Guidelines for the rehabilitation and release of vervet monkeys

2007 DOVRUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWD[RQVSHFL¿FSURWRFROVEHGHYHORSHG ZLWKFXVWRPL]HGJXLGHOLQHV 2XU DLP KHUH LV WR SUHVHQW JXLGHOLQHV IRU WKH UHKDELOLWD-WLRQDQGUHOHDVHRIYHUYHWPRQNH\VEDVHGRQVWXGLHVRIY

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.

Guidelines for the Rehabilitation and Release of Vervet Monkeys

Author(s): Amanda J Guy and Darren Curnoe

Source: Primate Conservation, (27):55-63 2013.

Published By: Conservation International

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.027.0103

URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1896/052.027.0103

BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published

by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses

Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use

Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use Commercial inquiries

or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder

Guidelines for the Rehabilitation and Release of Vervet Monkeys

Amanda J Guy and Darren Curnoe

School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Abstract: In South Africa, FRQÀLFWEHWZHHQKXPDQVDQGYHUYHWPRQNH\VChlorocebus aethiopsKDVOHGWRODUJHQXPEHUVRI

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7KHDLPRIWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVLV WRIDFLOLWDWHLPSURYHGUHKDELOLWDWLRQUHOHDVHDQGSRVWUHOHDVHPRQLWRULQJDQGDVVHVVPHQWZLWKWKHXOWLPDWHJRDORILPSURYLQJ UHOHDVHRXWFRPHV

Key words: Chlorocebus aethiops, SULPDWH UHKDELOLWDWLRQUHLQWURGXFWLRQZLOGOLIHPDQDJHPHQW

Introduction

5HKDELOLWDWLRQ LQYROYHV WKH WUHDWPHQW RI PHGLFDO RU

SK\VL-FDOGLVDELOLWLHVDFWLYHWHDFKLQJRIDQLPDOVWRGHYHORSODWHQW

RUORVWVNLOOVQHFHVVDU\IRULQGHSHQGHQWVXUYLYDOLQWKHZLOG

IRU H[DPSOH IRUDJLQJ UHDULQJ EHKDYLRU DQG DQWLSUHGDWRU

EHKDYLRUDQGZHDQLQJIURPKXPDQFRQWDFW0DVDWDND

&RZOLVKDZ DQG 'XQEDU  %HFN et al 7KHUH DUH

WZR PDLQ W\SHV RI UHKDELOLWDWLRQ SURMHFWV 7KH ¿UVW W\SH

UHOHDVHVDQLPDOVIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGLQVRPH

FDVHV LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ]RREDVHG EUHHGLQJ SURMHFWV 7KH

VHFRQGPRUHFRPPRQIRUPLVWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQDQGUHOHDVH

RI FRQ¿VFDWHG SHWV RUSKDQV DQG DQLPDOV GLVSODFHG E\

ORJ-JLQJKDELWDWGHVWUXFWLRQ&RZOLVKDZDQG'XQEDUDQG

RWKHUKXPDQLQÀXHQFHV7KHVHZHOIDUHEDVHGUHOHDVHSURMHFWV

DGGUHVVLVVXHVRILOOHJDOWUDGHDQGZHOIDUHLQFDSWLYLW\E\UHV-FXLQJUHKDELOLWDWLQJDQGUHOHDVLQJFRQ¿VFDWHGLOOHJDOSHWVDQG

RUSKDQV&KH\QH

$OWKRXJK WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI

1DWXUH ,8&1 KDV FUHDWHG ULJRURXV ZHOO UHVHDUFKHG

JXLGH-

OLQHVIRUSULPDWHVWKH\IRFXVRQFRQVHUYDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQZHO-IDUHDQGDUHJHQHUDOL]HGWRHLWKHUDOOSULPDWHV%DNHU

RUJUHDWDSHV%HFNet al:HKDYHGHYHORSHGDÀRZ

FKDUW IRU SULPDWH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ *X\ et al LQ SUHVV DQG D

GHFLVLRQWUHHIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIPDPPDOVLQJHQHUDO*X\et

al:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIJLEERQV&KH\QHet al 2012),

KRZHYHUWKHUHVHHPVWREHDJHQHUDOODFNRIVSHFLHVVSHFL¿F

JXLGHOLQHVIRUSULPDWHUHKDELOLWDWLRQ

,Q6RXWK$IULFDYHUYHWPRQNH\VDUHIUHTXHQWO\NHSWDV

SHWVRURWKHUZLVHWUHDWHGDVYHUPLQ*UREOHUet al%RWK

VLWXDWLRQVRIWHQUHVXOWLQYHUYHWPRQNH\VFRPLQJLQWRFDUHLQ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ FHQWHUV GXH WR SUREOHPV VXFK DV XQZDQWHG RU FRQ¿VFDWHG SHWV VKRRWLQJ SRLVRQLQJ DWWDFNV E\ GRPHVWLF SHWV DQG PRWRU YHKLFOH DFFLGHQWV 6PLW  7KHVH SURE-OHPV DUH FRQVLGHUDEOH RYHU  LQGLYLGXDOV ZHUH UHVFXHG LQ.ZD=XOX1DWDO6RXWK$IULFDE\WKH³0RQNH\+HOSOLQH´ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQ WKH ¿UVW VL[ PRQWKV RI  6PLW 

0DQ\RIWKHPHQGHGXSLQWKHFDUHRIRQHRIUHJLVWHUHGSUL-PDWHUHKDELOLWDWLRQFHQWHUVLQ6RXWK$IULFD:LPEHUJHUet al

D'LVSODFHGPRQNH\VDFFXPXODWHLQUHKDELOLWDWLRQFHQ-WHUVDVDUHVXOWRIKLJKTXDOLW\FDUHSURYLGHGE\VSHFLDOL]HG RUSKDQFDUH FHQWHUV IRU H[DPSOH 7KH +DPSWRQV :LOGOLIH 5HVFXH &HQWUH SHUV REV DORQJ ZLWK D UHOXFWDQFH WR HXWKD-QL]HGLVSODFHGSULPDWHVH[FHSWZKHUHVHYHUHLQMXU\RUGLVHDVH

LVLQYROYHG*X\et al 2013)

$VDUHVXOWRIWKHVHLVVXHVDQXPEHURIYHUYHWPRQNH\ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ FHQWHUV KDYH EHJXQ EXLOGLQJ DQG UHOHDVLQJ WURRSV EDFN WR WKH ZLOG LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR LPSURYH WKHLU ZHO-IDUH 6RPH KDYH EHHQ UHODWLYHO\ VXFFHVVIXO IRU H[DPSOH

:LPEHUJHUet alE*X\et al 2011Guy ZKLOH

RWKHUV KDYH H[SHULHQFHG FRQVLGHUDEOH SUREOHPV LQFOXGLQJ SRRU UHOHDVHRXWFRPHV DV D UHVXOW RI LQDSSURSULDWH UHKDELOL-WDWLRQDQGUHOHDVHV\VWHPVSRRUFKRLFHRIUHOHDVHVLWHVDQG

LQDGHTXDWHSRVWUHOHDVHPRQLWRULQJ:LPEHUJHUet alE Guy et al 2012a).

Guy and Curnoe

9HUYHWPRQNH\VChlorocebus aethiopsDUHFODVVL¿HGDV

µ/HDVW&RQFHUQ¶RQWKH,8&15HG/LVW,8&1DQGDV

VXFKWKHLUUHKDELOLWDWLRQDQGUHOHDVHLVPRWLYDWHGE\ZHOIDUH

FRQVLGHUDWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQFRQVHUYDWLRQ$OWKRXJKWKH\KDYH

GLIIHUHQW SULPDU\ REMHFWLYHV ERWK FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG ZHOIDUH

UHLQWURGXFWLRQVVKRXOGDGKHUHWRWKHEHVWSUDFWLFHJXLGHOLQHV

VHWRXWE\WKH,8&1%HFNet al %HFNet al (2007)

DOVRUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWD[RQVSHFL¿FSURWRFROVEHGHYHORSHG

ZLWKFXVWRPL]HGJXLGHOLQHV

2XU DLP KHUH LV WR SUHVHQW JXLGHOLQHV IRU WKH

UHKDELOLWD-WLRQDQGUHOHDVHRIYHUYHWPRQNH\VEDVHGRQVWXGLHVRIYHUYHW

PRQNH\UHKDELOLWDWLRQEHKDYLRUDQGELRORJ\DQGLQFRUSRUDW-LQJH[LVWLQJJXLGHOLQHVIRUQRQKXPDQSULPDWHUHLQWURGXFWLRQV

%DNHU2XUSULPDU\JRDOLVWRLPSURYHUHKDELOLWDWLRQ

PHWKRGVLQRUGHUWRPD[LPL]HRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUSRVLWLYHRXW-FRPHVLQIXWXUHUHOHDVHV

Recommendations for a Best-Practice Model

Arrival

$ KLVWRU\ VKRXOG EH FROOHFWHG IRU HDFK DQLPDO XSRQ

DUULYDO 7KLV VKRXOG LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV WKH UHDVRQ

IRUWKHPRQNH\FRPLQJLQWRFDUHWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQGORFD-WLRQZKHUHIRXQGLWVDSSUR[LPDWHDJHDQGLIDSHWKRZORQJ

LW ZDV NHSW IRU DQG KRZ DQG ZKDW LW ZDV IHG7KLV

LQIRUPD-WLRQ FDQ KHOS WR GHWHUPLQH WKH NLQG RI LQLWLDO FDUH QHHGHG

DQGZKHWKHURUQRWWKHLQGLYLGXDOLVOLNHO\WREHVXLWDEOHIRU

UHOHDVH )RU H[DPSOH DQ RUSKDQ WKDW KDV EHHQ FDUHG IRU E\

DQ LQH[SHULHQFHG SHUVRQ PD\ EH PDOQRXULVKHG DQGRU

GHK\-GUDWHGDPRQNH\WKDWKDVEHHQKLWE\DFDUPD\EHVWUHVVHG

DQGLQMXUHGZKLOHDQDGXOWYHUYHWWKDWKDVEHHQNHSWDVDSHW

IRUDQH[WHQGHGSHULRGRIWLPHZLOOEHKDELWXDWHGWRKXPDQV

DQG LV XQOLNHO\ WR EH VXLWDEOH IRU UHOHDVH VHH IRU H[DPSOH

Guy et al 2011).

)ROORZLQJ LQLWLDO DVVHVVPHQW WKH PRQNH\ VKRXOG EH

TXDUDQWLQHG DQG XQGHUJR PHGLFDO DVVHVVPHQW DQG WUHDWPHQW

$ PLQLPXP TXDUDQWLQH RI  GD\V LV UHFRPPHQGHG E\ WKH

,8&1ZLWKGD\VEHLQJLGHDO%DNHU7KLVHQVXUHV

WKDWHDFKPRQNH\LVKHDOWK\DQGKHOSVWRDYRLGWUDQVPLVVLRQ

RIDQ\GLVHDVHVWRRWKHUDQLPDOVDWWKHFHQWHU$OWKRXJKWKHUH

DUH FRVWV LQYROYHG WKLV LV D YLWDO VWHS /LNH PDQ\ SULPDWHV

YHUYHW PRQNH\V DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR KXPDQ GLVHDVHV DQG VR

VKRXOG EH H[DPLQHG E\ D YHWHULQDULDQ DIWHU WUDQVIHU IURP D

FDUHU RU DQRWKHU FHQWHU 6RPH LQIHFWLRXV GLVHDVHV NQRZQ WR

DIIHFW6RXWK$IULFDQYHUYHWVLQFOXGHIRDP\YLUXVHVWLFNELWH

IHYHU Rickettsia conori DQG FKLNXQJXQ\D YLUXV DVFKXOD

 7KH QHZ DUULYDO VKRXOG DOVR XQGHUJR D EHKDYLRUDO

DVVHVVPHQW 0DQ\ FRQ¿VFDWHG SHWV ZLOO KDYH EHHQ VRFLDOO\

LVRODWHGZKHQYHU\\RXQJDQGWKLVFDQKDYHSURIRXQGHIIHFWV

RQWKHLUEHKDYLRU6XRPLet al0DVRQet al 2007) and

WKHLUDELOLW\WREHVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG

&RQVSHFL¿FUHVRFLDOL]DWLRQ

2QFHDQLQLWLDODVVHVVPHQWKDVEHHQPDGHDQGWKHYHUYHW

PRQNH\ LV GHHPHG KHDOWK\ WKH\ PD\ WKHQ PRYH LQWR WKH

JURXSIRUPDWLRQVWDJHRIUHKDELOLWDWLRQ'XHWRWKHVWDJJHUHG

DUULYDORIQHZDQLPDOVDQGWKHH[LVWHQFHRIHVWDEOLVKHGJURXS-LQJVDWWKHFHQWHUDVRFLDOJURXSLVUDUHO\IRUPHGIURPVFUDWFK

$QLQGLYLGXDOLVOLNHO\WREHLQWURGXFHGWRDQH[LVWLQJJURXSRU WRMXVWDIHZRWKHUDQLPDOVWRVWDUWDQHZJURXS,QWURGXFWLRQV DUH EHVW PDGH JUDGXDOO\ SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH FDVH RI \RXQJ RUSKDQHGSULPDWHVWKDWKDYHEHHQKDQGUDLVHGDQGKDYHKDG OLPLWHGRUQRSUHYLRXVFRQWDFWZLWKFRQVSHFL¿FV

7KH XVH RI DGMDFHQW HQFORVXUHV²WKH PDLQ RQH KRXV-LQJ DQ H[LVWKRXV-LQJ JURXS WKH VPDOOHU RQH DFWKRXV-LQJ DV DQ LQWUR-GXFWLRQHQFORVXUHIRUWKHQHZDUULYDO²KDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXO ('X7RLW,QDGGLWLRQWKH9HUYHW0RQNH\)RXQGDWLRQ 'X 7RLW  DQG WKH :LOG $QLPDO 7UDXPD &HQWUH DQG +DYHQ :$7&+ KDYH PDGH XVH RI VDIH DUHDV DW WKH HGJH RI HQFORVXUHV IRU VPDOO PLONIRUPXODGHSHQGHQW RUSKDQV WR DOORZIHHGLQJZLWKRXWLQWHUIHUHQFHIURPODUJHUPRQNH\VLQD JURXS$GXOWIHPDOHVLQH[LVWLQJJURXSVDUHVRPHWLPHVDEOH WRIRVWHU\RXQJRUSKDQVIDFLOLWDWLQJWKHLULQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH JURXS'X7RLW$QHFGRWDOHYLGHQFHVXJJHVWVWKDWWKLV LVSDUWLFXODUO\EHQH¿FLDOIRUDGXOWIHPDOHVWKDWKDYHUHFHQWO\ ORVWWKHLULQIDQW%UXFHDQG6DQGL&URQNSHUVFRPP

$ QXPEHU RI WKLQJV QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKHQ IRUP-LQJJURXSVIRUUHOHDVH7KHJHRJUDSKLFRULJLQRIWKHPRQNH\ PXVW EH GHWHUPLQHG VR DV WR DYRLG PL[LQJ GLVWLQFW SRSXOD-WLRQV,QGLYLGXDOVRIXQNQRZQJHRJUDSKLFRULJLQVKRXOGQRW EHFRQVLGHUHGIRUUHOHDVH%DNHU1RVLJQL¿FDQWJHQHWLF GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ SRSXODWLRQV RI 6RXWK $IULFDQ YHUYHW PRQNH\VKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGKRZHYHU*UREOHUDQG0DWODOD

DQGWKLVPHDQVWKDWPL[LQJYHUYHWVIURPGLIIHUHQWSDUWV RI6RXWK$IULFDLVXQOLNHO\WRSRVHSUREOHPVIRUORFDOSRSX-ODWLRQV *RYHUQPHQW UHVWULFWLRQV WKDW SUHYHQW WKH PRYHPHQW RIDQLPDOVEHWZHHQSURYLQFHVKRZHYHUPD\PHDQWKDWWKH\ ZLOOEHPDQDJHGVHSDUDWHO\DQ\ZD\(]HPYHOR.=1:LOGOLIH

 0RUHRYHU SXEOLVKHG JHQHWLF VWXGLHV IRU YHUYHW PRQ-NH\VDUHVWLOOIHZDQGIXWXUHZRUNPLJKWLGHQWLI\JHRJUDSKLF SDWWHUQLQJ RU WKH SUHVHQFH RI VXESRSXODWLRQV QRW FXUUHQWO\ UHFRJQL]HG DV KDV RFFXUUHG UHFHQWO\ ZLWK FKDFPD EDERRQV

IRUH[DPSOH6LWKDOGHHQet al

'RPLQDQFH UHODWLRQVKLSV QHHG WR EH PRQLWRUHG DV D ODFNRIDFOHDUGRPLQDQFHKLHUDUFK\FDQOHDGWRKHLJKWHQHG DJJUHVVLRQ LQ JURXSV *X\ DQG &XUQRH $QLPDO FRP-

SDWLELOLW\FDQDOVREHDSUREOHPDVKDVEHHQQRWHGIRUODUJLE-ERQVHylobates larDQGFDSXFKLQPRQNH\VSapajus apella) GH9HHUDQGYDQGHQ%RV6XiUH]et al 2001$OWKRXJK

DJJUHVVLRQGXULQJWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIDGXOWRUROGHUMXYHQLOHV WR DQ H[LVWLQJ JURXS LV UHODWLYHO\ FRPPRQ $ - *X\ SHUV REVSURORQJHGSK\VLFDODJJUHVVLRQPD\LQGLFDWHDQHHGWR UHDUUDQJHJURXSV

*URXS VL]HV DQG DJH DQG VH[ UDWLRV VKRXOG EH DV VLPL- ODUWRZLOGJURXSVDVSRVVLEOH%DNHULQRUGHUWRPD[L-PL]HVXUYLYDODQGLPSURYHWKHFKDQFHVRIIRUPLQJDFRKHVLYH JURXS WKDW ZLOO UHPDLQ WRJHWKHU DIWHU UHOHDVH 7KH DYHUDJH ZLOG JURXS VL]H IRU YHUYHW PRQNH\V LV  ZLWK D UDQJH RI

± :LOOHPV DQG +LOO  *URXSV RI EHWZHHQ  DQG

 DUH UHFRPPHQGHG EDVHG RQ JURXS VL]HV LQ VXFFHVVIXO

UHOHDVHVDVDVVHVVHGLQ*X\et

alXQSXEOLVKHG,GHDOO\VWXG-LHVRIZLOGJURXSVFORVHWRWKHGHVLUHGUHOHDVHVLWHZRXOGEH

XQGHUWDNHQWRLQGLFDWHWKHQDWXUDOJURXSVL]HIRUWKDWDUHDDV

WKLVLVLQÀXHQFHGE\DQXPEHURIIDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHVL]HRI

DYDLODEOH WHUULWRULHV -DFNVRQ DQG *DUWODQ  IRRG

TXDO-LW\ DQG TXDQWLW\ HQYLURQPHQWDO WHPSHUDWXUH DQG SUHGDWLRQ

ULVN&RZOLVKDZDQG'XQEDU'HWDLOHGSXEOLVKHGZLOG

VWXGLHV RI YHUYHW PRQNH\V ODUJHO\ IRFXV RQ HQ\D DQG WKH

DYHUDJHJURXSFRPSRVLWLRQLQWKH$PERVHOLUHVHUYHLVc.11%

DGXOWPDOHVc.DGXOWIHPDOHVc.VXEDGXOWPDOHVc.4%

VXEDGXOWIHPDOHVc.MXYHQLOHVDQGc.LQIDQWV6WUXK-

VDNHUE$VIXOOJURXSFRPSRVLWLRQGDWDDUHRQO\DYDLO-DEOHIRUWZRZLOGJURXSVVWXGLHGLQ6RXWK$IULFD&DPEHIRUW

:LOOHPVZHUHFRPPHQGWKHIROORZLQJDSSUR[L-PDWHSURSRUWLRQVc.DGXOWPDOHVDQGc.DGXOWIHPDOHV

SURYLGLQJDQDGXOWVH[UDWLRRIFORVHWRVXEDGXOW

PDOHV c. VXEDGXOW IHPDOHV c. MXYHQLOHV DQG c.5%

LQIDQWV7KLVPD\EHDOWHUHGLIUHOLDEOHVWXGLHVRIZLOGJURXSV

DUHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHUHJLRQRIWKHSODQQHGUHOHDVHSURYLGLQJ

FRPSRVLWLRQGDWDIRUVSHFL¿FUHJLRQV3XEOLVKHGVWXGLHVIURP

6RXWK$IULFD\LHOGDQDYHUDJHDGXOWVH[UDWLRRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\

PDOHVIHPDOHVUDQJLQJIURPWRQ 7DEOH

Housing, training, and preparation

6RFLDOJURXSVVKRXOGEHKRXVHGLQQDWXUDOLVWLFHQFORVXUHV

WRSURPRWHVKHOWHUVHHNLQJVRPHIRUPRIVKHOWHUVKRXOGEH

SURYLGHG VHH IRU H[DPSOH )LJ  DQG PRYLQJ RQ QDWXUDO

VXEVWUDWHVWKURXJKFRPSOH[HQYLURQPHQWV7KHW\SLFDOKDELWDW RIYHUYHWPRQNH\VLVJDOOHU\IRUHVW7DSSHQVRSURYL-VLRQRIWUHHVRUODUJHEUDQFKHVLQWKHHQFORVXUHZRXOGDVVLVWLQ GHYHORSLQJQDWXUDOFOLPELQJEHKDYLRU2EMHFWVVXFKDVURSHV W\UHVDQGVPDOOHUEUDQFKHVFDQEHXVHGWRDGGFRPSOH[LW\DQG DOORZ IRU UHJXODU FKDQJHV WR EH PDGH WR WKH HQFORVXUH VHH )LJ

9HUYHWPRQNH\VIRUDJHRQWKHJURXQGDQGLQWUHHV7DSSHQ

7RHQFRXUDJHGHYHORSPHQWRIIRUDJLQJEHKDYLRUSDU-WLFXODUO\IRU\RXQJHUPRQNH\VRUH[SHWVQDWXUDOIRRGVVKRXOG EHSURYLGHGLQDZD\WKDWHQFRXUDJHVERWKEHKDYLRUV1DWXUDO IRRGVKHOSWKHDQLPDOVWROHDUQZKDWLVSDODWDEOHDQGVDIHWR HDWLQWKHLUUHOHDVHKDELWDW9HUYHWVKDYHDGLHWWKDWLQFOXGHV IUXLW ÀRZHUV VHHGV JUDVV OHDYHV EDUN UHVLQ JXP EXOEV URRWVLQVHFWVHJJVDQGVPDOOPDPPDOV:KLWWVLW)RRG LWHPVWDNHQIURPWKHLQWHQGHGUHOHDVHVLWHDUHGHVLUDEOH)RU

H[DPSOHWKHUHGFXUUDQWRhus chirindensisDQGVWUDQJOHU¿J (Ficus VSDUHFRPPRQLQVRPHSDUWVRI.ZD=XOX1DWDOLQ

6RXWK$IULFD'HSDUWPHQWRI:DWHU$IIDLUVDQG)RUHVWU\ DQGDUHHDWHQE\YHUYHWPRQNH\V+DUULVRQ9HQWHUDQG Venter 2005,ILWLVQRWIHDVLEOHWRGRWKLVORQJWHUPDEDO-DQFHG GLHW RI IUHVK IUXLW DQG YHJHWDEOHV ZLWK DGGHG SURWHLQ IRUH[DPSOHQXWVDQGVHHGVLVUHFRPPHQGHGDVHPSOR\HG DW:$7&+%UXFHDQG6DQGL&URQNSHUVFRPPZLWKQDWX-UDOIRRGVWXIIVVXFKDVIUXLWOHDYHVDQGLQVHFWVIURPWKHUHOHDVH VLWHLQWURGXFHGLQWKHPRQWKVOHDGLQJXSWRUHOHDVH

(QYLURQPHQWDO IRU H[DPSOH DOWHULQJ HQFORVXUH WR LQFUHDVH FRPSOH[LW\ DV GHVFULEHG DERYH DQG IHHGLQJ IRU H[DPSOHIRRGSX]]OHVHQULFKPHQWFDQEHXVHGWRDVVLVWWKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QDWXUDO EHKDYLRUV )UXLW FDQ EH DWWDFKHG WR SROHVIRUH[DPSOHDQGLQYHUWHEUDWHVFDQEHSODFHGLQER[HV RIRUJDQLFPDWHULDOWRHQFRXUDJHQDWXUDOIRUDJLQJEHKDYLRXU

(6XiUH]et al9HUYHWPRQNH\VWHQGWRKDYHSUHIHUUHG

VOHHSLQJWUHHV6WUXKVDNHUDVRVXLWDEOHVOHHSLQJVLWHV VXFKDVWUHHVEUDQFKHVKDQJLQJEDVNHWVRUER[HV)LJDQG QHWV VKRXOG EH SURYLGHG /RRVH REMHFWV VXFK DV FDUGERDUG ER[HVEDOOVDQGSDSHUFDQEHXVHGWRHQFRXUDJHH[SORUDWLRQ

RIWKHHQYLURQPHQW&KH\QHet al 2012).

0LQLPL]LQJFRQWDFWZLWKKXPDQVLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWVRDV WRDYRLGH[FHVVLYHKDELWXDWLRQWKDWPD\OHDGVRPHUHOHDVHG DQLPDOV WR VHHN RXW KXPDQ FRPSDQ\ SRVWUHOHDVH VHH IRU

H[DPSOH*X\et al:HUHFRPPHQGPHWKRGVVLPLODUWR

WKRVHXVHGLQWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIEURZQFDSXFKLQPRQNH\V

(Sapajus apella6XiUH]et al7RDYRLGDVVRFLDWLRQRI

KXPDQVDQGIRRGYLVXDOLVRODWLRQZDVDFKLHYHGE\FRYHULQJ WKHPHVKRIWKHHQFORVXUHZLWKV\QWKHWLFPDWHULDOZLWKIRRG

SURYLGHGWKURXJKDZLQGRZ6XiUH]et al 2001) We

recom-PHQGWKDWMXVWRQHRUWZRZDOOVEHFRYHUHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH UDWKHUWKDQWKHHQWLUHHQFORVXUHDVFRPSOHWHYLVXDOLVRODWLRQ PD\ UHGXFH HIIHFWLYH DFFOLPDWL]DWLRQ WR WKH DUHD )HHGLQJ WLPHVVKRXOGEHYDULHGVRDVWRUHGXFHSUHGLFWDELOLW\6XiUH]

et al 2001).

7UDLQLQJ IRU SUHGDWRU DZDUHQHVV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI

WKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQSURFHVV*ULI¿Qet al$QLPDOVWKDW

KDYHOLYHGLQFDSWLYLW\IURPD\RXQJDJHDUHOLNHO\WRKDYH EHHQ LVRODWHG IURP SUHGDWRUV DQG PD\ QRW H[SUHVV QRUPDO

Table 1 $GXOW VH[ UDWLRV RI ZLOG WURRSV RI YHUYHW PRQNH\V Chlorocebus

aethiopsVWXGLHGLQ6RXWK$IULFD

Number

of adult

males

Number

of adult

females

Approximate ratio Reference

Figure 1

$QDWXUDOLVWLFHQFORVXUHDWWKH:LOG$QLPDO7UDXPD&HQWUHDQG+D-YHQLQ9U\KHLG.ZD=XOX1DWDO6RXWK$IULFD1RWHWKHYHUYHWPRQNH\VXVLQJ

WKH VKHOWHU SURYLGHG RQ WKH OHIW DQG HQULFKPHQW LWHPV LQFOXGLQJ WUHHV W\UHV

SROHVDQGURSHV3KRWRE\$-*X\

Guy and Curnoe

SUHGDWRUDYRLGDQFH EHKDYLRU 7KLV FDQ JUHDWO\ UHGXFH WKHLU

FKDQFHV RI VXUYLYDO ZKHQ UHOHDVHG 3UHGDWRUDYRLGDQFH

EHKDYLRUIXQFWLRQVWRUHGXFHWKHULVNRIDQDQLPDORULWVUHOD-WLYHVEHLQJNLOOHG9HUYHWPRQNH\VKDYHDQXPEHURISUHGDWRU

DODUP FDOOV DQG DVVRFLDWHG UHVSRQVHV LQFOXGLQJ UXQQLQJ XS

LQWRWKHWUHHVLQUHVSRQVHWRDOHRSDUGDODUPFDOOORRNLQJXS

DQGUXQQLQJLQWRWKHEXVKHVIRUHDJOHDODUPFDOOVDQGVWDQG-LQJDQGORRNLQJGRZQIRUVQDNHFDOOV&KHQH\DQG6H\IDUWK

 7KHVH EHKDYLRUV QHHG WR EH IXQFWLRQDO WKH ¿UVW WLPH

WKDWDSUHGDWRULVHQFRXQWHUHGLIDQDQLPDOLVWRVXUYLYHEXW

UHVSRQVHV ZLOO DOVR LPSURYH ZLWK JURXS H[SHULHQFH

*ULI-¿Qet al+RXVLQJYHUYHWVLQDQDUHDZKHUHWKH\ZLOO

FRPHLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKSUHGDWRUVVXFKDVVQDNHVDQGHDJOHV

FDQ LQFUHDVH WKHLU SUHUHOHDVH DZDUHQHVV RI WKHP VHH IRU

H[DPSOH*X\et alE3URYLGLQJWKLFNEXVKHVRU

DUWL¿FLDOKLGLQJSODFHVPD\DOVRDFWWRSURPRWHQDWXUDOSUHGD-WRUDYRLGDQFHEHKDYLRUIRUELUGVRISUH\

,QDGGLWLRQVWXGLHVRIRWKHUPDPPDOVKDYHVKRZQWKDW

WKH SUHVHQFH RI ZLOGFDXJKW H[SHULHQFHG LQGLYLGXDOV LQ D

JURXSFDQLPSURYHUHVSRQVHVWRSUHGDWRUV6KLHUDQG2ZLQJV

 ,I WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ FHQWHU SUHYHQWV

SUHUHOHDVHH[SRVXUHWRSUHGDWRUVVRPHIRUPRIWUDLQLQJPD\

EH UHTXLUHG7KLV FDQ LQFOXGH LQWHQWLRQDO GLUHFW H[SRVXUH WR

WKH SUHGDWRUV WKHPVHOYHV 6KLHU DQG 2ZLQJV  RU XVH

RI VXEVWLWXWHV VXFK DV UHODWHG VSHFLHV 0F/HDQ et al 2000),

VLOKRXHWWHV%URZQet alRUVWXIIHGRUPRGHOSUHGDWRUV $UQROGet al,QFDVHVZKHUHPRQNH\VKDYHQRWEHHQ

H[SRVHGWRSUHGDWRUVSHFLHVRUKDGRSSRUWXQLW\WRREVHUYHRU GHPRQVWUDWHDSSURSULDWHDQWLSUHGDWRUEHKDYLRUDQH[WHQGHG SHULRGRIDFFOLPDWL]DWLRQDWWKHUHOHDVHVLWHLVUHFRPPHQGHG WRLQFUHDVHWKHFKDQFHVRIWKHJURXSHQFRXQWHULQJSUHGDWRUV IURP D SURWHFWHG HQYLURQPHQW ZLWKLQ DQ HQFORVXUH SULRU WRUHOHDVH,QWKLVFDVHLWZRXOGEHQHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGHDQ DSSURSULDWHO\ODUJHHQFORVXUHVRDVWROLPLWVWUHVVDQGWRDYRLG LQFUHDVHGDJJUHVVLRQWKDWVRPHWLPHVRFFXUVZKHQYHUYHWVDUH PRYHGWRDVPDOOHUHQFORVXUH&ODUNHDQG0D\HDX[

3UHUHOHDVHDVVHVVPHQW

)XUWKHUDVVHVVPHQWVKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXWSULRUWRUHOHDVH

$QLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKLVLVDSUHUHOHDVHPHGLFDOFKHFNE\D TXDOL¿HG YHWHULQDULDQ$QLPDOV NHSW LQ FDSWLYLW\ DUH VXVFHS- WLEOHWRLQIHFWLRQZLWKSDUDVLWHVWKDWPD\EHIRUHLJQWRWKHVSH- FLHV&XQQLQJKDP,QDGGLWLRQPDQ\SULPDWHVLQFOXG-LQJ YHUYHW PRQNH\V DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR KXPDQ GLVHDVHV$V VXFK KXPDQ FRQWDFW VKRXOG EH PLQLPL]HG DQG DQ\ DQLPDOV IRU UHOHDVH QHHG WR EH VFUHHQHG IRU FRPPRQ GLVHDVHV ,W LV YLWDOWKDWDQLPDOVIRUUHOHDVHEHKHDOWK\)DLOLQJWRFDUU\RXW SUHUHOHDVH PHGLFDO FKHFNV FDQ UHVXOW LQ GLVHDVH WUDQVPLV-VLRQWRZLOGSRSXODWLRQVERWKFRQVSHFL¿FVDQGRWKHUVSHFLHV

9LJJHUVet alPRUWDOLW\RIUHOHDVHGDQLPDOVDVDUHVXOW

RISDWKRJHQVDQGHFWRSDUDVLWHVFDXVLQJGLVHDVHWULJJHUHGE\ WKHVWUHVVRIWUDQVSRUWDQGUHOHDVHDQG]RRQRWLFGLVHDVHVIRU H[DPSOHWXEHUFXORVLVLQÀXHQ]DYLUDOKHSDWLWLVDQGPHDVOHV

>+HXVFKHOH@EHLQJWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHORFDOKXPDQSRSX-ODWLRQ9LJJHUVet al

0HWKRGV XVHG WR UHGXFH WKHVH ULVNV LQFOXGH TXDUDQWLQH DVGHVFULEHGLQWKHµDUULYDO¶VHFWLRQFOLQLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQE\

DYHWHULQDULDQ9LJJHUVet

alIHFDOH[DPLQDWLRQIRUSDU-DVLWHHJJVDQGODUYDHVHUYLFHVPD\EHSURYLGHGE\YHWHULQDU\

ODERUDWRULHV 9LJJHUV et al  KHPDWRORJ\ DQG VHUXP

ELRFKHPLVWU\SUR¿OHVWRDLGGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQEDVHGRQFRP-SDULVRQ ZLWK QRUPDO EORRG YDOXHV IRU WKH VSHFLHV

VHURORJL-FDOWHVWLQJWRGHWHFWLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHV9LJJHUVet al

PLFURELDOFXOWXUHWRLVRODWHDQGLGHQWLI\WKHFDXVHRIWKHGLV-HDVHDQGYDFFLQDWLRQIRUVRPHFRPPRQGLVHDVHVZKHUHWKHUH

LV D VSHFL¿F ULVN 9LJJHUV et al $QLPDOV WKDW GLH LQ

FDSWLYLW\VKRXOGXQGHUJRDIXOOSRVWPRUWHPH[DPLQDWLRQWR GHWHUPLQHWKHFDXVHRIGHDWK:KHUHYHUSRVVLEOHWKLVVKRXOG DOVREHGRQHIRUDQLPDOVWKDWGLHSRVWUHOHDVHVRDVWRLGHQWLI\ DQ\SUREOHPVZLWKWKHKHDOWKRIUHKDELOLWDWHGDQLPDOV

3ULPDWHV FDQ FDUU\ WXEHUFXORVLV ZKLFK FDQ EH

WUDQVPLW-WHG WR KXPDQV DQG GRPHVWLF DQLPDOV 9LJJHUV et al 

$ FRPPRQ ZD\ WR WHVW IRU WXEHUFXORVLV LV WKH VNLQWHVWLQJ SURFHGXUHLQYROYLQJDQLQWUDGHUPDOLQMHFWLRQZLWKDSRVLWLYH

UHDFWLRQEHLQJGHWHFWHGDIWHUWKUHHGD\V9LJJHUVet al

7KLVVKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXWE\DTXDOL¿HGYHWHULQDULDQ

%HKDYLRUDODVVHVVPHQWVKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXWWRFRQ¿UP VXLWDELOLW\IRUUHOHDVH'LUHFWFRPSDULVRQVRIWKHEHKDYLRURI ZLOGDQGFDSWLYHDQLPDOVFDQKHOSWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKDQLPDOV DUHUHDG\IRUUHOHDVH,QGLYLGXDOVWKDWVKRZVLJQL¿FDQWGHYLD-WLRQIURPZLOGEHKDYLRUDOSDWWHUQVDUHOHVVOLNHO\WRVXUYLYH

Figure 2 +DQJLQJ VOHHSLQJ EDVNHWV FLUFOHG XSSHU ULJKW RI SKRWRJUDSK DW

³9HUYHW+DYHQ´LQ'XUEDQ6RXWK$IULFD3KRWRE\$-*X\

SRVWUHOHDVH ZKLOH VOLJKW GHYLDWLRQV DUH PRVW OLNHO\ GXH WR

FDSWLYHFRQGLWLRQVDQGDUHQRWDKXJHFRQFHUQ0DWKHZVet

al0RQNH\VUHDG\IRUUHOHDVHVKRXOGQRWVHHNKXPDQ

FRQWDFW 6WHUHRW\SLF EHKDYLRUV PD\ GHYHORS GXULQJ

FDSWLY-LW\DQGDQLPDOVVKRXOGEHPRQLWRUHGLQRUGHUWRLGHQWLI\DQ\

DEQRUPDOEHKDYLRUWKDWPD\DIIHFWWKHLUVXLWDELOLW\IRUUHOHDVH

Release site selection

2QHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWVWHSVLQDUHOHDVHSURMHFWLVWKH

VHOHFWLRQDQGDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHUHOHDVHVLWH7KLVFDQEHTXLWH

FRPSOH[DQGDQXPEHURIIDFWRUVWKDWVKRXOGEHDVVHVVHGIRU

DQ\ SULPDWH UHOHDVH KDYH EHHQ RXWOLQHG LQ WKH ,8&1

JXLGH-OLQHV IRU QRQKXPDQ SULPDWH UHLQWURGXFWLRQV %DNHU 

7KHVHLQFOXGHDYDLODELOLW\RIIRRGDQGZDWHUDQGWKHLUVHDVRQ-DOLW\SURWHFWLRQRIWKHVLWHLIFRQVSHFL¿FVDUHDEVHQWDQGWKH

UHDVRQIRUWKHLUDEVHQFHDQGKXPDQLQÀXHQFH$UHOHDVHVLWH

VKRXOGSURYLGHDSSURSULDWHKDELWDWDQGLGHDOO\EHIUHHIURP

KXPDQ GLVWXUEDQFH IRU H[DPSOH KXQWLQJ DQG LQWURGXFHG

IHUDORUGRPHVWLFDQLPDOV'RGGDQG6HLJHO+DELWDWV

VKRXOG EH FKRVHQ WR PLQLPL]H HGJH HIIHFWV DQG VKRXOG QRW

KDYHDQXQXVXDOO\KLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQRISUHGDWRUV'RGGDQG

6HLJHO

9HUYHWPRQNH\VUHO\RQULSDULDQKDELWDWZLWKSHUPDQHQW

ZDWHU VRXUFHV $ ODFN RI DYDLODEOH ZDWHU LQFUHDVHV

PRUWDO-LW\'XQEDUVRWKHGU\VHDVRQVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGIRU

UHOHDVHVDQGDWOHDVWRQHSHUPDQHQWZDWHUVRXUFHVKRXOGEH

ORFDWHGFORVHWRWKHUHOHDVHVLWH5HOHDVHVKRXOGEHWLPHGWR

FRLQFLGHZLWKWKHZHWVHDVRQZKHQDYDLODELOLW\RIUHVRXUFHV

ZRXOGEHKLJKHVW:LPEHUJHUet alE*X\et alE)

9HUYHWV DGDSW ZHOO WR KXPDQ GLVWXUEDQFH DQG DUH SURQH WR

UDLGLQJFURSV6DMet al7KLVLVDVLJQL¿FDQWFDXVHRI

KXPDQPRQNH\FRQÀLFWDQGRIWHQUHVXOWVLQWUDSSLQJDQGNLOO-LQJRIYHUYHWV6DMet al)XUWKHUPRUHKXQWLQJKDVEHHQ

LGHQWL¿HG DV D FRQVLGHUDEOH FDXVH RI PRUWDOLW\ LQ UHOHDVHG

YHUYHWPRQNH\JURXSV*X\et alEGuy 2013)

6WUDWHJLHVWRFRPEDWWKLVLQFOXGHUHOHDVHLQWRDUHDVDVLVRODWHG

IURPKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWDVSRVVLEOHUHOHDVHKDELWDWVWKDWFRQ-

WDLQQXPHURXVIUXLWLQJWUHHVDQGWKHSURYLVLRQRIVXSSOHPHQ-WDU\ IRRG XVH RI VRIW UHOHDVH SURFHGXUHV IRU D SHULRG DIWHU

UHOHDVHXQWLOWKHYHUYHWVFDQHIIHFWLYHO\IHHGWKHPVHOYHV

+DELWDW IHDWXUHV WKDW DSSHDU WR EH UHODWHG WR VXFFHVVIXO

UHOHDVHVRIYHUYHWPRQNH\VLQFOXGHKLJKDOWLWXGHDQGUDLQIDOO

D KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI WUHH RU IRUHVW FRYHU DQG D PLQLPDO RU

]HURSHUFHQWDJHRIODQGFRYHULQWKHDUHDEHLQJFRPSRVHGRI

GDPV EDUH VDQG JUDVVODQGEXVK FOXPSV PL[ DQG EXVKODQG

(Guy et al XQSXEOLVKHG 3ULYDWHO\ RZQHG ODQG ZLWK

VXS-SRUWLYH ODQGKROGHUV KDV DOVR EHHQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SRVLWLYH

UHOHDVH RXWFRPHV *X\ et al XQSXEOLVKHG VR DJUHHPHQW

DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ RI ODQGKROGHUV LQ WKH GHVLUHG UHOHDVH DUHD

PXVWEHREWDLQHGEHIRUHUHOHDVH+XPDQGLVWXUEDQFHRIODQG

XUEDQ VHWWOHPHQW DQG RWKHU KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV DUH DVVRFLDWHG

ZLWKSRRUUHOHDVHRXWFRPHV*X\et alXQSXEOLVKHGDQGVR

VKRXOGEHDYRLGHG

7KH VL]H RI WKH UHOHDVH VLWH LV LPSRUWDQW SDUWLFXODUO\

ZLWKUHJDUGWRDVVHVVLQJLPSDFWVRQWKHUHOHDVHGJURXSIURP

KXPDQV7KHDYHUDJHKRPHUDQJHIRUZLOGYHUYHWPRQNH\VLV

NPðZLWKDQDYHUDJHGD\UDQJHOHQJWKRIDERXWNP :LOOHPVDQG+LOO+RZHYHUUHOHDVHGYHUYHWPRQNH\V KDYH EHHQ NQRZQ WR KDYH KRPH UDQJHV RI XS WR  NPð

(Guy et alUHJXODUO\WUDYHOOLQJPRUHWKDQNPIURP WKHUHOHDVHVLWH*X\et al7KXVRXUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ

LVWRVHOHFWDUHOHDVHDUHDWKDWFDQDOORZIRUWKHH[SDQVLRQRI WKHJURXSV¶UDQJHXSWRNPðZLWKOLWWOHRUQRKXPDQDFWLYLW\ ZLWKLQDNPUDGLXVRIWKHUHOHDVHVLWH

,WLVLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHGHQVLW\RIFRQVSHFL¿FVWREHORZHU WKDQ WKH FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ &RZOLVKDZ DQG 'XQEDU  2IWHQWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVSHFLHVLQDQDUHDLVXVHGDVDGH¿QL-WLYH FULWHULRQ IRU WKH VXLWDELOLW\ RI D UHOHDVH VLWH 7KLV VLP-SOL¿HG YLHZ IDLOV WR UHFRJQL]H WKDW LQWURGXFLQJ PRUH YHUYHW PRQNH\JURXSVWRDQDUHDPD\OHDGWRLQFUHDVHGFRPSHWLWLRQ DJJUHVVLRQDQGGLVHDVHWUDQVPLVVLRQ9HUYHWPRQNH\VFDQEH KLJKO\WHUULWRULDODQGWKLVFDQUHVXOWLQLQWHUJURXSDJJUHVVLRQ

VRPHWLPHVUHVXOWLQJLQWKHLQMXU\RIUHOHDVHGPRQNH\V:LP-EHUJHUet alE:KHWKHUFRQVSHFL¿FVVKRXOGEHSUHVHQW

QHDUWKHUHOHDVHVLWHDWDOOGHSHQGVRQWKHVSHFL¿FJRDORIWKH UHOHDVH,IWKHSULPDU\DLPLVWRLPSURYHZHOIDUHRILQGLYLGX-DOVWKURXJKUHOHDVHWKHQLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\IRUFRQVSHFL¿FVWR EHSUHVHQW,IWKHDLPLVWRLQFUHDVHQXPEHUVKRZHYHUWKHQ ZLOG JURXSV PXVW EH QHDUE\ DV YHUYHW SRSXODWLRQV UHO\ RQ PDOHGLVSHUVDOIRUJHQHÀRZ&RZOLVKDZDQG'XQEDU 'LVHDVHULVNVDQGFRPSHWLWLYHLPSDFWVRQRWKHUUHVLGHQWSUL-PDWHVSHFLHVPXVWDOVREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW9HUYHWPRQNH\V VKDUHWKHLUUDQJHZLWKDYDULHW\RISULPDWHVSHFLHVUDQJLQJLQ ,8&15HG/LVWVWDWXV,8&1IURP/HDVWFRQFHUQIRU

H[DPSOHWKHVRXWKHUQOHVVHUJDODJR Galago moholi, chacma EDERRQ Papio ursinus, EOXH PRQNH\ Cercopithecus mitis, DQG JXHUH]D &ROREXV JXHUH]D WR (QGDQJHUHG IRU H[DPSOH 8G]XQJZD UHG FROREXV Procolobus gordonorum, and chim-SDQ]HHPan troglodytes).

Release

$VUHFRPPHQGHGE\WKH,8&1DWUDQVSRUWSODQVKRXOG EHLQSODFHZLWKHPSKDVLVRQPLQLPL]LQJVWUHVVDQGULVNRI LQMXU\ %DNHU $OO PRQNH\V VKRXOG EH WUDQVSRUWHG LQ ZHOOYHQWLODWHG VHFXUH WUDQVSRUW ER[HV %UXFH DQG 6DQGL

&URQN>:$7&+@SHUVFRPP7KHKRWWHVWSDUWRIWKHGD\ VKRXOGEHDYRLGHGWUDQVSRUWLQJHLWKHULQWKHHDUO\PRUQLQJRU ODWHDIWHUQRRQ/DUJHUPRQNH\VVXFKDVDGXOWPDOHVVKRXOG EHSODFHGLQLQGLYLGXDOER[HVWRDYRLGLQMXU\WRVPDOOHULQGL-YLGXDOV9XOQHUDEOHLQGLYLGXDOVVXFKDVPRWKHUVZLWKLQIDQWV VKRXOGOLNHZLVHEHLVRODWHG:$7&+SHUVFRPP:KHQ-HYHUSRVVLEOHPRQNH\VWKDWKDYHEHHQNQRZQWRIUHTXHQWO\ GLUHFWDJJUHVVLRQWRZDUGHDFKRWKHUVKRXOGQRWEHWUDQVSRUWHG LQWKHVDPHER[,IWUDQVSRUWLQJDORQJGLVWDQFHUHJXODUVWRSV VKRXOG EH PDGH WR FKHFN WKH PRQNH\V DQG WR SURYLGH IRRG DQGZDWHU7KHJURXSVKRXOGEHDFFRPSDQLHGE\H[SHULHQFHG SHUVRQQHOIURPWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQFHQWHUDQGLISRVVLEOHDYHW-HULQDULDQ%DNHU

$ VRIWUHOHDVH PHWKRG LQFOXGLQJ DQ DFFOLPDWL]DWLRQ SHULRG DW WKH UHOHDVH VLWH LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR DOORZ WKH DQL-PDOV WR UHFRYHU IURP WUDQVSRUW DFFOLPDWL]H WR HQYLURQPHQ-WDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGEHFRPHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHLUVXUURXQGLQJV

Guy and Curnoe

%DNHU7KLVVLWHLVRIWHQXVHGDVWKHLQLWLDOORFDWLRQIRU

VXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJSRVWUHOHDVH*X\et al 2011, 2012a,

E'XULQJDFFOLPDWL]DWLRQYHUYHWVVKRXOGEHIHGQDWXUDO

IRRG SUHIHUDEO\ WDNHQ IURP WKH VXUURXQGLQJ DUHD7KH

DYHU-DJHWLPHVSHQWLQWKHUHOHDVHHQFORVXUHLQSDVWYHUYHWUHOHDVHV

KDVEHHQWKUHHGD\VEDVHGRQ:LPEHUJHUet alE*X\

et al 2011DE$PLQLPXPSHULRGRIWZRZHHNV

DVUHFRPPHQGHGIRUJLEERQVHylobates VSCheyne et al

KRZHYHUPD\EHPRUHDSSURSULDWH6RPHH[SHULPHQ-WDWLRQPD\EHUHTXLUHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLGHDODFFOLPDWL]DWLRQ

SHULRGDQGHQFORVXUHVL]H

6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGWRHQVXUHWKDW

WKHUHOHDVHGPRQNH\VREWDLQDGHTXDWHQXWULWLRQZKLOVWDFFOL-PDWL]LQJWRDQGH[SORULQJWKHLUQHZKDELWDW7KHDYHUDJHWLPH

SHULRGRIVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJIRUYHUYHWVLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\

WZRPRQWKV:LPEHUJHUet alE*X\et al 2011, 2012a),

EXWWKLVPD\YDU\GXHWRFLUFXPVWDQFHVVXFKDVZLOGJURXSV

HDWLQJWKHVXSSOLHGIRRGGuy et alDRUWKHPRQNH\V

OHDYLQJ PRVW RI WKH VXSSOLHG IRRG DQG REWDLQLQJ QXWULWLRQ

IURPZLOGVRXUFHV7KHDPRXQWRIIRRGPD\EHUHGXFHGDVWKH

UHOHDVHGPRQNH\VLQFUHDVHWKHLUIRUDJLQJRQQDWXUDOVRXUFHV

2QFHVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJFHDVHVVPDOOIRRGLWHPVVXFKDV

QXWVFDQEHXVHIXOLQGUDZLQJRXWPRQNH\VVRWKDWWKHLUFRQGL-WLRQFDQEHDVVHVVHG)LJ

3RVWUHOHDVHDVVHVVPHQW

3RVWUHOHDVH PRQLWRULQJ LV YLWDO DQG WKH GDWD FROOHFWHG

GXULQJWKLVWLPHDOORZWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHSURMHFWWREHDVVHVVHG

DQG OHVVRQV WR EH OHDUQHG IRU IXWXUH UHOHDVH HIIRUWV 7KH

UHOHDVHGJURXSVVKRXOGEHPRQLWRUHGIRUDPLQLPXPRIRQH

\HDU %HFN et al  WR HQFRPSDVV DW OHDVW RQH EUHHGLQJ

VHDVRQ DQG DOO FOLPDWLF FRQGLWLRQV DW WKH UHOHDVH VLWH 0RVW

UHOHDVHGYHUYHWPRQNH\JURXSVKDYHQRWEHHQPRQLWRUHGIRU

WKLV PLQLPXP SHULRG :LPEHUJHU et al E *X\ et al

2012a)

7UDFNLQJGHYLFHVVXFKDVUDGLRRU*36FROODUVDUHYLWDO

WRPRQLWRULQJ6WXGLHVWKDWKDYHQRWXVHGVXFKGHYLFHVKDYH

\LHOGHG YHU\ OLWWOH GDWD H[WHQGLQJ RYHU D WLPH IUDPH RI OHVV

WKDQ VL[ PRQWKV Guy et al D 5DGLRFROODUV )LJ 

KDYHEHHQXVHGIRUVHYHUDOUHOHDVHVRIYHUYHWPRQNH\V:LP-EHUJHU et al E *X\ et al 2011 E DQG DW WLPHV

ZHUH WKH RQO\ ZD\ RI JDWKHULQJ GDWD RQ WKH JURXSV LQ

LQDF-FHVVLEOHWHUUDLQGuy et alE+RZHYHUGDWDFROOHFWLRQ

LVDOVROLPLWHGZKHQFROODUVDUH¿WWHGWRRQO\DVPDOOSRUWLRQ

PHDQ *X\et

alXQSXEOLVKHGRIWKHJURXS$OOLQGL-YLGXDOVODUJHHQRXJKWRFDUU\DPRQLWRULQJGHYLFHVKRXOGEH

¿WWHGZLWKRQHVRDVWROLPLWWKHQXPEHURIPLVVLQJDQLPDOV DQG DOORZ PRQLWRULQJ RI DOO SRVWUHOHDVH 6SHFLDOL]HG *36 FROODUV DV XVHG IRU H[DPSOH E\ WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HXFKk-WHO IRU ZLOG VWXGLHV %UXFH &URQN SHUV FRPP DUH UHFRP-PHQGHGZKHQHYHU¿QDQFHVSHUPLWDVWKH\DOORZUHPRWHGDWD FROOHFWLRQZKHQDQLPDOVFDQQRWEHSK\VLFDOO\ORFDWHG7KHUH DUH VRPH SXEOLVKHG SULPDWH UHOHDVH VWXGLHV WKDW KDYH PDGH XVHRI*36FROODUV0DUNKDPDQG$OWPDQ3HEVZRUWK

et al 2012EXWWKHFROODUVXVHGH[FHHGWKHPD[LPXPRI

ERG\PDVV$QLPDO&DUHDQG8VH&RPPLWWHHIRUYHUYHW PRQNH\VEDVHGRQDQDYHUDJHPDVVRINJIRUIHPDOHVDQG

NJIRUPDOHV'XQEDUDQG%DUUHWW 0RQLWRULQJGDWDVKRXOGLQFOXGHSUHGDWRUGHQVLWLHVFRP-SHWLWRUVKXPDQLPSDFWVDQGSRSXODWLRQGHPRJUDSKLFVELUWKV GHDWKV&KH\QH3UHGDWRUVRIYHUYHWPRQNH\VLQFOXGH

EDERRQV Papio ursinus, P cynocephalus 9HUUDX[¶V HDJOH RZO Bubo lacteus 0DUWLDO HDJOHV Polemaetus Bellicosus),

&URZQHG HDJOHV (Stephanoaetus coronatus DQG OHRSDUGV (Panthera pardus6WUXKVDNHUD3RLVRQRXVVQDNHVVXFK DV FREUDV Naja haje DQG SXII DGGHUV Bitis arietans KDYH

WKHSRWHQWLDOWRNLOOYHUYHWPRQNH\V7KHVHVSHFLHVHYRNHDQ DODUPUHVSRQVHIURPYHUYHWPRQNH\VLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH\UHF-RJQL]HWKHPDVDWKUHDW6WUXKVDNHUD2WKHUFDUQLYRURXV IHOLQHV DUH SRWHQWLDO SUHGDWRUV ZLWK KLJK LQWHQVLW\ SUHGDWRU

UHVSRQVHVREVHUYHGIRUOLRQVPanthera leoDQGVHUYDOVFelis

serval6WUXKVDNHUD+XPDQDFWLYLWLHVDUHSRVVLEO\WKH

PRVWVLJQL¿FDQWFDXVHRIPRUWDOLW\DQGFDUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQ WRDYRLGDUHDVRIKXPDQDFWLYLW\ZKHQVHOHFWLQJDUHOHDVHVLWH

Figure 3 6PDOOIRRGLWHPVVXFKDVQXWVFDQDVVLVWPRQLWRULQJ3KRWRE\$-

Guy.

Figure 4 $UHOHDVHGYHUYHWPRQNH\¿WWHGZLWKDUDGLRFROODU3KRWRE\$-

Guy.

2WKHU NH\ SDUDPHWHUV IRU DVVHVVPHQW FRXOG LQFOXGH

DQLPDO QXPEHUV RYHU WLPH VH[ UDWLRV DQG DGXOWMXYHQLOH

UDWLRVZKLFKFDQEHFRPSDUHGWRH[LVWLQJZLOGSRSXODWLRQV

SRSXODWLRQFKDQJHVDQGFRQWLQXLQJDVVHVVPHQWRIWKUHDWHQLQJ

SURFHVVHV)LVFKHUDQG/LQGHQPD\HU

Conclusion

$OWKRXJK UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG UHLQWURGXFWLRQ SURJUDPV

KDYH EHHQ LQ SURJUHVV IRU PDQ\ \HDUV XQWLO YHU\ UHFHQWO\

YHUYHWPRQNH\UHKDELOLWDWLRQZDVDOPRVWHQWLUHO\ODFNLQJLQ

WKHSXEOLVKHGOLWHUDWXUH(YHQZLWKUHFHQWVWXGLHVWKHQXPEHU

RI UHOHDVHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ DVVHVVHG WKXV IDU DUH UHODWLYHO\

IHZ:HKRSHWKDWWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVZLOOEHWKHEHJLQQLQJRID

FRQWLQXDOO\GHYHORSLQJPDQXDOIRUYHUYHWPRQNH\UHKDELOLWD-

WLRQ$GGLWLRQDOPDWHULDOVKRXOGEHLQFRUSRUDWHGEDVHGRQOHV-VRQVOHDUQHGLQIXWXUHUHOHDVHVLQRUGHUWRPD[LPL]HSRVLWLYH

UHOHDVHRXWFRPHV

Acknowledgments

:H WKDQN WKH :LOG $QLPDO 7UDXPD &HQWUH DQG +DYHQ

WKH9HUYHW+DYHQDQG7KH+DPSWRQV:LOGOLIH&DUH&HQWUH

IRU KRVWLQJ WKH ¿UVW DXWKRU GXULQJ ¿HOGZRUN DQG SURYLGLQJ

YDOXDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG LQVLJKW LQWR WKH SURFHVV RI YHUYHW

PRQNH\UHKDELOLWDWLRQ:HVLQFHUHO\KRSHWKDWWKH\¿QGWKHVH

JXLGHOLQHV XVHIXO DQG WKDW WKH\ PD\ HQFRXUDJH RWKHUV WR

IROORZWKHLUH[FHOOHQWH[DPSOHLQWKHLURZQFHQWHUV:HDOVR

WKDQN WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZ 6RXWK:DOHV IRU DFFHVV WR WKH

UHVRXUFHV DQG ¿QDQFLDO VXSSRUW QHFHVVDU\ WR XQGHUWDNH WKLV

UHVHDUFK

Literature Cited

$QLPDO &DUH DQG 8VH &RPPLWWHH  *XLGHOLQHV IRU WKH

FDSWXUHKDQGOLQJDQGFDUHRIPDPPDOVDVDSSURYHGE\

WKH$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI0DPPDORJLVWV J Mammal.

1416–1431

$UQROG  < 3RKOQHU DQG  =XEHUEXKOHU $ IRUHVW

PRQNH\¶V DODUP FDOO VHULHV WR SUHGDWRU PRGHOV Behav

Ecol Sociobiol.±

%DNHU/5*XLGHOLQHVIRUQRQKXPDQSULPDWHUHLQWUR-GXFWLRQV5HLQWURGXFWLRQ1HZV 21: 1–32.

%DOGHOORX0DQG$$GDQ7LPHJHQGHUDQGVHDVRQDO-LW\ LQ YHUYHW DFWLYLW\ D FKURQRELRORJLFDO DSSURDFK Pri

mates±

%DUUHWW$6)RUDJLQJ(FRORJ\RIWKH9HUYHW0RQNH\

(Chlorocebus aethiopsLQ0L[HG/RZYHOG%XVKYHOGDQG

6RXU/RZYHOG%XVKYHOGRIWKH%O\GHEHUJ&RQVHUYDQF\

1RUWKHUQ3URYLQFH6RXWK$IULFD0DVWHUVWKHVLV8QLYHU-VLW\RI6RXWK$IULFD3UHWRULD6RXWK$IULFD

%HFN%.:DONXS05RGULJXHV68QZLQ'7UDYLVDQG

7 6WRLQVNL  %HVW 3UDFWLFH *XLGHOLQHV IRU WKH 5H

LQWURGXFWLRQRI*UHDW$SHVOcc Pap IUCN Species Sur

vival CommissionSS3ULPDWH6SHFLDOLVW*URXS

*ODQG 6ZLW]HUODQG 85/<KWWSZZZSULPDWHVJRUJ 3')%3UHLQWUR9SGI>

%URZQ001$.UHLWHU-70DSOHDQG-06LQQRWW

 6LOKRXHWWHV HOLFLW DODUP FDOOV IURP FDSWLYH YHUYHW

PRQNH\V Cercopithecus aethiops) J Comp Psychol

±

&DPEHIRUW - 3  $ FRPSDUDWLYH VWXG\ RI FXOWXUDOO\ WUDQVPLWWHG SDWWHUQV RI IHHGLQJ KDELWV LQ WKH FKDFPD

EDERRQ Papio ursinus DQG WKH YHUYHW PRQNH\ Cercopi

thecus aethiops Folia Primatol 36: 243–263.

&KHQH\ ' / DQG 5 0 6H\IDUWK  6HOHFWLYH IRUFHV DIIHFWLQJ WKH SUHGDWRU DODUP FDOOV RI YHUYHW PRQNH\V

Behaviour 76: 25–61.

&KH\QH60:LOGOLIHUHLQWURGXFWLRQFRQVLGHUDWLRQV

RI KDELWDW TXDOLW\ DW WKH UHOHDVH VLWH BMC Ecol 6(5):

GRL

&KH\QH60&2&DPSEHOODQG./3D\QH3UR-SRVHGJXLGHOLQHVIRU in situJLEERQUHVFXHUHKDELOLWDWLRQ and reintroduction Int Zoo Yearb 46: 1–17.

&ODUNH05DQG'-0D\HDX[$JJUHVVLYHDQGDI¿OL-DWLYHEHKDYLRULQJUHHQPRQNH\VZLWKGLIIHULQJKRXVLQJ

FRPSOH[LW\Aggress Behav±

&RZOLVKDZ*DQG5'XQEDUPrimate Conservation

Biology7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV&KLFDJR

&XQQLQJKDP$$'LVHDVHULVNVRIZLOGOLIHWUDQVORFD-WLRQVConserv Biol.±

'HSDUWPHQW RI :DWHU$IIDLUV DQG )RUHVWU\  Ntendeka

Wilderness 'HSDUWPHQW RI :DWHU $IIDLUV DQG )RUHVWU\

)RUHVWU\%UDQFK(VKRZH6RXWK$IULFD

GH9HHU0:DQG5YDQGHQ%RV$VVHVVLQJWKHTXDO-LW\ RI UHODWLRQVKLSV LQ UHKDELOLWDWLQJ ODU JLEERQV Hylo

bates lar) Anim Welfare±

'RGG&.DQG5$6HLJHO5HORFDWLRQUHSDWULDWLRQ DQG WUDQVORFDWLRQ RI DPSKLELDQV DQG UHSWLOHV DUH WKH\

FRQVHUYDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVWKDWZRUN"Herpetol 47: 336–350 'X 7RLW '  9HUYHW 0RQNH\ )RXQGDWLRQ 7]DQHHQ

:HEVLWH<ZZZYHUYHW]DRUJ> Accessed 12 June 2012

'XQEDU5,0Primate Social

Systems&RUQHOO8QL-YHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ<RUN1<

'XQEDU5,0DQG/%DUUHWWCousins: Our Primate

Relatives%%&:RUOGZLGH/WG/RQGRQ

(]HPYHOR.=1:LOGOLIHNorms and Standards for the

0DQDJHPHQW RI 3ULPDWHV LQ ZD=XOX1DWDO %RDUG RI

WKH ZD=XOX1DWDO 1DWXUH &RQVHUYDWLRQ 6HUYLFH HG (]HPYHOR.=1:LOGOLIH&DVFDGHV.=16RXWK$IULFD )LVFKHU-DQG'%/LQGHQPD\HU$QDVVHVVPHQWRI

WKHSXEOLVKHGUHVXOWVRIDQLPDOUHORFDWLRQVBiol Conserv

±

*ULI¿Q$6'7%OXPVWHLQDQG&6(YDQV7UDLQ-

LQJFDSWLYHEUHGRUWUDQVORFDWHGDQLPDOVWRDYRLGSUHGD-WRUVConserv Biol 14: 1317–1326.

*UREOHU 3 DQG - 0 0DWODOD  5HJLRQDO JHQHWLF

YDUL-DELOLW\DPRQJ6RXWK$IULFDQYHUYHWPRQNH\Chlorocebus

aethiopsSRSXODWLRQVActa Theriol 47: 113–124.

*UREOHU30-DTXLHU+GH1\V0%ODLU3/:KLWWHQDQG 7 5 7XUQHU  3ULPDWH VDQFWXDULHV WD[RQRP\ DQG

Guy and Curnoe

VXUYLYDODFDVHVWXG\IURP6RXWK$IULFDEcol Environ

Anthropol 2: 12–16.

*X\$ -  5HOHDVH RI UHKDELOLWDWHG Chlorocebus aeth

iops WR ,VLVKOHQJHQL *DPH )DUP LQ ZD=XOX1DWDO

South Africa J Nat Conserv 21: 214–216.

*X\$-DQG'&XUQRH'HDWKGXULQJSDUWXULWLRQRID

FDSWLYH DGXOW IHPDOH YHUYHW PRQNH\ Chlorocebus aeth

iopsDQGLWVVRFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUDFDSWLYHWURRSLab

Prim Newsl 50: 4–6.

*X\$-20/6WRQHDQG'&XUQRH7KHUHOHDVH

RIDWURRSRIUHKDELOLWDWHGYHUYHWPRQNH\VChlorocebus

aethiopsLQ.ZD=XOX1DWDO6RXWK$IULFDRXWFRPHVDQG

DVVHVVPHQWFolia Primatol.±

*X\$-20/6WRQHDQG'&XUQRHD$QLPDOZHO-IDUH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV LQ SULPDWH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ$Q

DVVHVV-PHQW RI WKUHH YHUYHW PRQNH\ Chlorocebus aethiops)

UHOHDVHVLQ.ZD=XOX1DWDO6RXWK$IULFDAnim Welfare

21: 511–515

*X\$-20/6WRQHDQG'&XUQRHE$VVHVVPHQW

RIWKHUHOHDVHRIDWURRSRIUHKDELOLWDWHGYHUYHWPRQNH\V

WRWKH1WHQGHND:LOGHUQHVVDUHD.ZD=XOX1DWDO6RXWK

$IULFDDFDVHVWXG\Primates±

*X\$-'&XUQRHDQG3%DQNV$VXUYH\RIFXUUHQW

PDPPDO UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG UHOHDVH SUDFWLFHV Biodiv

Conserv.±

*X\$-'&XUQRHDQG3%DQNV,QSUHVV:HOIDUHEDVHG

SULPDWH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DV D SRWHQWLDO FRQVHUYDWLRQ

VWUDW-HJ\GRHVLWPHDVXUHXS"Primates.

*X\$-20/6WRQHDQG'&XUQRH8QSXEOLVKHGPDQX-VFULSW9HUYHWPRQNH\Chlorocebus

aethiopsUHKDELOLWD-WLRQ LQ ZD=XOX1DWDO 6RXWK$IULFD FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK

,8&1JXLGHOLQHVIRUQRQKXPDQSULPDWHUHLQWURGXFWLRQV

DQGIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJVXFFHVV8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ6RXWK

:DOHV6\GQH\16:$XVWUDOLD

+DUULVRQ.(DQG5%\UQH+DQGSUHIHUHQFHVLQXQL-PDQXDO DQG EL+DUULVRQ.(DQG5%\UQH+DQGSUHIHUHQFHVLQXQL-PDQXDO IHHGLQJ E\ ZLOG YHUYHW PRQNH\V

(Cercopithecus aethiops) J Comp Psychol 114: 13–21.

+DUULVRQ0-2SWLPDOIRUDJLQJVWUDWHJLHVLQWKHGLHWRI

WKHJUHHQPRQNH\Cercopithecus sabaeusDW0W$VVLULN

6HQHJDOInt J Primatol 5: 435–471.

+HXVFKHOH:37KHLPSRUWDQFHRILQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH

FRQFHUQV LQ ZLOGOLIH UHLQWURGXFWLRQV Am Assoc Zool

Parks Aqua Ann Conf.±

,8&1IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:HEVLWH

<www.iucnredlist.org> Accessed 6 August 2012.

-DFNVRQ*DQG-6*DUWODQ7KHÀRUDDQGIDXQDRI

/ROXL,VODQG/DNH9LFWRULDDVWXG\RIYHJHWDWLRQPHQ

DQGPRQNH\VJ Ecol±

.DVFKXOD95$)YDQ'HOOHQDQG9GH9RVL6RPH

LQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVRIZLOGYHUYHWPRQNH\VCercopithe

cus aethiops pygerythrus) in South Africa J S Afr Vet

Assoc.±

0DUNKDP & DQG -$OWPDQQ  5HPRWH PRQLWRULQJ RI

SULPDWHVXVLQJDXWRPDWHG*36WHFKQRORJ\LQRSHQKDEL-WDWVAm J Primatol.±

0DVDWDND 1  &DWHJRULFDO UHVSRQVHV WR QDWXUDO DQG

V\QWKHVL]HGDODUPFDOOVLQ*RHOGL¶VPRQNH\VCallimico

goeldii) Primates 24: 40–51.

0DVRQ*5&OXEE1/DWKDPDQG69LFNHU\:K\ DQG KRZ VKRXOG ZH XVH HQYLURQPHQWDO HQULFKPHQW WR

WDFNOH VWHUHRW\SLF EHKDYLRXU Appl Anim Behav Sci

±

0DWKHZV)02UURV*0F/DUHQ0*HOOLQJDQG5)RVWHU

.HHSLQJ¿WRQWKHDUNDVVHVVLQJWKHVXLWDELOLW\RI

FDSWLYHEUHG DQLPDOV IRU UHOHDVH Biol Conserv 121:

±

0F/HDQ , * 17 6FKPLWW 3 - -DUPDQ & 'XQFDQ DQG

&',:\QQH/HDUQLQJIRUOLIHWUDLQLQJPDUVX-SLDOVWRUHFRJQLVHLQWURGXFHGSUHGDWRUVBehaviour 137:

1361–1376

3HEVZRUWK 3$ + 5 0RUJDQ DQG 0$ +XIIPDQ 0$

(YDOXDWLQJKRPHUDQJHWHFKQLTXHVXVHRI*OREDO 3RVLWLRQLQJ 6\VWHP *36 FROODU GDWD IURP FKDFPD

EDERRQVPrimates±

6DM7 / 3 6LFRWWH DQG - ' 3DWHUVRQ 7KH FRQÀLFW EHWZHHQYHUYHWPRQNH\VDQGIDUPHUVDWWKHIRUHVWHGJH

LQ(QWHEEH8JDQGDAfr J Ecol.±

6KLHU'0DQG'+2ZLQJV(IIHFWVRIVRFLDOOHDUQ-

LQJRQSUHGDWRUWUDLQLQJDQGSRVWUHOHDVHVXUYLYDOLQMXYH-QLOH EODFNWDLOHG SUDLULH GRJV Cynomys ludovicianus

Anim Behav 73: 567–577.

6LWKDOGHHQ5-0%LVKRSDQG55$FNHUPDQ0LWR-FKRQGULDO '1$ DQDO\VLV UHYHDOV 3OLR3OHLVWRFHQH

GLYHU-VL¿FDWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FKDFPD EDERRQ Mol Phylogenet

Evol.±

6PLW 6  0RQNH\ +HOSOLQH &KDUWV 5HSRUW 0RQNH\ +HOSOLQH'XUEDQ6RXWK$IULFD

6WUXKVDNHU77D(FRORJ\RIYHUYHWPRQNH\VCerco

pithecus aethiopsLQWKH0DVDL$PERVHOL*DPH5HVHUYH

Kenya Ecology±

6WUXKVDNHU77E6RFLDOVWUXFWXUHDPRQJYHUYHWPRQ-NH\VCercopithecus aethiops) Behaviour±

6XiUH]&((0*DPERD3&ODYHUDQG)1DVVDU0RQ-WR\D6XUYLYDODQGDGDSWDWLRQRIDUHOHDVHGJURXS

RI FRQ¿VFDWHG FDSXFKLQ PRQNH\V Anim Welfare 10:

±

6XRPL6-5'HOL]LRDQG+)+DUORZ6RFLDOUHKD-ELOLWDWLRQ RI VHSDUDWLRQLQGXFHG GHSUHVVLYH GLVRUGHUV LQ

PRQNH\VAm J Psychiat.±

7DSSHQ1&3UREOHPVRIGLVWULEXWLRQDQGDGDSWDWLRQ

RIWKH$IULFDQPRQNH\VCurr Anthropol.± 9HQWHU)DQG-$9HQWHUMaking the Most of Indig

enous Trees QG HGLWLRQ %UL]D 3XEOLFDWLRQV 3UHWRULD

South Africa

9LJJHUV  / ' % /LQGHQPD\HU DQG ' 0 6SUDWW  7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIGLVHDVHLQUHLQWURGXFWLRQSURJUDPPHV

Wildl Res±

:KLWWVLW )  6RFLDO EHKDYLRXU DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI

SULPDWHV ,Q Proceedings of the Sasol Symposium on

Wildlife Rehabilitation, Onderstepoort, 27–28 October 1995 % / 3HQ]KRUQ HG SS± 6RXWK$IULFDQ

9HWHULQDU\ $VVRFLDWLRQ 6$9$ :LOGOLIH *URXS

2QGHU-VWHSRRUW6RXWK$IULFD

:LOOHPV ( 3  )URP 6SDFH WR 6SHFLHV ,QWHJUDWLQJ

5HPRWHO\ 6HQVHG ,QIRUPDWLRQ RQ 3ULPDU\

3URGXFWLY-LW\ LQWR ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV DQG 6\VWHPV 0RGHOV RI 9HUYHW

0RQNH\ Cercopithecus aethiops 6RFLRHFRORJ\ 3K'

WKHVLV'XUKDP8QLYHUVLW\'XUKDP8.

:LOOHPV ( 3 DQG 5 $ +LOO  $ FULWLFDO DVVHVVPHQW

RI WZR VSHFLHV GLVWULEXWLRQ PRGHOV D FDVH VWXG\ RI WKH

YHUYHWPRQNH\Cercopithecus aethiops) J Biogeogr 36:

2300–2312

:LPEHUJHU.&7'RZQVDQG56%R\HVD$VXUYH\

RIZLOGOLIHUHKDELOLWDWLRQLQ6RXWK$IULFDLVWKHUHDQHHG

IRULPSURYHGPDQDJHPHQW"Anim Welfare±

:LPEHUJHU  & 7 'RZQV DQG 0 5 3HULQ E

3RVWUHOHDVH VXFFHVV RI WZR UHKDELOLWDWHG YHUYHW PRQNH\

(Chlorocebus aethiopsWURRSVLQ.ZD=XOX1DWDO6RXWK

Africa Folia Primatol.±

Authors’ addresses:

Amanda J Guy 6FKRRO RI %LRORJLFDO (DUWK DQG

(QYLURQ-PHQWDO 6FLHQFHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZ 6RXWK :DOHV 6\GQH\

16:$XVWUDOLDHPDLO<DPDQGDJX\#KRWPDLOFRP>,

and Darren

Curnoe6FKRRORI%LRORJLFDO(DUWKDQG(QYL-URQPHQWDO6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ6RXWK:DOHV6\GQH\

16:$XVWUDOLDHPDLO<GFXUQRH#XQVZHGXDX>

Received for publication: 14 September 2012

Revised: 13 October 2013

7KH XVH RI DGMDFHQW HQFORVXUHV²WKH PDLQ RQH KRXV-LQJ DQ H[LVWKRXV-LQJ JURXS WKH VPDOOHU RQH DFWKRXV-LQJ DV DQ LQWUR-GXFWLRQHQFORVXUHIRUWKHQHZDUULYDO²KDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXO...

PDOHVIHPDOHVUDQJLQJIURPWRQ 7DEOH

Housing, training, and preparation

6RFLDOJURXSVVKRXOGEHKRXVHGLQQDWXUDOLVWLFHQFORVXUHV

WRSURPRWHVKHOWHUVHHNLQJVRPHIRUPRIVKHOWHUVKRXOGEH...

LVRODWHGZKHQYHU\\RXQJDQGWKLVFDQKDYHSURIRXQGHIIHFWV

RQWKHLUEHKDYLRU6XRPLet al0DVRQet al 2007) and

WKHLUDELOLW\WREHVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG

&RQVSHFL¿FUHVRFLDOL]DWLRQ