Tài liệu giảng dạy CCNA - module 03 chapter 10-RIP, IGRP, and Static Route Concepts and Configuration

Module 03 Routing ProtocolChapter 10 RIP, IGRP, and Static Route Concepts and Configuration... to complete the following tasks:  Distinguish the use and operation of static and dynamic

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Module 03 Routing Protocol

Chapter 10 RIP, IGRP, and Static Route Concepts and

Configuration

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to complete the following tasks:

 Distinguish the use and operation of static and dynamic

routes

 Configure and verify a static route

 Identify how distance vector IP routing protocols such

as RIP and IGRP operate on Cisco routers

 Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

 Enable Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

 Verify IP routing with show and debug commands

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 To route, a router needs to know:

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What is Routing? (cont.)

Network Protocol Destination Network

Connected

Learned 10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0

Exit Interface

E0

S0

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Identifying Static and Dynamic

Routes

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172.16.2.1 SO

Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a

stub network to allow communications to occur.

B

Stub Network

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Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet

Router(config)#ip route network [mask]

{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]

Static Route Configuration

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Stub Network

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

172.16.2.1 SO

Static Route Example

 This is a unidirectional route You must have a route configured in

the opposite direction.

10.0.0.0

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What is a Routing Protocol?

 Routing protocols are

used between

routers to determine

paths and maintain

routing tables

 Once the path is

determined a router can

route a routed protocol.

Connected RIP IGRP

10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.17.3.0

Exit Interface

E0 S0 S1

Routed Protocol: IP Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP

172.17.3.0

172.16.1.0 10.120.2.0

E0

S0

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Autonomous System 100 Autonomous System 200

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior

Routing Protocols

 An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain

 IGPs operate within an autonomous system

 EGPs connect different autonomous systems

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Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes

IGRP Administrative Distance=100

Router D

Router B Router A

Router C

RIP Administrative Distance=120

E

I need to send a packet to

Network E Both router B

and C will get it there.

Which route is best?

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Classes of Routing Protocols

A

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

 Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors

Routing Table Routing Routing Table Table Routing Routing Table Table Routing Routing Table Table

Distance—How far

Vector—In which direction Distance—How far

Vector—In which direction

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 Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Routing Table 10.2.0.0

10.3.0.0

00 00

S0 S1

10.3.0.0 S0 00 10.4.0.0

10.4.0.0 E0 00

10.2.0.0

E0 S0

0 0

Distance Vector—Sources of Information and

Discovering Routes

Distance Vector—Sources of Information and

Discovering Routes

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T1 Ticks, hop count

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Distance Vector—Maintaining Routing

Process to update this routing table

Topology change causes routing table update

Router A sends out this updated routing table after the next period expires

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Router C concludes that the best path to network 10.4.0.0 is through Router B

Maintaining Routing Information Problem—

S0

S0 S0

11 22 10.1.0.0

S0

11 22 10.4.0.0

10.3.0.0

10.2.0.0

0 0

Routing Table 10.2.0.0S0

S1

1 11 10.1.0.0

10.4.0.0

10.3.0.0

0 0

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Router A updates its table to reflect the new but erroneous hop count

Maintaining Routing Information Problem—

S0

S0 S0

11 22

10.3.0.0

10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0

10.4.0.0

0

2

Routing Table E0

S0

11 4

Routing Table S0

S1

S0

3 11

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Symptom: Counting to Infinity

Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce between routers A, B, and C

Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity

S0

S0 S0

11 22 10.1.0.0

S0

11 6

S1

S0

5 11

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Solution: Defining a Maximum

 Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite loops

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0

S0

S0 S0

11 22 10.1.0.0

S0

11 16

Routing Table

S0 S1

S1

S0

16 11

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Solution: Split Horizon

 It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original packet came

S0 S0 S0

11 22 10.1.0.0

10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0

0 0

Routing Table E0

S0

11 22

S1 S1 E1

11 22

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Solution: Route Poisoning

 Routers set the distance of routes that have gone down to infinity

S0 S0 S0

11 22 10.1.0.0

10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0

0

Infinity

Routing Table 10.1.0.0E0

S0 S0 S0

11 22 10.4.0.0

10.3.0.0

10.2.0.0

0 0

S1 S1 E1

11 22 10.1.0.0

10.4.0.0

10.3.0.0

0 0

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Solution: Poison Reverse

 Poison Reverse overrides split horizon

S0 S0 S0

11 22 10.1.0.0

10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0

0

Infinity

Routing Table 10.1.0.0E0

S0 S0 S0

11 22 10.4.0.0

10.3.0.0

10.2.0.0

0 0

S1 S1 E1

Possibly Down

22 10.1.0.0

10.4.0.0

10.3.0.0

0 0

Poison Reverse

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Solution: Hold-Down Timers

 Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing time

for other routers to recompute for this topology change

Network 10.4.0.0 is down

then back up then back down

Update after hold-down Time Update after hold-down Time

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Solution: Triggered Updates

 Router sends updates when a change in its routing table occurs

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Network 172.30.0.0

IGRP, RIP

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 Defines an IP routing protocol

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]

• Mandatory configuration command for each

IP routing process

• Identifies the physically connected network

that routing updates are forwarded to

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Dynamic Routing Configuration

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19.2 kbps

T1

Maximum six paths (default = 4)

Hop count metric selects the path

Routes update every 30 seconds

RIP Overview

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 Starts the RIP routing process

Router(config)#router rip

• Selects participating attached networks

• The network number must be a major classful

network number

RIP Configuration

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router rip network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0

172.16.1.1

S2

192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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Verifying the Routing Protocol—RIP

RouterA#sh ip protocols

Routing Protocol is "rip"

Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds

Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is

Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is

Redistributing: rip

Default version control: send version 1, receive any version

Interface Send Recv Key-chain

Routing Information Sources:

Gateway Distance Last Update

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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Displaying the IP Routing Table

RouterA#sh ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate

default

U - per-user static route, o - ODR

T - traffic engineered route

Gateway of last resort is not set

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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debug ip rip Command

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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 More scalable than RIP

 Sophisticated metric

 Multiple-path support

Introduction to IGRP

IGRP

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IGRP Composite Metric

Source

Destination

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 Maximum six paths (default = 4)

 Within metric variance

 Next-hop router closer to destination

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Configuring IGRP

• Selects participating attached networks

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system

• Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol

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Configuring IGRP (cont.)

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router igrp 100 network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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Verifying the Routing Protocol—IGRP

RouterA#sh ip protocols

Routing Protocol is "igrp 100"

Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds

Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is

Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is

Default networks flagged in outgoing updates

Default networks accepted from incoming updates

IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0

IGRP maximum hopcount 100

IGRP maximum metric variance 1

Redistributing: igrp 100

Routing for Networks:

10.0.0.0

172.16.0.0

Routing Information Sources:

Gateway Distance Last Update

10.1.1.2 100 00:01:01

192.168.1.0 172.16.1.1

S2

192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

S2 S3

10.2.2.3

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Displaying the IP Routing Table

RouterA#sh ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default

T - traffic engineered route

Gateway of last resort is not set

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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debug ip igrp transaction Command

RouterA#debug ip igrp transactions

IGRP protocol debugging is on

00:21:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2

00:21:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956)

00:21:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)

172.16.1.1

S2

192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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debug ip igrp events Command

RouterA#debug ip igrp events

IGRP event debugging is on

RouterA#

00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes 00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2

00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)

00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes 00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1

00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes 00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2

172.16.1.1

S2

192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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Updating Routing Information

Example

RouterA# debug ip igrp trans

00:31:15: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to down 00:31:15: IGRP: edition is now 3

00:31:15: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)

00:31:15: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295

00:31:16: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.

00:31:16: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1

00:31:16: IGRP: broadcasting request on Serial2

00:31:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956)

00:31:16: network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible)

00:31:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)

00:31:16: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.

00:31:16: IGRP: Total routes in update: 3

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 X A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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Example (cont.)

RouterB#debug ip igrp trans

IGRP protocol debugging is on

1d19h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2

1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible)

1d19h: IGRP: edition is now 10

1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.2)

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 X A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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Example (cont.)

RouterB#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set

I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2

I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:14, Serial3 RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 X A B C E0 192.168.1.0

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S2 S3

10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A B C E0 192.168.1.0

RouterB#debug ip igrp transactions RouterB#

1d20h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2 1d20h: network 172.16.0.0, metric 89056 (neighbor 1100) RouterB#

RouterB#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set

I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:18, Serial3 RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/38/48 ms

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With ip classless Default

With no ip classless Drop

C C RIP

10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 172.16.0.0 via 0.0.0.0

Exit Interface

E0 S0 S0 E0

10.2.0.0

To get to 10.7.1.1:

10.7.1.1

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 After completing this chapter, you should be able to

perform the following tasks:

 Determine when to use a static or dynamic route.

 Configure a static route on a Cisco Router.

 Describe how distance vector routing protocols operate.

 Configure the RIP and IGRP routing protocols on a Cisco router.

 Use show ip route, show ip protocols, and other show and

debug commands to verify proper routing operation

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