phân loại và phương pháp giải nhanh bài tập hóa học vô cơ 12

Sau do cac ion kim loai trong dung djch duoc khir bang kim loai c6 tinh khir manh hem.. Phuomg phap dien phan * Casa: Dung dong didn m6t chieu de khir cac ion kim loai.. Mat khac, cung

Cdc em hoc sinh Idp 12 than md'n!

nam vChig kiS'n thiic va c6 the dat ket qua cao nha't trong cac k i thi, cac

em hoc sinh c^n ren luyfin giai nhanh cac dang bai tap thucmg xuyfen, lifin tuc trong

qua trinh hoc tap ciia minh Di cac em c6 th6m tai Vitu tu ren luyfin cac k l nang giai

bai tap, chupg t6i xin tran trong gioi thidu h6 sach: "Phdn loai vd phuong phdp

giai nhanh bai tap hod hoc 12" ' ••

PMn V6 CO g6m 5 chuong: ^

Chuong 5: Dai cuong \i kim loai

Chuong 6: Kim loai k\6m - Kim loai ki^m th6 nh6m

Chuong 7: Crom - Sat - D6ng

Chiromg 8: Nhan bie't mot s6' chat v6 co va chu^n d6 dung djch

Chuong 9: Hoa hoc vdri va'n d^ kinh i6, xa h6i va m6i trucmg

Trong m6i chuong duoc trinh bay:

A Ly thuyd't co ban

B Phuong phap giai cac dang bai tap

M6i bai tap trong sach duoc tac gia chon loc k l cang, la sir k6't tinh ciia kifi'n

thiic CO tinh chat t6ng hop kd't hop v6i kinh nghidm nhilu nam luy6n thi Cac bai

tap nay co gia tri rat cao v^ n6i dung, co d6 tin cay rat 16n trong ki^m tra, danh gia

Cac bai tap duoc n6u ra trong tap sach d^u duoc giai chi tifi't, d^y dii, d6 hi^u

va theo cac phuong phap giai nhanh

Tac gia xin b^y to long bid't on sau sSc su gop y chan thanh ciia cac ban d6ng

nghifip va cac em hoc sinh

Chuc cac em dat kd't qua cao trong hoc tap '

Tac gia

Mia sach Khang Vi^t xin tran trgng giai thi$u tai Quy dgc gid vd xin

idng nghe mgi y kim dong gop, decuon sack ngdy cdng hay han, botch han

Thu xin giti ve:

Cty T N H H Mpt Thanh Vien - Djch Van hoa Khang Vi$t

71, Dinh Tien Hoang, P Dakao, Quan 1, TP H C M

Tel: (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - Fax: (08) 39110880

Ho|c Email: khangvietbookstore@yahoo.com.vn

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang YTel ChirongS. D A I Clfdll^G K I M M A I

I C A U T A O CUA K I M L O A I

1 Cau tao nguyen tiir: Nguyen tir ciia hSu hd't cac kim loai co s6' electron b Idp

ngoai cung it (1, 2, 3 e)

2 Cau tao tinh the: Trong tinh th^ kim loai, nguydn tir va ion kim loai n l m a

nhiJng niit ciia mang tinh th6', cac electron hoa tri chuyen dong tu do trong mang tinh the

3 Lien ket kim loai: La lien ket duoc hinh thanh giOa cac qguySn ttr va ion kim

loai trong mang tinh the do sir tham gia ciia cac electron tu do

I I T I N H C H A T C U A K I M L O A I

1 Tinh chat vat ly chung

Cac kim loai deu dSn didn, dSn nhiet, deo, co anh kim la do cac electron tu do

trong kim loai gay ra

2 Tinh chat vat ly rieng

M6t !6' tinh chat vat ly nhu kh6'i luong riSng, nhiet d6 nong chay, tinh ciifng phu thu6c vao do b^n ciia lien ket kim loai, nguySn tir khdi, ki^u mang tinh th^, ciia kim loai

3 Tinh that hoa hoc chung cua kim loai

Cac kim loai deu CO tinh khir:

M > M"" + ne Nguyt n nhan: Cac electron hoa trj ciia nguydn tir kim loai lien k6't yd'u vdi hat nhan

nguydn tii, do do cac kim loai co kha nang nhuong electron de tao thanh ion duong

a Tac dung v&i phi kim

Hdu hift cac kim loai khir duoc phi kim thanh ion am Thf du:

4A1 + 3 0 , — ^ 2 A 1 A

Hg + S > HgS :

h Tac dung vdi axit

* D6'i y&i dung dich HCl, H:S04 loang:

Cac kiin loai dung trudc H trong day hoat d6ng hod hoc (day dien hoa) khir duoc ion (H3O*) ciia cac axit nay thanh H2:

M + nH* > M"" + - H , t

* D6'i v5i H2SO4 dac, nong; HNO3:

nau ha cac kim loai (triT Au, Pt) khii duoc N va- S trong cac axit nay xu6ng s<3

oxi hoa thap hon

Thi du: 3Cu + 8HNO,(l) > 3Cu(NO,)2 + 2NO + 4 H , 0

2Fe + 6H3S04(d) '" > Fe2(S04)3 + SSO, + 6H3O

c Tac dung vdi H2O

- Cac kim loai c6 tinh khir manh nhir kim loai kiem, kim loai kidm tho (Ca, Sr,

Ba, truofc M g trong day dien hoa) khir H^O d6 dang 6 nhiet do thircmg

Thi du: 2Na + 2H.O > 2NaOH + H.T

- Mot s6' kim loai khac (nhu Mg, Zn, Fe, ) khir duoc hoi nuoc d nhiet d6 cao:

M g + H^O.h, — ^ MgO + H ,

3Fe + 4H.O — ^ Fe304 + 4 H :

d Tac dung vai dung dich niuoi cua kim loai

Kim loai manh hon (khong tac dung v6'i H^O) day duoc kim loai y€u hon ra

khoi dung djch mu6'i

Thi du: Fe + CuSO^Cdd) > FeSO, + Cui

Fe + Cu-" > Fe-" + Cu

III D A Y D I E N H O A C U A K I M L O A I

1 Cap oxi hoa - khurcua kim loai

Dang oxi hoa (M"*) va dang khu (M) ciia ciing m6t kim loai tao nen m6t cap oxi

hoa - khu ( M " 7 M ) , giOa chung c6 m6'i quan hd:

M " " +ne ( > M

2 Pin dien hoa

- Pin d'ltn hoa la thiet bi trong do nang lugng ciia phan ling oxi hoa - khir (hoa

nang) chuyen thanh dien nang

- Pin dien hoa tao bdi hai cap oxi hoa - khu, trong do:

• O cue am (anot): Xay ra su oxi hoa chat khir

• 6 cue duong (catot): Xay ra sir khu chat oxi hoa

- Sua't dien dong ciia pin dien hoa: La hieu ciia the didn cue duong (E,+)) v6i th6'

dien cue am (£,.,):

E(pi,„ = - E,-, > 0 (luon diromg)

E ° pi„) = E V ) - E V , > 0 (sua't dien dong chuan)

E,pi„), E°p|,„ phu thuoc vao ban chat ciia kim loai lam dien cue, n6ng d6 dung i

dich va nhiet do

5. The dien circ chuan ciia kim loai

- Dien cue hidro chudn : Pt (H,, 1 atm)/H" ( I M ) :

(Neu M diing truoc H trong day dien hoa)

4 Quy tac anpha (a ) 1

Day didn hoa ciia kim loai cho phep du doan chieu eua phan ling giCra hai cap

oxi hoa - khir theo quy tac a

Phan ling giOa hai cap oxi hoa - khir xay ra theo chieu chat oxi hoa manh hon se oxi hoa chat khir manh hon sinh ra chat oxi hoa yeu hon va chat khu yeu hon:

[oxh|„,„h + [kh] ,„,„h > [oxh]j4„ + [kh]

I V S l T B I E N P H A N

- Sir dien phan la qua trinh oxi hoa - khijf xay ra 0 be mat cac didn cue khi c6 dong dien mot chi6u di qua chat dien li nong chay hoac dung dich chat dien li

- Phan ling hoa hoc or cac dien cUc trong binh dien phan:

* 6 catot (cue - ) : Xay ra sU khir:

M " " + ne hoac 2 H , 0 + 2e

A : Khoi lugng mol cua chat thu dugc 6 dien cue

n: 56' electron ma nguyen tu hoac ion da nhan

I : Cuong do dong dien (A) , r t: Thoi gian dien phan (s)

F: Hang so Faraday (F = 96500 C/ mol)

- Tinh s6' mol electron trao d6i: n trao ddi = It/ F (mol)

Phdn locii va pluMni^ phc'ip f-idi BT H6a hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan

V Sir AN M O N K I M L O A I

1 S u an mon hoa hoc va su an mon dien hoa i

-Giong nhau: D^u c6 ban chat la phan ung oxi hoa - khir

-Khdc nhau:

* Trong an mon hoa hoc khdng hinh thanh dong dien

* Trong an mon dien hoa c6 hinh thanh dong electron (cac electron dirac di

chuyen thanh dong, tir cue am d6n cue duong => tao pin difin hoa)

2 Cac dieu kien xay ra an mon dien hoa hoc

- Cac difin cue phai khae nhau ban chat

- Cac didn cue phai tid'p xiic true tiep hoac gian tiS'p vdi nhau qua day dSn

- Cac dien cue cung tiep xuc vdri dung dich chat dien l i

Chu y; Thie'u 1 trong 3 dieu kifen tren se khdng xay ra an mon dien hoa hoc, ma se

xay ra an mon hoa hoc

3 Chong an mon kim loai

- Bi6n phap bao \t be mat: scm, trang, ma, b6i diu m5, phii chat deo, \tn hi

mat kim loai

- Bidn phap bao vt ditn hoa: Diing kim loai c6 tfnh khir manh hom d^ bio vfi

(anot hi sinh)

V I P H U O N G P H A P D I E U C H E K I M L O A I

1 Phuofng phap thuy luyen (phuong phap udt)

* Ca sff: Dung nhOng dung dich thich hop, nhu dung djch H 2 S O 4 , NaOH,

NaCN, de hoa tan k i m loai hoac hop chat ciia kim loai va tach ra khoi phan khong

tan CO trong quang

Sau do cac ion kim loai trong dung djch duoc khir bang kim loai c6 tinh khir

manh hem

* Phant vi dp dung: Duoc diing de' dieu che nhOng kim loai c6 tinh khir yS'u nhu

Cu, Hg, Au,

* Thi du: Di6u che bac tir quang chira bac sunfua:

Ag.S + 4NaCN > 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na,S

2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn > 2Ag + Na.[Zn(CN)4]

2 Phuong phap nhiet luyen

* Ca sa: Khir nhUng ion kim loai trong cac hop chat thucmg la exit kim loai o

nhiet do cao bang cac chat khu manh nhu C, CO, H , hoac A l , k i m loai ki^m, kim

loai kiem th6

* Phqm vi dp dung: Uhg dung r6ng rai trong cong nghiep de di^u che' nhffng

kim loai c6 d6 hoat dong trung binh n h u Z n , Fe, Sn, Pb, Cr,

V6i kim loai kern hoat dong nhu A g , Hg thi chi cin dot chay quang cung da thu

duoc kim loai ma khdng phai khiJr bang cac tac nhan khac

HgS + O > Hg + SO, " " ' Ag,S + O, — ^ 2Ag + SO,

*Thidu: Fe^Oj + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO,

C r A + 2A1 '" > 2Cr + AUOj ZnO + C Zn + CO

Chu v; Khi CO nong chi khir duoc cac ion kim loai trong cac oxit diing sau kem trong day dien hoa, thi du FeO, PbO, CuO,

3 Phuomg phap dien phan

* Casa: Dung dong didn m6t chieu de khir cac ion kim loai r,

* Phqm vi dp dung: Co the diSu che duoc hdu het cac k i m loai

- Dieu che' k i m loai c6 tinh khir manh nhu L i , Na, K, A l , bang each dien phan nhung hop chat (mud'i, baza, oxit) nong chay ciia chiing

- Dieu che' kim loai c6 tinh khir trung binh va kim loai c6 tinh khir yeu nhu Zn,

C u , bang each dien phan dung djch mu6'i cua chiing

*r/(/c/M -2NaCl > 2 N a + Q,

2 A I 3 O 3 ^n"^.^""i" ) 4 A I + 3 0 ,

B P H U C M ( 5 P H A P GJAO C-Ac 'D:^Na BAO T ^ P

Dang 1 : Bai tap kim loai tac dung vol dung djch muo'i, axit va phi kim

1 Kh6'i luong la kem giam khi ngam la kem vao dung dich (gia thie't khi k i m loai thoat ra bam he't vao la kem, kem chi bi oxi hoa boi ion k i m loai)

Phan loai va phirati}> phi'ip i^iai BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Toan

Zn + CUSO4 > Cu 4^ + ZnS04

X x(mol)

Am = 64x - 65x < 0 => kh6'i lirong l a kem giam

Dap an dung la D

2 Cho a gam h6n hop bot cac kim loai Ni va Cu vao dung djch A g N O , dir, khuS'y

k l m6t thofi gian cho den khi phan ling k^'t thiic, thu duoc 54 gam kim loai

Mat khac, cung cho a gam h6n hop bot cac kim loai tren vao dung djch CUSO4

du, khua'y kT cho den khi phan ling ket thuc, thu duoc kim loai c6 khoi luong

bang (a + 0,5) gam Gia trj cua a la

A 13,5 g B 15,5 g C 18,6 g D 20,4 g

Hu&ng dan gidi Goi X, y \&n luot la s6' mol N i , Cu trong h6n hgfp Ta c6: a = 59x + 64y

* PTPU" xay ra khi cho N i , Cu + AgNO^Cdd, du):

Ni + 2AgNO., > 2Ag>l +Ni(N03)

* PTPU" xay ra khi cho N i , Cu + CuS04(dd, dir):

Ni + CUSO4 > Cui + NiS04

Vay a = 59 0,1 + 64.0,15 = 15,5 Dap an diing la B

3 Hai la kim loai ciing chat, c6 khoi luong bang nhau: Mot duoc ngam vao dung

dich Cd(N0,)2; mot duoc ngam vao dung djch PbCNO,), Khi phan ling, kim loai

diu bj oxi hoa thanh ion kim loai 2+ Sau mot thai gian, la'y cac la kim loai ra

khoi dung djch thi tha'y kh6'i luong la kim loai duoc ngam trong mu6'i cadimi

tang them 0,47%; con khoi luong la kim loai kia tang them 1,42% Gia thiet rang,

trong hai phan ung tren khoi luong kim loai tham gia phan ufng la nhu nhau

Kim loai da diing la

A Z n B.Fe C Cu D M g

Hu&ng dan gidi

Kl hifiu kim loai do la M , s6' mol M phan ume la x: khA'i lirnmfr M h;in rtaH la m tn\

4 Nhiing mot thanh sdt nang 100 gam vao 100 ml dung djch h6n hop g6m

Cu(N03)2 0,2M va A g N O j 0,2M Sau mot thdi gian lay thanh kim loai ra, rua

sach lam kh6 can duoc 101,72 gam (gia thiet cac kim loai tao thanh deu bam het vao thanh sdt) Khoi luong sat da phan ung la

A 1,40 gam B 0,84 gam C 2,16 gam D 1,72 gam

Hu&ng dan gidi

Theo bai ra: ncu(N03)2 = 0,1 0,2 = 0,02 (mol);

mp, = (0,01 + 0,015) 56 = 1,40 (gam)

Dap an diing la A

5 De khir ion Cu"* trong dung djch CUSO4 c6 the diing kim loai

A Ba B K C Fe D Na

Huong dan gidi

De khCr ion Cu-* trong dung djch CUSO4 c6 the dung kim loai Fe:

Phdn loai va phuang phdp gidi BT Hoa hoc 12 - CM TIU ! an

Fe + C U S O 4 > Cu + FeS04

Dap an dung la C

6 khu ion Fe'* trong dung dich thanh ion Fe'* c6 ths' diing m6t lugng du

A kim loai Cu B kim loai Ba

C kim loai Ag D kim loai Mg

Hu&ng ddn gidi

D6' khii ion Fe'* trong dung dich thanh ion Fe"* c6 the dung m6t luong dir

kim loai Cu: Cu + 2Fe'* > Cu"* + 2Fe-*

Dap an dung la A

7 Cho day cac kim loai: Cu, N i , Zn, Mg, Ba, Ag S6' kim loai trong day phan ting

ducfc vdi dung djch FeCl, la

8 Cho h6n hop gom Fe va M g vao dung dich AgN03, khi cac phan ling xay ra

hoan toan thu duoc dung dich X (g6m hai muoi) va chat rSn Y (gom hai kim

loai) Hai mu6'i trong X la

A M g ( N 0 3 ) 2 v a Fe(N03)2 B Fe(N03)3va M g ( N 0 3 ) 2

C Fe(N03)3 va AgNOj D AgN03 va M g ( N 0 3 ) 2

Huong ddn gidi

- Y gom hai kim loai => Hai kim loai la Ag, Fe du

- X gom hai mu6'i => Hai mu6'i la MgCNOj)! va FeCNOj),

(Vi Fe con du nen AgNO, het, khong the sinh ra FeCNO,),)

Dap an dung la A

9 Cho 2,8 gam b6t sat vao 200 ml dung dich gdm AgNO3 0 , l M va

C U ( N O 3 ) 2 0,5M; khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu duoc m gam cha't ran

Thii tu phan iJng:

Fe + 2AgN03 ^ Fe(N03)2 + 2Ag 4- 7;;

0,01 ^ 0 , 0 2 0,02 , ,< •

Fe + Cu(N03)2 - > C u 4 + Fe(N03)2 ; > I

(0,05-0,01)-^ 0,04 ^ 0 , 0 4 '

Vay m - m^g + = 0,02.108 + 0,04.64 = 4,72 g Dap an dung la D

10 Cho m gam b6t sat vao dung dich h6n hcfp gom 0,15 mol CuS04va 0,2 mol HCl Sau khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan, thu duoc 0,725m gam h6n hop kim loai Gia tri cua m la

nFe(N03)3 -0,15.1 =0,15(mol);nc„(NO3 )2 =0,15.1 =0,15(mol)

Thirtutrong day dian hoa: Al^+ /A^Fe^* /Fe;Cu^^ /Cu;Fe^^ /Fe^^ V

Phan loai vaphifcfn^phiip fiidi />/ //oti hoc 12 -Cii ' h.i / )/;

2A1 + SFe^"" ^ 3Fe i +2A\^^

0,05 0,075 ^ 0,075(mol)

Vay m = mcu+ mp, =0,15.64+ 0,075.56 = 13,80(g) » a p an dung la C

12 Cho a mol bot kem vao dung djch c6 hoa tan b mol Fe(NO,), Tim dieu kien

lien he giOa a va b de sau khi ket thiic phan ung khong c6 kim loai

Ban ddu: a b (mol)

Phan ung: a 2a (mol)

Do do b > 2a thi Zn phan ling het (bj tan het) va Fe'^^ Fe^^ (dd)

Dap an diing la C

13 Cho h6n hop kim loiii Mg, Zn, Fe vao dung dich chiia AgNO, va CuCNO,), Sau khi

phan ling xay ra hoiin toan thu duoc dung dich X g6m 3 muoi va chat rSn Y gom ba kim

loai Ba mudi trong X la

A Mg(N03)3, Fe(N03),, AgNO., B Mg(N03)„ Zn(NO.,)„ Cu(N03),

C Mg(N03),, Zn(N03),, Fe(NO,,), D Mg(NO.,):, Zn(NO,,)., Fe(NO,)

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Thu" tir cac kim loai nay trong day dien hoa:

Mg2+ /Mg;Zn2^ / Z n ; Fe^^ /FeiCu^^ /Cu;(Fe-'^ /Fe2+);Ag^ / A g

=> Kha nang phan ling ciia cac kim loai: Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > A g

Do do 3 kim loai sau phan ling la: Ag;Cu;Fe

Vi Fe con du nen:

+ Mg, Zn phan ling het => c6 mu6'i Mg(N03)2 '^"(^^^.Oi

+ Mu6'i Cu(N03)2;AgNO, het => khong c6 cac mu6'iCu(N03)2 ,AgN03

trong dung dich sau phan umg

+ Kh6ng tao ra muoi Fe(N03)^ ma tao ra mu6'i Fe(NO,)2 '

vay 3 mu6'i trong X la Mg(N03)2 ;Zn(N03)2 ;Fe(N03)2 •

'' ' ' Dap an dung la D

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet

14 Cho 29,8 gam h6n hcrp bot gom Zn va Fe vao 600ml dung djch CUSO4 0,5M

Sau khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc dung dich X va 30,4 gam h6n hop kim loai Ph^n tram vd khdi lucmg ciia Fe trong h6n hop ban ddu la

A 43,63%' B 56,37% C 64,42% D 37,58%

Huong ddn gidi ,

Theobaira: ncu,so4 =0'60,5 = 0,3(mol)

V i khdi luong hdn hop kim loai sau phan ling lodi hon khdi luong hdn hop tru6c phan ling (30,4g > 29,8g) => Fe da phan ling mot phdn Do do, CUSO4 da phan

ling het, hdn hop kim loai sau phan ling gdm Cu va Fe dir , ^

Goi X , y, z Idn lirot la sd mol Zn, Fe phan ling, Fe con du

56.(y + z).100% 56.(0,1 + 0,2) 100%

vay: %mp, = — ^ - '- = — — = 56,37%

29,8 29,8

Dap an dung la B

15 Cho a mol A l vao dung dich chiia b mol Fe"* va c mol Cvr* Ket thiic phan ling

thu duoc dung djch chiia 2 loai ion kim loai Ket lufln nao sau day la diing?

Hu&ng ddn gidi

V i dung dich thu dugc chiia 2 ion kim loai (Al'* sinh ra va Fe""^ con du)

=> Cu-' het (Cu-* phan ling trudc Fe*); A l het (vi Fe"* con du)

PTPlT: 2A1 + 3Cu2^ > 3Cu I +2A1^+ j , , , , ( D , hu>'A

Phdii locii vu pliif<yiii> plu'ip i^idi BT Hoa hoc 12 — Cu Thanh Toan

- V i A l phan utig vijfa du hoac con dir b phan utig (1) n6n:

16 Cho m gam h6n hop bot X gom Fe, Cu vao 600ml dung djch A g N O , I M Sau

khi ket thiic phan iJng thu duoc dung djch Y g6m 3 muoi (kh6ng chiia AgNOj)

CO khdi luong giam 50 gam so v6i ban dSu Gia tri ciJa m la

A 64,8 B 14,8 C 17,6 D 114,8

>; Hu&ng ddn gidi

Theobaira: nAgN03 =0>6(mol)

- V i dung djch sau phan ling thu duoc 3 muoi => Fe, Cu phan ung het

- Trong dung djch sau phan irng khdng c6 AgNOj => A g N O j da phan ting het

So 66 phan ling:

Fe,Cu + A g N O j ^ Fe (NO3 \u (NO3 \(NO3 )3 + A g i

Ta c6: m + m ddAgN03 ""^Ag"^ """"^ddsau

17 Ngam h6n hop 3 kirn loai Fe, Cu, A g trong luong du dung djch cha't X, khua'y

ky cho den khi phan iJng ket thiic thi cha't rSn thu duoc chi c6 A g va c6 khdi

lugng bang khdi luong ciJa no trong hdn hop dSu Vay X la

18 Cho m gam bot sat tac dung vdi 175 gam dung djch AgN03 34%, sau phan ling

thu duoc dung djch X chi chiia 2 mudi sat va 4,5m gam cha't ran Ndng d6 ciJa

Fe(N03)3 trong dung dich X la

A 7,60% B 12,36% C 8,31% D 9 , 8 1 %

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Theo bai ra: n AgN03 = " J ^ ^ = 0,35(mol)

V i dung djch X khdng con AgNOj => AgNO, het

=> n^g - nAgN03 = 0,35(mol)=>mAg = 0,35.108 = 37,8 (gam)

=> 37,8 = 4,5m =:>m = 8,4(gam)=>np^ = 8,4/56 = 0,15(mol)

Goi X, y \k\t la sd mol Fe(N03)2 va Fe(N03)3

Ta c6: 2x + 3y = 0,35 (bao toan electron)

X + y = 0,15 (bao toan nguyen td sat)

Giai ra ta duoc: x = 0,1; y = 0,05

vay C , , , o ) = " ' " ^ • ^ ^ ^ • ' " ' ^ ^ - 8 , 3 1 % D a p a n d a n g l a C

• ^ Fe(N03)3 175 + 8,4-37,8

Chu V Khdi luong phdn dung dicll sau phan ling:

•"dd = ""ddAgNOj + "Ipe - "lAg4

19 Cho m, gam A l vao 100ml dung dich gdm Cu(N03)2 0,3M va A g N O , 0,3M

Sau khi cac phan ung xay ra hoan toan thi thu duoc mj gam chat ran X Neu cho

mj gam X tac dung vdi luong du dung djch HCl thi thu duoc 0,336 lit khi (o

dktc) Gia trj ciJa m, va m^ Mn luot la

A 0 , 5 4 v a 5 , 1 6 B I,08va5,43 C.8,10va5,43 D I,08va5,16

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Theo bai ra: ncu(N03)2 " ^ ' ' -^'^ " 0,03mol;

"AgNOj = 0,1.0,3 = 0,03mol;nH2 =0,336/22,4 = 0,015mol

2A1 + 6HCI -> 2 A I C I 3 + 3H2 t

0,01 < - 0,015

Vay:m, =(0,01 + 0,02 + 0,0l).27 = l,08(g) „ ^ ,

m2 = m c u + m A j , =0,03.64+0,03.108=5,16(g) Dap an diing la D

20 Day nao sau day chi gom cac chat vira tac dung duoc vdi dung djch HCl, vira

tac dung duofc vorj dung djch AgNO,?

A Hg,Na,Ca B A l , Fe, CuO C Fe, Ni, Sn D Zn, Cu, Mg

Huong ddn gidi

Day gom cac chat vira tac dung v6i dung djch HCl, vira tac dung v6i dung dich

AgNO, la Fe, Ni, Sn

21 Nhung mot la kim loai M (chi c6 hoa trj hai trong hop chat) c6 khoi lirong 50

gam vao 200ml dung dich AgNO, I M cho den khi phan iJng xay ra hoan toan

Loc dung djch, dem c6 can thu duoc 18,8 gam muoi khan Kim loai M la

Gia sir M la kim loai Zn (kim loai c6 phan tiJr khoi Idn nha't => c6 s6' mol nho

nhat) thi n^, = 50/65 = 0,77mol >0,1 => Kim loai M con du, AgNOj phan linghet

T h e o P T H H = > n ^ N O ^ ) ^ = 0 , l ( m o l )

=>MM(NO3)2 = ' 8,8/0,1 = 188 M M = 188 - 62.2 = 64(Cu)

Vay M la kim loai Cu Dap an diing la B

22 Cho h6n hop gom 0,02 mol Fe vii 0,01 mol Cu vao dung djch chiia 0,065 mol

AgNO,, sau cac phan ung hoan toan thu duoc 200 ml dung djch X N6ng do cua

Fe(N03), trong dung djch.X la

A 0 , 0 5 M '£pa;075r^», C 0,025M D.O.IOM

Cty TNHH MTV~DWH Khang Viet Hu&ng ddn gidi

Trat tir day didn hoa: Fe'V Fe; Cu'V Cu ; Fe'7 Fe'^; AgV Ag

nen trinh tir cac phan ling xay ra nhu sau:

Fe + 2AgNO, -> Fe(N03)2 + 2 A g i '

Cu + 2AgN03 Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i

0,01 -> 0,02 S6' mol AgNO., con lai 0,065 - (0,04 + 0,02) = 0,005 (mol)

Fe(N03), + AgNO, -> Fe(N03)3 + A g i

0,02 0,005 (banddu) 0,005 <- 0,005 ^ 0,005 (mol)

vay nong do Fe(N03)3 trong dung djch X:

CFe(N03), = ^ = 0'025 (M)

Dap an dung la C

23 Hoa tan h6n hop chiJa dong thai 0,15 mol m6i kim loai Fe va Cu trong 675ml

dung djch A g N O j l M , khoi luong chat rSn thu duoc khi ke't thiic phan dng la

vay m,i„ = m^gi = 0,675 108 = 72,9 (gam) Dap an dung la D

24 Cho 1,76 gam h6n hop bot X gom Cu, Fe c6 ti 16 mol tuong ling la 1: 2 vao

100ml dung djch AgNO, I M , khua'y k l d^ cac phan urng xay ra hoan toan Khd'i

luong Ag thu duoc la

A 6,48 gam B 8,56 gam C 10,8 gam D 8,64 gam

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Theo bai ra: nAgN03 =^'1 ( ' " ° ' ) Goi X la s6' mol Cu => s6' mol Fe 1^ 2x fH'J VI^N Tl'.MH «iNH THl.'ANJ

——— ^ — — :L

Ta c6: 64x + 56 2x = 1,76 => x = 0,01 (mol)

Vi thiJ tu trong day di6n hoa: Fe-'/Fe; Cu'VCu; Fe-*/Fe'"; A g V A g

Nen thii tix phan ung xay ra:

Fe + 2 A g " Fe-" +2Ag>l

0 , 0 2 ^ 0 , 0 4 - ^ 0 , 0 2 ^ 0 , 0 4 ' '\h

Cu + 2 A g " C u - " + 2 A g i , 0,01 ->0,02 0,02

Fe-" + A g " ^ Fe'* + A g i 0,02 -> 0,02 ^ 0,02

=> n + = 0,04 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,08 < 0,1 => A g " con du

= n ^ + (Pu) = 0,08 (mol)

=> m^g = 0,08 108 = 8,64 (gam) Dap an dung la D

25 Hoa tan 5,4 gam b6t A l vao 150 m l dung dich h6n hop Fe(N03)3 I M va

Cu(N03)2 JM- Sau khi phan ihig xay ra hoan loan thu duoc m (gam) chat ran

" Gia tri cua m la

* A 13,80 B 10,95 C 15,20 D 13,20

Hu&ng dan gidi

Theobaira: n ^ , =0,2mol; np^ =0,15mol

Vay m = 0,15.64+ 0,075.56 = 13,80(g) Dap an dung la A

26 Hoa tan 1,57 gam h6n hop b6t kim loai gom A l , Zn vao 100 ml dung djch h6n

hop A g N O , 0,1M va Cu(N03)2 0,3M Sau khi phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu

diroc chat ran X va dung dich Y chi chiJa hai mudi Ngam X trong dung djch

H2SO4 loang kh6ng tha'y c6 khi thoat ra Cho dung dich NH3 dir vao Y thi thu

dugc bao nhieu gam ket tua?

A 1,96 gam B 2,74 gam C 1,56 gam D 0,78 gam

Hu&ng dan gidi

[ Theobaira: n^gNOj =0,1.0,1 =0,01 mol

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Via

=> X chura A g va Cu ( A l , Zn deu het)

Do do, A l va Zn phan ung vijfa dii vori A g N O , va Cu(N03)2 , ;j

Qua trinh cho - nhan electron:

A l Al-''+ + 3e

X - > X -> 3x(mol)

Zn -> Zn^^ + 2e

y -> y ^ 2y (mol) Ag"^ + le -> A g i 0,01 - > 0 , 0 1 Cu^+ + 2e ^ Cu i 0,03 -> 0,06

27 Cho m gam bdt sat vao dung dich chiia 0,2 mol A g N O j va 0,1 mol Cu(N03)2,

khua'y deu den khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu dugc 19,44 gam chat ran

Gia tri ciia m la ^^

A 5,6 B.5,04 C.3,36 D 8,4

Hu&ngddngidi ^ ,1 i

Gia siJr AgN03 phan lifng het thi tao ra 0,2 mol A g m^g = 0,2.108 = 21,6(g) > 19,44(g)

Plum loai vci phifcmij phop i^icii BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Toan

=> AgNOj con du, C u ( N 0 3 ) 2 chua phan irng, Fe phan iJng het:

Fe + 3AgNOj (dif) ^ Fe (NO3 )^ + 3Ag i

m/56 3m/56(mol)

Taco: —.108 = 19,44 =:>m=3,36(g) Dap an diing la C

56

Chu y: Fe + 2AgNO, -> Fe(NO3 )^ + 2Ag i

Fe(NO,)2 + AgNO, ->• Fe(NO,), + Ag i

=> Fe + 3AgNO, (du) Fe (NO, )^ + 3Ag i

28 Cho 10,7 gam h6n hcrp kim loai g6m Mg, A l , Fe (c6 d 16 mol 1: 1: 1) vao dung

djch chiia 0,75 mol AgNO, den khi cac phan li-ng xay ra hoan toan thu duoc bao

nhieu gam chat rSn?

A 59,6 B 32,6 C 81 D 75,6

Huong dan gidi

So mol moi kim loai Mg, A l , Fe la x

29 Cho 16,2 gam kim loai M c6 hoa tri n tac dung vdi 0,15 mol O, Chat ran thu

duorc sau phan urng dem hoa tan vao dung djch HCl du tha'y thoat ra 13,44 lit H ,

16,2.n^

^ e (cho) = (mol)

m

O, + 4e > 0,15 0,15 4 (mol)

20"-2H" + 2e >

2.13,44 13,44

>Ie(nhan) =0,15.4 +

22,4 2.13,44 22,4

18 Loai

27 (Al) Thoa man

Dap an dung la B

(n = 1, M = 9 (Be)=> loai vi Be hoa tn n = 2)

(n =2, M = 18 kh6ng c6 kim loai nao thoa man)

Vay M la A l

30 Cho hiin hop gom 0,15 mol Mg va 0,1 mol A l vao dung djch chira dong thdi 0,2 mol A^ NO, va 0,25 mol Cu(N03)2, sau phan ihig hoan toan thu duoc dung dich

X Cho NaOH du vao dung djch X thi khoi lirong ket tiia tao ra la

A 21,4 gam B 18,4 gam C 8,4 gam D 13,6 gam

=> Dungdjch Xco: 0,15 mol MgCNO,),; O.lmolAl(N03)3 ;

0,25-0,05-0,15 = 0,05mol Cu(N03)2 (du)

31 Ngam m6t vSt bang dong c6 kh6'i luong 10 gam trong 250 gam dung dich

AgNOj 4% Khi la'y vat ra thi khoi lirgng AgNO, trong dung djch giam 17%

a) Viet phiromg trinh hoa hoc cua phan ling va cho biet vai tro cac chat tham gia

phan urng

b) Xac dinh kh6'i luong cua vat sau phan ung

Huong ddn gidi

a) PTHH: Cu + 2AgN03 > CU(N03)2 + 2Ag i

Chat khu chat oxi hoa

b) Kh6'i luong AgNOj c6 trong dung dich ban ddu: m^gN03 - ^^^'^ = 10(g)

100 S6'mol AgNO, tham gia phan ling = = 0,01mol

32 Cho h6n horp gdm 1,2 mol Mg va x mol Zn vao dung djch chiia 2 mol Cu""^ va

10.536 mol Ag"^ den khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc m6t dung dich

chua ba ion kim loai Trong cac gia trj sau day, gia tri nao ciia x thoa man trucmg

Dung djch thu duoc chura 3 ion kim loai '

i=> 3 ion do phai la Mg"* , Zn"* va Cu"* (du)

Vi Cu"* con du => Mg va Zn phan xing het

Cac qua trinh phan ling xay ra:

A 6,40 B 5,76 C 3,84 D 5,12

Hu&ng ddn gidi Cdch 1:

Theo bai ra: "AgNOj = 0,4.0,2 = 0,08(mol)

= 5,85/65 = 0,09(mol)

VI 2nz„ >nAgN03 (20,09>0,08) =>Zn con du sau khi cac phan ling xay ra

hoan toan

Cu + 2AgN03 ^ Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i

=> X (ran): Ag, Cu (chua phan ting) , ,;

Y (dung djch): AgNOj (chua phan ling), CU(N03)2

Zn + 2AgN03 -> Zn (NO3)^ + 2Ag i , : :

Zn + Cu(N03)2-> Cu >l+Zn(N03)2

=> Z (ran): Ag, Cu, Zn (du)

Vay thuc chat ciia thi nghiem tran la: ; - i JiJ

23

Zn + 2AgNOj ^ Zn (NO, \ 2Ag i

= > m = 6,4(gam) Dap an diing la Ạ

34 Cho 6,4 gam bot Cu vao V ml dung dich AgNOa 0,2M, sau m6t then gian phan

ling thu duoc 7,92 gam h6n hop r i n X va dung dich Ỵ Loc tach X, r6i them

10,35 gam bot Pb vao Y, sau mot thori gian phan ling thu duoc 10,44 gam h6n

hop rdn Z va dung dich Ạ Loc tach Z, r6i them 5,85 gam b6t iZn vao A, sau khi

phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu duoc 10,28 gam chat xkn B va dung dich chi chiJa

mot chat tan Gia tri ciia V la

Dap an dung la B

Dang 2: Bal tap tinh chat vat If cua kim loai

L Cho cac kim loai: Cu, Ag, Fe, A l , Aụ Day cdc kim loai duoc xd'p theo chieu

giam đn do dSn dien la

Ạ A l , Fe, Cu, Ag, Aụ B Ag, Cu, Au, A l , Fẹ

C Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, A l D Ag, Cu, Fe, A l , Aụ

Hu&ng dan gidi

D6 dSn dien giam dan theo Ag > Cu > Au > A l > Fẹ

Dap an dung la B

Chu V Ag dSn difin t6't nhát, r6i d^'n Cụ

2 Tinh dSn dien ctia kim loai phu thu6c vao

Ạ do dac kbit cua kim loaị B mat d6 electron tu dọ

C kieu mang tinh the kim loaị D mat do ion kim loaị

D6 ciJng: Cs < Cu < Fe < W < Cr Dap an dung la B

Chu y; Kim loai cumg nhát la crom (Cr);

Kim loai mem nhát la cac kim loai kiem

Dang 3: Bai tap ve pin dien hoa

L Trong pin difen hoa Zn - Cu, qua trinh khir trong pin la

Phan ii-ng khiJr Cu"": Cu"" + 2e > Cụ

Phan ling oxi hoa Zn: Zn > Zn"" + 2ẹ

r Dap an dung la D

2 Cho m6t pin difn hoa duoc tao boi cac cap oxi hoa - khir Fe""/ Fe va Ag"/ Ag

Phan ling xay ra d cue am ciia pin dien hoa (o didu kien chudn) la

3 Mot pin didn hoa c6 didn cue Zn nhung trong dung djch ZnS04 va dien cue Cu

nhung trong dung dich CuSỘ Sau m6t thori gian pin do phong didn thi khoi luong

Phdn loai ra pliironi; jilu'ip t^liii /IT 116a hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan

A ca hai dien circ Zn va Cu dfiu giam

B dien cue Zn tang con khd'i luomg dien eirc Cu giam

C dien circ Zn giam con khoi lucmg dien cue Cu tang

D ca hai didn cue Zn va Cu d^u tang

Huong dan gidi

Sod6ciiapin: 0 Zn / ZnS04 // CUSO4/ Cu @

Phan ling xay ra khi pin phong dien:

Zn + Cu-* (dd) > Cui + Zn-' (dd)

Suy ra, khd'i luong la Zn ngay cang giam (Zn > Z n ' * (dd) + 2e), kh6'i lucmg

la Cu cang tang (Cu'^dd) + 2e > Cu i)

Dap an dung la C

4. Khi pin didn hoa Zn - Cu phong di6n thi ndng do

A cua Cu"* giam, ciia Zn"* tang B ciia Cu'"^ giam, ciia Zn'* giam

C ciia Cu-* tang, ciia Zn"* tang D ciia Cu"* tang, ciia Zn"* giam

Huong ddn gidi

Phan ling xay ra khi pin Zn - Cu phong dien:

Zn + Cu-* > Cu + Zn-*

=> n6ng d6 Cu"* giam, n6ng d6 ciia Zn"* tang Dap an diing la A

5. Trong qua trinh hoat dong ciia pin didn hoa Zn - Cu thi

A kh6'i luong ciia dien cue Cu giam

B kh6'i luong ciia didn cue Zn tang

C ndng do ciia ion Cu'* trong dung djch tang

D ndng d6 ciia ion Zn"* trong dung dich tang

Huong ddn gidi

Phan ling hoa hoc xay ra: Zn + Cu^"^ ^ Cu i + Zn^"^

Suy ra: + Kh6'i luong cue Zn giam

+ Khdi luong cue Cu tang

+ Nong d6 ion Cu"* giam

+ Nong do ion Zn'* tang

Dap an dung la D

6. Sua't dien d6ng (Ej,J cua pin didn hoa khong phu thuoc vao

A ban chat ciia kim loai lam dien cue

B ndng do ciia cae dung dich mudi

C nhiet d6

D khdi luong cae dien cue *

Huong ddn gidi Sua't dien d6ng E^,,, phu thuoc vao:

B a n chat cae kim loai lam dien cue ! , ' > ,

Ndng d6 cua cac ion k i m loai (dung djch mudi) ,•

- N h i e t d d

Khong phu thu6c vao khoi lugfng cae dien cue Dap an diing la D

7 Cho E°z„ 2* /7.„ = - 0,76V; E\+ /p, = - 0,13V , /

Phat bieu diing la: •

A Khi hinh thanh pin dien hoa, anot la cue Zn

B Sua't dien d6ng chuc4n ciia pin dien hoa Zn - Pb bang 0,89V

C Phan ling xay ra khi pin dien hoa Zn - Pb phong dien (d dieu kien chuan):

Pb + Zn-* > Zn + Pb'*

D Trong pin dien hoa Zn - Pb, nd'u sii dung cdu mudi la dung dich NH4NO3

Khi pin hoat d6ng thi ion NO 3 di ehuye'n ve phia cue Pb

Huong ddn gidi

Pin dien hoa Zn - Pb

Phan umg xay ra trong pin:

-Zn + Pb-* > Pb + -Zn-*

- V i E°z„ 2+ ^„ < E°pb 2+ => Zn CO tinh khii manh hon Pb => Zn la cue am

(anot), Pb la cue duong (catot)

^ pin(Zn-Pb) — Pb-* /Pb ^ Zn /Zn

= -0,13 - ( - 0 , 7 6 ) = 0,63V

- d cue Pb (cue duong, catot): Pb"* + 2e > ?hi

Do dd, ion NH4 se di chuyen ve phia cue Pb de trung hoa dien tich

Dap an dung la A

8. Trong qua trinh pin dien hoa Zn - A g hoat dong ta nhan tha'y

(cho biet E°z„ 2+ ^ = - 0,76V; E ^ * = "t" 0,80V, cSu mudi la dung djch KNO3)

A khdi luong ciia dien cue A g giam

B ndng do ciia ion Zn"* tang

C ion K* di chuyen v^ phia anot

D. sua't dien d6ng chudn cua pin bang 0,80 - 0,76 = 0,04V

Hu&ng ddn gidi ,

Phan umg xay ra khi pin dien hoa Zn - Ag hoat d6ng:

Zn + 2Ag* > Zn-* + 2 A g i

Ph.'in Ji'.ii V,) n!i II', /»/;<//' /!,':i lifi ' 2 - C /< 1 luinli I pan

Ta thay:

- Kh6'i lircmg dien cue A g tang (khoi luong dien cue Z n giam)

- Nong do ion Zn-''tang (nong do ion Ag"^ giam)

- Trong pin Z n - A g thi anot la A g , catot la Z n

d anot (cue Zn): Z n ^ Zn"* + 2e ' '

d catot (cue A g ) : Ag*^ + le > A g i

Do do 6 catot thieu dien tich duong (do Ag* bj dien phan) ndn K* {cAu mu6'i) di

chuy^n do (chii khong anot)

- Suat dien dong chudn E ^ , , , z „ ^g, = E^g + /^g " E°z„ /z,,

E V z „ - A g , = 0,8 - ( - 0 , 7 6 ) = 1 , 5 6 ( V )

Dap an dung la B

9 Vai tro ciia cau muoi trong pin dien hoa, la

A cung cap them ion cho cac dung dich mudi

B can bang dien tich trong cac dung djch

C lam chat xiic tac cho phan iJng oxi hoa - khii xay ra k h i pin boat ddng

D con ducmg d i chuyen ciia cac electron tir cue am sang cue duong

Huong dan gidi

Vai tro ciia cau muoi trong pin dien hoa: Can bang dien tich trong cac dung dich

- V I Epi„ lu6n duong => loai phuong an A va D

- VI Cr C O tinh khij manh hon Sn ndn:

" ^ (Cr - Sn) - S.I ASii ^ Cr /Cr

= E''s„2+,s„ - ( - 0 , 7 4 )

= E°s,.2^s„ + 0 , 7 4 ( V )

•, - Vi Sn diing tru6c H trong day dien hoa nen E^s,, ^+ ys, < 0

Do do EV-S,) < 0,74V => E°,a-s,) = 0,60V Dap an diing la C

11 Co mot hoc sinh viet kf hieu ciia pin va tinh sua't dien ddng chu^n tuong ling

ciia pin nhu sau:

Xet cac pin:

* Pin sai (dch viet ki hieu:

- Pin A g - Cu (ma phai la pin Cu - A g )

- Pin A g - Z n (ma phai la pin Z n - A g )

* Pin CO gid tri sua't dien dong chuan E" sai:

- Pin Z n - A g : E",,,, = E ^ , + „^ - E\„ 2+ ^„

= 0,8 - (-0,76) = 1,56V

Vay chi C O 1 pin c6 k i hieu dung va E°p|„ dung

(Pin Z n - Cu: E°pi„ = + 1,1OV) Dap an diing la A

12 Cho mot pin dien hoa duoc tao bdi cap oxi hoa - khir Fe^*/ Fe va N i ' * / N i Phan

ling xay ra or cue am ciia pin diSn hoa ( 6 difiu kien chu^n) la

A Fe ^ Fe2+ + 2e B N i ^ N i ^ * + 2e

C Fe^* + 2e - > Fe f ^ ' D N i ^ * + 2e N i

; c.y Huong ddn gidi

Ca'u t a o p i n : ( - ) F e / F e 2 + / / N i ^ + / N i ( + )

Phan utig xay ra of cue am (anot): Fe > Fe^*" + 2e

Phan lirng xay ra 6 cue duong (catot): N i ^ ^ + 2e > N i Phan ling tdng eong: Fe + Ni^"^ ^•Fe^^'+Ni

Dap an dung la A

Chu v; Trong pin dien hoa: I

- d cue am (anot): Xay ra o x i hoa

- d cue duong (catot): Xay ra su khir '

13 M d t pin dien hoa gdm dien cue la s d day bac nhiing vao dung dich A g N O j va dien cue kia la mot sgi day platin nhiing vao dung dich chiia ddng thdi Fe(N03)3

va Fe(N03)2 Phan ung xay ra d dien cue duong ciia pin dien ( d dieu kidn chu^n)

la (cho E " ^ =+0,8;E° ,+ =+0,77V)

A g + / A g Fe-'+/Fe2+ , j

A Fe2+ - > Fe-^* + le B Fe-''^ + le - > Fe^* [ ' ^ :

C A g * + le - > A g D A g ^ Ag"" + l e • ' '

urn loai va phifcfnij phcip }>idi BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cii Thanh Toan

Huong ddn gidi

Ag^ Ag e Pin GPt

Phan ihig xay ra b cue duong (catot):

Ag"^ + le Ag i

Dap an diing la C

CM V - Phan iJng xay ra trong pin (hoat d6ng):

AgN03 + Fe (NO3 \e (NO3 )3 + Ag ;

- Cue duomg cua pin (E° , be hon) lu6n xay ra su khu

Mn /M

- Cue am ciia pin lu6n xay ra su oxi hoa

Dang 4: Bai tap tinh SDD chuan cua pin; tinh the dien cue chuan

1 Biet sua't dien dong chua'n cua pin Zn - Cu la 1,10V, the dien cue chudn ciia didn

cue Zn la - 0,76V, the dien cue chu^n cua dien cue Cu la

2 Biet rang E ^ ,z„.c„) = i,10V va E^Cu'VCu) = +0,34V The'dien cue chu^n cua

cap oxi hoa khir Zn'^/Zn la

3 Cho sua't dien dong chua'n cua cac pin dien hoa: Zn - Cu la 1,1V; Cu - Ag la

0,46V Biet the' dien cue chudn E V / A g = + 0,8V The' difin cue chu^n

4 Cho cac the'dien cue chu^n: E°,+3/A, = " ^zn^^/Zn = "^'^^^^ ^Pb2+/Pb

= - 0,13V; E° 2+^^ = + 0,34V Trong cac pin sau day, pin nao c6 sua't dien

d6ng chudn Idm nha't?

A P i n P b - C u B Pin Zn - Cu

C Pin Zn - Pb D Pin A l - Zn

Huong ddn gidi

Pin CO sua't dien dong chudn 1dm nha't khi pin tao ra tir cap dien cue each xa nhau

nha't trong day dien hoa

Do do, trong cac pin da cho thi pin Zn - Cu (vi tri ciia cap Zn'V Zn va Cu'V Cu each xa nhau nha't) c6 SDD chu^n 16n nha't

fhan loai vd phUang phap nidi til Hoa hoc 12 - Cii Thanh Todn

6 Cho th6' dien cue chu£n cua cac cap oxi hoa - khu A g ^ / A g , Cu^^/Cu,

Pb^^ /Pb, Zn^"^ / Z n c6 gia tri Idn lucrt la: +0,80V; + 0,34V; -0,13V; -0,76V

Trong cac pin sau, pin nao c6 suS't didn dong chudn Idti nha't?

A PinPb-Cu B P i n Z n - A g C P i n Z n - C u D P i n P b - A g

Hu&ng dan gidi

E j i n H x ) = Epi„(zn-Ag) = 0-80 - (-0,76) = 1,56V

I Dap an dung la B

E ° „ ( 2 „ _ c „ ) = 1,10V;E°_2.^^,, = - 0 , 7 6 V va E^^+^^g =+0,80V SuSt dien

dong chuiin ciia pin didn hoa Cu-Ag la

8 Cho bifl: E ; , , ^ =-2,36V; E » , , , ^ , =^,76V; E»_,.^^ =^,3V; = ^ J , V

Pin dien hoa c6 sua't dien dong chudn bang 1,61V duoc ca'u tao bai hai cap oxi

9 Cho the' dien circ chuan: Zn""/ Zn = 0,76V; Fe'V Fe = 0,44V; Ni'V Ni =

-0,26V; Cu-7 Cu = + 0,34V Pin dien hoa c6 sua't dien d6ng chudn nho nha't la

pin tao bai hai dien cue

10 Cho ba kirn loai: M , R, X Biet E° ciia hai cap oxi hoa - khiJ M-"/M = - 0,76V

va R-7 R = + 0,34V Khi cho X vao dung dich mu6'i cia R thl c6 phan ling xay

ra, con khi cho X vao dung dich mu6'i ciia M thi khdng xay ra phan umg E° ciia

pin M - X bang 0,63V thi E" ciia pin X - R bang

Thii tu trong day dien hoa: M -> X -> R

Theo bai ra: E j i „ M - x = E " ^ „ ^ ^ - ( - 0 , 7 6 ) =0,63

vay E ; , , X _ = E » 2 ^ , - E ^ „ , ^ ^ = 0 , 3 4 - ( - 0 , 1 3 ) = 0.47V

Dap an dung la A

11 Trong cac cap oxi hoa - khu: Zn""/ Zn; Cu""/ Cu; Ag"/ Ag; Ni""/ Ni thi pin dien

hoa CO sua't dien d6ng 1dm nha't la pin tao bai cap oxi hoa - khu

Pin CO SDD chudn Idn nha't khi tao bai cap oxi hoa - khijf c6 the' dien cue ehu^n

tha'p nha't ( Z n ' " / Z n ) va cao nha't ( A g " / A g ) =>Epi„ Idn nha't la pin tao bcri Z n ' " / Z n va Ag" / Ag

Dap an dung la A

/'//(/// lixii \ pJicij) i^icJFBT H6(i hoc 12 -Cii Thanh Toan

12 Cho cac the' dien circ chudn: E° = - 1 , 6 6 V ; E ° 2+ ,^ = + 0 , 3 4 V Bifi't suS't

didn dong chuiiin ciia pin: E " „ _ C U = M ^ ' E ^ p - A i =0,71V Vay sua't dien d6ng

chudnciiapin Mg-Zn|^E^^g_^„j la

A 2 V B I , 6 1 V C 0 , 9 V D 1 , 8 1 V

.;' Huong dan gidi

Ta ti'nh duoc: E° 2+ = 0 , 3 4 - 1 , 1 = 0 , 7 6 V

E° 2+ = - 1 , 6 6 - 0 , 7 1 = - 2 , 3 7 V

vay E^g_y„ = - 0 , 7 6 - ( - 2 , 3 7 ) = 1 , 6 1 V Dap an dung la B

Dang 5: Bai tap so sanh tinh ox! hoa - khiir, xac dmh chilu cua phan ihig oxi

hoa - khiir

1. Cho E",,, 2+ = - 0 , 7 6 V ; E"c„ 2+ = + 0 , 3 4 V ; E\, 2+ ^, = - 0 , 2 3 V Cac cation

CO tinh oxi hoa giam d i n theo thii tir

A Ni-\^ Zn'\ Cii'\^ Ni"*

- Trong cac pin tren, X ddu dong vai tro cue am

=> X CO tinh khu manh hem cac kim loai Y, Z va T (1)

- VI E^x-V < E^x-z E ° v y - / Y - E''x^^« < E»,^V " E°x^"/x

3. Cho sua't dien dong chuan E " ciia cac pin dien hoa:

E"(Cu - X) = 0,46V; E^CY - Cu) = 1 , 1 V ; E " ( Z - Cu) = 0,47V (X, Y, Z la ba kim loai) Day cac kim loai xep theo chieu tang dan tinh khii tu trai sang phai la ' > >

^ E\+ /Y < E"z ^+ r,, => Tinh khijf Y > Z (4)

T u ( l , 2, 3,4) taco: X < C u < Z < Y Dap an diing la B,

4 Cho su£ t dien dong chuan E° ciia cac pin dien hoa:

Ex_Y - l , l V ; E x _ z = 0 , 7 8 V ; E " _ Z = 0 , 4 6 V (X, Y, Z , T la bon kim loai)

Day cat: kim loai xep theo chilu tang ddn tinh khCr tir tnii sang phai la

A Y , Z , T , X B T , Z , X , Y C Z , T, X, Y D T, Z , Y, X

Huong ddn gidi

- K i m loai viet truoc la cue am (anot), kim loai viet sau la cue duong (kim loai

dong vai tro la cue am eo tinh khu manh hoii kim loai dong vai tro cue ducfng)

=> Tinh khu:

X > Y ; X > Z ; T > Z

- Pin CO E° cang lorn thi tinh khiJf cQa cac kim loai cang chenh lech nhau nhifiu

(hay noi each khac chiing cang xa nhau tren day dien hoa) <y> ;

- Do do, thu tu tren day dien hoa ciia cac kim loai: X > T > Z > Y > ' /

vay tinh khir tang ddn theo thii tu Y, Z , T, X

/'/(,/(/ \ p/i(/p gidi BT Hoa hoc 12 -Ci) Thanh Toan

Trong so cac kim loai A l , F e , N i , C u , A g , H g , so kim loai khi tac dung v6i dung

djch F e ' * chi khCr duoc F e ' * Fe"* la

Hu&ng dan gidi

A l ' * Fe-* Ni-* , Cu-* Fe'* Ag* Hg-*

•

Hg

Dira vao day dien hoa trSn va qui tdc a ta bid't duoc cac kim loai trong doan

Fe-*/Fe va Fe'*/ Fe"* se chi khiJr diroc Fe'* > Fe"*

Do do CO 3 kim loai Fe, Ni, Cu f)ap an dung la C

6 Day cac ion xep theo chilu giam ddn tinh oxi hoa la (biet trong day dien hoa, cap

Fe'*/ Fe-* diJng trirorc cap Ag*/Ag)

A Fe'*, Ag*, Cu-*, Fe-* B Ag*, Fe'*, Cu"*, Fe"*

C Fe'*, Cu-*, Ag*, Fe-* D Ag*, Cu"*, Fe'*, Fe"*

Dap an dung la B

7 Mdnh d^ khong dung la

A Fe khij duqfc Cu"* trong dung dich

B tmh oxi hoa cua cac ion tang theo thir tir: Fe"*, H*, Cu"*, Ag*

C Fe'* CO tinh oxi hoa manh hon Cu"*

D Fe-* oxi hoa duoc Cu

Hu&ng dan gidi

• Xet cac phuong an sau:

A. Dung Fe-*/Fe + Cu-*/Cu (quy tdc a):

Fe + Cu-* > Fe-* + Cu

B. Dung Tinh oxi hoa Fe'* < H* < Cu"* < Ag*

C. Dung 2Fe'* + Cu > Cu"* + 2Fe-*

D. Sal Fe'* c6 tinh oxi hoa yeu hcfn Cu"* ntn Cu + Fe"* khong xay ra

Dap an dung la D

8 Cho cac phan ung xay ra sau day

(1) AgNOj + Fe(NO_,)3 > Fe(N03)3 + Ag i

(2) Mn + 2HC1 > MnCK + H t

Day cac ion sdp x6'p theo chidu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa la

A Ag*, Fe'*, H*, Mn=* B Ag*, Mn"*, H*, Fe'*

C Mn-*, H*, Ag*, Fe'* D Mn"*, H*, Fe'*, Ag*

Hu&ng dan gidi

- Ta c6:

(1) Ag* +Fe-* > Fe'* + A g

Ti'nh oxi hoa Fe'* < Ag*

(2) Mn + 2H* > Mn-* + H , -)

z=> Tmh oxi hoa Mn"* < H*

Do do Mn'* < H* < Fe'* < Ag*. Dap an diing la D

Chii v: Day dien hoa: Mn"* H* Fe'* Ag*

— \>

Mn H , Fe-* Ag

9 Cho cac phan ling sau: Fe + 2Fe(NO,)^ -> 3Fe(NO3 )^ '' :v (

AgNO, + Fe(NO,)2 ^ Fe(N03)3 + A g

Day sdp x6'p theo thii tu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa cua cac ion kim loai Id '

10 Thii tu m6t s6' cSp oxi hoa - khCr trong day dien hoa nhu sau:

Fe-*/Fe; Cu'*/Cu; Fe'*/Fe"*

Cap chat khong phan ung vori nhau la

11 Cho cac cap oxi hoa - khiJ duoc sdp xep theo chieu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa ciia

dang oxi hoa nhu sau: Fe^" / F c C u ^ " /Cu,Fe''" /Fe^"

Phat b'iiu nao sau day la dung?

37

A Cu klurduDC Fe'* th;uih Fe B Cu"^^ oxi hodduoc Fe^"^ thanh Fe^^ j

C Fe'* oxihoaduDC Cu thiuih Cu^* D Fe"* oxi hoadiioc Cu thaiih Cu^*

Huong dan gidi ;

Ta c6: Cu + 2Fc^^ ^ Cu'+ + 2Fe^+

Cu^* + Fe^"" Khoiig xay ra

2 F e ^ * + C u ^ 2 F e ' * + C u ' * - ^ ^

(Fe'* oxi hoa duoc Cu thanh Cu'*)

Fe'^* + Cu -> Khong xay ra • '

=> Phat bieu diing la C Dap an diing la C

12 Cho cac ion kim loai: Zir*, Svr*, Ni"*, Fe"*, Pb"* Tlii} tir tinh oxi hoa giam diln la

A Zn-* > Sn=* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Pb'*

B Pb-*>Sn-*>Ni-*>Fe-*>Zn-*

C Sn-*>Ni-*>Zn-*>Pb-*>Fe-*

D Pb-* > Sn-* > Fe-* > Ni'* > Zn"*

Huong dan gidi

ThiJ tir tfnh oxi hoa giam dSn: Pb"* > Sn'* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Zn"*

Dap an dung la B

13 Cho day cac ion: Fe"*, Ni"*, Cu"*, Sn"* Trong cung dieu kien, ion c6 tinh oxi

hoa manh nhat trong day la

A Sn-* B Cu-* C Fe-* D Ni"*

Huong dan gidi

Trong cling dieu kiSn (nhiet d6, nong do), thu- tir tfnh oxi hoa ciia cac ion la:

F e - * < N i - * < S n - * < C u ^ *

=> Ion CO tfnh oxi hoa manh nhat la Cu"* Dap an diing la B

14 Qion phat bieu dung;

A Tfnh oxi hoa cua Ag* > Cu"* > Fe'* > Ni"* > Fe"*

B Tfnh klur ciia K > Mg > Zn > Ni > Fe > Hg

•, C Tfnh khir ciia K > Fe > Cu > f > Fe"* > Ag

D Tfnh oxi hoa ciia Ag* > I > Fe'* > Cu"* >

S"-Huong dan gidi

Xet cac phuong an:

g A Sai, VI tfnh oxi hoa Fe'*>Cu^*

2Fe'* + Cu ^ 2Fe-+ + Cu^*

Tfnh oxi hoa: Fe'* > I , ^ Ul^^l^

* Cac the dien circ chuilin E "

Oxi hoa/Kh K*/K Mg-*/Mg

Zn-*/Zn s/s-' Fe-*/Fe Ni-*/Ni

E°(V) -2,92 -2,36 -0,76 -0,51 -0,44 -0,25 Oxi

Huong dan gidi

Cac ion oxi hoa dugc Fe (cac ion ciia cac kim loai dung sau Fe trong day dien

hoa va ion Fe''* :

2Fe'* + Fe-^3Fe2*

C u - * + F e ^ C u + Fe^^

2 A g * + F e ^ F e ^ * + 2 A g

Dap an dung la C

16 Day gom cac kim laii ddu tac dung duoc vol dung djch FcQ, la:

A Fe, Mg, Cu, Ag, Al B Fc, Zn, Cu, Al, Mg , ,/

C.Cu,Ag,Au,Mg,Fc D.Au,Cu,AI,Mg,Zn , ,

Huong dan gidi

Cac kim loai tac dung vai FeCl,: ^ "

Zn + 2FeCl3 ZnCl, + 2FeCl2

Cu + 2FeCl3 -> CuCl, -b-2FeCl2

A l + 3FeCl3 ^ AICI3 + 3FeCl2

M g + 2FeCl3-> M g C l j + 2FeCl2

r -rt)! Im Dap an dung la B

17 Thir tu m6t s6'cap oxi hoa - khif trong day dien hoa nhu sau:

Mg^VMg;Fe2VFe;Cu2VCu;Fe^VFe2*;Ag+/Ag '

Day chi g6m cac chat, ion tac dung duoc vdi ion Fe'"^ trong dung djch la

A.Mg,Cu,Cu2^ B.Mg,Fe2^Ag C Mg,Fe,Cu D Fe,Cu.Ag^

18 Cho biet thiif tu tir trai sang phai cOa cac cap oxi hoa - khir trong day dien hoa

(day the dien cue chu^n) nhu sau:

Zn^* /Zn;Fe2+ /FeiCu^^ /Cu;Fe-'VFe2^; A g ^ / A g

Cac kirn loai va ion deu phan ung duoc v6i ion Fe'"^ trong dung djch la

A Z n , A g * B A g , C u - * C Ag, Fe'" D Zn, Cu"*

19 Cho gia trj thd' dien cue chua'n ciia mot so cap oxi hoa - khu:

Cap oxi hoaAhu

Cho rieng biet tung kim loai X, Z vao lucfng du m6i dung djch chua m6t ion kim

loai sau: Y ^ X-^ Z-\ phan u-ng oxi hoa - khu xay ra la

A 3 B 6 C.4 D 5

Dap an dung la B

Dang 6: Bai tap ve an mon kim loai

1 Trucmg hop khong xay ra hien tuong an mon difen hoa la

A de ta'm sat duoc ma km bang thiec ngoai khong khi £m

B hai day Cu va A l duoc noi true tiep vdi nhau va de ngoai kh6ng khf dm

C de thanh thep ngoai khong khi dm

D hai thanh Cu, Zn duoc noi vdi nhau bdi day dSn va cung nhiing vao dung dich H Q

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Khong xay ra hien tuong an mon dien hoa khi khong thoa man ca 3 di^u kidn

an mon dien hoa:

- Co 2 dien cue c6 ban chat khae nhau

- Hai dien cue tie'p xiic true tia'p hoac n6'i vdi nhau qua day dSn

- Hai dien cue ciing duoc nhiing trong mot dung dich chat dien l i

Do do, khi de ta'm sat duoc ma kin bang thiec ngoai khdng khi dm => khong xay

ra hi6n tuong an mon di6n hoa (vi khong c6 di^u kien 1 va 3)

Dap an diing la A

2 Bid't rang ion Pb"* trong dung dich oxi hoa duoc Sn Khi nhiing hai thanh kim

loai Pb va Sn duoc nd'i vdi nhau bang day dan dien vao mdt dung djch chat dien

li thi

A chi C O Sn bj an mon dien hoa

B chi C O Pb bi an mon dien hoa f i , ; ^ ,

C ca Sn va Pbdeu khdng bj an mon difin hoa , ,

D ca Sn va Pb deu bi an mon dien hoa

Huong ddn gidi

Ion Pb-* oxi hoa duge Sn => Sn cd tinh khu manh hon Pb ' v, , ' * / '

41

Trong thf nghiem nay, thoa man 3 dieu i<ien cua an mon dien hoa (cae dien cue

Pb, Sn khae nhau, ndi v6i nhau bing day dfui, cung nhiing vao dung dich chat

dien l i ) , do do kim loai c6 tinh khu manh hon (cue am) se bj an mon dien hoa (d

day la Sn), con kim loai c6 tfnh khu yeu hon (cue duong, a day la Pb) khong bj

an mon

Dap an dung la A

3 Co 4 dung dich rieng biet: CUSO4, ZnCU, FeCl,, AgNO, Nhiing vao m6i dung

djch mot thanh N i So truofng hop xua't hien an mon dien hoa la

=> Co 2 truong hop Dap an diing la C

4 Tid'n hanh 4 thi nghiem sau:

- Thi nghiem 1: Nhung thanh Fe vao dung djch FeCl,

- Thi nghiem 2: Nhiing thanh Fe vao dung djch CUSO4

- Thi nghiem 3: Nhiing thanh Cu vao dung dich FeCl,

- Till' nghiem 4: Cho thanh Fe tiep xiic v6i thanh Cu roi nhiing vao dung djch H Q

So truong hop xua't hien an mon dien hoa la

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

Huong dan gidi

Cac truofng hop xuat hien an mon dien hoa khi thoa man 3 dieu ki6n an mon

dien hoa

- Thi nghiem 1: Chi c6 1 ditn circ (cue Fe)

- Thi nghiem 2: Fe + CUSO4 > C u i + FeS04

Thoa man 3 dieu kien: Co 2 dien cue khae nhau (cue Fe, circ Cu), hai cue n6'i

true tiep vdi nhau, hai dien cue duge nhiing vao mot dung djch chat dien li la

dung djch CUSO4

- Thf nghiem 3: Chi c6 mot dien cue (cue Cu)

- Thf nghiem 4: Thoa man 3 dieu kien an mon dien hoa

Vay CO hai truong hop thoa man xua't hien an mon dien hoa (TN2 va TN4)

Dap an dung la B

5 Co 4 dung djch rieng biet: HCl, CuCK, FeCl,, HCl c6 kin CuCK Nhung vao m6i

dung djch mot thanh Fe nguyen chat So truomg hop xua't hien an mon dien hoa la

A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3

Huong ddn gidi

Cac truong hop thoii man 3 di^u kien an mon dien hoa la:

1 Fe/ dd CuCU : Fe + CuCU > Cu + FeCl

(Cu sinh ra bam vao thanh Fe => thoa man 3 dieu kien an mon di6n hoa)

2 Fe/dd HCl, CuCl,: Tuong tir tren '

Dap an diing la C

6 Cho cac hap kim sau: Cu - Fe (I); Zn - Fe (II); Fe - C (III); Sn - Fe (IV) Khi

tiep xiic vdi dung djch chat dien l i thi cac hop kim ma trong do Fe deu bj an mon trudc la

7 Tien hanh cac thf nghiem sau:

(a) Cho la Fe vao dung djch gom CUSO4 va H.SO4 loang;

L A

(b) Dot day Fe trong binh dung khf O,;

(e) Cho la Cu vao dung djch g6m Fe(NO,), va HNO,;

(d) Cho la Zn vao dung djch HCl

So thf nghiem c6 xay ra an mon dien hoa la •?

=> Chi C O 1 thf nghiem *>ap an dung la A

8 Truong hop nao sau day xay ra an mon dien hoa?

A Soi day bac nhiing trong dung djch H N O ,

B Dot la sat trong khf C I 2

C Thanh nhom nhiing trong dung djch H2S04loang , , ,

D Thanh kern nhiing trong dung djch CUSO4

Huong ddn gidi

De xay ra an mon dien hoa thi pluii dong thai thoa man 3 diSu kien an mon dien

hoa Do do, thanh kern nhiing trong dung djch CUSO4 thi se xay ra an mon dien hoa

Dap an diing la D

43

I HUH luiii ;jmiu)i,n i)iiui> f^iui ui mm nui iz — i minn i uuii

9 Neu vat lam bang hap kim Fe - Zn hi an mon dien hoa thl trong qua trinh an mon

A sat dong vai tro catot va ion H * hi oxi hoa

B Sat dong vai tro anot va bj oxi hoa

C K e m dong vai tro catot bj oxi hoa

D K e m dong vai tro anot va bi oxi hoa

Huong dan gidi

Hop kim Fe - Z n bj an mon dien hoa:

Anot (circ - ) : Z n Z n ^ ^ + 2e (bj an mon)

Catot (+, Fe): IHjO + + 4e ^ 4 0 H " (chang ban)

Vay kem dong vai tro anot va bj oxi hoa

D a p a n d u n g l a D

Chii y; Trong pin dien hoa: Cue am (bj an mon) la anot (noi xay ra qua trinh

oxi hoa), cue ducmg la catot (duoc bao ve)

10 C o 5 dung djch rieng biet:

a) HCl, b) CUSO4, c) Fe,(S04),„ d) HCl c6 iSn CuCK, e) ZnS04

Nhiing vao m6i dung djch m6t thanh Fe nguyen chat S6' trucmg hop xua't hifin

an mon di^n hoa la

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Can c\X vao 3 dieu kien an mon dien hoa:

- C o 2 dien cue khac nhau ve ban chat

- Hai dien cue ndi true tiep hoac gian tiep v6i nhau qua day dSn

- Cling duoc nhiing vao mot dung djch chat dien li

Suy ra c6 2 trucmg hop xua't hien an mon dien hoa:

- Fe - CUSO4 : Fe + CUSO4 ¥cSO^ + C u i

- Fe - CUCI2 / H C l : Fe + CUCI2 ^ FeCl2 + C u i

D a p a n d u n g l a D

11 C o 4 dung djch rieng biet: HCl, FeCl,, AgNO,, CUSO4 Nhung vao m6i dung

djch mot thanh Fe nguyen chat So truonig hop xua't hien an mon hoa hoc la

Huong ddn gidi

Xua't hien an mon hoa hoc khi c6 xay ra phan ling hoa hoc V I kim loai Fe deu

phan ling duoc vai cac dung djch nay nen dfiu xuat hien an mon hoa hoc:

hoa hoc, sau do xua't hien an mon difin hoa (vi thoa man 3 di^u kifin cua Sn mon

difen hoa)

P a n g 7: Bat tap dien phan

1, Dien phan dung dich CUSO4 vdfi anot bang dong (anot tan) va di6n phan dung djch CUSO4 vdri anot bang graphit (dien cue tro) dau c6 dac di^m chung la:

A 6 catot xay ra sir oxi hoa: 2H2O + 2e -> 2 0 H ~ + H2

B 6 anot xay ra sirkhir: 2 H 2 O - > 0 2 + 4 H ^ + 4 e

C b anot xay ra sir oxi hoa: C u -> C u ^ ^ + 2e

D 6 catot xay ra su khir: Cu^^ + 2 e - » Cu

Huong ddn gidi

Xet 2 qua trinh dien phan dung djch CUSO4:

* Dien phan vdri anot bang dong (cue duong tan):

Catot ( - ) : Cu^^ + 2e ^ Cu (sir khir Cu"" -> Cu) Anot ( + ) : Cu -^Cu^"" + 2e (sir 6xi hoa Cu Cu"")

* Dien phan vdi anot bang graphit (dien cue tra):

Catot ( - ) : Cu^ + 2 e - > C u

Anot ( + ) : 2 H 2 O - > 4 H ^ + O2 + 4e (sir oxi hoa)

=> Dac di^m chung la cf catot xay ra sir khir Cu^"^ + 2e ^ Cu

D a p a n d i i n g l a D

Phau loai va pinfcng phcip fjicii BT Hoa hoc 12 -Cii Thanh Toari

3 Hoa tan 13,68 gam muoi MSO4 vao nuac duoc dung dich X Dien phan X (voi

dien circ tro, cuonig do dong dien khong doi) trong thofi gian t giay, dirge y gam

kim loai M duy nha't a catot va 0,035 mol khi a anot Con neu thbi gian dien

phan la 2t giay thi t6ng so mol khi thu dugc a ca hai dien cue la 0,1245 mol Gia

• 2 H + + 0 , 5 0 2 ^ + 2e (0,035.2) ^ 0 , 2 8 ( m o l ) Catot (-): M^+ + 2e-

-b +0,035.2 =0,1245

X a c d i n h M : a = 13,68/(M + 96)

^ 0 , 0 8 5 5 = 13,68/(M + 96) + 96 = 160 ^ M = 64(Cu)

Vay y = 0,07.64 = 4,480(g) Dap an diing la A

4. Tien hanh dien phan (dien cue tro) 200 gam dung dich NaOH 10% den khi dung

dich NaOH trong binh dien phan c6 nong do 25% thi dirng lai Tlie tich khi 0

hai dien cue da thoat ra (6 dktc) la

A 22,4 lit B 168 lit C 224 lit D 112 lit

Huong dan gidi

- Khi dien phan dung dich NaOH thi H^O bi dien phan:

2 H 0 2 H : t + 0 , T

- Khdi luong NaOH khong thay doi (nhung do lugng H.O giam dan nen nong

do NaOH tang dan)

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khani- Viet

200.10

- Khoi luong dung djch sau khi ngirng dien phan: dd'^ S.<>: >:> i

- Khdi luong dung dich bi giam chinh bing khdi lugng H.O bi dien phan:

m (bj dien phan) = 200 - 80 = 1 2 0 (gam)

=> n H20 C'i dien phan) = ^ ^ ( m o l )

- Phuong trinh dien phan: H , 0 > H.T + ^ O.T

5. Khi didn phan NaCl nong chay (dien cue tro), tai catot xay ra

A sir khir ion Na"^ B sir oxi hoa ion CP

C su oxi hoa ion Na* D su khiJr ion CI"

Huong dan gidi

Phan loai va pliKcfng phdp fiicU BT H6a lux- 12 — Cii Thanh Toan

Chu y: Axit H2SO4 (sinh ra do dien phan dung djch C U S O 4 ) tac dung vdi Fe

7, Dien phan 150ml dung djch AgNO^ I M v6\n circ tro trong t gicf, cuong d6

dong dien khong d6i 2,68A (hieu sua't qua trinh dien phSn la 100%), thu duoc

chat ran X, dung djch Y va khf Z Cho 12,6 gam Fe vao Y, sau khi cac phan utig

ke't thuc thu duoc 14,5 gam h6n hop kim loai va khi N O (san phdm khir duy nha't

cua N''^ ) Gia trj cua t la

A 1,2 B 0,3 C.0,8 D 1,0

Huong dan gidi

Theobaira: n^^^j^Q^ =0,15.1 =0,15mol

Fe + Y -> h6n hop kim loai (=> Ag, Fe du)

=> Trong Y c6 AgNO, (AgNO, chua bj dien phan he't)

Goi X , y Idn luot la so mol AgNO, bi dien phan va s6' mol AgNOj chua bi dien

S Dien phan 100ml dung dich Fe2(S04)3 I M (dien cue tro), vdi cucmg do dong difn I =

2,68A trong th6i gian t gior thl bat ddu c6 khi thoat ra or catot (hieu sua't ciia qua trinh dien phan la 100%) Gia trj cua t la

A 6 B.4 C.2 D 1

Hu&ngddngidi

Theobaira: nFe2(S04)3 =0'^ 1 = 0 - ' ("^oO ' '

Trudc tien: Fe.(S04)3 + H^O 2FeS04 + H.SO4+ - O j

0,1 0,2 0,1 ' Khi Fe2(504)3 het thi tao ra dung djch CO

[H*] = 0,1 2/ 0,1 = 2M, nfin tiep theo se bj khir a catot:

2H* + 2e ^ H , t

Do do, trong thcri gian t thi chi c6 Fe2(S04)3 bj dien phan theo phuong trinh tren,

hay noi each khac, o catot Fe^* bj khir hoan toan thanh Fe"*

9 Khi dien phan mot dung djch vori dien cue tro, khong mang ngan thi dung djch

sau dien phan c6 pH tang so vdi dung djch truoc khi didn phan Vay dung dich dem dien phan la

A dung dich CUSO4 B dung dich NaQ

C dung djch H2SO4 D dung djch H N O 3

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Phuong trinh didn phan cac dung djch:

* Dung dich CUSO4: CUSO4 + H 2 0 ^ C u + H2S04 +^0^

tang (do sinh ra H2SO4 va the' tich dung djch giam vi H^O bj dien phan) => pH giam

* Dung djch NaCl (khong c6 mang ngan):

2NaCl + 2H2O > 2NaOH + CI2 + H2 ;

CI 2 + 2NaOH-» NaCl + NaClO + H2O NaClO bj thuy phan: ,

NaClO + H2O ?=> NaOH + HCIO

4 0

riuiii I QUI va pliircfiifi pimp giai HI Hon hoc 12 - Ci'i Thanh Toan

O H tang => p H tang

* Dung dich H , S 0 4 : H.O ^ H , + - O , ' ' • '

V i lucmg H i O bi dien phdn nen cang giam

the ti'ch giam =>[H*| tang => pH giiim

* Dung dich HNO,: Tucmg tir H , S 0 4 Dap an diing la B

10 Dien phAn vdi didn circ trof dung dich nao sau day thl pH ciia dung djch khong

thay doi trong qua trinh dien phan?

A CuCK B A g N O , C NaNO, D HCi

Huong dan gidi

- Dung dich CuCK: CuClj -> Cu"^ + 2C\'

Cu^^ + H20<:± C u ( O H f +

' ' C u C l 2 - > Cu i + C I 2 t

=> pH trirdc va sau dien phan thay doi

- Dung dich AgNO,:

4 A g N 0 3 + 2 H 2 O 4 A g + 4 H N O 3 + O2

=> pH thay doi

- Dung dich NaNO,: 2 H 2 O 2H2 + O2

=> pH kh6ng thay d6i

, - Dung dich HCI: 2HCI -> H2 + CI2

=> pH thay doi Rap an diing la C

11 Dien phan dien circ trodung dich chiia 0,2 mol A g N O , vdi cirdng do dong dien

2,68 A, trong thdi gian t gid thu dugc dung dich X (hieu suat qua trinh dien phan

la 100%) Cho 16,8 gam bot Fe vao X tha'y thoat ra khi N O (san phiim khir duy

nhat) va sau cac phan i/ng hoan toan thu dugc 22,7 gam chat rSn Gia trj ciia t la

=> Trong dung dich X cd x mol HNO, va (0,2 - x) mol AgNO,

Gia sir k i m loai Fe het thi chat riin la A g

n^j, = 22,7/108 = 0,21mol > n^p,sj(,^ r=> v6 ly Vay k i m loai Fe con d u

va 0 , 3 - 0 , 5 ( 0 , 2 - x ) - 3 x / 8 = (l,6 + x)/8molFe Theo bai ra, ta cd: (0,2 - x ) 108 +56.(1,6+ x ) / 8 - 2 2 , 7

=> 2 1 , 6 - 1 0 8 x + 11,2 + 7x = 22,7 =^ lOlx - 101 =^ X = 0,1

n'.n.F 0,1.1.96500 x , ^

V a y t = = - =^1,00(h) Dap an dung la B

1.3600 2,68.3600 ^ '

12 Tien hanh dien phan (vdi dien circ tro) V li't dung dich CuCl, 0,5M Khi dirng

dien phan thu dugc dung djch X va 1,68 lit khi CK (dktc) duy nhat d anot Toan

b6 dung dich X tac diing vira dii vdi 12,6 gam Fe Gia tri ciia V la

A 0,45 B 0,80 C.0,60 D.0,15

Huong dan gidi ^

Theobaira: n ^ , = 0,075inol;np, = 0,225mol

CUCI2 -> CU + CI2

0,075 <- 0,075 CuClj + Fe ^ F e C l j + C u 0,225 <-0,225

=>ncuci2 =0,075 +0,225 = 0,3mol

v a y V = ^ = 0,60(1) Dap an dung la C

13 Dien phan dung dich CuCK vdi dien circ tro, sau mot thdi gian thu dugc 0,32

gam Cu d catot va mot lirgng khi X d anot Hap thu hoan toan lugng khf X tren vao 200 m l dung dich NaOH (d nhiet do thudng) Sau phan ung, ndng do NaOH con lai la 0,05M (gia thict the tfch dung dich khdng thay ddi) Ndng do ban dau cua dung dich NaOH la

rh(1?i logi vd plfinr/ii^ priap i^iai IJl 11 oa nOC IZ -Lii 1 hanli 1 pan

Cac PTPU' xay ra:

Cuci, ""'^ > cui + a,T ,

0,005 mol ^ 0,005 mol

CI, + 2NaOH > NaCl + NaClO + H^O 0,005 mol -> 0,01 mol

nNnOH<p/u) = 2. nci ^ = 2.0,005 = 0,01 (mol)

= ^ n N a O H (ban diu) = 0,01 + 0,01 = 0,02 (mol)

=^CN,OH (ban ddu) = = 0 , I M *> i.,.-"? > ^„ , ^ Q

14 Dien phan (didn cue trcf) dung djch mu6'i sunfat ciia m6t kim loai hod tri I I vdri

dong dien ciromg d6 3A Sau 1930 giay dien phan tha'y kh6'i lugng catot tang

1,92 gam

a) Viet phuomg trinh hoa hoc ciia phan ling xay ra tai m6i dien cite va phuong

trinh hoa hoc chung cua sir dien phan

b) Xac dinh ten kim loai

Huong dan gidi

a) Tai catot (-): M"^ + 2e ^ M i

Tai anot (+): 2H2O 4H+ + + 4e

PTHH cua phan ixng dien phan:

Dang 8: Bai tap dien phan h6n hop

1 Dien phan 200 ml mot dung djch c6 chila 2 mu6'i la Cu(N03)2 va AgNO, v6i

ciromg do dong dien la 0,402A den khi hot khi bat dau thoat ra a catot thi ma't

thori gian la 4 gicK, khi do khoi luong cue am tang them 3,44 gam

Ndng do mol cua AgNO, trong dung dich ban ddu la

A O I M B.0,15M C.0,2M D 0,05M

' Huong dan gidi

Thii tu cac qua trinh xay ra a catot:

CO khi thoat ra 0 catot (cue am) thi H2O bi dien phan:

2H2O + 2e > 2 0 H ' + H j t , khi H.O phong difn thi A g \* da phong dienhet ' ' Theo bai ra, ta c6: 180x + 64y = 3,44 (1) T6ng s6' electron da tham gia trao d6i 0 catot: i M

2 Di6n phan dung djch h6n hop g6m 0,1 mol FeC^, 0,2 mol C u C l 2 v a 0,1 mol

HCl (dien cue tro) Khi o catot bat dSu thoat khi thi a anot thu dugc V lit khi

(dktc) Biet hieu sud't ciia qua trinh dien phan la 100% Gia tri ciia V la

A 5,60 B 11,20 C 22,40 ,D 4,48 , i |' i )

Huong ddn gidi

catot (cue am) chua c6 khi thoat ra thi chi c6 FeCl^ va CUCI2 bi dien phan:

vay CA^NO, = ^ = 0,1(M) ^ i Dap an dung la A

FeClj > F e C l 2 + ^ C l 2 T

0,1 ^ 0,05

CUCI2 > Cu + CI2 t

0,2 ^ 0,2 Khi thu duoc b anot la CI2: n^-^^ = 0,05 + 0,2 = 0,25mol '»*'

3 Dien phan (dien circ tio, khong mang ngan, hieu sufl't 100%) dung dich chita 0,15

mol Cu(NO,)2 va 0,1 mol Fe(NO,), bang dong dien c6 circmg d6 lOẠ Khoi

luong catot tang len sau 5790 giay dien phan la

Ạ 9,6 gam B 9,8 gam C 15,2 gam D 15,4 gam

Chíi v: - Ion H " bj khir tru6c ion Fe""

- H* dirge sinh ra do sir oxi hoa H 2 O b anot:

2 H 2 O ^ AH^ + O2 + 4e

- S6' mol electron trao doi: n, = It / F

4 Dicn phan dung dich h6n hofp chiia 0,1 mol FeCl,; 0,2 mol CuCK va 0,1 mol HCl

(dicn circ tr0, mang ngan xop) K h i a catot biit dfiu siii hot khi thi dirng dien

phan Neu k i m loai thoat ra bam hoan toan vao catot thi tai thai diem nay khoi

luong catot da tang len

Ạ 12,8 gam B 5,6 gam C 18,4 gam D 2,0 gam

Huong đn gidi

Trat tir trong day dien hoa: Fế^/Fe; H ^ / H 2 ; Cu^^/Cu; Fe-^^/Fê"^

De catot chua c6 k h f thoat ra th) phai chua bj dien phan, do do Fé^ va Cú* bi

v a y mc„ = m,,,„, ,„„y, = 0,2 64= 12,8 gam D a p a n diing la Ạ

5 Dien phan v6i dien cue tra (hieu suat 100%) dung djch chua d6ng thai 0,04 mol

Fe(NO,)3 va 0,02 mol H N O , vdfi cucnig do dong dien 1 Ạ Sau 48 phiit 15 giay thi

ngtrng dien phan De yen blnh dien phan de cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan thi thu duoc 200 ml dung dich c6 pH la

Ạ 2 B 0,15 C 1,3 D 0,6

Huong đn gidi

Thcri gian dien phan: 48 phut 15 giay = 2895 (s)

Thu tu trong day dien hoa: F e ' V F e ; H V H 2 ; Fé^VFe"^

N6n chat bi dien pluui trirdc tien se la:

6 Dien phan 200ml dung dich chiia dong thai A g N O , I M va Cu(NO,): 2 M trong

thofi gian 48 phiit 15 giay, vdi cuang do dong dien 10 ampe (dien cue tro, hieu suat dien phan la 100%) Siiu dicn phan de yen binh dicn phan cho ciic phan u n g xay ra hoan toan thu duoc V lít khi N O (san phdm khu duy nhat, dktc) Gia trj cua V la

Suy ra: Sau khi ngimg dien phan c6:

0,2mol A g ; 0,05mol Cu;

7 Tien hanh dien phan 200 ml dung djch X g6m HCl 0,6M va CUSO4 I M \6\

cuomg do dong dien I = 2,68 ampe trong thdi gian 2 gior (dien cue tro, c6 mang

ngan, hieu sua't dien phan 100%) The ti'ch khi thoat ra b anot ( 0 dktc) la

A 1,792 lit B 2,688 lit C 2,24 1ft D 1,344 lit

Hu&ng dan gidi Theo bai ra: nHci = 0,12 mol; n^^^^ = 0,2mol ,/ ()

6 anot (cue duong):

Trudc tien: cr - e -cu t

0,12

-Sau d o (CO the' c6): 2H2O - 4e

0,06 (mol) 4H* + O , T (2)

• n n.F

Thdi gian dd oxi hod het ion CP: t, = 0,12.1.96500

I 2,68

=4320(giay) = l,2(gic0

Vi t, = 1,2 (gior) < 2(gi6r) => c6 (2) xay ra

Thdi gian oxi hoa H^O (xay ra qua trinh (2))

g Cho sua't dien dong chuan ciaa cac pin dien hoa:

E°Ni-x)=0,40V;E|'Y_Ni)=0,50V;E|^Ni-Z) =•''76 ( X , Y , Z l a cac k i m loai khac sat) Khi didn phan dung dich h6n hop mu6'i clorua tao ra tCr cac kim loai X, Y,

Z N i thi thii tir thu dugc cac kim loai a catot la

A Z , X , N i , Y B X , Y , N i , Z C Z, N i , X, Y D Y, X, N i , Z

Huong ddn gidi

Ti'nh khir cac kim loai tang ddn theo trat tir: Z < X < N i < Y

Do do, thu" tu thu dugc cac kim loai a catot khi dien phan la Z, X, N i , Y

D a p a n d u n g l a A

9, Tien hanh dien phan dung dich 500ml h6n hgp AgNO,; Cu(N03),; Fe(NO,),,; Pb(N03)2 ( cac cha't c6 cung nong do 0,2M) biing dong dien c6 cuong do 9,65A

£>i thu dugc 560ml khi thoat ra 6 catot thi can thcfi gian dien phan la (the ti'ch

khi do or dktc, ditn cue tro, hieu sua't di6n phan 100%)

A 4500s B 8500s C 6500s D 1000s

Huong ddn gidi Cdch 1:

Theo bai ra: n^^+ ="p^.H " "cu^* " " p b ^ * " ^ ' ^

n kh, = 560/ 22400 = 0,025 mol

Thii tif phong dien o catot:

Ag"^ + le -> A g i 0,1 -> 0,1 (mol) Fe''* + le->Fe2+ (dd) 0,1 <-0,1 (mol) Cu^^ + 2e ^ Cu i 0,1 -> 0,2 (mol)

2H^ + 2e ^ H2 t (khi thoat ra a catot)

0,05<-0,025 mol (H* dugc sinh ra do qua trinh oxi hoa H^O d anot:

10 D i e n philn c 6 m a n g ngan 5 0 0 m l d u n g d j c h chiia h 6 n hop g o m C u C U 0 , 1 M va

N a C l 0 , 5 M (dien circ t r o , hieu suat dien phan 100%) v6\g d o d o n g dien 5 A

t r o n g 3 8 6 0 giay D u n g djch thu dirge sau dien phan eo k h a nang hoa tan m gam

A l G i a trj Ion nhat cua m la

A 5,40 B 1,35 C 2,70 D 4,05

Huong dan gidi

T h e o bai ra: n c c , , = 0,5 0.1 = 0,05 ( m o l )

n^aci = 0,5 0,5 = 0,25 (mol)

D e khir het i o n C u " * t h l thcji gian dien phan can:

(Cu-* + 2e > C u i , day la qua t r i n h khir xay ra dau tien)

A l + O H - i - 3 H : 0 > | A l ( O H ) J + | H

0,1 < - 0 , l ( m o l )

V a y m = m^i = 0 , 1 27 = 2,70 ( g a m ) D a p a n diing la C

1 1 D i e n phan d u n g d j c h g o m 7,45 g a m K C I va 28,2 g a m C u ( N O , ) , (dien cue tro,

m a n g ngan xop) den k h i k h o i l u g n g d u n g d j c h g i a m d i 10,75 g a m t h i ngirng

dien phan (gia thiet lirgng nirdrc bay h o i k h o n g dang ke) Tat ea cac cha't tan

t r o n g d u n g d j c h sau dien phan la

=>Cu^^ chua bj d i c n phan het, do do trong d u n g djch sau dien phan c6 C U ( N 0 3 ) ^

K h i C r bj dien phan het t h i : ' ' " '

V I m , , , , „ „ + m , , , „ ,„„ = 6,75 + 8 = 14,75g (> 11,65 g a m ) ^ Q r * chua b, dien phan het ( C f da bj d i c n plnui het)

V a y d u n g d j c h t h u dugc chua chat tan: C u ( N O , ) , ; H N O , ; N a N O ,

, D a p a n diing la 15

59

an loai vii phifcfng phcip gidi Bl Hon hoc 12 — Cii Thanh Toan

Dang 9: Bai tap dien phan h6n hop C U S O 4 + NaCl

1 Dien phan dung dich chiia a mo! C U S O 4 va b mol NaCl (vdi dien cue tro, c6

mang ngan xop) De dung dich sau dien phan lam phenolphtalein chuyen sang

mau h6ng thi dieu kien ciia a va b la (bid't ion S O 4 " ' khong bj difin phan trong

dung dich)

A 2b = a B b < 2a C b = 2a D b > 2a

Huong dan gidi

Phuong trinh difin phan:

CUSO4 + 2NaCl -> Cu i + CI2 t + Na2S04

a(mol) 2a(mol) • - i

£>i dung djch sau di6n phan lam phenolphtalein chuyen sang mau h6ng thi NaC!

phai du trong qua trinh tren, do do dung djch NaCl bj dien phan sinh ra NaOH:

2NaCl + 2H3O -> 2NaOH + CK +

Do do b > 2a Dap an dung la D

2 Dien phan vdi dien circ tro, mang ngan xdp h6n hop dung djch gdm 2a mol NaCl

va a mol C U S O 4 , den khi catot xua't hien bot khi thi ngirng dien phan Trong qua

trinh dien phan tren, khi sinh ra a anot la

A CI B CUvaO C H , D O

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Phuong trinh dien phan:

CUSO4 + 2NaCl ^ Cui + CI2 T + Na2S04

a (mol) 2a (mol) catot anot

3 Dien phan (vdri dien cue tra) mot dung dich gom NaCl va C U S O 4 cd cung sd mol,

den khi 0 catot xua't hien bot khi thi dumg di6n phan Trong ca qua trinh didn

phan tren, san phsim thu duoc d anot la

Do do, san pham thu duoc d anot gdm khi CK va khi O Dap an dung la C

1 Dien phan 2 lit dung dich hdn hop gdm NaCl va C U S O 4 den khi H.O bj dien

phan d hai circ thi dirng lai, tai catot thu 1,28 gam kim loai va anot thu 0,336 lit khi (d dieu kien tieu chudn) Coi the tich dung dich khdng ddi thi pH cua dung dich thu duoc bang

A 12 B 13 C.2 D 3

Huong ddn gidi

Kim loai thu duoc d catot la Cu: n^u = 1,28/64 = 0,02(mol)

Sd mol khi thu duoc d anot: =0,336/22,4 = 0,015(mol)

6 catot (-):

6 anot (+):

Cu^* + 0,04 <-

2e Cu 4 0,02 (mol) 2H2O + 2e H2 +20H- 2cr

Gia su toan bd khi d anot la CI, thi n, (nhudng) = 0,015 2 = 0,03 (mol) < n, (Cu

nhan) = 0,04 (mol)

Do dd 0 catot, H.O chua bj khir

d anot, C r va H.O bi oxi hoa. , sEi'/f

Goi X, y \in luot la sd mol Cl2,02 trong khi thu duoc d anot

x + y = 0,015 2x + 4y = 0,04

Ta co:

PIHIII loai va p/ii/an}' phap i>idi BT H6a hoc 12 - Ci) Thanh Todii

Giairadugc: x = 0 , 0 1 : y = 0,005

=4y = 4.0,005 =0,02 (mol)

= 0,02/2 = 0,01 = 10""M

Vay pH = - l g [ H ' ] = - l g ( K r 2 j ^ 2 Dap an diing la C

5 Dien phan (dien circ tro) dung dich X chiia 0,2 mol CUSO4 va 0,12 mol NaCl

bang dong dien c6 cuong do 2A The ti'ch khf (dktc) thoat ra 0 anot sau

9650 giay dien phan la

A 1,792 lit B 2,240 lit C 1,344 lit D 2,912 lit

Huong dan gicii

Cac qua trinh xay ra a anot (+):

Tnroc tien: 2Cr -2e >CK t

0,12->0,12^ 0,06 (mol)

l_

2

X (mol) Sau do: H , 0 - 2 e ) 2 H ^ + - 0 , t

Ta co: — = nci2 -2 + no, 4

Dang 9: Bai tap dieu che kim loai

1 Nguyen tdc chung duoc dung de di6u che kim loai la:

A Cho hop chat chiia ion kim loai tac dung voi cha't oxi hoa

J B Cho horp chat chiia ion kim loai tac dung v6i chat khir

C Khii ion kim loai trong hop chat thanh nguyen tir kim loai

D Oxi hoa ion kim loai trong hop chat thanh nguyen tir kim loai

Huong dan gidi

Nguyen tdc chung de dieu che kim loai:

11+

M + ne

Ion kim loai

M nguyen tir kim loai

Khir ion kim loai trong hop chat thanh nguyen tir kim loai Dap an diing la C

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khan^ ViJt

2 Trong phirong phap thuy luyen dung de dl^u che Ag tir quang c6 chiia Ag,S, can

dung them

A dung dich HNO, dac va Zn

B dung djch NaCN va Zn • ' 4 • '

C dung dich H:S04 dac, nong va Zn. '•unrmA ,1^'

Huong dan gidi

Cac PTPU'xay ra:

Ag.S +4NaCN,a,, > 2Na|Ag(CN),l + Na,S

Zn + 2Na[Ag(CN),|,,„ > 2Ag + Na, IZn(CN)J

Vay can dung them dung dich NaCN va Zn Dap an diing la B

3 Tir 0,1 mol Ag^S, nguoi ta di^u che kim loai bac bang phirong phap udt can vira

dii V ml dung dich NaCN I M va m gam Zn (cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan) Gia tri cua V va m Ian lunt la

A 400 va 6,5 B 200 va 6,5 C 400 va 13,0 D 200 va 13,0

Dap an dung la A

4 Day gom cac kim loai dugc d\6u che trong cong nghiep bang phirong phap dien

phan hop cha't nong chay ciia chung la

A Na, Ca, Zn B Na, Cu, A l C Na, Ca, A l D Fe, Ca, Al

Huong dan gidi

Trong cong nghiep, phuoiig phap dien phan nong chay dugc ap dung de di^u che

cac kim loai manh (truoc A l va Al) nhu Na, Ca, Al,

NaCl ) N a + i - C l t

CaCl, ) Ca + C K t

2A1:03 > 4A1 + 3 0 , t

Dap an diing la C

5 Day cac kim loai deu c6 the dugc dieu che' biing phuong phap dien phan dung

dich muoi cua chiing la

A Ba, Ag, Au B Fe, Cu, Ag C A l , Fe, Cr D Mg, Zn, Cu

Huong dan gidi

Cac kim loai c6 tinh khir trung binh va yen c6 the dieu che bang phuong phap dien phan dung djch muoi chung

Cac kim loai do c6 the la Fe, Cu, Ag Dap an dung la H

6- Hai kim loai c6 the dugc diSu che bang phirong phap dien phan dung djch la

A C u v a A g B A l v a M g C Na va Fe D Mg va Zn

Huong dan gidi

Cac kim loai Cu, Ag c6 the dieu che bang phuong phap dien phan dung dich:

Cac kim loai c6 tmh khir trung binh hoac yeu (sau A l trong day dien hoa) c6 the

d i l u c\\€ bang phuong phap thiiy luyen => K i m loai Cu

D a p a n d u n g l a 1)

8 Day cac k i m loai d^u c6 thd' duoc di^u ch6' bang phuong phap di6n phan dung

dich mudi (vdi dien cue tro) la

A L i , A g , Sn B N i , Cu, A g C Ca, Zn, Cu D A l , Fe, Cr

Huong ddn gidi

Cac kim loai trung binh va y6'u (sau A l ) c6 the duoc d i l u che bang phuong phap

dien phan dung djch mudi => cac k i m loai la N i , Cu, A g

D a p a n d u n g l a B

Chii y: Cac kim loai manh nhu L i , Ca, A l , khdng the dieu che bang phuong

phap dien phan dung dich

9 Nhom k i m loai nao sau day ma khi di^u ch6' chi duoc dung phuong phap dien

phan nong chay?

A.Na,Fe,Al,Cu B.Na,Ca,Mg,Al C.K,Al,Cr,Cu D.Fe,Cr,Cu,Sn

Huong ddn gidi

Cac kim loai manh (nhom l A , I I A , A l , ) chi duoc dieu che bang phuong phap

dien phan nong chay => Cac kim loai do la Na, Ca, M g , A l

D a p a n d u n g l a B

10 Tir hdn hop M g O , CuO, AUO, de diau che cac kim loai tucfng ling, ngoai cac

hoa chat, cin diing thfim cac phuong phap di6u che kim loai la

A nhiet luydn va dien phan dung dich

B nhiet luyen va di6n phan nong chay

C nhidt luy6n va thuy luyen

D thuy luydn va dien phan dung dich

Hu&ng ddn gidi

+ Di^u che Cu bang phuong phap nhiet luyen

Miilmuhn ,0

CuO + CO — ^ Cu + CO, + Di^u che M g , A l (kim loai manh) bang phuong phap di6n phan nong chay:

Phuong phap thuy luyen va phuong phap dung kim loai c6 ti'nh khuf manh hon

ddy kim loai ya'u hon ra khoi dung djch hop chat

T h i d u : 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Z n — ^ 2 A g 4 + Na2Zn(CN)4

,, I D a p a n diing l a C

13 Phan ling hoa hoc nao sau day la sai?

A 2Ag:S + 3 0 , — ^ 2 A g 2 0 + 2S02 ' '

B SiO, + Na,CO, —!—> Na^SiO,, + CO,

C 3Fe,0, + CO — ^ 2Fe,04 + CO,

Plidn loai va phiranij p/icip j-'uii BT Hoa hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toon

14 Khi nung 23,2 gam sunfua ciia mot kim loai hoa tri I I trong khong khf, roi lam

ngu6i san phiiim thu dugc m6t chat long va mot chat khi Lirong san phaim khf

nay lam mA't mau dung djch c6 chiia

C 38,1 gam iot D 50,8 gam iot

Huang dan gidi

Khi nung sunfua kim loai trong khong khi:

MS,,, + 0,,k, > M,0«,, + SO:,k,

oxit kim loai

=> Loai trucmg hop nay \i oxit kim loai la chtft ran

15 Cho lu6ng khi H , (du) qua h6n hop cac oxit CuO, Fe^Oj, ZnO, MgO nung a

nhiet do cao Sau phan ling h6n hop rdn con lai la

A Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg B Cu, Fe, Zn, MgO

C Cu, FeO, ZnO, MgO D Cu, Fe, ZnO, MgO

Huong dan gidi

Khi H , , 6 nhiet do cao khir duoc cac oxit ciia cac kim loai yeu (CuO), kim loai

trung binh (sau Zn, nhu Fe^O,):

MgO + H , > khong xay ra (van con MgO)

Sau phan ung, trong chat rdn c6 Cu, Fe, ZnO, MgO

Dap an dung la C

Cly TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet

16 Cho luong khf H , (du) di qua ong chiia dong thcJi 0,1 mol m6i chat sau day dot nong : MgO, Fe,04, A1,0, va ZnO Sau khi cac phan ung xay ra hoan toan, dan toan bo khi va hoi thu dugc qua binh dung 100 gam dung djch H2S0498% (cho rang H , du khong phan ling vdi H,vS04 dac, hoi nudrc bi ha'p thu het) Nong d6 %

ciia dung djch H 2 S O 4 thu dugc la

A 85,66% B 91,42% C 84 ,34% D 89,9%

Huong dan gidi

Theo bai ra: n^^^sl.^^ = 98(gam)

17 Tien lanh cac thi nghiem sau: ,

(1) CI o Zn vao dung djch AgNO,; (2) Cho Fe vao dung djch Fe,(S04),;

(3) C\ Na vao dung djch C U S O 4 ; (4) Dan khi CO (du) qua bot CuO nong

Cac thi nghiem c6 tao thanh kim loai la

A ( l ) v a ( 2 ) B ( l ) v a ( 4 ) C (3) va (4) D (2) va (3)

Huong ddn gidi

P T H H (1) Zn + 2AgNO, -> Zn ( N O , )^ + 2Ag i

Fe f Fe2(S04), ^3FeS04

2Na + 2 H 2 O + C U S O 4 ^ Na2S04 + C u( O H ) ^ + H2 (4) CO + CuO^>Cu + C02

Dap an dung la B

18 Tliuc hidn cac thi nghidm sau: ,

(a) Nhiet phan AgNOi I ' ^ ^ i ' (b) Nung FeS, trong khong khi , ' (c) Nhiet phan KNO,

(d) Cho dung djch C U S O 4 vao dung djch NH, (du) , (e) Cho Fe vao dung djch C U S O 4

(g) Cho Zn vao dung djch FeCl., (du)

(h) Nung Ag,S trong kh6ng khi (i) Cho Ba vao dung djch C U S O 4 (du)

Phdn loai va p/iirf/iii^ pliap i^icii BT Hoa hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan

S6' thi nghifim thu dirpc kim loai sau khi cac phan ling ket thiic la

Huong dan gidi

PTHH xay ra khi thirc hifin thi nghiem:

CUSO4 + 6 N H 3 + 2 H 2 O ^ [Cu ( N H 3 )4 ](OH)2 + ( N H 4 \4

Fe + CUSO4 FeS04 +Cui

Zn + 2FeCl3 (du) -> 2FeCl2 + ZnClj

AgjS + O2 -> 2Ag i +SO2

Ba + CUSO4 + 2 H 2 O - > C U ( 0 H ) 2 + BaS04 + H2

Dap an diing la B

19 Trucmg hofp nao sau day tao ra kim loai?

A D6't FeSj trong oxi du

B Nung h6n hofp quang apatit, da xa van va than coc trong 16 dung

C D6't A g 2 S trong oxi du

D Nung h6n hop quang photphorit, cat va than c6'c trong 16 dien

Huong dan gidi

PTHH cac phan iJng xay ra: 4 F e S 2 + 1IO2 -> 2Fe203 + 8SO2

Quang apatit + da xa van + than c6'c phan lan nung chay

A g 2 S + O2 -» 2Ag + SO2

Ca3 (PO4 )^ + 3Si02 + 5C -> 2P + 3CaSi03 + SCO

=> Truong hop tao ra kim loai la C Dap an dung la C

20 Cho cac chat: CuCO,, dung dich NaOH, dung djch HCl, CO Cac hoa chat toi

thieu cdn dung de dieu che Cu bang phuong phap nhiet luyen la

A CuCOj va dung dich HCl B CuCO, va CO

C.CuCOj D CuCO,, HCl, NaOH va CO

Huong dan gidi

PTHH: C U C O 3 — ^ CuO + C O 2

CuO + CO- -^Cu + CO

Dap an dung la B

21 Khir hoan toan m gam oxit M,Oy cdn vCra dii 17,92 lit khi CO (dktc), thu dugc a

gam kim loai M Hoa tan het a gam M bang dung dich H 2 S O 4 dac nong (du), thu dugc 20,16 lit khi SO, (san pham khu duy nhat, 6 dktc) Oxit M.Oj, la

FeO B CrO D Cr,0, D Fe,04

Huong dan gidi ,;

Theobai ra: n^-Q = O,8mol;n<5(^2 =0,9mol

- VI Hf-o ^ nso2 => ^^'"1 •o'J' ^ ^^^y (trong oxit c 6 so' oxi hoa tha'p, trong muoi sunfat c6 s6' oxit hoa cao)

- Neu trong oxit, so oxi hoa ciia M la +2, trong mu6'i sunfat len +3 thi khi

nco = Tiol thi n<^2 = ^-npo = l,2mol

Nhung theo bai ra n^^j^ = 0,9 < 1,2 => Chi mot phdn kim loai M thay doi s6' oxi

hoa Vay oxit phCi hgp la Fe,04

Dap an diing la D

22 Khu hoan toan 6,4 gam M,Oy can 2,688 lit CO, lugng kim loai thu dugc cho tac

dung hoan toan \6\g djch HCl du sinh ra 1,792 lit H, Bie't cac ihi ti'ch khi deu do a dktc, vay M.Oj, la

Hu&ng dan gidi

- V i Vf-o ^ ^ loai A (ZnO); B (FeO)

- V i = 1,5.VH^ => oxit la F e A - That vay:

Fe203 + 3C0 > 2Fe + 3 C O 2

2(Fe + 2HCl >FeCl2 + H 2

Dap an dung la D

Dang 10: Bai tap tdng hcrp

1 Phan u-ng dien phan dung djch CuCU (vdi dien cue trcr) va phan umg an m6n dien

hoa xay ra khi nhung hgp kim Zn - Cu vao dung djch HCl c 6 dac diem la

A Phan ling 6 cue am c6 sir tham gia ciia kim loai hoac ion kim loai

B Phan ling xay ra luon kem theo sir phat sinh d6ng dien

C Deu sinh ra Cu b cue am , ^ , „

D Phan ling a circ duomg deu la sir oxi hoa CI" , „}, , „

Huong dan gidi

* Qua trinh dien phan (tieu ton dien nang) dung djch CuCU (dien cue tra):

Cue (-): Cu^^ + 2e > Cu (khu)

Cuc(+): 2 C r - 2 e >Cl2 (oxi hoa)

69

* Pin dien hoa (phat sinh dong dien) Z n - Cu/ H C l :

A phan ufng o x i hoa - khir xiiy ra o c a c dien circ

B chuyen nang lirong hoii hoc thanh dien nang

C cac phan ung d6u tir xay ra

D xay ra a cac dien cue nho dong dien m6t chieu

Huong dan gidi

Phan ling hoa hoc didn ra trong pin dien hoa va trong binh dien phftn eo diem

chung la phan umg oxi hoa - khijr xay ra 6 cac dien cue

Y)ap an dung la A

3 Cho bon h6n hop, m6i h6n hop gom hai chat rdn c6 s6' mol bang nhau: Na^O va

A 1 , 0 , ; Cu va FeCl,; BaCU va C U S O 4 ; Ba va N a H C O j So h6n hop eo the' tan

hoan toan trong nude (dir) chi tao ra dung dich la

Suy ra, h6n hop nay tac dung vira du, tao ra dung dich

- H6n hop Cu (x mol) va FeCl, (x mol):

Cu + 2FeCl, > 2FeCK + CuCl,

-Tao ra ket tua BaCO,

Vay chi CO 1 h6n hop (Na^O/ AKO,) hoa tan trong nude tao ra dung djch

D a p an diing la C

Ciii dung m6t thuoc thu phan biet cac kim loai sau: M g , Zn, Fe, Ba?

A Dung dich NaOH ; B Dung dich H,S04 loang ">

C Dung dich H C l D Nude M :

Huong ddn gidi

Chon thu6'c thir la dung djch H 2 S O 4 loang thi each nhAn biet don gian nha't:

- Trich cac mau thu

- Cho dung djch H 2 S O 4 vao cae mSu thu + MSu tao ra ket tua la Ba:

Ba + H 2 S O 4 - > BaS04 i f H j T

Ba + 2 H , 0 - > B a ( O H ) ^ + H2 t (Loc tach ket tua duge dung dich B a ( 0 H) 2 )

+ Cac m3u con lai khong tao ra k6't tiia (duge cac dung dich muoi sunfat)

M g + H 2 S O 4 ^ M g S 0 4 + H2

Zn + H 2 S O 4 ZnS04 + H j

Fe + H 2 S 0 4 - > F e S 0 4+ H 2

- Cho tir tir dung djch Ba(OH)2 tdi du vao cac dung djch muoi thu duge:

+ MSu tao ra k6't tua, sau do tan, bdt m6t phan => MSu ban ddu chua Z n

B a ( O H)2 +ZnS04 - > BaS04 i + Z n ( 0 H ) 2 i

B a ( O H)2 + Z n ( O H ) 2 ->Ba + M 3 u tao ra ket tua trSng xen Ian trdng xanh => MSu ban dau chiia Fe: j

B a ( O H)2 + FeS04 ^ F e ( 0 H ) 2 i + BaS04 i

Trdng xanh trdng + MSu chi tao ra k6t tiia trdng => mdu ban dau ehua M g

3Fe + 4 H 2 0 ( h ) — ^ F e 3 0 4 ( d e n ) +4H2

5 Kim loai M c6 the' diroc di^u che' bang each khir ion ciia no trong oxit bai khi

a nhiet d6 cao Mat khac, kim loai M khir duoc ion H * trong dung djch axit

loang thanh H , K i m loai M la

A Fe B M g C Cu D A l

Huong dan gidi

Kim loai M la Fe: H2 + FeO > Fe + H j O

Fe + 2H+ >Fe2^ + H2

Dap an dung la A

6 Day g6m cac kim loai d^u tac dung v6i n\x6c a nhiet d6 thucmg tao ra cac dung

dich CO m6i truorng ki€m la

A F e , K , C a B Zn, Na, Ba C L i , K, Ba D Be, Na, Ca

Huong dan gidi

Cac kim loai nhom l A ( L i , Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) va m6t s6' kim loai nhom I I A (Ca,

Sr, Ba) tac dung dirge vdi H^O a d'liu kien thucnig tao ra dung djch kidm:

Li + H , 0 ^ LiOH + - H ,

Li + H.O -> K O H + - H ,

2 ^

Ba + 2H2O -> Ba(OH), +

=> Cac kim loai do c6 the la L i , K va Ba Dap an dung la C

7 Nguyen t6' R tao dugc oxit cao nha't c6 kh6'i lugng phan tif la lOOu Nhan xet nao

sau day khong dung?

A R la nguyen t6' nhom B

B R dirge difiu che chii yeu theo phirong phap nhidt luydn

C Cac hidroxit ciia R la hidroxit luong ti'nh

D Nguyen tir R o trang thai 1 bin virng c6 6 electron d6c than

Huong dan gidi

Oxit do la CrO, => R la kim loai Cr Do do:

- R la nguyen t6' nhom B (nhom V I B)

- PTPLT dieu che R: Cr203 + 2A1 > 2Cr + AI2O3

(Phuomg phap nhiet luyen: phuomg phap nhiet nh6m)

- Ti'nh chat axit - baza ciia hidroxit:

+ Cr(OH),: Co ti'nh baza

+ Cr(OH)3: Co ti'nh luomg ti'nh

+ Cr02(OH)2 (H3Cr04, ) : Co ti'nh axit

- Cr (Z = 24) : [Ar] 3d'4s' (Co 6 electron doc than)

Dap an dung la C

Nhan xet nao sau day khong dung?

A Khi pin dien hod boat dgng, a c&u mu6'i: ion duang chuyd'n djch ve anot, ion

am chuyen v^ eatot i n ' '

B Cu, Fe, N i la nhom kim loai c6 the' d\iu che dugc theo ca ba phirong phap:

thuy luyen, nhiet luyen, dien phan

C Sir khac nhau ve ban chat giSa an mon hod hoc va an mon dien hod la cdch djch chuyin electron tir kim loai an mon sang m6i trucmg

D De lam giam nhiet do nong chay ciia A L O j , khi dien phdn nong chay A L O , nguori ta cho them SNaF.AlF, vao

Hu&ng dan gidi

Vai tro ciia edu muoi la trung hoa dien tich nen ion duong di chuye'n catot

A A l v a F e B A l va Ag C Cu va A g D Zn va Fe

Huong dan gidi

Suy ra trong X c6 1 kim loai tac dung vdi H2SO4 loang (dung tru6c H trong day dien hoa) va 1 kim loai khong tde dung vori H2SO4 loang (dumg sau H)

=>H6n hgp X c6 the la A l va Ag:

2 A l + 3H2S04(l)^Al2(S04)3+3H2 '

A g + H2S04(l)-> khong xayra Dap an dung la B

Chii v; - Cdc kim loai Fe, Zn, deu tac dung voi H2SO4 loang:

Fe + H2S04(l)>FeS04 + H2 ' v

-Zn + H 2 S 0 4 ( l ) ^ Z n S 0 4 + H2 ' ^

- Cac kim loai Cu, Ag, khdng tac dung v6i H2SO4 loang

10 Cho 200 ml dung djch AgNO., 2,5x mol/ 1 tac dung vai 200 ml dung djch

Fe(NO.,)2 X mol / 1 Sau khi phan ufng ket thiic thu dugc 17,28 gam chat ran va

dung djch X Cho dung djch HCl du vao dung djch X thu dirge m (gam) ket tua

Gid trj ciia m la

A 34,44 B 28,7 C 40,18 w^-J', D 43,05 '

Phan loai va pliiran^j plulp nicii HI Hoa lioc 1^ -Cii I luinli 1 aan

Huong ddn gidi Theobai ra: n^j^No, = 0 , 5 x ( m o l ) ; ^p.^^o^)^ = 0 , 2 x ( m o l )

Chat ran thu duorc la A g => n^g = 17,28/108 = 0,16(mol)

11 Cho cac chat rrin: Cu, Fe, Ba Ian luot vao m6i dung djch CUSO4, FeCl, So phan

ling hoa hoc xay ra la (m6i phan i^ng chi tinh mot Idn)

A 7 B 4 C 5 D 6

Huong ddn gidi

Cac PlTHH CO the xay ra:

1 Cu + 2FeCl, > CuCl + 2FeCl2

2 Fe + CUSO4 > FeS04 + Cu

3 Fe + 2FeCl3 > 3FeCl2

4 Ba + 2 H , 0 > Ba(OH), + H ,

5 Ba(OH), + CUSO4 > BaS04 + Cu(OH),

6. 3Ba(OH), + 2FeCl, > 2Fe(0H), + 3 B a a ,

•^^^ 7 |H] + F e C l , > FeCK + HCl

Dap an dung la A

12 Khang djnh diing la:

A Nguyen tac chung de' dieu che kim loai la oxi hoa ion kim loai thanh kim loai

B Trong sir dien phan a catot xay ra sir oxi hoa, a anot xay ra sir khijf

C Trong pin didn hoa 6 catot la noi xay ra sir khir, con a anot la noi xay ra sir

oxi hoa

D Khi hai kim loai tiep xiic \6\u thi kim loai yd'u hon se bi an mon dien hoa

Hu&ng ddn gidi

- Nguyen tac chung dieu che kim loai: M " ^ + ne > M (khir ion kim loai)

- Sir dien phan:

+ Catot (-): xay ra sir khir + Anot (+): xay ra sir oxi hoa

- Pin dien hoa: , , + Catot (+): xay ra sir khir " ' • T ' + Anot (-): Xay ra su oxi hoa

- N6'u dii dieu kien an mon dien hoa thi kim loai manh hon se bj an mon (oxi hoa) Khang dinh diing la C

=> A g N O , con dir (0,4 + 0,2 < 0,7) K6t tiia thu duoc gom: 0,4 mol AgCl va 0,2 mol A g

=>Kh6i lirgng ket tua: m,,, =0,4.143,5 + 0,2.108 = 79,0(g)

.y,!^ - v;'^'i^'v" 'VA Dap an dung la K

l l l i tTIi.J! /'SSi!

75

Phdn loai va phUcrnf^ phdp f>idi nhanh BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Todn

1 Tinh chat vat h'

- Tat ca cac kim loai kiem ddu c6 mang tinh the lap phiKing tarn khoi

- K i m loai k i l m c6:

+ Khoi luong rieng nho

+ Nhifit d6 nong chay (<200''C), nhiet do soi tha'p

+ Do Cling tha'p

2 Tinh chat hoa hoc

- Cac kim loai kiem c6 tinh khir manh, tinh khir tang ddn tir L i dfi'n Cs

- Cac kim loai ki6m chay cho ngon lira c6 mau dac trung:

+ Liti cho ngon lira do son

+ Natri cho ngon lijfa mau vang

+ Kali cho ngon lira mau tim nhat

- Phan ung v6i nxxac: cac kim loai kiem tac dung manh vdi nuoc 6 nhiet do thudng:

+ L i phan ling em dju nhat v6i nude, khong chay, t\6

+ Na bj nong chay thanh hat tron noi va chay tren mat nu6c, hat Ion gay cha\

n6 manh

+ K gay chay ngay

+ Con Rb va Cs gay phiin iJng n6 rat manh

- Tac dung v6\: cac kim loai phiin iirng manh list v6i axit:

+ Chi nen lam thi nghiem v6i axit HCl dac (C% > 20%), neu axit c6 n6ng do

nho hon, phan lifng qua manh liet, gay no ra't nguy hiem

i + Khong nen lam thi nghiem cho kim loai kiem tac dung vdi H N O , hay H2SO4

v1 ra't nguy hiem

3 Mot so h(rp chat quan trong cua kim loai kiem

* NaOH: la bazo manli, tan nhieu trong nuoc va toa nhiet:

NaOH > Na" + OH"

* NaHCO, va Na,CO.,:

Tinh tan Tan I t trong nude, trong dung Tan tot Trong dung dich phan

trong nuoc djch phan li hoan toan: li hoan toan:

NaHCO, > Na" + HCO^ Na.CO, > 2Na" + C O ] ~

Cry TNHH MTV DWH Kban^ Viet

^ T n h ^ e t phan huy 2NaHC03 '" )

Na.CO, + CO, + H^O

Ben vdri nhiet

Tinh chat axit - bazo

Vira CO ti'nh axit, vira c6 tinh

baza (tinh luong tfnh):

H C O J + OH" -> CO^" + H , 0 HCO3 + H " ^ co,T + ao

Chi CO tinh bazo:

CO^" + 2 H " ^ CO^t + H2O

Xhiiy phan cho moi trircnig kiam

HCO^ + H , 0 <=± OH" + H,CO,

Yeu hon

C O ^ + H , 0 ^ O H " + HCO;^

Manh hon

I I K I M L O A I K I E M T H O

1 Tinh chat vat li

- Kh6'i luong rieng tuong ddi nho, nhe hon nh6m (trir Ba)

- Nhiat do nong chay, nhiet do tuong doi thap (nhung v5n cao hon kim loai kiem)

- D6 Cling tuy cao hon kim loai ki^m, nhung vi\ tuong doi tha'p (trir Be)

- Cac kim loai kiem tho c6 kieu mang tinh the khac nhau nen cac dai luong vat If

bien ddi khong deu dan (theo m6t quy luat) nhu cac loai kim loai kiem

2 Tinh chat hoa hoc

- Cac kim loai kidm tho deu c6 tinh khiJ manh, nhung yeu hon so vdri cac kim loai kiem

- Tfnh khu cija cac kim loai kidm tho tang ddn tir Be den Ba

- Tac dung vdri nude c6 su khac nhau:

+ Ca, Sr, Ba tac dung b nhiet do thucng:

M (Ca, Sr, Ba) + 2 H : 0 > M ( O H ) , + H , t + M g tac dung cham vdri H^O b dieu kien thucng:

M g + 2H.O > M g ( O H ) , | +H:T Tac dung nhanh vdri hoi HiO d nhiet do cao:

Mg,b«„ + H:0, ."cao ^ M g O + H ,

+ Be khong tac dung vdri H^O dii d nhiet dd cao

Chu v; Cac kim loai ki6m tho chay duoc trong khi CO3; SO,; :

CO3 + 2Mg — ^ 2MgO + C

E)o do kh«)ng duoc dung CO, de dap tat dam chay kim loai manh

^' Mot so hgrp chat quan trong ciia kim loai kiem tho

• Ca(OH),: la bazo manh (nude vdi trong), dk tac dung vdi CO,:

CO, + Ca(OH), > CaCO, i + H , 0

Phi'm loai va phucm}; pluip gicii nluinh BT Hoci hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toon

h o a c 2 C O , + C a ( O H ) , > CaCHCO,), (tan)

• C a C O , ( C O t r o n g d a voi, ): '

C a C O ^ '" > C a O + C O t \ ^*

• C a ( H C O , ) 2 : C a ( H C O , ) 2 < > C a C O , i + C O , + H A

• C a S 0 4 (canxi sunfat, con goi l a thach cao)

T u y theo luong nu6c ket tinh c 6 trong tinh the, ta c6:

- T h a c h c a o s6'ng: C a S 0 4 2H2O

- T h a c h c a o nung: C a S 0 4 H^O

- T h a c h c a o khan: C a S 0 4

1 K h a i n i e m '

N u 6 c C l i n g la nuorc chiia nhieu cation Ca'"^, Mg""^ Nirdc chiia it hoac khong chi'ra

cac ion trdn dirge goi la nu6c m^m

2 P h a n loai

- N u 6 c C l i n g c 6 tfnh ciifng tarn thcfi: Chiia C a ( H C O , ) 2 v a M g ( H C O , ) :

- Nircrc ciing c 6 tfnh ciing vTnh ciru: chiia c a c mudi clorua v a sunfat ciia canxi v a

magie: C a C U , M g C K , C a S 0 4 , MgS04

- Nuoc Cling CO tinh ciing toan philn: c6 ca tfnh ciitig t a m thcfi v a tfnh ciing vTnh ciiu

3 T a c h a i c u a nirdc c i h i g

- X a phong k h o n g giat giu dugc trong nude ciing

- Dung nuoc ciing de nau thiic an, se lam cho thuc phdm iSu chfn va giam mui vi

- T a o ra can trong noi hoi, gfty lang phi nhien lieu khong an toan

- G a y ra hien tugng lam trie ong dan nuoc nong trong san xuat va trong d d i song

- L a m hong nhieu dung dich can pha che

4 C a c h l a m m e m n m k ciing

* Ni>iiyen tac: L a m giam n o n g d o cac cation Ca''', Mg"* trong nuoic ciing

* Thuc hien:

- Chuyen nhOng cation nay thanh hop chat kh6ng tan (phuorng phap ket tiia)

- Thay the nhChig cation nay bang nhiing cation khac (phuong phap trao doi ion)

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet

- Cac d o vat bang n h o m ben a d i a u k i e n thucmg v i n h o m c 6 Idfp m a n g o x i t rat

m o n g , ban bao ve ( k h i n h o m tao h 6 n h o n g vori t h u y ngan, t i n h l i e n tuc ciia l o p o x i t

bj pha v6r, n h o m tac d u n g m a n h vori o x i )

Chii v: N h o m b i t h u d o n g hod t r o n g H2SO4 dac, n g u 6 i

T h i d i i , n h o m tac d u n g vori axit n i t r i c t h u duoc h 6 n h o p san p h d m k h i r chiia N 2 O

va N O , t h i ta Viet t h a n h hai P T H H n h u sau: