Law and governance in golf courses a cross national comparison of environmental frameworks, industry norms and sustainability practices in the philippines, thailand, viet nam and singapore title page

LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN GOLF COURSES A Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapo

LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN GOLF COURSES

A Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore

EDNA SELLORIQUEZ PANA (PhD Candidate 2013)

A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF LAW NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

2013

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Acknowledgements

I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the two most influential persons in my life - my father, Emilio Henry Fernandez Pana Sr (1932-1989), who made me plant trees, grow vegetables, identify plants, swim rivers and climb hills in a tiny, rustic village where I grew

up in South Cotabato, Philippines, and generous benefactor-employer, Tsutomu Muguruma, who helped me achieve higher educational pursuits while working at the same time and for giving me absolute authority and independence in managing and “experimenting” the transformation of TAT Filipinas Golf Club into what it is today, a “Sustainable Golf Course” – beautifully re-designed and molded from what I have learned and unlearned in the process

of my doctoral studies

This paper is probably the first academic research and legal scholarship in the world involving law and governance in golf courses Dr Martin Lau (SOAS), University of London, encouraged me to write about golf courses as a doctoral research paper Associate Professor Lye Lin Heng (NUS) assisted me in making the first brave steps in unraveling the intricacies

of international environmental law, the nuances of legal transplantation and its subsequent domestic implementation Professor Koh Kheng Lian mentored me about the importance and relevance of ASEAN environmental law in my research

Thanks to my graduate research mentors, Professor Andrew Simester and Professor Alan Tan Khee Jin My teachers: Environmental law, Malgosia Fitzmaurice (Queen Mary); Law and Governance, Andrew Harding (NUS); Water Policy, Asit Biswas (LKYSPP); Environmental Policy, Shreekant Gupta (LKYSPP) Thanks for the friendship of Prof Helena Whalen Bridge (NUS) and especially to Associate Professor Eduardo Araral (LKYSPP) who reviewed my draft thesis, giving comments and criticisms

Deepest gratitude to all for sharing their expertise, knowledge and experiences in golf course development and operation, namely; Rodney McKeown (Kranji Sanctuary), Desmond Chua (Keppel), Ian Gray and Michael Cabel (New Warren), Junie Ledesma (Sta Elena), T.W Hughes (Dalat Palace), Kenny Saunders (Ocean Dunes), Robert Bicknell Jr (Tam Dao), Ben Styles (Chi Linh Star), Jonathan Smith (GEO), Howard Swan, Dr Niddhi Bijaisoradat (ProCrop) and Dr Micah Woods (Asian Turfgrass Centre) My utmost gratitude to Mr Duong Quoc Xuan, Provincial People’s Committee Chairman of Long An Province, Viet Nam, Ai Hammond (Vietnamese translator), NUS student Mai Anh, and former classmate in London, Huong Hoang for her invaluable assistance and support in Viet Nam Also to Dr Michael Hurdzan, Dana Fry, Jason Straka and Chris Hurdzan of Hurdzan and Fry Environmental Architects for the Ohio and Wisconsin research Great thanks to Emmie Ruales and Gino Mangosing, NWRB, Philippines; Elsie Cesar, DENR-EMB, Philippines and Efren V Leano and Corazon Dichoso-Halili, BOI, Philippines Raweewan Bhuridej, MNRE, Thailand; Sunee Piyanpanpong, PCD-MNRE, Thailand, Thi Bich Ngoc, MPI, Vietnam and

Le Hoai Nam, EIA-MNRE, Viet Nam

I also thank my classmate and good friend Haijing Cao and her husband William, for providing comfort when the going gets tough I thank Rahayu Oktoberina, for her sweet smile and friendship, and to Miss Normah Bte Mahamood for the laughter and wonderful conversations about family and food And most of all, to my foot soldiers - staff and managers of TAT Filipinas Golf Club - Jose P Dagdagan, Engr Rey Sumalnap, Randy Casupang, Ian Sunga and those who have supported me in achieving my goals and keeping with the demands of my research work To my loyal Executive Assistant, Emma M Chiyuto, who helped me in my Viet Nam visits from Ho Chi Minh to Hanoi, and Office Assistant, Anna Camacho for assisting me in my Thailand research - I owe you my safety and endurance on those trips I express gratitude to my childhood friend Grace Balayon Waga for the technical aspect of computer troubleshooting

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I greatly thank my sisters Emilyn, Elsie and Eva, brother Emilio Jr and nephews Christian, Dave Carl and Christian Alnie, thank you for the love and support To my best cousin, Gladys Reconquista-Bayot and her husband Jay, and kids Keila Christiene, Joaquim Samuel and Quentin Ike, for the beautiful environment in Chicago House where I was able to write the finishing touches of my thesis

A heartfelt gratitude to Dr Annette Salillas, for the wonderful days in her glass house in Amara, Cebu, where I did the final revisions of this dissertation The enchanting view of the Mactan Channel made writing easy and smooth UK colleague and Cebu Professor Miss Lourdes Montenegro and childhood friend Gemma Subaldo Delima accompanied me in my furlough and writing expedition in Cebu

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents Summary Main Body of Thesis Bibliography Appendices “1” to “40 “ Tables 1-24 Locational Plotting of Golf Courses, Maps “1”-“4” Charts “1” -“2” Page CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research……… 1

A Sustainable Development……… 5

B Law and Governance……… 6

C Gap in Legal and Academic Literature ………8

1.2 Research Scope, Aims and Hypotheses……….9

Hypothesis 1……… ……… 10

Hypothesis 2……… ……… 11

Hypothesis 3…… ……… 12

1.3 Case Selection, Case Studies and Methodology…… ………13

A General Approach to Research……… ……… 13

B General Approach to Analyses……… ……… 14

C Field Work, Personal Interviews and Secondary Data……… ……….14

D Choice of Jurisdictions for Comparison ……… 15

E Relevant Features of Subject Countries ……… 24

Table 1.1 Comparative Summary of Features of Golf Courses and the Subject Countries ………….……… 26

F Legal Systems in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore….………… 26

G Case Studies……… 28

H Limitations of the Research………28

1.4 Overview of the Conceptual Framework……….……… 29

Chart 1 Flow Chart of the Conceptual Framework of Dissertation……… 30

1.5 Significance of Research……… …… … 31

1.6 Organization of the Dissertation….……… …… 31

CHAPTER II LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN GOLF COURSES: FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSES PART I GOLF COURSES AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Introduction……… 33

A Parts of the Golf Course……… 35

Table 1.2 - Parts of the Golf Course……….…… 35

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B Use of Hybrid Turf grasses in Southeast Asia……… 35

Table 1.3 - Use of Turf Grasses……….……… 37

1.2 Impacts and Consequences of Golf Courses……… … 38

A Impact of Development ……… ……… 38

Table 1.4 - Water Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course ……….……… 39

Table 1.5 - Summary of Total Water Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course ….…… 40

Table 1.6 - Chemical Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course……….……… 41

Table 1.7 - List of Chemicals Applied by Warren Golf Club, Singapore……… ….…41

Table 1.8 - List of Chemicals Applied by TAT Filipinas Golf Club, Philippines………… .42

Table 1.9 –Sand Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course……… ….……… 43

Table 1.10 - Summary of All Requirements….……… ……… 44

B Impact on the Social Environment……….………… 44

C Economic Impact……… 45

1.3 Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation……… 46

Table 1.11 - Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation……….……… 46

1.4 Maintenance and Operation of Golf Courses……… ………… 46

Table 1.12 - Turf Maintenance Activities……….…… 47

Table 1.13 - Manpower Requirements……….……….… 48

Table 1.14 - Desired Number of Equipment, Machineries, Tools for 18 Holes Golf Course……… 49

1.5 Feasible Recommendations……… ……… 49

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Literature Review………….……… … 50

Table 1.15 Summary of Existing Literature About Sustainable Golf Courses………… … 51

1.2 Law and Governance …….……… 53

A Governance Theory……… 55

B Environmental Governance……… 56

1.4 Environmental Regulations……… 56

A Application of Regulatory Controls in Southeast Asia……….…… 59

1.5 Sustainable Development……… 60

A Definition of Sustainable Development (SD)……… 61

B Sustainable Development in Golf Courses……….62

C The Debates and Contestations……… …… 63

D Achieving Sustainability……… 65

E Sustainable Development Perspective of the Thesis……… 66

PART III FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSES 1.1 Introduction………… ……… …… 67

A Robinsons (1998) Comparative Environmental Law Framework of Analysi…… 67

B Francesch-Huidobro (2008) Environmental Governance Framework ……… 67

C Definition of Terms…… ……….……… 67

1.2 Explanations and Elaboration……….… ……… 70

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A First Question……….……… 70

B Second Question……….……… 71

C Third Question……….……… 72

1.3 Benchmarking the Three Elements or Determinants of Law and Governance in Golf Courses……… ……… 72

PART IV CASE STUDIES 1.1 Introduction……….….…… 74

1.2 Comparisons and Evaluation……… ………… 75

A Philippines……… … 75

Table 1.16 – Philippines……… ……… 76

1 TAT Filipinas Golf Club……… ……… 76

2 Eastridge Golf Club……… ………… 78

3 Santa (Sta.) Elena Golf Club………… ……… 81

B Thailand……… ……….83

Table 1.17 – Thailand……… ……… 83

1 Navatanee Golf Club……… 83

2 Royal Golf Club……… …84

3 Thai Country Club……… …………85

C Viet Nam……… ……….86

Table 1.18 - Viet Nam……… 86

1 Dalat Palace Golf Club….……… ……… 86

2 Chi Linh Star Golf Course….………… ……… 87

3 Tam Dao Golf and Resort……… 88

D Singapore……… ……… 89

Table 1.19 – Singapore……….……… ………… 89

1 Warren Golf Course……….……… 90

2 Kranji Sanctuary Golf Course……… ….91

3 Marina Bay Golf Course……….….92

1.3 Summary……….……….…………93

Table 1.20 - Summary of Comparisons and Evaluation………93

CHAPTER II I COMPARATIVE EVALUATION AND ANALYSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS PART I INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1.1 Introduction……… 94

A International Hard and Soft law Instruments……… 97

B The United Nations……… …… 98

1.2 Relevant Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)……… 99

A Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (“Ramsar”), 1971……… ……….99

B Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972……… 102

C Convention on the Conservation of the Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Bonn Convention, 1979……….……….… 104

D Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992……… 106

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1 Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety, 2000………… ……… 108

2 Biosafety Compliance……… ……… … 109

3 General Laws on Plants, Plant Products, Species……… ……… 111

E Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001…… … 114

F Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure For Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Revised in 2008)… 116

G Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 1998……… 119

H Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)……….…… 120

1 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in Trans-boundary Context (“Espoo Convention”), 1991……….……… 120

2 Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), 2003………… … 122

PART II REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1.1 Introduction……….…124

A The ASEAN……… 124

1 ASEAN Agreements and Instruments……… 126

2 ASEAN Institutional Framework……….…….126

3 The ASEAN Charter (2007)……… 127

1.2 Regional Environmental Agreements……… …… 128

A Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985…… … 128

B ASEAN Tourism Agreement, 2002……… ……….……… … 130

C ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks, 2003 ……….…… … ……131

D Agreement to Establish the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, 2005…… ….…… 132

E ASEAN Guidelines on Maximizing Biodiversity in Golf Courses, 2004……… 132

1.4 Evaluation……… 134

PART III NATIONAL OR DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1.1 Legal Systems……… ……135

1.2 Structure of Government and National Governance…….…… ……… 135

1.3 Government Agencies Responsible for the Regulation of Golf Courses ….… 139

A Philippines……… ………… 139

B Thailand……….…… 146

C Viet Nam……… 148

D Singapore……….……….…149

1.4 Legal and Regulatory Frameworks………….……… 152

1.5 Relevant Constitutional Provisions……….……… ………… 157

1.6 Cross-national Comparisons and Evaluation in Relation to the Three Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation………161

A Planning Stage 1 Investment Laws and Regulations……… ……… 162

B Planning Stage

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1 Land Use Planning and Control Laws and Regulations ……….……… 182

Table 1.21 – Approved Application for Land Use Conversion (2005)……… 184

Chart 2 – Land Use Conversion by Area/Land Size……… 185

Table 1.22 – Approved Applications for Land Use Conversion……… 185

Chart 3 – Summary of Applications for Land Use Conversion……… …… 186

Table 1.23 – Summary of Land Use Conversion (2011)………….……… 187

C Planning Stage 1 Environmental Impact Assessment System Laws and Regulations……… 207

D Construction and Development Stage 1 Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Laws and Regulations………227

E Construction and Development Stage 1 Natural Heritage and Archeological Preservation Laws and Regulations…….… 241

F Maintenance and Operation Stage 1 Water Resources Laws and Regulations……….……….…249

G Maintenance and Operation Stage 1 Chemical Pollution Laws and Regulations……… ………268

H Maintenance and Operation Stage 1 Environmental Protection, Health, Sanitation, Waste Disposal and Management……….….285

I Maintenance and Operation Stage 1 Prevention of Corruption……… …293

1.7 Norms of the Industry and Self-Regulation……… 298

A World’s Golf Bodies……… 299

B Civil Society and NGO Participation……… 301

C Role of Civil Society and NGOs in Environmental Governance ……… 302

D Golf Advocacy Groups……… 302

E Environmental Relief, Incentives, Disincentives to Promote Sustainability ……… 304

CHAPTER IV SUMMARY OF CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSES AND EVALUTION 1.1 Summary ……… 305

1.2 Cross-national Summary……… 331

Table 1.24 – Summary……… 334

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.1 Conclusion……… ………… 336

1.2 Theoretical Implication……… 340

1.3 Policy Implication……… 340

1.4 Legal Implication……… 340

1.5 Recommendations……….340

1.6 Contribution to Knowledge……… 341

1.7 Guidance for Future Studies………341

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Edna Selloriquez Pana

Doctor of Philosophy Candidate 2013

Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore

Dissertation: Law and Governance in Golf Courses

A Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and

Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore

Summary

The last twenty years saw the considerable proliferation of golf courses in Southeast Asia owing to sustained economic growth Golf is also the preferred sport among Asians nowadays Philippines boast of 78 operational courses, Singapore has 18 clubs, while Thailand has 222, and Viet Nam catches up with 28 In most of these developments, governments assist in setting up infrastructures such as airports, bridges and road networks Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, subsidies and tax holidays are proffered to entice foreign direct investments in capital-intensive development In many instances the government machinery is tapped to support, finance and operate golf courses

This thesis explores whether law and governance can promote the objectives of sustainable development by using a cross-national comparative study involving golf courses in the four countries of Southeast Asia – a subject that has not received adequate attention from legal scholars studying sustainable development or environmental law This thesis asks: “are golf courses in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore coherently, effectively, and adequately regulated under the existing national law and governance”? “Is self-regulation feasible in the subject countries”? “Do principles or philosophies embedded in Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements, international and regional hard and soft law instruments, actually guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic environmental protection and conservation”?

This thesis proposes the following: Hypothesis 1: The existing national laws and governance tend to be incoherent, ineffective, unresponsive and inadequate Hypothesis 2: Self-regulation

by golf courses, in terms of adopting sustainable practices, is feasible under certain conditions

Hypothesis 3: MEAs, international and regional hard and soft law instruments, to a certain

extent, guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic law and governance in golf courses This

thesis builds its comparative environmental law literature on Robinson's (1998) approach and the environmental governance framework of analysis by Francesch-Huidobro (2008)

There are two kinds of golf courses Developing the traditional/conventional golf courses is arguably, “one of the most unsustainable activities” involving natural resources It is largely criticized for conventional practices that are destructive of wildlife’s natural habitat, excessive water usage, hybrid turf grass use, integration of sand bunkers and dependence on chemicals known to have high toxicity Meanwhile, non-conventional/sustainable golf courses break from the norm to explore new practices by disproving the notion that golf courses are invariably destructive Sustainable golf courses conform to a combination of legal and regulatory compliance, self-regulation, best management practices and good governance These courses meet the aim to balance the philosophy of People, Profit and Planet, that lies at the heart of sustainable development paradigm

In this dissertation, there are findings of fragmentation, incoherence and inadequacies in domestic law and governance And that governance and capacities are affected by a dearth of manpower capabilities, less environmental information, lack of scientific expertise and financial resources to conduct baseline studies to predict impacts There are possibilities that developers take advantage of weaknesses by locating activities in countries with less official restrictions and stakeholders’ opposition This thesis is an original contribution to knowledge and probably, the first research in this underdeveloped legal field

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Keywords:

Traditional Golf Courses, Sustainable Golf Course, Golf Club, Development and Operation, Sustainable Development, Turf grass Management, Ground Maintenance, Agriculture, Integrated Pest Management, Hybrid Turf grass, “Cultural Practices”, Tees, Greens, Fairways, Roughs, Putting Greens, contamination, irrigation and watering, groundwater production, water catchment, proprietary and non-proprietary membership, securities, policy tool, policy instrument

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SUMMARY OF REVISIONS

This thesis underwent substantial revision The comments and the recommendations of the external examiners and the oral panel have been integrated and considered I will summarize

the revisions chapter-by-chapter, in comparison with the previously submitted ‘First

version”, entitled: Golf, Environment and the Law in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and

Singapore: A cross-national comparative study in relation to golf course development, operation and impacts on the environment”

The title of the “Revised version” is Law and Governance in Golf Courses: A Cross-national

Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore

The “Revised version” builds its comparative environmental law literature on Robinsons (1998)

approach and the environmental governance framework of analysis by Francesch-Huidobro (2008)

This thesis (Revised version) asks: “are golf courses in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and

Singapore coherently, effectively, and adequately regulated under the existing national law and

governance”? “Is self-regulation feasible in the four subject countries”? “Do principles or philosophies embedded in Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements, as well as international and regional hard and soft law instruments, actually guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic environmental protection and conservation”?

The “Revised version” proposes to explore the idea whether law and governance can further

the objectives of sustainable development in the context of golf course development projects

as well as in the management and maintenance of existing golf courses by using a national comparative study involving golf courses in the four countries in Southeast Asia – a subject that has not received adequate attention from legal scholars studying sustainable

cross-development or environmental law The key words are “golf courses”, “traditional or

conventional golf courses”, “sustainable golf courses”, “cross-national comparative study”

and “laws and regulations”

PART I

Chapter I – Introduction

Revised, Re-drafted and Added:

1 The introduction is revised It is also re-drafted There are major changes in the body of the thesis

2 The topic about Golf, Environment and the Law (Item 2) in the “First Version” has been taken out and separately discussed in chapter II, Part I, “Revised Edition”

3 As it is, the “Revised Edition” contains the following:

a Background of the Research (Item 1.1) gave an introductory summary about golf courses, and of how the WCED (1987) and the UNCED (1992) inspired legal scholars to explore the question of how the law and governance can further the objectives of sustainable development Several legal scholars are named and mentioned

b The types of golf courses have been explained and classified as (1) “traditional” or conventional, and (2) non-conventional or “sustainable”

c Includes a new topic about the law and governance, rule of law, a brief background about golf courses, norms of the industry and self-regulation as determinant of sustainable development

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d Research Scope, Aims and hypotheses (Item 1.2) reiterates the aim of the dissertation to answer the question of how the law can further the objectives of sustainable development The second aim is to critically assess whether the principles, concepts or principles embedded in the Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements MEAs, as well as international and regional hard and soft law instruments, actually guide, inform, enhance and promote national environmental protection and management There is a general and introductory discussion about law and governance, rule of law and golf courses

e This thesis asks: “are golf courses in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore

coherently, effectively, and adequately regulated under the existing national law and governance”? “Is self-regulation feasible in the four subject countries”? “Do principles or philosophies embedded in Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements, as well as international and regional hard and soft law instruments, actually guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic environmental protection and conservation”?

f Thus, this thesis proposes the following: Hypothesis 1: The existing national laws and governance tend to be incoherent, ineffective, unresponsive and inadequate Hypothesis 2:

Self-regulation by golf courses, in terms of adopting sustainable practices, is feasible under

certain conditions Hypothesis 3: MEAs, international and regional hard and soft law

instruments, to a certain extent, guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic law and governance in golf courses

g Thesis points out that the comparative environmental law literature is built on Robinson's (1998) hypothesis that, “there should be a common trend in substance and procedure across

legal traditions

h Author Toffel (2010) is cited about his writings on self-regulation

i The Case Selection, Case Studies and Methodology enhanced the Research Methodology

of the First version (now Item 1.3), which includes general approaches to research, data and

analyses with Legal Approach and discussion of Case Studies, Visual Inspection and Personal Interviews (Sample Questionnaires are included as Appendixes) Table 1.1 shows the summary

of Research Methodology adopted for the thesis

j The Choice of Jurisdictions for Comparison has been explained, and that the choice was mainly determined by the research questions and the corresponding research hypotheses Table 1.2 shows the comparative summary table of the Relevant Features of Golf Courses and Legal Status of the Subject Countries

k There is an introductory discussion about the Legal Systems and the case studies conducted

in the four countries

l There is an overview of the conceptual framework with definition of terms (Item 1.4) A Chart is prepared for purposes of emphasis and clarity (Chart 1)

m Significance of the Research is emphasized (Item 1.5)

n There is an organization of the Dissertation (Item1.6)

Chapter II

Revised, Re-drafted and Added:

1 This chapter has been revised and re-drafted The title has been changed to Law and

Governance: A Framework for Analyses It consists of four Parts

2 Part I introduces golf courses and their impacts on the environment, and contain

discussions about parts of the golf course (Table 1.3); Use of hybrid turf grasses (Table 1.4); water and chemical requirements (Table 1.5); chemical requirements (Table 1.7); sand requirements (1.10), among others Part I also discussed the stages of golf course construction

as proposed by this writer (Item 1.3); the turf maintenance activities (Table 1.13); manpower requirements (1.14) and the desired number of tools, equipment and machineries (Table 1.15)

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3 Part II discusses the literature review, including a table of summary of existing literature

about sustainable golf courses (Table 1.16), with theoretical discussions about law, rule of law,

governance, sustainable development, Environmental regulation, etc

4 Part III is the framework of analysis It contains the introduction about Law and

Governance, specifically building on Robinson’s (1998) comparative environmental law approach and Maria Francesch-Huidobro environmental governance theory Part III also

contains the definition of terms, elaboration and explanation of the framework, including the benchmarking of the elements and determinants with which to measure the adequacy, coherence, responsiveness and effectiveness of law and governance in golf courses

5 Part IV contains the case studies The number of case studies has been reduced to three

for each country The US comparative study has been removed

Chapter III

Revised and Re-drafted:

1 The chapter has been revised and re-drafted This chapter consolidated the four (4)

separate chapters of the “First version” (Chapters III, IV, V and VI) Chapter III contains the

Comparative Evaluation and Analyses of Environmental Frameworks

2 Referencing re-arranged and grammatical organization has been improved The comparative arrangement enhanced the evaluation and critical analysis of the issues, laws and regulations Referencing has been-re-arranged and the grammatical organization has been improved

3 This chapter looks into the environmental laws and regulations of the four countries It also reviews and evaluates related and relevant laws applicable to the regulation of golf courses

4 Part I discusses the international environmental legal framework Part II discusses the regional environmental legal framework And Part III discusses the national environmental legal frameworks

5 It mentions that golf courses are governed under national laws and regulations The national laws either are codified locally or may have been adopted from transplanted Multilateral Environmental Agreements or regional instruments, which have been signed and ratified, or acceded to by Contracting Parties to the convention or agreement The MEAs contain principles and philosophies, which promotes, enhances and guides regulation for the development and operation of golf courses

6 Discussions are amended and enhanced, particularly the identification of provisions and principles, as well as industry norms and self-regulation by international organizations and world golf rules bodies

7 A number of MEAs and international instruments have been evaluated and reviewed, as well as some regional (ASEAN) hard and soft law instruments

8 There is an additional discussion about the norms of the industry or self-regulation (Item 1.7), including an evaluation of the practices in the golf industry and the golf rules by United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland

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Chapter IV

Revised, Re-drafted and Added

1 This chapter contains the summary of the cross-national comparative analyses and

evaluation, which were taken from the lengthy discussion on national comparative review for each subject countries

2 The summary contains an evaluation of the constitutional provisions, institutional

framework, and the mechanism for judicial review, NGO and civil society participation

3 A Cross-national summary is included (Item 1.2)

Chapter V

Revised and Re-drafted

1 The Conclusion includes the theoretical (Item 1.2), policy (Item 1.3) and legal (Item 1.4) implications of the research

2 The Recommendations have been revised, and an item about future guidance for research

is included There is also an item about contribution to knowledge (Item 1.6) and about Guidance for further research (Item 1.7)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

List of Maps

1.1 Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Philippines

1.2 Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Thailand

1.3 Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Viet Nam

1.4 Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Singapore

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Comparative Summaries of Features of Golf Courses and the Subject Countries

Table 1.2 - Parts of the Golf Course

Table 1.3 - Use of Turf Grasses

Table 1.4 - Water Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course

Table 1.5 - Summary of Total Water Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course

Table 1.6 - Chemical Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course

Table 1.7 - List of Chemicals Applied by Warren Golf Club, Singapore

Table 1.8 - List of Chemicals Applied by TAT Filipinas Golf Club, Philippines

Table 1.9 – List of Sand Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course

Table 1.10 - Summary of Requirements

Table 1.11 - Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation

Table 1.12 - Turf Maintenance Activities

Table 1.13 - Manpower Requirements

Table 1.14 - Desired Number of Equipment, Machineries, Tools for 18 Holes Golf Course Table 1.15 Summary of Existing Literature About Sustainable Golf Courses

Table 1.16 – Philippines

Table 1.17 – Thailand

Table 1.18 - Viet Nam

Table 1.19 – Singapore

Table 1.20 - Summary of Comparisons and Evaluation

Table 1.21 – Approved Application for Land Use Conversion (2005)

Table 1.22 – Approved Applications for Land Use Conversion

Table 1.23 – Summary of Land Use Conversion (2011)

Table 1.24 – Summary

List of Charts

1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Dissertation

1.2 Summary of Approved Applications for Land Use Conversion, Philippines, as of

September 2005

1.3 Summary of Approved Applications for Land Use Conversion, by purpose, Philippines,

as of September 2005

List of Appendix

“1” List of Persons Interviewed

There were open and long conversations, sharing of experiences and practices

specifically with the Managers, Golf Course Superintendents, chemical suppliers,

green specialists, golf course architects and landscapists, government officials (trade,

investments, environment, agriculture, agrarian reform, soils and water resources)

namely: