Những biến đổi trong văn hóa phố nghề thăng long – hà nội từ truyền thống đến hiện đại (qua trường hợp phố hàng đồng)

Những biến đổi trong văn hóa phố nghề Thăng Long – Hà Nội từ truyền thống đến hiện đại qua trường hợp phố Hàng Đồng Cultural movements of Thang Long - Hanoi trade villages from the past

Những biến đổi trong văn hóa phố nghề Thăng Long – Hà Nội từ truyền thống đến hiện đại (qua trường hợp phố Hàng Đồng) Cultural movements of Thang Long - Hanoi trade villages from the past to the present (A case study of Hang Dong street)

1 Reason for choosing topic

1.1 The context of market economy has led to the change in cultural elements of craft village and trade village

The market economy has made deep changes in every aspect of cultural and social life Especially, trade village which has been under the influence of the policies of the Party and the State has continuously changed, led to the change in elements of trade village Many craft villages and trade villages are in the risk of falling into oblivion because of the negligible need of a handful of customers

1.2 Thang Long trade village – Hanoi is in the orbit of the deep and strong cultural transformation

During development history, Thang Long - Hanoi craft village and trade village have made significant contributions economic development of the Capital Nowadays, craft village and trade village of Hanoi have been becoming an important part of the Capital that have the deep significance not only in the economy but also in culture, contributing to job solutions, economic structure transformation, tourism development,

enhancement of living standards both in rural and urban areas, stabilizing and developing new countryside

1.3 Research about Hang Dong street ( in Thang Long – Hanoi trade village) indicates that new surface is associated with the context The way of approach of the cultural transformation connected to the features of trade village is a practical research way

Hang Dong street is in Hanoi Old Quarters As one of six remaining trade villages

of former Ke Cho region, Hang Dong street has traded copper products for years Here was the residence of people of Dai Bai copper hammering and carving village, in Gia Binh district, Bac Ninh province and the traders of copper products of Cau Nom village, Khoai Chau district, Hung Yen province as well as other immigrants from some else areas

2 History of object

We divide previous research works into three groups:

2.1 Research works about Thang Long – Hanoi craft village and trade village

The work “Thang Long - Hanoi craft village and trade village in the

developing path” [47] is typical This work edited by Vu Quoc Tuan generalized

chronologically the development of craft village and trade village , from the feudal period (1010-1858), going through the French domination period and the resistance against the French colonialists (1858-1954), from the period of liberated Hanoi to the national unity period (1955-1975), after great victory in spring 1975 to 1986 and from the innovation period of 1986 and later to the expansion of Hanoi‟s area

In the same approach, the work “Thang Long – Hanoi craft village, trade

village” of authors Tran Quoc Vuong and Do Thi Hao summed up the surface of Thang

Long – Hanoi craft village, trade village

2.2 Research works about the transformation in culture of craft village, trade village

As regard to research of transformation in culture of craft village, trade village,

we could refer to following typical works: Cultural transformation in Red River delta

From 1986 to the present (By surveying some cases in certain villages: Son Dong (Ha Tay), Bat Trang (Hanoi), Dong Xam (Thai Binh)) of author Vu Dieu Trung

This dissertation researched comprehensively and completely about the cultural transformation of craft village and focused on researching three craft villages including Son Dong (Ha Tay), Bat Trang (Hanoi), Dong Xam (Thai Binh) and extra research of 61 craft villages in three districts including Hoai Duc, Gia Lam, Kien Xuong to indicate general cultural transformation in craft villages

2.3 Research works about Hang Dong street and Dai Bai copper hammering village

Hang Dong street and Dai Bai copper hammering village is a rather new subject

Up to now, there has been only one work that did research on Dai Bai copper hammering

village, it is the book Dai Bai copper hammering village, Do Thi Hao, Vietnam Folk

Art Performance Association, 1987 and the book Thang Long – Hanoi craft village, trade village, Vietnam Folk Art Performance Association, Tran Quoc Vuong, Do Thi Hao The appendix at pages 429-430 only recorded the title conferment to

progenitor Nguyen Cong Truyen in the 7th Duy Tan period (1913)

Up to now, there has never been any work that studied Hang Dong street The only reference material is on the internet but not much

Therefore, the topic “Cultural transformation of Thang Long – Hanoi trade village from 1986 to the present” (the case study of Hang Dong street) has still not been referred to by any work before

3 Research objectives

Carrying out this topic, the author aims at following objectives:

Firstly, to outline the surface of Hang Dong street from location, population components and origin to economic life of the trade village

Secondly, to indicate typical transformation of each element in trade village, thence show how features of trade village lead to clear transformation This is the crucial objective of the topic From this transformation, the thesis explains, evaluates and proposes solutions to the re-planning of the street in such a way that the living, production and trading activities could develop under the most favorable conditions

4 Subjects and research scope

4.1 Subject

The thesis concentrates research about clutural movements of Hang Dong street, from the past to the present

4.2 Research scope

Research space

The scope of research is Hang Dong street including 48 households The interviewed people are selected randomly from the age of 23 to 83 They are almost married and has been living and trading here

Research duration

From 1986 and later, owing to the policies of open economy and stimulating trade, Hang Dong street in particular and Hanoi in general have developed strongly trading activities The massive immigration from contiguous provinces to Hanoi, the appearance of shops and the diversification of mode of trading have made the clear change of the surface of Hang Dong street

From 1986 to the present, we emphasize the research landmark since 2000 The reason is from 2000 to now, the urbanization with deep transformation in economy, culture and society has impacted this trade village Urbanization process has had both positive and negative effects on every aspect of economic, cultural and social life Urbanization has caused the growth of population, brought about the increase of need and benefits towards the relic area This increase has both positive and negative indications

5 Research method

Four following methods are used associatively in the topic

5.1 Observation method

5.2 In-depth interview method

5.3 Method of questionnaire, survey

5.4 Method of studying documents, method of collecting and classifying documents

6 Contribution of the thesis

Conducting this topic, the thesis contributes on the following aspects

Firstly, it outlines the looks of Hang Dong street from location, composition and population origin to the economic life of trade village These are important documents in the process of management of trade village for managers

Secondly, it indicates the changes in characteristics of each element in trade village, indicating how the nature of “trade village” clearly defines the changes This is the greatest result of the topic

Thirdly, Hang Dong street planning aims to associate economic development with traditional crafts, travel from Hang Dong trade village to Dai Bai craft village

7 Structure of the thesis

Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion and Appendexes the content of the thesis consists of three chapters

Chapter 1 Theoretical foundation and overview of Hang Dong street

Chapter 2 Change of elements in culture of Hang Dong trade village since 1986-now Chapter 3 Reservation and development of culture of Hang Dong street

Chapter 1: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION AND OVERVIEW OF HANG DONG STREET

1.1 Theoretical foundation

1.1.1 Craft village and trade village

1.1.1.1 Traditional handicraft

On the concept of "traditional handicraft", author Vu Quoc Tuan stated that:

"Traditional handicraft is considered as small scale industry specializing in production by hand with simple tools, primarily using manpower with the creative experience of the

artist and skilled workforce”

In the Convention for the Safeguarding of the In- tangible Cultural Heritage published in 2003, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) clearly stated that “The traditional handicraft is one kind of the intangible culture”

1.1.1.2 Village and street

a Village

“Village”, as many scholars confirmed, is absolutely Vietnamese word Unlikely, commune and village are Chinese – Vietnamese words, village is rooted in Vietnam life and expressed in Vietnamese language only

b Street

“Street” means “the place of business” originally and shop currently However,

“streets” locate closely together into a long row so a long row of “streets” is called

“street” Gradually over time, the word "street" with meaning of "a row of shops" became overwhelmed from "street" of a shop, a store Therefore, nowadays we have 36 streets of Hanoi with Hang Bac, Hang Manh, Hang Dong and so on to mean a series of "street" (shops) selling the same items

c Differences between village and street

Thus, the similarities of "village" and "city" are densely populated places with particular characteristics of production, business, lifestyle, customs and habits However, the difference is the main economic activity of village with farming and small- industries and of the street with mainly trade or business This difference will prescribe the particular characteristics between the craft villages and the trade village

1.1.1.3 Craft village and trade village

a Craft village

Traditional craft village is the center of production, processing and sales of handicrafts; the place to gather artisans and skilled craftsmen from families, family lines, clans that have existed, developed and been well-known for a long time There, people work according to guild style, every craftsmen must comply with the tight provisions People worship the same craft ancestor

b Trade village

In the trade village, people still keep lifestyle, habits and customs as village style, craftsmen come from farmers or work in both handicraft and farming in their native village However, due to the lifestyle of urban residents, the craftsmen at the trade village

have the elegant styles of townspeople Up to now, the imprint of the street names is reflected in many streets of Hanoi and some provinces in our country

c Differences between craft village and trade village

Craft village and city are similar in the way that they are the gathering places of the artisan groups specializing in producing the certain crafts The labor method and

scale of craft village and street are not basically different

Meanwhile, the trade village formation closely associates with the "migration" process of artisans from everywhere to the capital doing business They, at first, resided temporarily, and then permanently if the business was good The craftsmen made handicrafts in the precinct and sold in the front of street, then formed the street In summary, we can see that the village is origin that generates trade village The trade village is place to promote crafts in reaching the highest level of development Trade village contributes to balance the production, sales, and even the business is much more dominant The craft village pays special attention on production so trading usually is under any kind of wholesale

1.1.1.5 From craft village to trade village

The immigration from localities to capital city formed craft villages and trade villages of Thang Long, which made Hanoi become a concentration place of craft villages in Northern Delta in particular and Vietnam in general It involves a process from craft villages to trade villages Craft villages form trade villages Traditional crafts were imported to urban area, forming production and trade facilities of such products and diversifying life The more and more prosperous trade villages were, the more products and models were developed That is unique characteristics during the development of craft villages and trade villages of Thang Long

1.1.2 Culture change of trade village

1.1.2.1 Contexts that have influenced on craft villages and trade villages since

1986

Since 1986, Vietnam has implemented Doi Moi policy That is to transform from command economy hay centrally-planned economy into market economy, develop multi-sector economy in which private sector plays more and more significant role, actively

integrate into regional and international economy in accordance with conditions and facts

of Vietnam

The significant transformation of thinking leading to changes of manufacture method considerably affected social and cultural life Such impacts always have two sides (positive and negative) and pose problem to solve

Besides, the government changed the policy on worshipping products in 1986, which was a vital policy Since seizing the independence and unifying nation, Vietnam Communist Party abolished superstitions from 1975 to 1986, therefore, the production of worshipping products was considered as superstitious activities So, with great impacts of

a significant political event of the country, after 1896 thanks to policy of economic openness, encouragement of economic activities, Hang Dong street in particular and the whole country in general strongly developed business activities

1.1.2.2 Trend of cultural movements

The cultural movements is a popular phenomenon that is different among societies, nations and communities It is a process with 2 trends: adapting trend: under the influence of external factor, self – activated cultural elements both keep their characters and adapt to the new conditions; and conservative trend: the cultural elements fail to adapt to new condition, the integration capacity is weak, the cultural characters will be sink into oblivion

1.1.2.3 Culture of craft village and trade village in Hang Dong

People of Dai Bai village brought the traditional features of craft village to street village, which formed the character of trade village with the combination between craft village and trade village Therefore, it is important to consider both culture of craft village and trade village when researching the change of culture of Hang Dong trade village

1.2 Overview of Hang Dong

Hang Dong is located in Hanoi Old Quarters In the past, it belonged to Yen Phu village, Tien Truc commune, Tho Xuong district In the French domination period, the nineteenth century, Hang Chen street was a street that included between Hang Dong and Bat Su street In the present days, Hang Dong street is located in Hang Bo ward, Hoan Kiem district, Hanoi The length of street is 0.13 km to the Northwest – Southeast Northeast end of the street is a crossroad with Hang Ruoi and Hang Ma street Southwest end of the street is a intersection with Hang Vai, Bat Su, Lan Ong It is 0.7 km from

Hang Dong street and Hoan Kiem Lake to the southwest and 0.3km from Dong Xuan market to Hang Dong street to the northwest

1.2.2 Population components and process of inhabitance

1.2.2.2 The process of inhabitance

According to statistics of inhabitance years of families in Hang Dong street, it is clear that families with below 50 years of inhabitance count for the majority while families with 50 or more years of inhabitance count for small part Specifically, families with over 50 years count for 33%, and about 10% of families with the inhabitance of more than 100 or 200 years

1.2.2.3 Economic life

Before, production and business activities of people in Hang Dong street involved products made of copper such as worshipping products, home products Such items were imported from Dai Bai village, Bac Ninh Such activities not only met demand of consumers but also improved life and developed production and business activities At present, main economic activities of people in Hang Dong street are trading apart from producing copper products Over 50% of households here are involved in copper business

* Sub-conclusion

Hang Dong street, like many other streets in Hanoi, is featured with the tranquility, brown roofs, old bricks and tube small houses 48 households in Hang Dong street include 2 main population elements Those are Hanoi native people and people from other regions coming here to live and trade The latter element is mainly from Nom village, Hung Yen and Dai Bai, Bac Ninh

Chapter 2: CHANGE OF ELEMENTS IN CULTURE OF HANG DONG TRADE VILLAGE SINCE 1986-NOW

2.1.1.2 Community of Hang Dong trade village

48 households living and carrying on business at Hang Dong Street is a community, because they live within a certain administrative boundary, and they are under the management of Hang Bo Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi

Lifestyle changes quickly, the relationship between family members suddenly becomes loosen and in danger of being more harmed The relationship between members

of Hang Dong street also change Due to the development of society with the essential needs of life and the demands of business, community engagement in urban families has decreased Among many factors affecting this engagement, composition and origin of population - a factor related to the blood-relation and territory had some impacts on the community in family these days This effect can loosen the community relations Yet overcoming the impact of external factors, community relations have been stronger

2.1.2 Indication

2.1.2.1 The entire street – faded common practices

Before mentioning the absence of common activities, we need to talk about the component and origin of people here Since Doi Moi and open market policy, the components of population in Hang Dong street significantly change There are two major residential components:

People who are from different villages coming to Thang Long Citadel for establishing their business In which, Dai Bai villagers (Gia Binh, Bac Ninh) make up the highest rate They focused on doing business as Thang Long started to develop business busily Due to nature of the business activities, in general, trade is "a life without a friends is a life without sun", people gathered together to trade From 1958 to 1960, the

land reform of the communist government made some families who were living here migrated to the South Their houses belonged to the government For continuous complication of war, some houses were abandoned The immigrants from Dai Bai came here to live and occupied such houses Open market policy in 1986 made the business crowded and busy

There were two parts of population so that the street was not too messy and mixed

as some other trade villages

2.1.2.2 Component of Hanoi native population

Family record of Tran Thien Can‟s family, whose origin is Hanoi, had recorded name, age, and hometown of 70 people Among them, there are 34 people with the same blood and they were born and raised in Hanoi, especially the Old Quarters Marital relations added into this family 26 people, including 17 natives of Hanoi and 9 people from other places In the nine people, there were 3 from the Central and 6 from the North

Currently, this family still lives together and expands the scope of business activities According to Tran Thien Can, traditional people of Hang Dong, particularly his mother (Ms Phung Thi Thien-deceased) had carried out the customs and traditions meticulously and fussily Additionally, there are many people who come from different regions, so that the common activities get more and more loosen Each household has its own activities On holidays, they want to come back their hometown for reunion

2.1.2.3 Component of Dai Bai native population

With people of craft village, a common activity that can connect families strongly

is festival The village festival of copper casting Dai Bai village - Bac Ninh was held for

3 days from 27 to 29 of September (according to Lunar Calendar) in order to commemorate the founder of the village, Nguyen Cong Truyen who taught copper casting and shaped a comfortable life for people here According to some household businesses here, in the past, on festival, Dai Bai villagers joined and served for the festival positively Today, despite busy life, the natives of Dai Bai still try to participate

and contribute to the festival

In such situation, it required craftsmen to have camps and tents for storing goods and and producing simple and small items without the need of large area or other conditions Moreover, such camps and tents were places for people to rest and sleep in waiting the next market

Through the time, under impacts of technology and technique plus increasing demand in production and business as well as eating and accommodating conditions of people, such camps and tents were built into adjacent houses, forming guilds and villages

in Thang Long – Ha Noi

From the fifteenth century to the eighteenth century, Thang Long – Hanoi flourished with craft production and business with the center as Ke Cho that was located between the city and the bank of Red river The face of Thang Long – Hanoi from the seventh century to nineteenth century was reflected with wide main streets even some small ones There were also street gates in Thang Long – Ke Cho that separated craft guilds

Among such streets, there were crowded shops in the form of house-shop That is the out most section of the house was for presenting goods and the inner ones for living

It can be said that architecture space in handicraft business and production of shops initially included production, business and in connection with space for living and storing goods

Building materials of such houses were mainly bricks, stone, wood structures covered with traditional tiles Houses consisted of sloping roofs, sometimes with intervals of 3 to 4 meters to form yards On two tops of roofs close to streets were

emerging rectangular shapes called as roof abutments Walls between houses were high with saw form for preventing fire and penetration of rain to the houses Houses had one

or two floors

2.2.2 Changes to architecture spaces in production and business in Hang Dong Street

2.2.2.1 Production and business space

+ From front to back, they start with business space adjacent to street, living space and production spaces next and additional space at the end (such spaces ay be within one house or separated by small yards) - At presence of 2-3 floor houses, organization of such spaces did not change much

+ In such houses, production and business spaces were in the first floor, then the stairs, additional space at the end and living space on the second or the third floors The depth was shorted and the height was more

2.2.2.2 House architecture

the process of changing house architecture in Hang Dong street is divided into the following phases:

- Before the French invasion

- During the French invasion

- At present

a House architecture before the French invasion:

Before the French invasion until the Nguyen dynasty, houses in Hang Dong Street were built close to each other without any gaps, quite narrow fronts The entire architecture of houses was crossed to street with the depth about 20 meters, forming a special type of houses called as “tubular house” due to the big contract between the front and the depth of the house In the front, copper items were presented on bamboo beds

Such type of house was normally divided into two parts with different functions: the outer section was the shop including production, stock and sales, the inner section was for living rooms, additional stocks, yards

b Architecture during the French invasion

At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Hanoi became French colony and then considered as the capital of the entire Indochina region The French made modifications to 36 streets, built new roads mainly for the middle-class Vietnamese around Hoan Kiem Lake Consequently, traditional houses faced strong changes

Initial houses at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century still remained their tubular structure but living section and shop increased to 2 floors while some houses had three floors Landscape yards and wet yards were still kept Walls were made of bricks while foundations were deeper Roofs were covered with industrial tiles instead of traditional tiles as before The second floors were mainly made of wood Reinforced concrete was still rare

c.House architecture at present

In order to have a deep investigation of all 48 houses we divided architecture of houses as the following (there is no religious architectures, villas and gardens):

- C1: Architecture of traditional houses under repair and improvement

- C2: Big houses (of the State) or public service houses

- C3: High rise buildings (4-6 floors) that are completely built

- C4: House with tile roofs/ tole roofs/ flat roofs (1-3 floors)

Architecture of traditional houses with repair and improvement

Such architecture still keeps some features similar to those of houses in the past yet few number with total of 7 Such houses have undergone some repairs and improvement for meeting living conditions 2 of 7 houses still keeps tile roofs Such houses are characterized with windows on the two sides and canvas for preventing rain and sunlight They are numbered 6, 35, 36, 39, 38, 41 and 44 In which the houses at No

35 and 39 (without business) still remain many old features