MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES VŨ ĐỨC KÍNH STUDYING THE CROP PLANT RESTRUCTURE IN THE ORIENTA
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE
AND TRAINING AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
VŨ ĐỨC KÍNH
STUDYING THE CROP PLANT RESTRUCTURE IN THE
ORIENTATION OF COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN THANH
HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE
Branch of study: Crop science
Code: 62 62 01 11
AGRICULTURAL DOCTORAL THESIS
Hanoi, 2015
Hanoi, 2015
The thesis is completed at the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Scientific supervisors:
1 Assoc Prof, Dr Nguyen Huy Hoang
2 Assoc Prof, Dr Trinh Khac Quang Critic 1:
Critic 2:
Critic 3:
This thesis was defended at the Institutional level Council for Ph.D Thesis
Assessment held at : Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
at hour, day month year
The thesis can be referred to at:
- The Vietnam National Library
Trang 2INTRODUCTION
1 The urgency of the research theme
Thanh Hoa City (City) is the cultural - economical - political -
center of Thanh Hoa province, the transportation contact point, the
commodity interfow of province as well as to connect the South and
the North Implementing the Decision No 84 /QD-TTg dated
16/01/2009 of the Prime Minister for approval of the adjustment of
the Master plan on construction of Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa
province till 2025, with a vision to 2035, Thanh Hoa city thereby will
increase in both area and population, a change in many aspects
leading to multiple challenges for the development of the city Thus,
in the coming years, Thanh Hoa city has to face with the increase of
both agricultural land and non-agricultural land due to the process of
expanding the City The issues raised for agriculture of Thanh Hoa
city at present is to gradually bring agricultural development towards
competitive commodity agricultural production of regional as well as
Global integrations towards building an ecological Agriculture
converging the factors of biodiversity, sustainable development in
order to supply agricultural products to the local markets and the
nearby regions, proceeding to export
The investigation, study of the plant structure (CCCTr), and
the evaluation of effectiveness in determining appropriate plant
structure which can both protect the environment and develop
agriculture towards sustainable commodity production are very
essential
Stemming from the requirements on the study of plant
structural adjustment towards agricultural goods production in the
local to increase incomes and improve living conditions for farmers
in Thanh Hoa City, it is necessary to implement the research theme
"Studying the crop plant restructure in the direction of commodity
production in Thanh Hoa city - Thanh Hoa province"
The research results will contribute to the structural adjustment
towards goods production in order to increase production efficiency
per an area unit, forming an effective and sustainable commodity
agricultural production in the local
2 Purpose and requirement of the research 2.1 Converging crop plant structure must base on a scientific and practical basis in order to develop agricultural goods production in the City of Thanh Hoa
2.2 Analizing appropriately the natural, social – economical factors governing the development of plants structure in Thanh Hoa City 2.3 Assessing the actual development status of the plant structure including crop types, crop varieties and cropping and intercropping patterns, thereby discovering the advantages to inherit, develop and shortcomings to overcome
2.4 Building the plant structure to suit each region and natural, socio -economical conditions of each subregion to meet the production needs in the direction of commodity production towards export for the City and its vicinity
3 The scientific and practical significance of the research 3.1 The research findings will contribute to set up a crop plant structure suitable to the natural, social- cultural conditions of Thanh Hoa City
3.2 The research results will be of the scientific basis for the planning, zoning for rational agricultural production, crop diversification towards sustainable goods production suitable for natural, socio-economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City;
3.3 The research findings will be of good document to help managers to operate properly oriented agricultural production in Thanh Hoa City
3.4 The research findings will help to form a new crop plant structure of higher economic efficiency through restructuring towards commodity orientation production, contributing to improve the livelihoods of local people
3.5 Determining reasonable orientation for shifting crop plant structures, building appropriate crop plant patterns towards commodity production and sustainable agricultural development in Thanh Hoa City
3.6 Shifting from small scale, self-sufficient, unsustainable agriculture into commodity focused - and sustainable production
4 The objects and scope of the research
Trang 3- The research objects are the structures of the existing crop plant,
new crop plant varieties; natural factors include: soil, water, climate
and biological factors include: crops, livestock and social -
economical factors: include market- mechanisms and policies,
service prices, infrastructure conditions and farmers that have direct
effects to the conversion of crop plant structures towards commodity
production
- The research theme focuses on the existing annual crop plant
structures, recommends new plant types and plant varieties and
agricultural crop plant structure in the city of Thanh Hoa, focusing
towards the orientation of commodity agricultural production for
domestic consumption and towards export
- This study was conducted from 2012 to 2014
5 New contributions of the thesis
5 1 Having assess basic conditions (natural, economic and social) of
Thanh Hoa City, the advantages and disadvantages of the crop plant
restructuring (CCCTr) towards sustainable goods production;
5.2 Having assessed the current status of crop plant structure and
composition of crops varieties on 4 main types of agricultural land in
Thanh Hoa City;
5.3 Having selected short-duration HT6 varieties of high yield,
quality to arrange in 2 rice crop pattern and a soybean variety -
DT26 of high yield, short duration suitable for Winter crop serving
the crop plant restructure of 3 crops/year pattern on the dry soil out
side river dykes of Thanh Hoa City;
5.4 Having proposed new plant structure towards commodity
production of Thanh Hoa City in the stage 2015-2020 period and
orientations for 2025 on 4 main land types for high economic
efficiency, profit reached 398,018.0 millions VND/ year, which was
106,037.0 millions VND / year higher profits than from the former
plant structure Social and environmental Effectiveness are stable;
contributing to developing an efficient and sustainable commodity
agriculture
6 The structure of the thesis
The thesis consists of 149 pages, which include: Introduction: 4
pages; Chapters 1 (Overview and the scientific basis of the research
subject): 44 pages; Chapter 2 (Research materials, content and methodology): 13 pages; Chapter 3: (Research result and discussion):
76 pages, Conclusions and Recommendations: 3 pages, 104 reference documents in Vietnamese and foreign languages; 03 published works related to the thesis; The thesis inludes 66 tables, 07 illustrations and appendices
CHAPTER I OVERVIEW AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE THEME 1.1 Theoritical basis of the theme
1.1.1 Some common perceptions and concepts
Plant structure can be understood as "a body" formed in a certain environmental condition (broader definition) In which, its parts are assembled in collaboration with regular structure and systems of the same size and relevant ratio; position and role of each part and their mutual interaction within general structure
Plant structure under the orientation of commodity production should reach 2 requirements: first, the plant structure must achieve high economic efficiency and second the plant structure must be reasonable, stable and ecologically sustainable
Logical plant structure is the determined formation of field crops in quantity, rate, type, location, time, to create the resonance of the organic relationship between crops in order to exploit and use genetic resources most economically, reasonably for the objectives of social-economic development
Thus, appropriate plant structure is the organizational shape
of field crops include plants, plant location and the percentage area of each crop with organic relationship between different crops, which are mutually confirmed of each other within the structure to form the group of plants in the same systems
Improvements of rational crop structure has an important role to promote the restructuring of agricultural production development, increasing total product value, increase the value of goods, increase income and improve the lives of people
1.1.2 The factors governing the formation of plant structure
Plant structure depends on many factors: climate, soil, irrigation, crop varieties and cultivation techniques, the soil improvement
Trang 4capacity These factors do not impact separately and singly, but they
are always in an interwoven complex with plants, discovering the
obstacle problem so that to have appropriate measures to forecast the
development direction as the scientific basis of the theme
1.1.3 Commodity agricultural production orientation
Commodity agricultural production is an agriculture of high
economical efficiency with more cargo volume of high quality and a
wide range of variety; linking with the formation of intensive
centralized production, intensive farming; linking agriculture
production with processing industry through the redistribution of
labor, production socialization and application of new technologies
to production
1.1.4 Sustainable Agricultural Development (PTNNBV)
The development of sustainable agriculture includes the long
term sustainability of food security on the basis of suitable the
agrarian system (HTNN) consistent with ecological conditions and
without harm to the environment; Sustainability on organizational
management, consistent agricultural system with human
relationships, including consistancy with future generations and
demonstration of community sustainability in an agrarian system
Sustainable agriculture is achieved through: sustainable land
management, technology improvement, improved environmental
resources, improved and stabilized economic efficiency
1.1.5 Research Approach
1.2.1 Systematic approach
1.2.2 Agricultural development in view of the agrarian system
1.2 Practical basis of the research topic
1.2.1 The research situation on crop plant structures abroad
Agricultural system in the tropical and subtropical countries
were studied Experience leart from these countries are valuable
lessons for us to consult and use in the process of improving the plant
structure of the research theme
1.2.2 The situation of in - country research on crop plant structures
The research on the lay out of logical crop plant structure,
development of agricultural production, ecological zoning were
carried out
Conducting research on the crop plant structure in mainly -rainfed farmland, Bui Huy Dap (1985) recommended the pattern of 2 secondary crops (Winter and Spring cash –crops) then main summer rice crop, using either long or short growth duration varieties for Spring crop accordingly to the planting season of early Summer rice crop or main rice crop This is the mode of cultivation which can fully exploit the potential of dry soils for one rice crop in rainfed condition
Many authors have also studied to develop appropriate cropping systems to control erosion, moisture, keep fertility for slopes lands, reasonable rotation with the introduction of new varieties of high yield and short growth duration for selection which had resulted recruited work to change the plant structure on a national scale Spring rice crop has completely replaced Lua Chiem service, winter crop has been grown on a large scale with the model 3 crops / year
1 3 Agriculture in Thanh Hoa City and the existing problems: 1.3.1 General context
1.3.1.1 Effects of climate change to the system and structure of crop plants
1.3.1.2 New Rural Construction in Vietnam and structure of crop plants
1.3.1.3 Restructuring agricultural production and structure of crop plants
1.3.2 Agriculture in Thanh Hoa City: advantages and challenges The set of crop varieties in Thanh Hoa city is very various, farming techniques are quite diverse (especially fertilizers); crop yields are fairly well, but the quality is not consistent, not suitable to agricultural commodity production
In order to study the transformation of crop plant structure towards commodity production in Thanh Hoa city, it is necessary to review the land use structure, eliminates the cropping / farming patterns with low added value, unsustainable and to expand high value added and suitable planting / cultivation patterns For each selected crop varieties, it is necessary to select good crop cultivars (high yield, good quality, high commodity value) and determine suitable system of farming practices towards organic agriculture to
Trang 5assure safe food quality On that basis, the determination of the
appropriate plant structure towards sustainable commodity
production on different soil types /groups of soils for the city land is
undertaken This is the basis and also the tasks set out for the study
the conversion of crop plant structure towards sustainable commodity
production in Thanh Hoa City
1.4 The comments drawn from the overview
Changing crop plant structure towards commodity production in
nature of the issue is the changing from production of low-value
crops to grow other crops of higher economic efficiency in 1 unit of
area
To set up crop plant structure, it is necessary to conduct research
on restructuring the cropping systems suitable to soil conditions and
different water regimes, to adopt general technical measures to
exploit fruitfully the natural resources and labor Diversification of
crop varieties and types of crops is the measures to enhance the
stability of the system
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODS
2.1 Research Materials
2.1.1 The data, statistical documents: Rgarding natural, social
-economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City,
2.1.2 Documents and the overall planning map: The
socio-economical development of Thanh Hoa province and Thanh Hoa City
2.1.3 The varieties used are:
- The set of rice varieties includes 8 quality, short growth duration
cultivars bred and selected by the Vietnam Agricultural Sciences
Institute and other research institutions in the country These include
HT9, HT6, LTH31, LTH134, RVT, SH8, SH2 and BT7 (the control)
Apart from these, there are also some other varieties such as Xi23,
ZZD001, GS9, Thai Xuyen 111,
- The soybean varieties: materials consists of 8 soybean cultivars:
DT22, DT25, DT26, DVN14, D912, DT99, D9804, DT84
- Maize: CP999, CP919, NK66, NK6654
- Peanuts: L12, L14, L18, L116 and TB25
- Sweet potatoes: Huanglong
- Flowers: roses, lilies, daisies,
- Vegetables: Tomatoes, lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage,
- Tobaco
- The types of fertilizer: manure, urea, compound fertilizers N, P, K
- The commonly used pesticides, fungicides
2.2 Research Contents
2.2.1 Assessment of natural and socio-economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City in relation with the plant structure in the orientation
of commodity production;
2.2.2 Studies assessing the current status of agricultural production and short growth duration of crop plant structure of Thanh Hoa city serving plant restructuring in the orientation of commodity production;
2.2.3 Research and propose the crop plant restructure towards commodity production in Thanh Hoa City.
2.3 Research Methodology
2.3.1 Continual method: The documents on natural social -economic
conditions, research area will be inherited
2.3.2 Rapid assessment methods of participatory rural appraisal (PRA);
2.3.3 Investigation on various patterns of crop cultivation / farming
on different soil types;
2.3.4 Gathering data and information from KIP group; 2.3.5 Method of comparison and testing the crop varieties under Vietnam Regulation;
2.3.6 Field experiments layout method and other analysis methods; 2.3.7 Assessing and analysis of economic efficiency of the treatments
of crop / rotation / farming patterns by the formula:
RAVC = GR-TC , in which:
RAVC: The profit (RAVC - Return Above Variable Cost) GR: Total net income (GR - Gross Return)
TC: Total variable cost (TC - Total Variable Cost) And overall profit ratio = (GR - TC) / TC
Trang 6The calculation of the profit of marginal cost is followed by
CIMMYT’s following formula (1988):
) (
) (
DC TN
DC TN
CP CP
TG TG
MBCR
MBCR- marginal benefit cost ratio;
TGTN - total output value of the treatment;
TGDC - total output value of the control;
CPTN - total cost of treatment;
CPDC - the total cost of control
Evaluation criteria: MBCR <1.5: low profits, not recommended to
develop; MBCR from 1.5 to 2.0: average return, acceptable; MBCR>
2.0: profit, approved for development The unity determination of the
price is undertaken by the average price in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in
Thanh Hoa City
The data were statistically processed by computer software MS
Excel 2003 and Statistix version 8.2
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Natural, social- economical conditions of Thanh Hoa city in
relation with the plant structure towards commodity production
3.1.1 Geographical position and the ability to develop a commodity
agriculture
Geographical position of Thanh Hoa city is in favor of many
advantages for Thanh Hoa to develop an agriculture towards
orientation of sustainable commodity production These advantages
are:
3.1.1.1 The advantage of social - economic development – a broader
space with convenient interflow to exchange to various regions and
abroad
3.1.1.2 The advantage of interactive exchanges with the major
metropolitan areas in the North, Northern Central, Northwest of
Vietnam and the Northeast of Laos People’s Democratic Republic.
3.1.1.3 The advantage isof being the focal pint to connect multiple
national transportation ways by road, rail, sea and air for the
domestic and international exchanges;
3.1.1.4 The advantage of being the central city of the province, Thanh Hoa City owns abundant natural and manpower resources, favorable for the social- economic development and urbanization; 3.1.1.5 The advantage of interactive exchanges to promote mutual development with the large urban areas in the province 3.1.1.6 The advantage of having location conditions for development
of urban space, building eco-city, landscape, cultural and historical attractions of national colour richness.
3.1.2 Climate characteristics and formation of planting season Due to climatic characteristics of the Thanh Hoa city the crop season, presented in Table 3.2 has been formed
3.1.3 Land resources of Thanh Hoa City Currently, in Thanh Hoa, land for agricultural production consists of 4 groups, with a total area of 6617.0 hectares Most soils have appropriate thick layer; containing organic matter of surface layer with average fluctuation from 1.5% (neutral Alluvial soil less acidic) to 2.6% (Alluvial soil with shallow layer of rusty spotting Gley), belonging from average to fairly soil types and rapid reduction
in depth Mechanical composition of soil ranges from clay soil, sandy soil and from medium to heavy clay soil In general, the chemical and mechanical compositions of the soils are favorable to produce annual key crops of the City
Table 3.2 Crop seasons and crop types in Thanh Hoa City
Crop type Spring crop Summer crop Winter crop Rice December-May
30th May – Oct,10
th
Maiz Feb – Oct 6th 05/6 - 25/9
(riverside soil) 05/9 - 30/1 Peanut Feb – Oct 6th 05/6- 10/10
Sweet potato Feb – Oct 6th Vegetabble,
beans January - May May – Oct,10th
15/8 (successive crop) - 20/1 Flowers December -
April August - Nov
Oct (successive crop) - Dec Other crops December -
15th
Trang 73.1.4 Features of hydrology and water resources in Thanh Hoa
City
Situated in the basins of Ma River and partly of Chu river
basin, City region is the home to many small lakes and tributaries
flowing through The flow of Ma river formed an arc flowingin the
midle of the city and hugging the City in the south side from the
northwest to southeast, acting as a water source for production and
daily life, at the same time, it is also a water transport line upstream
domain the mountains and down to the sea
3.1.5 Economic conditions - related to social transformation in
plant structure Thanh Hoa city
The city is densely populated in the province as it is the location
where people from inside and outside of the province to come to live
and do business The population (2012) of the City was 333.9
thousand people, with the average population density of 2,275 people
/ km2, which is 7.3 times higher than that of the whole province (312
people / km2) and 2.5 times higher than the population density of
Thanh Hoa coastal plain
Before expanding the administrative boundaries, most city
dwellers live concentratedly in the urban wards with non-agricultural
occupations After the expansion, the average inside urban population
in 2012 was 161,662 people, accounting for 48.4% of the City
population Including provisional residents, the average population in
the urban City was equivalent to about 210,000 people/ km2
Of the whole City, there are 24,545 agricultural householders,
the number of people in rural areas are 61,156 people; the number of
employees actually involved in agriculture was 30,274 people
The characteristics of demography, labors, employment
opportunity and economic development of Thanh Hoa city; The
infrastructure of traffic system; irrigation, electricity supply, new
rural construction program and of the State policies related to
agriculture are the predisposing factors for the development of
agriculture in the orientation of commodity production
3.2 Assessment on the situation of agricultural production and
the current state of short growth duration plant structure in
Thanh Hoa City
3.2.1 Current situation of agricultural production in Thanh Hoa City
Agricultural production in the suburbs is gradually developing into deep specialization, providing all kinds of food and agricultural products with high-quality for the urban and outside areas In 2 years
of 2011- 2012, the value of agricultural production (production value) increased by an average of 3.7% / year In 2012, agricultural production value (market price) reached 3,596 billion VND
3.2.2 Evaluation on structure of current short growth duration crops of Thanh Hoa City
The current structure of short growth duration crops of Thanh Hoa is formed from an agriculture of small commodity production Farmer households are the basic unit of production
3.2.2.1 Plant structures of each crop season and capabilities of commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Data in the tables 3.6; 3.7 and 3.8 show that: - Rice is a major crop in Thanh Hoa city, planted area reached 10.214,6 ha, making total paddy output of 62,462 tons of paddy grain; 75% of rice is used for family as food and 21,875 tonnes of grain is sold
- The second staple food crop is corn with planted area of 1,634 hectares, total productivity of 7,851 tonnes of maize used for livestock and 2,747 tons sold out
- The cultivated area of vegetables in Thanh Hoa city reached 1,165
ha, the total output is 26,974 tons of vegetables a year, in which the vegetables sold to markets was 24,277 tonnes mostly for inner-city residents, the vicinity, the mountainous districts of Thanh Hoa province and to Laos
- The area for flowers planting in Thanh Hoa city reached 408 hectares, the goods plant for sale in the province and to Laos by small quota
Apart from the above statistically mentioned crops, in the suburbs of Thanh Hoa City, there are some other crops such as soybeans, sweet potatoes but the area is little
Research on crop plant structure in the outskirts of Thanh Hoa City also shows that the fallow land in Winter season was very broad, untapped, crop systems that provide high efficiency has not been extended such as using farmland for aquaculture, rice - fish pattern are also of much untapped potential
Trang 8Table 3.6 Crop plant structure in Spring crop and the ability of
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
(ha)
Crop Structur
e (%)
Yield (tons/ha)
X
S
X
Produc tivity (tons)
Ratio
of goods (%)
1 Rice 5.306,6 81,3 6,50 ± 0,50 34.453,9 25,0
3 Peanut 608,6 9,3 3,88 ± 0,52 2.361,6 80,0
4 Vegetable 318,1 4,9 23,00± 2,05 7.316,3 90,0
Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hóa City in 2012
Table 3.7 Crop plant structure in Summer crop and the ability of
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Crop Area (ha) Structure
(%)
Yield (tons/ha)
X
S
X
Productivit
y (tons)
Ratio of goods (%)
0
0 6.Other
crops
Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hoa City in 2012
The study results showed that in the city of Thanh Hoa growing
of vegetables and flowers in all 3 crop seasons are more profitable,
highest in Winter, followed by Spring and lowest in the Summer
season Paddy is the main crop with the biggest planted area, but brings low profit, only from 5.0 to 10.0 million VND/ ha; Spring rice crop is more profitable than Summer crop
Table 3.8 Winter crop structure in Thanh Hoa and the ability of
commodity production
Crop Area (ha) Structure
(%)
Yield (tons/ha)
X
S
X
Productivity (tons)
Ratio of goods (%)
2.Vegetable 542,2 29,0 25,00± 0,51 13.550 90,0
5.Other crops
Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hóa City in 2012
Sweet potatoes, peanuts and corn is less profitable crop after rice, but they are difficult to be replaced because it is difficult to grow rice on riverside soils
On riverside soil in Thanh Hoa city, there is about 20.0 ha of high relief, which are not flooded in rainy season, here urban plantation areas has begun forming, according to the survey results it
is shown that there are 5 types of crop plans seemed to be suitable to the riverside soils Depending on plant types, the total annual revenue
is from 500.0 million to 800.0 million VND/ ha and an annual net profit of about 250.0 millions VND/ ha
From the survey of the current status of crop plant structure, some general remarks have been drawn as the following:
Paddy is the main crop, the set of rice varieties is also quite varied, but varieties with high yield, good quality are still less, only 1 rice cultivar of BT7 belonging to group of quality rice grown in the Summer season In Spring crop season, there is no high-yield, good quality rice
Trang 9Maize, peanuts and sweet potatoes are also important crops on
riverside soils and on soil of 2 rice crops; but the set of high-yielding,
good quality varieties are not yet cultivated here
3.2.3 Rating the crop cultivation, crop rotation patterns on the
present main soil types / soil groups of Thanh Hoa City serving
restructuring of crop pattern towards commodity production
orientation
The sythesized data from the results of the survey on the crop
cultivation / rotation / farming technique patterns on main soil types /
soil group in the suburbs of Thanh Hoa city regarding to area, profits,
and land use structure, interest structure are presented in table 3:35
Results presented in Table 3:35 shows that: The total area of
annual agricultural land fund in the city of Thanh Hoa is 6,623
hectares, divided into 4 main soil typs / soil groups The riverside soil
consists of 240.8 ha, which accounts for 3.6%; high land outer river
dyke is 982.6 hectares, accounted for 14.8%; Riverside soil behind
the dykes is 4,784.4 hectares, accounted for 72.2% and 616.0
hectares of bottomlands outside the dyke, accounted for 9.4% Total
funds of lands for short-term agricultural crops has created profit of
200,015 million VND annually of which riverside soils made a profit
of 5,314 million accounted for 2.6%
If comparing the percentage of land use with the rate of
return, the profit from riverside soil types / groups of riverside soils is
of low efficiency; dry soil types / groups of dry soils created a profit
of 88,972.9 million VND, representing 30.5% of total gross return If
comparing with the rate of land use, land-use efficiency on high
groundsoil outside the dike the profitable, 2 times higher as
compared to the structure of the land fund
Annually, dry soil outside the dike creates a profit of
169,775.0 millions VND, accounting for 58.1% of overall profits
Compared with the structure of land use, the production on dry soil
outside the dike creates lower profits than in bottom soils outside the
dike, but higher than that of riverside soils inter the dike Annually,
the bottom lands outside the dike generates a profit of 27,980.0
million VND accounting for 9.6% of total profits If compared with
the rate of land use, the group of low-lying lands creates rather good
profit, after that of the dry soils out side the dike
Table 3.35 Profit of present crop structures on soil types/ group of
soils in Thanh Hoa City
Comparison (%) Patterns of crop
cultivation / rotation/farming techniques
Area (ha)
Profit (millionsVND) Land use
structure
Ratio of interest
1 Riverside soils: total 240.0 5,314.0 3,.6 1.8
1 Spring maize – fallow –
2 Spring peanut – fallow –
3 Spring maize – fallow –
4 Spring vegetable – fallow – Winter vegetables 12.7 1,358.9 5.0 26.0
2 Dry soils outer dike:
5 Flower Intensification 136.1 16,876.4 13.8 19.0
6 Vegetables intensification 305.4 40,618.2 31.0 45.7
7 Herbs intensification 50.2 11,797.0 5.1 13.2
9 Spring peanut – Maize -
10 Tobacco – Herbs 33.3 13,286.7 3.6 14.9
3 Dry soils in outer dike:
11 Spring rice – Summer rice – Winter vegetables 200.0 29,201.3 4.2 17.2
12 Spring rice –
13 Spring rice – Summer
4 Low soil in outer dike 611.0 27,980.0 9.4 9.6
14 Spring rice – Summer
15 Spring rice – Fish 386.0 21,230.0 62.7 75.9
Trang 10Comparison (%) Patterns of crop
cultivation /
rotation/farming
techniques
Area (ha)
Profit (millionsVND) Land use
structure
Ratio of interest
16 Fish- aquaculture 100.0 4,800.0 16.2 17.2
3.3 Study and propose new crop plant structure towards
orientation of efficient and sustainable commodity production in
the outskirts of Thanh Hoa City
3.3.1.Forecasting the situation of agricultural Products
consumption in Thanh Hoa City, period 2015 - 2020 and
orientation toward 2025
The survey data showed that the production capabilities of Thanh
Hoa City can only meet about 60% the volume of quality rice and
over 50% of medium quality rice for consumption in the city For
vegetables, flowers of all kinds, the response rate is much lower; not
to mention the need for other markets
3.3.2 The patterns of crop cultivation / rotations on the main soils
types/ soil groups, selected crop varieties for conversion of crop
plant structures towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Based on the criteria of economic efficiency, social efficiency
and environmental efficiency, the patterns of crop cultivation /
rotations on the main soils types/ soils groups for conversion of crop
plant structures towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City, have been selected From
the research results on the pattern of crop cultivation/ rotations in the
suburb of Thanh Hoa city and based on the forecast demand of
agricultural products in periods 2015 - 2020 and orientation towards
2025, the pattern of crop cultivation/ rotations in Thanh Hoa City
towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble commodity
production and crop cultivars were selected These include:
(1) On soils types/ soil groups, the pattern of Spring maize – Winter
maize is selected: Maize is a staple food crop suitable to alluvial soils
which are annually compensated with the cultivation measure mainly
based on rainfed condition; However, it is necessary to select
high-yielding maize varieties and suitable to cultivation techniques
(2) On soils types/ groups of dry soils in the dike outer, the cultivation pattern of herbal vegetables - tobacco - herbal vegetables
is highly profitable, but can not be expanded because of limited market demand The pattern of planting vegetables and flowers all year round offers high profit, the consumption markets could be expanded It is necessary to set up production models of safe vegetables and vegetable production throughout the year, with particular emphasis on the Summer vegetables to serve large number
of travelers for sight - seeing the landscapes of the province; modeling flower production for domestic consumption in the province and its vicinity as well as the neighboring country of Laos (3) On soils types/ groups of dry soils in the outer dike, the pattern of
2 rice crops is recommended, but it is necessary to select short growth duration varieties of high yield, good quality to increase the selling price as well as selection of suitable cultivars for Winter crop (soybean, vegetables), in order to enhance economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness, to improve the fertility of the soils, contributing to developing efficient and sustainable production (4) On soils types/ groups of low soils in the outer dike, the patterns
of rice cultivation - fish raising and intensive fish raising should be expanded
(5) Regarding rice varieties: The cultivation of 2 rice varieties of GS9 and Thai Xuyen 111 should be maitained in late Spring crop season and Xi23 variety in main Spring crop season For the early Spring season, rice variety BT7 should be kept for cultivation and replace mid season rice variety by the pattern of rice (variety Xi23 Spring crop) - fish
(6) Using the CP999 maize variety for all 3 crop seasons and maintains L14 peanut varieties for 2 crop seasons of Spring and Autunm – Winter crop
(7) Conducting research to add rice varieties of good quality, short-growth duration, high yield and soybean varieties suitable for 3-crops structure: 2 rice crops plus one crop of Winter soybean or vegetables, flowers on the group of dry soils out side the dike
3.3.3 The results on testing of varietal breeding and setting up model to convert crop plant structure commodity production in Thanh Hoa City (Research to develop new techniques)