Mat khac, nhiing dong chay van hoc tren khSp the gi6i ve t r i thiic sinh thai ban dia trong hoat dong nghe ca da khien ngUcii ta hoai nghi ve gia t r i va nang suat ciia hoat dong nay,
Trang 1NGHI€N Cl/U TRI THI/C SINH THAI f>\(\G
TRONG CAC XA HQI NGHE CA VIET NAM VA UING DUNG VAO THlTC TiIn
K E N N E T H R U D D L E *
Tii k h o a : Thich i l n g v6i bien doi, quan
ly cac ngii trifdng, k i e m t r a gia thiet, cong
nghiep niidc mim, cac d u a n nghien ciiu
cong dong-bao tang
Gidi t h i e u
Tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng c6 v a i
tro tiem nang c h i n h dong gop vao viec
phac thao r a cac tieu c h u a n n h a m dieu
chinh va thich nghi vdi bien doi k h i h a u 6
cac ngu trifdng dia phUdng va cac cong
dong lien d6i Dieu n a y thUc sU dac biet
vi cac dieu kien s i n h t h a i con ngifdi cl cac
cong dong ngif dan Viet N a m khong difdc
nhUng ngiidi ngo&i cong dong hieu ro Co
iighia la trong p h a n 16n cac tnJdng hop,
ngiidi ta i t biet den s\i a n h hUCIng c6 the
xay ra va each doi pho vdi bien doi k h i
hau cf cap do cong dong Ngiidc l a i , hang
ng^y dUdng dau v6i viec k i e m song,
nhiing ngUdi danh hit ca v a gia dinh ho
vdi cac the he k h a c n h a u trcl t h a n h nhflng
kho chiJta dUng thong tin v a t r i thiic thUc
tien ve danh b a t c a v a cac moi trUdng
na6c b dia phUdng Cac quan sat c u a ho
bao gom sii bien doi ciia cac loai muc tieu
va moi trUdng song c u a chung Cac loai
* Fuji Infomatics, Ashiya, Nhdt Ban
nay ciing v6i moi triidng song c u a loai c6 the l a nhving v a t chi thi ciia k h i h a u hien nay, hoac cac dang k h a c ciia stt thay doi
De lap ke hoach c6 hieu qua cho vi^c
CL^ L lay (III n i o 0 c i p Ji cong dong, trii6c tien c a n p h a i t i m hieu cac y e u c a u ve viec dung nguon t a i nguyen h i e n n a y T u y n h i e n , d Viet Nam, viec s\i dung nguon t a i nguyen mot each
chi tiet 6 cap do dia phiidng vAn chifa dUdc biet den nhieu H d n the niJa, s o v6i cac cong dong nong nghiep, cac cong dong ngii dan v&n chvta difdc nghien ciiu n h i e u (Nguyen Duy Thieu 2002, 2007) Su thieu hut ve k i e n thvtc do phai diidc lap day ngay v i cac cong dong ngiJ dan c6 the se phai doi m a t v6i vS'n dc k h i h a u hoac cac dang thay doi k h a c De l a m diioc di6"u do, trong c a c each nghien ciiu tiep cSn
thUdng diing trong khoa hoc nghe ca, n e n
bo sung them t r i thiic s i n h t h a i b a n dia ci cap do cong dong (vi d u T r a n 2009)
K h i dUdc svL dung hdp ly, t r i thiic sinh
thai dia phUdng c6 the h i i u i c h doi v6i cac muc dich thUc tien va dUa ra each tiep
c a n i t ton k e m Cach tiep c a n n a y c6 the cung cap thong t i n n h a n h va tao dieu kien cho cac cong dong lap ke hoach v i ldi ich nen tang c u a ho (Davis va Ruddle
Trang 22010) Sinh thai hoc la mot "nganh khoa
hoc khong chinh xac", c6 nghia la ca
'khoa hoc sinh thai' va t r i thiic sinh thai
dia phiidng deu c6 nhiJng nhiidc diem
Tuy nhien, nhiing han che ciia 'khoa hoc
sinh thai' lai la cd hoi de t r i thiic sinh
thai dia phufdng dong gop mot each c6 y
nghia, nhanh va i t ton kem de hieu cac
he sinh thai va sii phiic tap ciia cac he
sinh thai nay (Davis va Ruddle 2010;
Ruddle va Davis 2010) T i n h h i i u ich ciia
t r i thiic sinh thai dia phUdng ciing da
diidc minh chiing trong hoat dong ngU
nghiep va cac san pham iii bien ciia Viet
Nam (Nguydn Duy Thieu 2002, 2007;
Ruddle 1986, 2005, 2007; Ruddle va
Davis 2010)
Mat khac, nhiing dong chay van hoc
tren khSp the gi6i ve t r i thiic sinh thai
ban dia trong hoat dong nghe ca da khien
ngUcii ta hoai nghi ve gia t r i va nang suat
ciia hoat dong nay, dac biet la giCta cac
nha khoa hoc nghien ciiu ve bien va ngii
nghiep dUdc dao tao cl phiidng Tay 6 mot
khu viJc rong 16n t h i chu nghia hoai nghi
nay diidc minh chiing bdi each tiep can
khong CO can cii ciia mot so" ngUdi ling ho
t r i thiic sinh thai dia phvfdng gia mao la
cac hoc gia (Davis va Ruddle 2010;
Ruddle va Davis 2013) Viec t h u thap dii
lieu diidc thiet ke ngheo nan va thUc hien
khong tot se khong truyen diidc sii t i i t i n
va hieu biet tien bo cho cong dong ngU
dan Thong tin ngheo nan thUdng do lUa
chon sai nguon tai lieu t i i nhiing ngiicJi
thu thap thong t i n ve t r i thiic sinh thai
dia phUdng (Davis v a Wagner 2003) Noi
each k h a c , sU t h a n h cong ciia viec thu thap dut lieu, thiet ke va thUc hien nghien ciiu p h u thuoc n h i e u vao viec tim va sii
dung dung ngUdi cap tin
Hdn the niia, d i i lieu tot va nghien ciiu dUdc thiet ke dUa tren d i i lieu do c6 the phai chap n h a n bi khao sat ky liidng va
p h a i dap lai sii phe binh mot each day thuyet phuc Noi each k h a c , ket qua ciia cac giai doan thiic dia trong mot nghien ciiu p h a i du m a n h de cho'ng lai sii phe
p h a n gay gat t i i cong c h u n g noi chung, ciing n h i i tii n h i i n g bo p h a n dac biet nhii nhiing ngiidi iing ho tai c h i n h , cac quyen ldi dUdc dam bao bat di bat dich, hoac nhiing ngiidi v i chiia dat diidc ket qua nghien ciiu ma bo qua mot nghien ciiu tiem nang
Trong bai viet nay, triidc tien toi khao sat each ma toi g i n ket vcli tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng trong nghien ciiu ciia
m i n h ve nghe ca va cac xa hoi n g h i ca d Viet Nam tii n h i i n g n a m 80 va 90 ciia the
ky XX Sau do, toi sii dung mot so'y kien
chung CO dUdc tii nhiing k i n h nghiem thUc ti §n do de thao l u a n bo'n each tiep can dii a n nghien ciiu tiem n a n g ci cac xa hoi nghe ca Viet Nam Do la viec sii dung tri thiic s i n h thai dia phiidng trong quan
ly nghe ca thong qua van c h a i ; phac hoa
sU thich ling ciia dia phUdng v6i bien doi
k h i h a u ; hieu dUdc nhiing thay doi c6 the
xay r a trong n g a n h cong nghiep nifclc
m i m ; va cuo 'i ciing la cac nghien ciiu ve thong tin ket hdp cung cac bao tang, diia
Trang 3vao nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va t r i thiic
sinh thai dia phiidng ciia cac xa hoi nghe ca
Nghien ciiu trvCdc day ve t r i thijfc
sinh thai d i a phiiofng c u a nhufng
ngifcri danh bat ca of Viet Nam: Khai niem
va phiidng phap
Trong cac nghien ciiu thUc dia cua
Ruddle ci Viet Nam trong nhiing nam 80
va 90 ctia the ky XX, t r i thiic sinh thai
dia phiidng ciia nhiing ngiidi danh hit ca
CO vai tro quan trong de xac nhan nhving
khia canh chinh trong gia thuyet ciia ong
ve thdi gian gio mCia va sii sin c6 ciia cac
loai ca dung de len men (dac biet de san
xuat nxidc mam) V a i tro cua t r i thiic sinh
thai dia phiidng trong viec lam noi bat
"nhiing viec khong binh thiidng" hoac
nhiJng phan can xem xet lai hay c a n nhac
l^i cua gia thuyet ciing ciln dii(?c chii y
(Ruddle 1986; Ruddle va Lshige 2005;
Ruddle wh Duvis 2010) Chiing h^n, tri
thiic sinh tliai dja phUdng ciiu nhiing
ngU6i danh hit ri bi^n k h i n g dinh nhijtng
vftn do CO ban ciia gin thuyet ve thcii vy
ciia cac hoat dfing d a n h but tai cdc k h u
vite gnn brJ trong chu k^ gi6 mCia Doi \6i
ca com, nhom quan trong nhSit ciia cac
loai ca len men, ho ciing da xac nhan ket
qua ve pham vi v a nghien ciiu ban d a u
giong nhii cong t r i n h da diidc Tham cong
bo (1974)
Mot so dac t i n h khong the giai thich
dddc thong qua cac b i n h mau ve thdi
diem c6 gio miia Cac dac t i n h nay ciing
diidc bao cao thong qua t r i thiic sinh t h a i
dia phUdng, chiing to ring cac dieu kien
ciia dia phildng c6 the dong vai tro quan trong Thong t i n nay nhan manh vai tro quan trong ciia t r i thiic sinh t h a i ban dia
de xac dinh gia thiet chung ve cac bo'i canh dia phiidng va chi ra nhiing ndi ma nghien ciiu khoa hoc diia tren sii lay mau ciia tiing k h u viic rieng biet can phai lam nhii vay
Trong mot nghien ciiu ve ntfcic mdm len men va cac san pham ca len men khac ci Uong A (lshige va Ruddle i y » / , i&90) Ruddle (1986) da khao sat cac nguyen nhan t i i nhien va sinh vat hoc ve t i n h san
CO cua cac loai sinh vat bien va ciia cac dia
diem danh bat Co the ket luan r&ng sii
san CO cua ca phu thuoc vao chu ky gio
mua va cac loai gio lien tuc tu! ben ngoai thdi den se quyet dinh viQC san xuat ca Ix'ii
vi chiing tao ra viing niidc troi (hoac nitdc
chuyen dong thAng diing) Cac viing n\Xdc
nay khOi phuc khj\g sinli Kan da bj
Huy you r) cac loM thu9C cac \dp phin tren
ciia bien (3 Dong N a m A, quii trinh nfty
(liidc gay ru chii yeu bcii giA mila thO'i iii
dA't lien ra bien Do do, vi t r i cua viing nu6c troi ven bien ciing n h u cac hoat dong danh bat ca da thay doi theo mCia va hudng gio thiidng thdi trong k h u vUc
Tuy nhien, ci Viet N a m , cac miu b i n h
chung cua v u n g niidc t r o i ven bien do gio gay ra da bi bop m6o bcii cac dong chay, chat d i n h diidng va nU6c ngot tCi song chay ra, t i i miia, do sii diit quang ciia cac loai gio va dong chay gan cac bd
bien c6 dao nam r a i rac 6 nhieu ndi,
Trang 4vung nUdc troi do gio miia gay ra c6 the
toan bi phii nhan bdi cac nhan to' dia
phiidng n h i i vay
K h i hau va thdi tiet ciing la nhan to
chinh bop meo nhiing d i i doan cua gia
thuyet Dieu dac biet quan trong ci mien
Nam Viet Nam la mot liidng nifdc ngot
Idn cua he thong song Me Cong do ra bien
trong suot mua mUa Do c6 the la yeu to'
tac dong chinh den cac hoat dong ciia ca
nham giam bdt do man va tang do due
cua nu6c ven bd Sii chuyen dich ciia
nhiing cdn bao 16n ciing c6 anh hiidng den
do man, do due theo miia va theo k h u
viic Nhiing hien tiidng t i i nhien nay diidc
chi ra qua each ling xii cua nhiing ngiidi
danh b i t ca
Ruddle (1986) diia ra gia thuyet rang
qua trinh sinh vat hoc cd ban diidc nghe
ca khai thac de cung cap cho cong nghiep
len men chinh la sU nuoi 16n va di cii c6
chon loc ciia ca cdm chiia triiong thanh
Trong chien liidc sinh s6i nay ncl cua
chiing, nhiing loai ca nay di cU tu: cac
vung ven bd v6i ty le an t h i t v6 cung cao
den cac vung bien xa bd dc de triing Day
\k nhiing ndi ma siic ep i t khac nghiet
hdn, ci do triing va au triing se dUdc day
ve phia bd Gio, dong chay va sii hoi
chuyen dam bao cho triing, au triing va
cac dang sau au t r i i n g troi dUdc ve phia
bd. Do do, pham v i boat dong s6m cua au
triing dien ra ci cac k h u viic day bien gan
bd - nhiing ndi c6 nhieu thiic an la cac
sinh vat phii du V i vay, thdi gian de
triing CO the vao thdi diem sau k h i gio
mua thdi t i i bien ve dat lien V i vay, dac
cung cap cho nganh cong nghiep len men
la sii tap hdp thiic an cua au triing con d
k h u viic bien nong gan bd va nvidc Id c^a song Chang ban, ngiidi ta cho rSng thdi gian de triing d cac bd bien phia dong se dien ra vao thdi gian cudi ciia gio mua
dong hkc; do do au triing con c6 the an
thiic an ci vung nUdc troi ven bd do gio
miia tay nam gay ra
Phvto'ng p h a p l u a n t r o n g n g h i e n cijfu nhufng n a m 80 v a 90 cua t h e k y X X
De hieu dUdc sii san c6 ciia loai theo
mua, cac d i i lieu da t h u thap diidc giai thich trong thdi gian 1985-1986 v6i nhiing ghi chep k h i tiidng hoc, cac so lieu hai
dvidng hoc sd cS'p cGng nhu; cac thong t i n
thii cap ve boat dong ciia ca Viec nay l^m sang to cac nhan to t i i nhien gay ra viing
nhiing qua t r i n h sinh vat hoc lap lai ciia cac loai lien quan (Ruddle 1986)
Mot nghien ciiu k i n h te-xa hoi ciia cac
t i n h Ba Rja - Vung Tau, B i n h Thuan,
Khanh Hoa, Q u a n g Nam Da Nang va
Q u a n g B i n h da dUdc thiic hien trong vong
6 t h a n g cua 2 nam 1995, 1996 Ho sii
dung cac bang hoi c6 bd sung nhiing ban liet ke cac muc can kiem t r a cho cac cuoc
quan Vdi 403 cuoc phong van thUc hien
theo each nay (Ruddle 1996), nhiing
ngiidi sii dung lvi6i nang va lii6i keo diidc
Trang 5xem nhil nhiJng ngiidi am tiidng c h u yeu
ve hoat dong c u a cac loai Day la cac cong
cu chinh ciia 28% tong so' t a u thuyen
cung cap nguyen lieu cho n g a n h cong
nghiep len men Ben c a n h nhiing c a u hoi
cho thuyen tracing va t h u y e n vien ve tinh
miia vu, k h i h a u , thdi ky gio miia, v i tri
danh hit va cac thong sd t i i n h i e n ve k h u
viic danh bat, cac t h a n h vien ciia tieu
nhom dac biet nay dUdc hoi nhiing cau
hoi dac biet lien quan den k i c h c9 ca, miia
danh bat, cac vat chi thi (nhii hoat dong
cua chim bien) ve sii c6 mat c u a ca trich
nho va cac loai diing de len men D i i lieu
ve thdi vu t h u diidc t i i nhiing cuoc phong
van nay difdc lap t h a n h bang theo thang
va xep loai theo mCia "to't" va " t h u a n ldi"
xet ve dung cu d a n h hit, loai, dia diem
danh bat va toe do d a n h bat cac loai diing
cho viec len men,
Sii dung tri thiic siiili thiii diu phU<jrng
de thich vfng vert bien doii khi hau
Hau het nghien cijtu vii xuat b a n
pham mang t i n h k h o a hoc wi bien ddi
khi htiu deu tap t r u n g vao cac h% s i n h
thai v^ v i t r i t r e n c^n ci "ban cau Bac",
trong khi cac he s i n h t h a i va qua t r i n h
song d nUdc ciia " b a n c a u N a m " l a i
khong dUdc chii y n h i e u Do do, h i e u biet
khoa hoc ve tac dong ciia k h i h a u va sii
bien ddi k h a c ciia ngU trUdng nhiet ddi
va cac xa hoi nghe ca con k h a ngheo nan
Hdn the niia, sii am h i e u ve cac tac dong
dac biet ma bien ddi k h i h a u ket hdp vdi
sii thay ddi cua cac mo h i n h t i l n h i e n
khac gay ra trong k h u vUc nghe ca bi han che va kho d i i doan (Maina va cac tac gia 2013) Dieu nay do cac mo h i n h hdp nhat ket ndi cac qua t r i n h t i i nhien
va sinh thai v6i cac dac diem k i n h te cua cac xa hoi nghe ca can diidc cai thien, dac biet d cac cap do dia phUdng ndi nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca phai chiu diing sii anh hudng ciia bien ddi k h i hau va cac tac dong kem theo Hdn the niia, phan 16n tac dong ciia sii bien ddi den nhiing ngiidi lien quan triic tiep n h i i
nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va d nhiing
ngiidi lam cac cong viec lien quan cl ca cac
ngii triidng nho va cac ngxX triidng nhiet
ddi ven bd van can phai diidc khao sat (xem Ruddle 2013 va cac t a i lieu tham khao trong do) V i vay, van de cap bach la can sii dung t r i thiic sinh thai dia phiidng lap day nhiing khoang trong vc thong t i n
do nham tao ra cac nen tang chinh xac de
di4u chinh cAc quyet dinh chinh ydch cOip
qudc giu cho phu hpp v6i ho^n canh dia phiicmg Cyac chfnh sach qudc gia nay ncu khong diia v^o cac trudng hdp dia phiidng
se kh6 c6 dUdc sii chinh xac
Bien ddi k h i hku c6 the c6 tac dong
khac den cac loai ca, dan den nhiing thay ddi ve v i t r i dia ly va sii phong phii ve loai Dieu nay doi hoi sii thay ddi ve cd ca'u loai, cac chien lUdc t h u hoach, ky
thuat che bien, sU phan pho'i va tiep t h i ,
dan den thay ddi ket ca'u chi p h i do thay ddi ve thdi gian di chuyen den v i t r i danh bat va n h u cau ve nhien lieu Hdn niia, c6 nhiing thay ddi d cac hoat dong ngiidc
Trang 6dong va xuoi dong cua he thong nghe ca,
cung nhu trong cac hoat dong xa hoi Hen
quan Chang han, nhiing yeu cau ve t a i
chinh doi hoi sU thay ddi ve nguon cung
cap chinh thiic va khong chinh thtfc
(Ruddle 2011) Ngii dan can nguon t a i
chinh de c6 cong cu mdi va cac trang thiet
bi khac nhSm ddi pho v6i nhiing thay ddi
ve ket cau loai va boat dong ciia cac loai
ca Cac dieu kien tiep t h i va sii che bien
ca ciing se thay doi N h u cau lao dong va
dieu kien viec lam ciing khac triidc, mot
so' cong viec bi mat di va mot so' cong viec
mdi xuat hien Chinh sach can phai diidc
dinh hinh lai do he qua cua nhiing thay
ddi, ma nhiing thay ddi nay ch^c c h i n se
xay ra lien tuc trong cac he tho'ng nghe ca
va ci cac nhan to'lien quan
Phan Idn cac tac dong cua bien ddi k h i
hau se viia cu the, vvfa thay ddi cue bo do
sU ket hdp lai ciia cac ngii triidng trong
dieu kien k h i hau Viet N a m v a cac dang
thay doi khac c6 tac dong tieu ciic len cac
nga triicing da bi k h a i thac qua miic v a bi
6 nhifim Dieu n^y se c6 tac dong triic tiep
va gian tiep ve mat k i n h te len an ninh
mat xich v6i nhau Tuy nhien, diia vao
tinh de bi tdn thUdng cao v6i bien ddi k h i
hau, c h i c ban chi c6 nhiing van de dot
xuat hoac lien quan den t h a m hoa bien
ddi k h i hau mdi dUdc chii y Cac qua t r i n h
va sii bien ddi dan ve san xuat nong
nghiep va ngii nghiep c6 the se bi Id di
(FAO 2010)
T i n h h i n h dang phiic tap hdn v i ci Viet
N a m ngUdi ta i t chii y den bien doi k h i hau va sii thich iing vdi bien ddi k h i hau
ci cap do dia phUdng (Nguyen Van PhUdng va V i i T h u Hanh, khong ro ngay thang) Ngiidi ta de xuat r i n g can phai nang cao hdn niia nhan thiic thong qua viec tap t r u n g vao cong dong de thiic hien cac nghien ciiu trUdng hdp nham xem xet lai hien trang va dUa ra nhiing giai phap dia phUdng, ciing nhU tang cUdng vai tro cua xa hoi dan sii trong cac boat dong thich ling v6i bien ddi k h i hau (VNWP 2010) Hdn niia la ci Viet Nam hieu qua ciia bat ky sU doi pho nao v6i bien ddi k h i hau ciing deu hi gi6i han bcii nhieu nhan to' bao gom thieu nhan vien, thie'u cac nguon lUc t a i chinh, vat cha't va viec t h i hanh khong nhat quan Them vao do, can phai cai thien cha't ludng va so lUdng ciia cac can bo, nhan vien chiu trach nhifim
bao ve moi trUdng t\i cap t r u n g Udng t6i
dia phUdng v^ 6 moi viing mien (Nguygn
Van PhUdng vk V u T h u Hanh, khong ro
ngay thang) Sd^ lUdng va nang lUc cua cac can bo, nhan vien ciia cac cd quan nha nUdc lien quan den viec bao ve moi trUdng con kem; them vao do, sU tinh thong va nhan thiic ve bien ddi k h i hau giiia cac bo, cac t i n h va cac cap chinh quyen lai khong gio'ng nhau
Sii d u n g t r i thiJfc sinh t h a i dia phtfofng
' t r o n g v i e c q u a n l y
N h u mot he qua cua bien ddi k h i hau
va cac thay ddi khac, v i t r i , thdi gian va
Trang 7ky thuat cua hoat dong danh bat hang
ngay va danh bat lau dai ciing se thay
ddi Dieu nay phan anh nhiing bien ddi
trong cau true va boat dong ciia cac loai
ca Ket qua la, cac the che quan ly dia
phUdng va cac quyen ve nguon t a i nguyen
lien ddi ciing se hoac thay ddi hoac hi de
doa do sil thay ddi each cii x i i mang t i n h
xa hoi Cach iing cd hoi chu nghia cua
ca nhiing ngii dan dia phiidng va ngii dan
ben ngoai dan den xung dot do nguon tiem
nang viidt qua cd hoi sii dung Uieu nay
doi hoi phai cd nhiing thay doi trong viec
quan ly chinh thiic nghe ca Tom lai, cac
chinh sach va quy dinh ciia ca chinh
quyen trung lidng va dia phiidng se trd
nen lac hau va khong phii hdp vdi cac
thong so' da thay ddi ve sinh vat hoc va
sinh thai hoc ciia nghe ca Tiidng t i i , quan
ly dia phiidng va hoat dong danh h i t giiia
cac ca nhan cun^ se tha^ ddi de phii hdp
v(ii nhrim (ti(^u kiOn mdi ciia dia phuong
Qua nhiing dieu kien nay c6 the thAy
tinh linh boat ve the che vii quan ly la
nhQng hdp phan cd ban ciia viec quan ly
tot de phu h<?p vdi sii bien dong ciia bien
ddi k h i hau NhCing ngiidi ra quyet dinh
can CO sii quan ly l i n h boat va phan iing
nhanh v i khong phai liic nao ho cung cd
the diia tren k i n h nghiem ve phong tuc
tap quan de lam viec Dac biet, can can
cii vao vai trd ngay cang quan trong ciia
nhiing t r i thiic sinh t h a i dia phiidng cd
gia tri de tang kha nang thich iing cua xa
hoi nong thdn va cac k h u viic k i n h te
trddc nhiing bien ddi khong the dii bao
trUdc va sii c6' r i i i ro ngay cang gia tang
Nd ciing bao gom ca cac dac diem cd ban
va quan trong khac ve quan ly, dac biet
de dam bao khong cd nhdm nao hi tach ra
khdi nhip dieu phat trien cua xa hoi, dam
bao quyen ldi bat di bat dich ciing n h i i
t i n h m i n h bach ve sii dung t a i nguyen
trong mot dia phiidng
Hdn the niia, ciing c i n cd sii quan ly cheo cac k h u viic v i bien ddi k h i hau se che ngii va ket ndi viec sii dung tai nguyen thong qua cac he sinh thai ed m l t xich voi nhau Dac biet, nhiing xung dot vdi cac khu viic khac v i cac chien lutdc bao ve bd bien,
cac he thd'ng kiem soat nxidc, dap ngan
niidc va hd chiia niidc de thich iing vdi bien ddi k h i hau d cac k h u viic khac nhau ciia nen kinh te cd the cd tac dong cd hai len nghe ca ciing can diidc phan tich ro
NhCdig dieu nay tdn tai d nhieu quoc gia da cd cac he thong quan ly cac nguon tai n ^ y e n bidn ven bo eta (,tU(?c ki^m nghiem theo thdi giun Cue he thong ndy
diia r a nhiing each tiep cSn khac da dii(^c thii thach va cac kc hoach chi tiet du thiet
ke cue h9 thd'ng mdi phuc v u cho viec quan
ly vi cac he thong dd da thich itng vdi
nhiing dac diem ciia cac ngU trUdng nhiet
ddi gan bd va cac moi trUdng van hoa
(Ruddle va Hickey 2008; Ruddle va Satria 2010) Van chai cua Viet Nam la mot v i du
tuyet vdi cho dieu nay; dd \k mot he thd'ng
da tdn t a i hdn 300 nam ciia quan ly nghe
ca cong dong (Nguydn Duy Thieu va Ruddle 2010; Ruddle 1998; Ruddle 2009; Ruddle va Tudng Phi L a i 2009)
Trang 8Su" dung tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng
de danh gia n h i i n g tac dong t i e m a n
cua bien doi k h i h a u doi vdi cong
nghiep niidc m a m v a v a n hoa a n
uong c u a ngiidi V i e t N a m
Nude mam la loai gia v i quan trong
nbat trong van hda an udng ciia ngUdi
Viet Nam (Isbige va Ruddle 1987, 1990;
Ruddle 2007; Ruddle va lshige 2005) Mac
dCi rat nhieu loai d bien va nUdc ngot cd
the sii dung de lam nUdc mSm, nhUng
loai nUdc cham ngon nhat dUdc lam t i i
cac loai ca cdm (Ruddle 2007; Ruddle va
lshige 2005) Ca cdm trong vdng ddi cua
minh chii yeu song d vung nUdc gan bd,
(Ruddle 1986; Tham 1974) la nhUng ndi
de bi tac dong bdi bien ddi k h i hau va mdi
trUdng Do dd, bien ddi k h i hau tac dong
den Viet Nam cd the tac dong Idn den
cong nghiep nUdc mam, nhat la anh
hudng chinh den van hda an udng ciia
ngudi Viet Nam
Muc tieu quan trong hdn cua dii an
nghien ciiu so la lam sang to cac va'n de cd
the xay ra lien quan den sU Ua thich va
chap nhan loai nude chain nao ciia ngUdi
tieu dung V i bien ddi k h i hau, cd the phai
diing nhieu loai ca hdn de lam nUdc cham
ciing nhu sii dung thay the cac loai gia vi
khac nhau trong van hda am thiic Viet
Nam Chiing ta can thiic hien dieu nay
hkng each khao sat nhiing ngUdi danh ca,
nhiing ngUdi lam nUdc m l m , cac chuyen
gia nau an, nhiing ngUdi tieu diing d thanh
thi va nong thdn ve sU tac dong ciia nhiing
thay ddi va thai dd cua ho dd'i vdi viec thay
the cac loai ca lam nUdc mam, ve sU thay the loai va san pham
Cd hai nhdm chinh trong cac muc tieu cua mot du an nghien ciiu nhU vay TrUdc tien la tac dong xa hoi len nhUng ngU dan
do ho cd nhu cau chuyen ddi cac khu viic danh bat; nhiing anh hudng ve kinh te va
xa bdi dd'i vdi ngU dan, gia dinh ho va nganh cong nghiep danh ca Thii hai la sU thay ddi quan ly phu hdp vdi nhiing ngUdi danh bat ca, ngUdi san xuat va tieu thu nUdc mam Can cd cac nghien ciiu ve viec tieu t h u n h l m danh gia phan iing ciia ho dd'i vdi nhu cau thay ddi cac loai gia v i (nhU chuyen sang diing xi dau) hoac sii dung nUdc mam nhan tao gio'ng nhU d Thai Lan (Ruddle va lshige 2005)
Mac du bat cii loai ca nao ciing cd the dUdc len men de lam nUdc mam va pate theo sd thich do cac dac diem hda hoc vdh
cd ciia tiing loai ciing nhU cac qua trinh sinh vat hoc ciia nhiing loai cd thd khai thac khong thay ddi ve hinh thiic vdi sd lUdng Idn, nhUng d Viet Nam chi cd mot sd loai d bien dU(?c sii dung (Ruddle 1986; Ruddle va lshige 2005) Ngoai t r i i ca trich Idn (thuoc chi ca bac ma), ca trich md (ca mdi khong rang va ca mdi d i u ) va ca song Idn (thuoc chi ca nuc), cac loai ca dUdc diing la ca trich cdm (ca mdi va ca trich) Nhiing loai ca nay thUdng bdi d gan cac vung mat nUdc ven bd va di vao cac viing ciia song nUdc Id, va ddi k h i la vao viing nUdc ngot C h l n g han, ca trong con va trUdng thanh (ho ca cdm) la nhiing loai ca nhd sd'ng d bien dUdc t i m thay d cac viing
Trang 9niidc nong rong 16n gan bd va cvLa song
(Ruddle 1986) Phan 16n ca cdm hi danh
bat trong vong vai k m t i n h tii bd bien v i
chiing thiidng tap t r u n g ci nhiing k h u viic
niidc nong V i the, cac loai ca nay rat de bi
ton thiidng do ap liic ve nhiet gay ra bcii sii
am len toan cau
De tien hanh mot nghien ciiu nhU vay,
can phai dieu tra thiic dia ci cac cang ca
chinh, do la nhiing trung tam san xuat nU6c
mam quan trong nhU Phan Thiet, Nha
Trang va Phii Quoc Nhiing ngUdi danh ca
la nhiing v i du tieu hieu Ho chuyen ve danh
hit cac loai thiidng diidc diing de len men
hien nay nhU ca trich (ca moi), ca cdm, ca
trich me va ca song Idn Ho c6 the se hoi ve
cac loai muc tieu, cong cu chinh dUdc sii
dung; dia diem, miia va do sau ciia nxidc ndi
danh bat, bat cii thay doi nao ma ho quan
sat dUdc trong vai thftp ky qua
Cac diJ ligu dja ly bAt nguon tvi nhiing
thong tin thu dii0c tii nga dan se dudc lap
ban do; cac thong so' vkt ly nhii diidng
danf,' ,san va nhiet dO niidc ciing diroc
them vao nhiing ban dd n^y Ngiidi ta cd
the tiep cftn cac dii lieu khoa hoc ve nghe
ca de cd diidc thong t i n khoa hoc ve cac
loai muc tieu, dac biet ve hoat dong ciia
chiing nhii v i t r i , moi trUdng song, miia
vu, kha nang chiu dUng/Uu tien tU nhien,
dac biet lien quan den cac bien so' k h i
hau, nhiet do nUdc bien, do man va do
due cua nUdc Cac thong t i n khoa hoc sau
do se dUdc xem xet trong mdi tUdng quan
vdi thong t i n t h u dUdc t i i each tiep can t r i
thifc ciia nhiing ngUdi danh b i t ca DUa
tren nhiing dieu viia phan tich, ngUdi ta
se xac dinh va md ta nhiing thay ddi gia thuyet ve boat dong cua ca
Sau dd, ho tien hanh phan tich nhiing each ngU dan iing phd vdi bien ddi, dac biet la ve v i t r i danh bat, nhiing thay ddi
ve cong cu va ky thuat, kha nang t a i chinh cua nhiing ngUdi danh b i t ca va sU
hd t r d de thiic hien nhiing viec nay Nhiing each iing x^ ciia cac ngU dan dd'i vdi viec quan ly nghe ca se dUdc phan tich, dac biet nhan manh vao vai trd quan
ly tiem nang cua van chai
He qua cd the cd ve mat k i n h te, xa hoi
va van hda an uong can phai dUdc khao sat Ve van de nay, can tap t r u n g dac biet vao nhiing ngUdi lam nUdc m i m Chiing ta
cd the hoi ho ve nhiing thay doi nguon cung cap, khd khan ve nguon cung va sU chuyg'n doi dia diem danh b i t c6 the xay
ra ('nng nhii vipc ho cd afin sang sii dung thay thd cac loai khac hay khong Cac ky
sU cong nghe thuc phslm va cac chuyen gin
vc ngliQ thuflt nA'u ftn dUOC dat uhijing cau hdi sau ve tac dong tiem ^n ciia nhiifng thay ddi da md ta d tren den khau vi, mau sac va cac dac tinh khac ciia nUdc m I m do sii thay the cac loai ca lam nitdc mam NgUdi ta se tien hanh khao sat cac nhdm ngUdi tieu dUng d thanh t h i va nong thdn
de t i m hieu chinh xac xem ho thich loai nUdc mam nao va ho cd s i n sang chap nhan thay ddi ve san pham ciing nhU thay the cac gia v i khac hay khong
Ket qua cua mot nghien ciiu nhU vay
se (1) tang cUdng t r i thiic diia tren bien
Trang 10doi k h i hau ci nghe ca ven bd; (2) nang cao
t r i thiic ve sU thay the loai trong cong
nghe thUc pham de san xuat nutdc cham;
va (3) cai thien t r i thiic ve nhiing gia vi
diidc ngiidi tieu diing lia thich va van boa
an uong
T r i thiJfc s i n h t h a i d i a phifcfng d
cac nghien ciJfu thong t i n cong dong
diia vao bao tang
Neu cac dii an ve bien doi k h i hau
trong cac xa hoi nghe ca dUdc quan ly va
thiic hien bcii cac ben khong thuoc cong
dong ngU dan t h i se khong dem lai ket
qua thiet thiic Cac dii an nghien ciiu can
phai dUdc thiic hien bdi cac thanh vien
thanh thao cua cac xa hoi nghe ca, ciing
vdi cac chuyen gia bao tang boat dong vdi
t u each la tU van va cd'van cho ngUdi dan
(Ruddle 2013)
Ndi mot each n g l n gon t h i trUdc tien
nhiing thanh vien dUdc liia chon ciia mot
hoi nghe ca se tap hdp cac dii lieu can
thiet cho dii an nghien ciiu ciia ho, sau dd
thiic hien va giam sat sU thich nghi ciia
cong dong ddi vdi nhiing tac dong cua
bien doi k h i hau anh hUdng den cac boat
dong nghe ca va danh ca Diia tren nhiing
dii lieu dd, ngUdi ta se khao sat sU thich
iing cua cac boat dong trong xa hdi nghe
ca Sau dd, cac thanh vien cong dong se
tiep tuc phac thao each thich Ung cua ho
trong cac hoat dong danh b i t va lap ke
hoach thiic hien mot dil an
V i cd the phan Idn ngU dan cdn chUa
quen vdi cac dii lieu dUdc t h u thap diia
tren t r i thUc sinh thai dia phUdng cua chinh ho nen can phai dinh hUdng va to chiic mot khda dao tao n g i n de giiip moi thanh vien hieu biet day du ve cac muc
tieu va phUdng phap sil dung t r i thiic sinh
thai dia phUdng Viec nay can dUdc thiic hien trong vai ngay dau tien k h i b i t tay vao du an Can bd thiic hien viec dao tao ciing nen tiep tuc ciing dii an de tra ldi cau hdi va t u van cho cac thanh vien cua hoi nham giiip ho t h u thap va sii dung dii lieu Tuy nhien, ngUdi nay khong bao gid dUdc nam vai trd lanh dao trong dii an Sau k h i t h u thap dii lieu, cac thanh vien du an se td chUc lai va nghien cUu cac dii lieu dd Vdi nhiing dii lieu cd dUdc cua toan the hoi, ngUdi ta thao luan y nghia va ham y cua cac thong t i n thu dUdc Cac thanh vien nhdm khao sat cac bien phap thiic te (trong kha nang hien
cd ciia hdi) cd the dUdc thiic hien de nganh cong nghiep ca va sU quan ly nghe
ca thich nghi vdi bien ddi k h i hau ViSc nay dUdc bao cao va thao luan trong toan
the hiep hdi, do dd moi y kien deu dUdc
khao sat va tap hdp lai trong bao cao chon loc ciia nhdm
Nhdm du an sau dd se cd mot ke hoach hanh dong cu the de dUa y tudng vao hien thiic va bao cao ddn v i quan ly dia phUdng phii hdp de xin y kien, phe chuan va ho trd Ciing vdi cac nhan vien, can bd ciia bao tang, nhdm dU an trd thanh nhiing ngUdi dong phac thao va td chiic cac trUng
bay CO dinh va lUu dong, cac t a i lieu giao
due va truyen thong khac ve cac van de