RESEARCH ON BREED DETERMINATION AND JAPONICA VARIETIES DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN VIETNAM

This variety characterizes with short to medium growth period, high propping ability, and resistance to pesticide, cold tolerance, and high adaption to intensive conditions as well as go

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING MINISTRY OF AGRICUTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ACADEMY OF VIETNAM AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN TUAN PHONG

RESEARCH ON BREED DETERMINATION AND

JAPONICA VARIETIES DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN

HA NOI - 2014

This work has been completed at Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences

Scientific instructor: 1 Do Nang Vinh Prof.Dr

The Thesis shall be defended before the State level Thesis Assessment Council held at:

Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences At……hours, on…………

The Thesis can be studied at libraries:

- National Library of Vietnam

- Library of Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences

WORK BY AUTHOR RELATING TO THE THESIS SUBJECT THAT

HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED

1 Le Quoc Thanh, Pham Van Dan, Nguyen Huu Hieu, Nguyen Viet Ha, Do Nang Vinh, Ha Thi

Thuy, Nguyen Tuan Phong, Evaluation of some introduced Japonica varieties in Yen Bai

Province, 1st National Conference on Crop Science in2013 , page 315 - 320

2 Nguyen Tuan Phong, Le Quoc Thanh, Pham Van Dan, Do Nang Vinh, Ha Thi Thuy, Research on

determination of appropriate crop of Japonica rice variety J01 in Yen Bai Province, Journal

of Science and Technology of Vietnam Agriculture N0 4 in 2013, page 110 - 115

3 Nguyen Tuan Phong, Đo Nang Vinh, Le Quoc Thanh, Ha Thi Thuy, Pham Van Dan, Research on

appropriate technical measures of intensive farming for Japonica rice variety J01 in Yen Bai Province, Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development N0 20 in 2013, page 42 - 48

PREFACE

1 Introduction and rationales

It is widely recognized that rice plays an important role in providing food for half of world population as well as nutrition for human beings

In spite of being a country which was lack of food, Vietnam recently has made

a great effort to be ranked as world’s top rice exporter In addition to these achievements, it cannot be denied that Vietnamese agriculture is facing with many difficulties Vietnam exports yearly 6-7 million tons of rice which accounts for 30% of total amount of rice all over the world However, the price of Vietnamese rice is 50 -

100 USD/ton cheaper compared with that of Thailand, India, etc with the same quality The main reason is that rice varieties with high rice quality only account for small percentages of agricultural production and also are low competitive It leads to the fact that Vietnam is a rice exporting country but import rice with high quality

One of the practical significance is that in addition to applying advanced science and technology to increase rice yield and cut down producing costs, it is essential for farmers to come with more choices in terms of producing rice Moreover, new rice varieties with high rice quality, high commercial value need to be created and produced in specialized areas in order to diversify the range of rice productions for exporting

In recent years, thanks to introduced resource and hybrid varieties of many domestic authors, some of potential, high productive and quality sub - varieties

japonica have been created Japonica is a variety which is highly adaptable to

temperate and sub - tropical climate and can be grown in the places which are over

1000 meters above sea level This variety characterizes with short to medium growth period, high propping ability, and resistance to pesticide, cold tolerance, and high adaption to intensive conditions as well as good fertilizer which then produces products with high rice yield, high quality and commercial value in accordance with

ecological condition of Northern Vietnam It can be said that growing japonica variety

is a new direction in developing rice growing in Northern areas

For these reasons, the study “Research on breed determination and japonica

varieties development in Northern Vietnam” was selected with an aim of taking the

advantages of products

2 Objectives of the research

This study mainly aims at

 Evaluating the natural condition, ecological condition, reality (including

advantages and disadvantages) in producing in order to develop japonica variety in

Northern provinces

 Identifying 1 - 2 japonica rice varieties which are suitable, stable, highly

adaptable, and potential with high yield rice and quality so that farmers can use them

to replace other old varieties in Northern provinces

 Developing procedures of farming techniques appropriate with japonica

variety through experiments on crops, density, and fertilizer level in Yen Bai province

 Developing demonstration of japonica rice variety applied farming techniques

with high yield rice and quality in Yen Bai province

3 Scientific and practical significance

3.1 Scientific significance

This is a synchronous scientific research on determining suitable ecological areas, evaluating adaptability, stability, tolerance, rice yield and quality of new

japonica rice varieties in Northern provinces

Results of the research are scientific data related to technical methods such as rice seed, crop, density, fertilizer and harvesting As a result, these results will

contribute to orientation of producing japonica rice varieties with high rice yield to

ensure food security, economic development in Northern part of Vietnam

3.2 Practical significance

The research plays an important role in determining potential japonica rice

varieties which are appropriate to ecological areas in the Northern provinces

It also support local areas in choosing rice varieties with high quality, investing effectively in special varieties rather than normal ones which contribute to the increase

in farmers’ income as well as development of social economy of areas

The results of researching technology in intensive farming of japonica J01 in

Yen Bai Province can be applied in other areas which have similar natural conditions

3.3 Scope of the research

Research’s specialty is in the field of Crop Science with code 62.62.01.10 The research focuses on evaluating natural conditions, ecological conditions and investigating into the reality of using fertilizer in order to develop the production of

japonica rice variety in Northern of Vietnam It also focuses on

4 New scientific contribution of thesis

First, in terms of theory,

- Pointing out japonica rice varieties J01 and J02 have high yield rice, stability,

resistance to pesticides

- Proposing technical methods in intensive farming in order to improve yield

rice of japonica J01 and assure economical effect

- Setting up scientific database contributing to the development of japonica rice

variety in Northern areas

Secondly, in terms of practice,

- Pointing out that Northern provinces are highly potential to develop japonica

rice variety

5 Thesis composition

The thesis includes 144 pages The structure of thesis consists of:

Introduction: 04 pages

Chapter 1: Overview: 45 pages

Chapter 2: Content and methodology: 15 pages

Chapter 3: Results and discussion: 77 pages

Chapter 4: Conclusion and recommendations: 3 pages

There are 42 tables, 05 maps and charts, 12 pictures, 131 reference material The appendix includes tables about climate of areas, experiments, surveys, data analysis It also includes Decision which recognizes new rice variety related to the traditional one as well as published newspaper related to the research

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW

1.1 Origin, classification of rice in the world

1.2 The ecological response of japonica rice variety

1.3 Technical methods applied to rice

1.4 The criteria of rice quality

1.5 Reality of producing and researching japonica rice variety in the world and

Vietnam

1.6 Solutions to develop japonica rice variety in Vietnam

CHAPTER 2: CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Rice varieties

Materials for experiments are introduced or hybrid rice varieties which were published in former studies These varieties are high yield and stable in the North They are:

+ Short term: Koshi Hikari, Goropikari;

2.2.1 Evaluating natural conditions, ecological conditions aiming at developing

japonica in Northern Vietnam

2.2.2 Researching to find out sub - variety japonica with high yield and grain quality

in Northern Vietnam

2.2.3 Researching technical methods (crops, density, fertilizer, harvesting) to build

procedure of intensive farming for japonica rice variety in two districts Tram Tau and

Van Chan in Yen Bai Province

2.2.4 Applying results of researching procedure of intensive farming japonica rice

variety into producing model in Yen Bai Province; proposing solutions to expand the

area of growing japonica rice variety in Yen Bai Province as well as other Northern

provinces in Viet Nam

2.3 Research methodology

2.3.1 Experimental arrangement methodology

2.3.1.1 Collecting primary data

- Meteorological data, reality of using land in studied areas

- Data of reality of producing rice, level of using fertilizer

2.3.1.2 Experimental arrangement on the fields

- Japonica is determined a rice variety with high yield, grain quality and

stability in Northern Vietnam The experiments aiming at comparing different rice varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCB) with 3 replications The area of each experimental case is 10 meter squares; the distance between each case is 10 centimeters; the distance between times repeated is 30 centimeters At least 3 rows of rice protect around the experimental areas

- Researching methods of intensive farming for rice variety J01 in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan in Yen Bai Province:

+ Experiments on growing crop which were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCB) with 3 replications, the area of each experimental case is 10 meter squares (5m x 2m)

+ Experiments on density and level of fertilizer are two factors experiments which were arranged in split - plot design The experiments include 3 times of replications (4 level of fertilizing x 3 transplanting density = 36 formulas), the area of each experimental case is 10 meter squares

- Researching technical methods for harvesting of rice variety J01 in two districts Tram Tau and Chan Van in Yen Bai province

2.3.2 Data analysis

- Comparing areas for growing

- Analyzing grain quality

- Calculating experimental errors

- Evaluating adaptability and stability of yield rice

- Evaluating economical effect

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Evaluation of natural conditions, ecological conditions and investigation into

the reality of using fertilizer in order to develop japonica rice variety in Northern

Vietnam

In terms of natural conditions, Northern Vietnam is divided into two main areas: the Red river delta and the midland and Northern mountainous area (including the Northwest and Northeast)

i) The Red River delta includes 10 provinces which are Vinh Phuc, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh

Binh These areas have favorable natural conditions to develop production of Japonica

rice varieties originating from temperate and sub – tropical areas

Table 3.3 Results of yield rice and level of inorganic fertilizer in some Red River

delta provinces

Places Crop

Level of inorganic fertilizer (kg/ha)

Average rice yield (quintal/ha)

N/

Urea Nitrogen

P 2 0 5 / Superphosph ate

K 2 0/

Potassium chloride

Hung Yen Winter-Spring 110/239 90/563 80/133 66

The Red River delta has favorable natural conditions which are suitable for

developing production of japonica rice variety In addition, farmer in these areas have

experiences in intensive farming which is an advantage in developing the production

of japonica rice variety In fact, the area for growing rice is being narrowed, it is

necessary to develop rice varieties with high yield, grain quality and high economical effect Moreover, farmers should pay attention to disadvantages of climate in summer

crop during production of japonica rice variety

ii) Northern midlands and mountainous includes 15 provinces which have advantages of growing plants originated from temperate and sub - tropical climate

Northern midlands and mountainous have natural conditions which are suitable

for developing japonica rice varieties In addition, the area for growing rice is

increasing which leads to demand of new rice varieties with high yield, grain quality and cold tolerance Besides, it is essential to give instructions, process of intensive farming which is consistent with natural condition and intellectual of people

Table 3.3 Results of yield rice and level of using inorganic fertilizer in Northern

midlands and mountainous in 2009

Places Crop

Level of fertilizer (kg/ha)

Average yield rice (quintal/ha)

N/

Urea Nitrogen

P 2 0 5 / Superphosphate

K 2 0/

Potassium chloride

Yen Bai Winter-Spring 91/198 66/413 74/123 52

order to develop japonica, it is necessary to provide plants nutrition to grow effectively

In conclusion, natural conditions of Northern areas are suitable for developing

japonica rice variety

3.2 Result of evaluating growth period, yield components, yield of japonica rice

varieties in some provinces representing ecological areas in Northern Vietnam Table 3.6.Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in provinces in the Red River delta in Spring crop 2010 and Spring crop 2011

Varieties TGST

(day)

Ear/

cluster (ear)

∑ grain /cluster (grain)

Rate of firm grain (%)

P1000 grain (g)

Theoretical yield

(quintal/ha)

Actual yield

(quintal/ha)

Hung Yen

KD18 (Đ/c) 131 6,3 147 92,5 20,4 78,4 62,3 BT7(Đ/c) 133 5,7 155 93,6 18,5 68,7 54,7 ĐS1 141 6,4 136 91,9 23,7 85,3 67,8 J01 133 6,2 142 92,3 23,7 86,2 68,5 J02 137 6,1 133 90,8 23,4 77,8 62,0 P10 136 5,0 144 92,5 23,6 70,0 55,6 PC26 135 4,9 150 90,0 24,2 72,2 57,6 TBJ1 135 4,6 149 88,9 25,4 69,8 55,6 TBJ2 137 4,4 148 88,3 24,2 62,5 49,6 TBJ3 136 4,8 150 89,8 24,3 70,6 56,2

LSD 0,05 0,38 9,6 2,4 4,7

Hai Duong

KD18 (Đ/c) 139 6,5 147 93,5 20,3 81,4 64,3 BT7 (Đ/c) 135 5,6 156 92,8 18,3 66,9 53,6 ĐS1 143 6,4 134 93,5 23,7 85,6 68,6 J01 135 6,2 141 92,9 23,6 86,1 69,2 J02 138 6,5 131 91,4 23,4 82,0 65,2

LSD 0,05 0,47 12,18 2,67 6,9

Thai Binh

KD18 (Đ/c) 135 6,6 148 93,3 20,4 83,2 65,3 BT7 (Đ/c) 134 5,7 154 93,9 18,3 67,9 53,7 ĐS1 145 6,7 135 94,1 23,7 91,0 72,6 J01 139 6,6 139 93,8 23,7 91,8 73,3 J02 142 6,7 132 92,7 23,4 86,4 68,0

Ninh Binh

KD18 (Đ/c) 142 6,1 145 92,7 20,5 75,5 60,3 BT7 (Đ/c) 138 5,4 155 93,9 18,4 65,1 51,7 ĐS1 142 6,6 137 93,7 23,7 90,3 71,1 J01 135 6,4 145 93,4 23,6 91,9 72,0 J02 139 6,4 137 93,2 23,5 85,7 68,0

LSD 0,05 0,74 10,56 2,08 5,8

Table 3.7 Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in

provinces in the Northern mountainous in Spring crop 2010 and Spring crop 2011

Varieties TGST

(day)

Ear/

cluster (ear)

∑grain /ear (grain)

Rate of firm grain (%)

P1000 grain (g)

Theoretical yield

(quintal/ha)

Actual yield

Table 3.8 Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties

in provinces in the Red River delta in Summer crop 2010 and Summer crop 2011

Varieties TGST

(day)

Ear/

cluster (ear)

∑ grain /ear (grain)

Rate of firm grain (%)

P1000 grain (g)

Theoretical yield

(quintal/ha)

Actual yield

Table 3.9 Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in

provinces in the Northern mountainous in Summer crop 2010 and Summer crop 2011 Varieties

Growth period (day)

Ear/

cluster (ear)

∑grain /ear (grain)

Rate of firm grain (%)

P1000 grain (g)

Theoretical yield

(quintal/ha)

Actual yield

The results point out that: there are no differences in the growth period of

japonica rice varieties grown in ecological area However, the growth period of rice