.172 Hz

1.123 Hz 1.035 Hz

1.035 Hz

1.104 Hz

1.074 Hz 2.061 Hz

Figure B4 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

0.234 Hz

0.527 Hz

2.383 Hz

0.224 Hz 0.518 Hz

0.518 Hz

0.547 Hz 0.508 Hz

Figure B5 Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and

currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C=

75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Fx

0.498 Hz

(f)

1.563 Hz

1.563 Hz 1.865 Hz

1.865 Hz 1.523 Hz

1.523 Hz 1.719 Hz

1.650 Hz 1.777 Hz 1.800 Hz

1.494 Hz 1.650 Hz

292

and currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, (f) C= 25 mm/s, (g) C= 10 mm/s, and (h) No currents

1.436 Hz 1.475 Hz

1.475 Hz

(f)

(g)

(h)

1.777 Hz

1.289 Hz

1.289 Hz 1.631 Hz

1.631 Hz

1.270 Hz

1.270 Hz 1.514 Hz

1.514 Hz

1.240 Hz

1.240 Hz 1.416 Hz

1.387 Hz

1.221 Hz

1.221 Hz 1.328 Hz

294

and currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, (f) C= 25 mm/s, and (g) No currents

1.240 Hz 1.172 Hz

1.172 Hz

(f)

(g)

1.045 Hz

1.172 Hz

1.133 Hz 2.080 Hz 1.035 Hz

296

and currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

0.527 Hz

0.527 Hz 0.215 Hz

298

and currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents

Appendix C

Flow Visualization from PIV Experiments (Fixed PIV Frame of Reference)

Figure C1 PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 50 mm/s, at time

Figure C4 PIV images of a single cylinder in wave only flow T = 0.7 s, at time increments of T / 10

Figure C5 PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C=50 mm/s, at time increments of T/10 Figure C6 PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T/10 Figure C7 PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C =100 mm/s, at time increments of T/10 Figure C8 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7

Tandem Cylinders C = 50 mm/s, T = 0.7s (Downstream cylinder placed 1 ½ D c/c, lateral offset = 0 mm)

318

Appendix D

Time Series of CFD Calculated Wake Velocities

Figure D1 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and

(c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s Figure D2 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T=0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s Figure D3 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and

(c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s Figure D4 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T=0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s Figure D5 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and

(c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s Figure D6 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T=0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s Figure D7 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and

(c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s Figure D8 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T= 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s Figure D9 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and

(c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s Figure D10 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T=0.7 s, H =25 mm, C =100 mm/s Figure D11 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and

(c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C =100 mm/s Figure D12 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T=0.7 s, H=25 mm, C = 100 mm/s Figure D13 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

Figure D14 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

Figure D15 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

Figure D16 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D,

and (c) 2 ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 50 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D1 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D2 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 50 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D3 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D4 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 75 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D5 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D6 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 75 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D7 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D8 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 100 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D9 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D10 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 100 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D11 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D12 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2

½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 0 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D13 X direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

X direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D14 X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c)

2 ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

1 ½ D ½ D ½ D

WAVES CURRENTS

x x x

100 mm

Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder)

Currents C = 0 mm/s

Waves T = 0.7 s

Wave Height H = 25 mm

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 0 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D15 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0 offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2 ½

D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = 1 ½ D, 2 D and 2 ½ D

Figure D16 Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) 1 ½ D, (b) 2 D, and (c) 2

½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm

Appendix E

Time Series of CFD Calculated Forces on Downstream Cylinder

Figure E1 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run T = 0.7

s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s

Figure E2 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run T = 0.7

s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s

Figure E3 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run T = 0.7

s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s

Figure E4 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for wave only run T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm Figure E5 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run T = 0.7 s, H

= 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s

Figure E6 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run T = 0.7 s, H

= 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s

Figure E7 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run T = 0.7 s, H

= 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s

Figure E8 (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream

cylinder placed at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0, for wave only run T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm