ôn kiến thức luyện kĩ năn làm bài hóa học 9 theo chuẩn kiến thức nguyễn hữu thạc

Oieu kien de xay ra phan tmg trao ddi Phan ling trao doi trong dung dich xay ra k h i san ph^m tao thanh c6 chd't dibay hoi hogc chdt khong tan tao thanh ke't tiia.. Ngam 16,6 gam hdn

7-'»'"

1 NGUYfeN Htru T H A C - T R A N N G O C T H A N G - NGUYfeN H O A l NAM

ON KIEN THUrc LUYEN Kl NANG LAM BAI

LOI NOI DAU

Cuon sach "On Men thitc - Luyen Id nang lam bai (Theo chudn kien tMc)

- Hod hoc 9" nham giiip cac em hoc sinh lop 9 nam chac kidn thiic va nang cao ki

nang giai bai tap Hoa hoc thu6c chuong trlnh Idp 9, trong d6 c6 chii y nhilu den ki nang lam bai tap trac nghiem

N6i dung cuon sach gom 4 phSn:

PHANI - ON TAP THEO CHUAN KJEN TfflJC

Phan nay trlnh bay tom tat nhung tdng hop toan bo kien thiic Hoa hoc cua sach giao khoa Idp 9 theo chuong trinh cai each ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao, nham giiip em hoc sinh on tap nhanh va nam kien thiic sau hon

PHAN II - LUYEN KI N A N G THEO CHUAN KIEN THirC

A Cau hoi va bai tap

G6m nhi^u bai tap trac nghiem va bai tap tu luan, giiip hoc sinh nang cao

ki nang van dung kie'n thiic di, giai bai tap, nhat la giai bai tap trac nghiem (each

chon dap an diing va nhanh nhat)

B Huong dan tra 161 cau lioi va giai bai tap

Cac em hoc sinh chi sir dung phan nay sau khi da tra loi cac cau hoi va

giai cac bai tap b phSn A de' ki^m tra kie'n thiic va ki nang cua minh, tii do b6

sung nhung kid'n thiic va ki nang eon thieu

PHAN III - Gl6l THIEU MOT SO DE KIEM TRA , ^,

I De kiem tra 15 phut

II De kiem tra 45 pliiit

PHAN IV - Gldl THIEU DE THI HOC SINH GIOI L(3P 9 - MON HOA HOC

Hi vong rang cuOn sach nay se giiip ieh nhi^u cho cac em hoc sinh 6n tap

va ren luyen ki nang de chudn bi t6't cho ki ki^m tra cu6'i hoc ki va cu6'i nam Chiing t6i ra't mong nhan dupe nhirng y kie'n dong gop xay dung cua ban

doe d^ \in xua't ban sau cu6n sach dupe hoan thien hon

Xin tran trpng cam crn!

CAC TAC GIA

.:;o fi^/ ±iU Gri'I:; mki (' qUi ilm.- '.K^

a) Theo tinh chdt hod hoc cua oxit: Chia thanh b6'n loai oxit;

Oxit axit la nhiJng oxit tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh mu6'i va HjO

Oxit baza la nhung oxit tac dung vdri axit tao thanh mu6'i va H2O

Oxit licdng tinh la nhung oxit vira tac dung vdi axit vCra tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh muoi va nuorc

Oxit trung tinh (con goi la oxit kh6ng tao mu(5i) la nhiJng oxit khdng

tac dung vdi nude, axit va baza Thi du: CO, NO

b) Theo thanh phdn nguyen to tao oxit: Chia thanh hai loai oxit:

Oxit kim loai: Nguyen to tao oxit la kim loai ' '

Oxit phi kim: Nguyfin to' tao oxit la phi kim I

2 Ten goi

Cdch 1: Ten oxit = Ten nguyen td tao oxit (kem hoa tri vdi nguyen td cd

nhilu hoa tri) + oxit i-v'^x^ n>;' / > - • • ,.,1 •

Thi du: FcjO,: Sat(in) oxit

Cdch 2: Diing t i l n td mono (la mot), di (la hai), tri (la ba) di chi sd nguyen tit cua mdi nguyen td trong phan tiJ oxit

Thi du: N j O , : Dinita pentaoxit (penta la nam)

Cdch 3: Ddi vdi oxit axit con cd ten goi la anhidrit ciia axit tu<mg iJng

Thi du: SO,: Anhidrit sunfuric (axit tircfng ling la HjSO^)

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit bazo

- Tdc dung vdi oxit axit: Tao thanh mudi Thi du: •

CaO + SO, ^CaSO, ' •

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mudi va nude Thi du:

MgO + H C l M g C l ^ + H^O

- Tdc dung v&i nucfc: M 6 t sO' oxit bazcf tac dung duoc vdi nudc, tao thanh

dung dich baza r/i/<iM.•

N a 2 0 + H 2 0 ^ 2 N a O H

4 TTnh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit exit

-Tdc dungvdi oxit bazcf:laoXhmhmu6i.Thi du:

C O ^ + C a O - ^ C a C O j

- Tdc dung vdi nuac: Da s6' oxit axit tac dung dugc vdi nude, tao thanh axit

Thi du: P^O, + SH^O -> 2H3PO,

- Tdc dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i va niidrc Thi du:

SO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaSOj + H^O

5 Tinh chdt cua oxit laong tinh

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i va nirdfc Thi du:

AI2O3 + 6HC1 ^ 2 A I C I 3 + 3H2O

- Tdc dung vdi baza kiem: Tao thanh mu6'i va nude Thi du:

A i p , + 2 N a O H 2 N a A 1 0 2 + H^O

II MOT SO OXIT QUAN TRONG

1 Conxi oxit (CaO)

- L a cha't ran, mau trang, nong chay b nhiet d6 rat cao CaO hut nude ra't

manh, nen dung lam kho m6t s6' cha't k h i

- L a oxit bazo: Tac dung vdi nudc, vdi axit va oxit axit

- San xua't CaO: N u n g da vdi (CaCOO trong 16 v d i :

CaCOj — ^ Cao + CO^ t

2 Lau huynh dioxit (SO2)

- L a chat k h i k h o n g m a u , m u i hac, nang hem k h o n g k h i SO2 hoa l o n g

6 -10"C , hoa ran b - 7 3 " C

- L a o x i t axit: Tac dung v d i nudc, v d i baza va o x i t bazcf

- D i e u c h e k h i S 0 2 :

Trong phong thi nghiem: TiT mudi sunfit va tijr axit HjSO^dae, ndng

Na^SO, + H^SOJoang - > Na^SO, + SO^ t + H^O

1 Phan loai ^

Dua vao thanh phSn phan tir, axit duac chia thanh hai loai:

- Axit khong co oxi: H C l , H j S , HBr

- Axit CO oxi: HN03,H2S04,H2C03

2 Ten gpi

- Axit khong co oxi: Ttn axit = A x i t + ten phi k i m + hidric

Thi du: H C l : A x i t clohidrie

- Axit CO nhieu nguyen /«" oxi: T^n axit = A x i t + ten phi k i m + ic

Thi du: H 2 S O 4 : A x i t sunfuric

- Axit CO it nguyen tic oxi: T6n axit = A x i t + t6n phi k i m + cf

r/z/JM; H 2 S O 3 : A x i t sunfuror ,

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua axit

- A x i t lam ddi mau quy t i m thanh do

- Nhieu k i m loai hoat ddng tac dung vdi axit, tao thanh mud'i va giai

phong ^iW^.Thidu:

Z n + 2 H C l - > Z n C l 2 + H 2 1

Rieng axit nitric H N O , va axit H2S04dac tac dung vdi hSu he't eae k i m

loai (trilr platin Pt va vang A u ) , tao thanh mud'i nhimg khong gidi phong khi H^

- Tac dung vdi baza va oxit baza, tao thanh mud'i va nirde

- Dua vao t m h chat hoa hoc, axit duac phan thanh 2 loai:

Axit mgnh n h u HCl,HN03,H2S04loang

Axit ye'u n h u H2S,H2C03,H2S03

IV MpT SO AXIT QUAN TRONG

1 Axit clohidrie (HCl)

- K h i hidro clorua H C l tan trong nudc tao thanh dung dich axit clohidrie

- A x i t clohidrie ed nhimg tinh cha't chung ciia axit: L a m ddi mau quy t i m

thanh do Tac dung vdi: k i m loai, baza, oxit baza va mudi, tao thanh mudi clorua

2 Axitsunfuric (HjSOJ

" " - La chat long sanh, kh6ng mau, nang hon nuorc, tan nhieu trong nudrc va

toa nhiSt

- Axit sunfuric lodng: Co tinh chat gi6'ng axit clohidric

- Axit sunfuric dqc: Co nhOtig tinh chat hoa hoc rifing:

+ Tac dung voi kim loai: Axit H2SO4 dac, nong tac dung vdi tát ca cac kim

loai (trii platin Pt va vang Au) tao thanh mudi sunfat va khong gidi phong khi H2

+ Tinh hdo nuac: Hiit nu6c rát manh nen dung lam khd khi im, lam khan

cac mudi hidrat

Gay hien tucfng than hoa cac hop chat hiru cor Thi du: Axit H 2 S O 4 dac

biS'n dudng thanh than:

C12H22Q.1 ) I 2 C + IIH2O

3 San xudt axit sunfuric

- Trong cdng nghiSp, axit sunfuric dupe san xuát bang phuong phap tiep

xiic tir nguyen lieu la luu huynh (S) hay quang pirit (FeS2)

- Cac cdng doqn san xudt:

+ San xuát khi SO2:

Ddt S hoac quang pirit: S + '° > SỘ

+ San xuát SO3: 2SO2 + O2 y > 2SO3

+ San xuát axit sunfuric: SO3 + H2O H2SO4

4 Nhqn biet axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat

- Dung thudc thu la mudi bari (BaCl2 hay BăN03)2), nhan biét axit

H2SO4 va mudi sunfat bang két tua BaS04 mau trdng

Na2S0, + BaCl2 -> BaSO, i + 2NaCl

- Phan biet axit H 2 S O 4 va muoi sunfat bang quy tim (chi c6 axit la do quy tim)

V BAZO

Baza la hap chat ma phdn ti( c6 mot nguyen tie kim loai lien kei vdi mot

hoac nhieu nhom hidroxit (-OH)

1 Phan loqi

Dua vao tinh tan trong mdc cm bazo, chia thanh hai loai:

- Baza tan duac trong nude (gpi la bazokiem): NaOH,BăOH)2

- Baza khong tan trong nude (gpi la bazp khdng tan): Cu(0H)2,

Fe(OH)3

2 Ten gpi , H'iUr^'

Ten bazo = Ten kim loai (hoa tri) + hidroxit ,

Thidu: Fe(OH)3: Sat(III) hidroxit

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc c u a bazo

- B a z P lam quy tim chuyen thanh xanh, phenolphtalein khdng mau chuy^n thanh mau dọ

- Tac dung vdi axit - Phan ling trung hoa: ,^

Cu(OH)2 + H 2 S O , ^ CUSO4 + 2 H 2 O

- Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi oxit axit, tao thanh mudi va nudẹ

- Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va bazP m d i Thi du:

Bă0H)2 + NajSÔ -> BaSO, i + 2NaOH

- B a z P khdng tan b i nhiet phan tao oxit bazo v a nudẹ Thi du:

2Fe(OH)3 ^ ^ F e 2 0 3 + 3H2O

VỊ IVIOT SO BAZO QUAN TRONG

1 Natrl hidroxit (NaOH)

- La chát ran khdng mau, hiit am manh, tan nhieu trong nude, an mdn da (do vay cd ten la xiit an da)

- Cd My dii tinh chát ciia bazo ki^m: Lam xanh quy tim, tac dung vdi

a x i t , oxit axit tao thanh mudi va nudẹ Tac dung vdi mdt sd dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va b a z a mdị Thi du: -th h •^•mi m ««t)J> ofjJ

3NaOH + F e C l 3 - > Fe(0H)3 ^ + 3 N a C l

- San xuat NaOH: Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa cd mang ngan:

2NaCl + 2 H 2 0 ^ ! = _ > 2 N a O H + CI2 t + H2 t

2 Canxi hidroxit (CăOH)2)

- La chat ran mau trang, it tan trong nudẹ Dung dich bdo hod Că0H)2

trong nude goi Id nicdc voi trong

- Canxi hidroxit cd day du nhung tinh chát ehung cua mdt bazạ

3 Thang pH

Di bidu thi đ axit hoac dp baza ciia dung dich ngudi ta dung thang pH

- Nude cát (nude tinh khiet) va cac dung djch trung tinh cd pH = 7

- Dung dich baza cd pH > 7: pH cang Idn, luc baza cang manh

- Dung dich axit cd pH < 7: pH cang nhd, luc axit cang manh

V I I M U O l

Mndi la hop chat ma phdn tu: gom mot hay nhieu nguyen tvc kim loai lien

kit v&i mot hay nhieu goc axit

1 Phdnloqi

Dira vao thanh phan phan i\x, mu6'i duoc chia thanh hai loai:

- Muoi tiling hod: Trong g6'c axit kh6ng c6 nguydn i\x hidro c6 t h ^ thay

the' bang nguyen tir k i m loai Thi du: K^SO^, Na^CO,, FeCl^

- Muoi axit: Trong g6'c axit con nguyfin i\x hidro c6 t h ^ thay the bang

nguyen tijf k i m loai. r / j i J M - Na2HP04, K H S O , , CaCHCOj)^

2 Ten gpi cua muoi

Ten mu6'i = ten k i m loai (hoa tri) + ten g6'c axit

r/H JM.-Fe^CSOJj: Sat(III) sunfat

CaCHCOj)^: Canxi hidrocacbonat

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Tac dung vdi k i m loai: Tao thanh mu6'i m6\a k i m loai m6\ Thi du:

Z n + 2 A g N 0 3 Z n ( N O , \ 2 A g 4^

- Tac dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i m d i va axit m d i Thi du:

A g N O , + H C l A g C l i + H N O 3

- Tac dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i m d i va bazo m d i Thi du:

Na^CO, + Ca(0H)2 ^ CaCO, i + 2 N a O H

- Tac dung vdi mud'i: Tao thanh hai mu6'i m d i Thi du:

BaCl^ + Na^SO, ^ BaSO, i + 2NaCl

- Phan ung phan huy: Nhi^u mu6'i bi phan huy b nhiet d6 cao Thi du:

2Cu(N03)2 — ^ 2CuO + 4NO2 t + O2 t CaCOj — ^ CaO + CO2 t

4 TTnh tan

- TSit ca cac mu6'i nitrat d^u tan

- Cac mu6'i clorua thucmg gap d i u de tan, trCr A g C l , PbGl2

- Trong s6 cac mu6'i cacbonat, chi c6 mu6'i cacbonat cua k i m loai kiem

tan trong nu6c Cac mu6'i cacbonat axit (hidrocacbonat) d^u de tan

VIII P H A N Q N G T R A O 061

1 Ojnh nghla

Phan ung trao ddi la phan ling hoa hoc, trong do hai cha't tham gia phan

iJng trao ddi thanh phan vdi nhau d^ tao ra nhung hop chat mdri Thi du:

Ba(N03 \ Na^CO, - » BaCO, i + 2 N a N 0 3

2 Oieu kien de xay ra phan tmg trao ddi

Phan ling trao doi trong dung dich xay ra k h i san ph^m tao thanh c6 chd't

dibay hoi hogc chdt khong tan (tao thanh ke't tiia)

IX PHAN BON HOA HOC

Phdn bon hod hoc Id nhifng muoi vd ca, trong thanh phdn co chifa mot trong cdc nguyen to: nita (N), photpho (P), kali (K) hoac chiia d6ng thcri ba

nguyen t6' tren

Nhung phan bon hoa hoc thucmg diing la phan bon dan va phan bon kep

1 Phan bon don

Phan bon dan chi chira 1 trong 3 nguyen to dinh duang chi'nh la: dam (N),

lan (P), hoac kali (K) - v - V i n ' r ^ t

- Phdn dam (chiia nita): Ure ( C O ( N H 2 ) 2 ) , amoni nitrat ( N H ^ N O , ) ,

amoni sunfat ((NHJ^SO^)

- Phdn Idn (chiia photpho): Photphat t u nhien (Ca3(P04)2), supephotphat don iCa(H^PO^\ CaSO,), supephotphat kep (CaiU^PO,)^)

-Phdn kali: KC1,K2S04

2 Phan bon kep 0 '

Phan bon kep chiia hai hoac ca ba nguyen t6' dinh duang 1^ N , P, K

Thi du: Phan N P K (chiia ba nguyen t6' dinh dirong), phan amophot la h6n

hop cac m u o i NH^H^PO, va ( N H J ^ H P O , (chiia N v a P )

3 Phan vi iupng

Chiia luang rat nho cac nguyen t6' hoa hoc dudi dang hgfp cha't

Chirong 2 KIM LOAI

•

I TINH CHAT VAT LI

- Tinh cha't vat If dac tnmg nha't cua kim loai la: deo, dSn di6n, dfin nhiet

tot (Ag dan dien t6t nha't roi den Cu, A l , Fe ), c6 anh kim

- 6 dieu kien thudng, kim loai t6n tai d trang thai ran (tinh the), trCr Hg cf

trang thai long

- Nhiet do nong chay rat khac nhau: t'^^(Hg) = -30"C, t",(W) = 3410"C

D6 cung cua kim loai cung rat khac nhau

- Ngu6i ta con phan bi6t: kim loai den (Fe, Mn, Cr) va kim loai mdu (g6m

cac kim loai con lai)

II TINH CHAT HOA HOC

1 Tac dung v6l phi kim

Oxi Oxit kim loai Kim loai + \o -> Muoi clorua

[Luai huynh -> Mu6'i sunfua

2 Tac dung v6i hidro

Chi CO kim loai kiem va kiem tho phan ung vdfi tao thanh hop cha't

hidrua kim loai kh6ng ben, d6 bi thuy phan Thi du:

2Na + ^ 2NaH (natri hidrua) NaH + H 2 0 - > N a O H + H2 t

3 Tac dung v6i nude

- O nhiet do thudng: Kim loai ki^m va ki^m th6 phan ung vdi H j O ,

Thi du: Ca + 2Y{f> Ca(0H)2 + 0 ^ 1

- U nhiet do cao: Nhung kim loai dung trudrc hidro trong day hoat dong

hoa hoc phan ung vdi Thi du:

Fe + H j O — ^ F e O + H j t

4 Tac dung v6i axit

- Tac dung vai axit thudng: Nhung kim loai dung tru6c hidro phan ung

voi axit, tao ra mu6'i va gidi phong H2^

- Tac dung vdi axit nitric HNO3 vd axit sunfuric H^O^ ddc, nong: HSu he't

cac kim loai phan ung (trir vang Au va platin Pt), khong gidi phong Hj Thi du:

Cu + 2H2SO4 (dac) ^ CUSO4 + S 0 2 t + 2H2O

Zn + 4HNO3 (dac) -> Zn(N03)2 + SNOjt + 2H2O

5 Tac dung v6i dung djch kiem

Nh6m va kem la hai kim loai hoat d6ng va hidroxit cua chung c6 tinh

ludng tinh, c6 th^ tac dung vdri dung dich ki^m Thi du:

2A1 + 2KOH + 2H2O ^ 2KAIO2 + 3H2t ^ ;

6 Kim loqi mqnh day kim logi yeu ra khoi hop chdt

- Day ra khoi dung dich muoi Thi du:

Zn + CuSO^ ZnSO^ + Cu 4^

Day ra khoi oxit d nhiet do cao (phan ung nhiet kim loai): Phan ling xay

ra b nhiet d6 cao va toa nhilu nhiet, lam nong chay cac kim loai Thi du:

2A1 + Fe^O, AI2O3 + 2Fe

Phan ling nay thudng duoc diing de di^u che' cac kim loai kho nong chay

7 Day hoqt dong hoa hoc c u a mot so kim loqi

K Na Mg A l Zn Fe Pb H Cu Ag Au Day hoat d6ng hoa hoc ciia m6t so kim loai giam dan

Trong day nay:

- Tijr trai sang phai, d6 hoat d6ng cua kim loai giam dSn '

- Chi nhung kim loai dung trudc H moi day dugfc Hj ra khoi dung dich axit

- M6t s(5 kim loai dung dSu day nhu K, Na tac dung duoc vdfi HjO, giai

- Nhom la kim loai nhe, trdng nhu bac, t", = 660° C

- Nh6m rat deo, din dien, dSn nhiet tot De tao thanh hop kim v6i cac kim

loai khac

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Nh6m CO diy du nhung tmh cha't cua kim loai (da neu tren) Dac biet chii

S la: Nhom bi thu dong hoa trong axit HNO3 ddc, ngugi vd trong axit H2SO4 ddc, ngugi

- Tac dung vai phi kim:

4Al + 30^ '° )2Al203 2A1 + 3 S — ^ A l j S j

2AI + 3CI2-^2A1C13

- Tdc dung vcfi H^O: loai bo lop AljO, bao vS, A l tac dung vdi H2O:

2A1 + 6H2O ^ 2Al(OH)3 + t

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Vdi axit thucmg va HNO3 loang, nhdm phan ting manh

Thidu:

2A1 + 3H2SO, ^ A1,(S0,)3 + 1

8A1 + 3OHNO3 (loang) -> SAICNO,), + 3N2O +1 SH^O

- Tdc dnng vcd dung dich kiem, tao thdnh muoi aluminat:

2A1 + 2NaOH + ZH^O ^ 2NaA102 + 3H2 T

- Phdn i(ng day kim logi yeu ra khoi hap chat - Phdn iCng nhiet nhdm:

2Al + 3CuSO, -> Alj (SO, \ 3Cu

8 Al + 3Fe30, 4 Al^O, + 9Fe

- Sat CO tinh nhi§m tiir va khijf tijf nfin duoc diing trong ddng co difin, may

phat di6n va nam cham dien

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Khac vdi nhieu kim loai khac, sat the' hien hai dang hoa tri: hda tri I I va

hoa tri IE (tuy thudc vao di^u kien phan ling)

- Tdc dung vdi oxi: Tao thanh oxit sat tilt:

3Fe + 2O2 — ^ FCjO, (FeCFe^O,)

- Tdc dung vai phi kim: Sat tac dung vdi hSu he't cac phi kim, tao thanh mu6i

Thidu:

2Fe + 3 C l , — ^ 2 F e a 3

- Tdc dung vai nude:

CJ nhiet d6 thudmg: Xay ra cham, tao thanh Fe(OH)2 r6i chuye'n thanh FeO

6 nhiet dd cao (sat ndng do):

Fe + H , 0 >FeO + H , t

3Fe + 4H,Q )Fe30, + AE.^ t

- Tdc dung vcfi axit:

Tac dung vdi axit thucmg, tao thanh mud'i sat(n) Thi du:

Fe + H J SO, ^ FeSO, + H2 T Tac dung vdi axit HNO3, H2SO4 dac, nong, tao thanh mud'i sat(m). Thi du:

Fe + 4HNO3 (loang) ^ Fe(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O

sat kh6ng tac dung (bi thu dong hoa) vdi axit HNO3 dac, ngudi va axit

H2SO4 dac, ngu6i

- Tdc dung vdi muoi: cua nhOng kim loai kem hogt dgng hem Thi du:

Fe, + CuSO, -> FeSO, +C\ii

V HOP KIM CUA SAT

Thep CO nhi6u tinh ch& vat If quy hon sat nhu tinh dan h6i, ciing, it bi an mon

VI SU AN MON KIM LOAI VA BAO VE KIM LOAI KHONG BJ AN MON

Suphd huy kim logi, hap kim do tdc dung hod hoc trong moi trUdng ggi Id sudn mon kim logi

1 NhQng yeu to anh hudng den sa an mon kim loqi

- Anh hucmg cua cac chat cd trong m6i tnrcfng

- Anh hucmg ciia thanh phSn kim loai

- Anh hucmg cua nhiet dd '

2 Bao v $ kim loqi khong bj an mon

- Ngan khdng cho kim loai tie'p xuc vdi mdi trudng: son, trang men, bdi

dSuma, ma dien

! - Che' tao hop kim ft bi an mon: thep khdng gi (inox), thep crom Them

chftiJcche'anmon

Chirong 3 PHI KIM - SO L J O C VE BANG TUAN HOAN

CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

I TINH CHAT CUA PHI KIM ' • ' ' t

1 Tinh chdtvqtiT

- C5 dieii kien thucfng, phi kim t6n tai 6 ba trang thai:

+ Trang thai ran: Cacbon, liru huynh, iot, photpho

' + Trang thai long: Brom (Brj)

+ Trang thai khi: Clo (CI2), nito (N2), oxi (O2), hidro (H2)

- Phi kim dan dien, dSn nhiet ra't kem Nhiet d6 nong chay tha'p

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Tdc dung vcfi kim loai: Tao thanh mu6'i Thi du:

- Miic do hoqt dong cua phi kim: Th^ hien 6 miic d6 phan ling vdi hidro

va voi kim loai

Flo la phi kim hoat ddng manh nha't, sau do la oxi, clo, liru huynh

II CLO

1 Tinhchdtvqtli

- Clo la cha't khi mau vang luc, nang hon khdng khi

- Clo It tan trong nude Dung dich clo tan trong nu6c goi la nude clo

- Qo la chat khi rat d6c, khi thd nhi^u clo se bi ngat va c6 thd dan deh tCr vong

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Clo phan ihig vai hdu het kim loai: Tao thanh muoi clorua Thi du:

3Cl2+2Fe—5^2FeCl3

ChA y: Clo kh6ng phan ving true tie'p vdi oxi

- Tdc dung vai HjO - Tinh tdy mau cua clo:

C I , + H 2 0 - > H C i + HC10

H6n hop gom CI2, HCl, HCIO tan trong nu6c goi la nitdc clo Nu6c clo c6

tinh tdy mau la do HCIO khong ben, khi bi ehieu sang no phan huy:

H C l O ^ ^ H C l + 0 Oxi nguyen tu c6 tinh oxi hoa ra't manh, no t^y mau, diet trung

- Tdc dung vai baza:

+ Clo tac dung voi dung dich NaOH lodng va ngugi, tao thanh nudre Gia-ven:

Clj + 2NaOH -> NaCl + NaClO + H^Q

a) Dieu che'clo trong phong thi nghiem

Diing chat oxi hoa manh nhu Mn02, KMn04 d^ oxi hoa dung dich H Q dac

Thidu:

4HC1 + MnO, — ^ MnCl, + 2 H , 0 + CI, t • '

16Ha + 2KMn0, — ^ 2 K C I + 2MnCl2 + SH^O + SCI, T

b) Dieu che clo trong cong nghiep *

Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa c6 mang ngan x6'p d^ ngan each cue

am (catot) va cue duong (anot):

2NaCl + 2 H , 0 CI, T + H, T + 2NaOH

III CACBON

1 Cac dqng thu hinh cua cacbon

Hien tucfng m6t nguyen t6' hoa hoe ton tai cf m6t s6' dang don chat khae

nhau goi la hien tuang thii hinh

Cdc dang dan chdt khdc nhau cua cung mot nguyen to hod hoc goi Id cdc dang thii hinh ciia nguyen to do

Nguyen t6 cacbon (C) t6n tai or ba dang don cha't (ba dang thu hinh) chinh

la kim cuang, than chi va cacbon v6 dinh hinh

a) Kim cUffng: Ca'u tao mang tinh the dac biet: M6i nguyfin tir C each

deu 4 nguyen tir C khac

Kim cucfng rat cimg, nhimg don, trong su6't, kh6ng mau, sang la'p lanh

b) Than chi: Mau xam sam, mem, dSn dien t6't Dugc dung lam ru6t

but chi, lam diSn cue

c) Cacbon vd dinh hinh: Than g6, than da, than xuong, m6 hong: mau

den, x6'p, c6 tinh ha'p phu nen dung trong mat na ch6'ng doc

2 Tinh chdt vqt li

- Cac dang thii hinh cua cacbon d^u ra't kho nong chay, kh6ng tan trong

nu6c nhung tan nhi6u trong kim loal nOng chay

- Than g6, than xuong c6 tinh chdt hap phu mau trong dung dich

3 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

6 nhiet do thucmg, cacbon kha tro Khi d6't nong no phan img vdi nhi^u cha't •

- Tdc dung vai oxi: C + — ^ CO,

- Tdc dung voi kim logi. Cacbon tac dung vdi m6t s6' kim loai. Thi dii:

Ca + 2C >CaC; (canxi cacbua)

- Tdc dung vai oxit kim logi. Cacbon khii duoc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi dii:

2CuO + C — ^ 2 C u + CO2 T

- Tdc dung voi hidro. Tao thanh metan:

C + 2H, >CH,

IV C A C OXIT CUA CACBON

1 Cacbon oxit (CO)

- CO la chat khi khfing mau, kh6ng mui, ra't d6c

- Khi CO chay cho ngon lia mau xanh, toa nhieu nhiet:

2CO + O2 — ^ 2 C 0 2 + 565kJ

- Khi CO khur dugtc nhi^u oxit kim loai Thi du:

Fe^O, + 3CO — ^ 2Fe + 3C0^ t

- Khi CO la oxit trung tinh (oxit kh6ng tao mu6'i)

2 Cacbon dioxit (COj)

- La chat khi khdng mau, nang hon khOng khi

- Khi CO2 la oxit axit: Tac dung vdi nude, tac dung vdi bazo va tac dung

vdri oxit bazcr

- Dieu chekhi CO2: Cho da v6i (CaCO,) tac dung vdi axit HCl: f

CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaCIj +CO^"[ + H^O

V AXIT CACBONIC VA MUOl CACBONAT

1 Axit cacbonic (H2CO3)

- Axit H2CO3 la axit khong ben, dl bi phan h6y: ' ''

H j C O , ^ H j O + COj t

- La axit yS'u nen nhigu axit day dugc axit HjCO, ra khoi mu6'i cacbonat

Thidu:

CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaClj + H^COj

H2O CO, iVfv,<v,v

2 Muol cacbonat

- Mudi cacbonat trung hod dugc ggi la cacbonat (Na2C03, CuCO, )

- Mudi cacbonat axit dugc ggi la hidrocacbonat (NaHCO,, Ca(HC03)2)

- Phan 16n cac mudi cacbonat khong tan trong nude, trii mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kilm va amoni ,

- Phdn Idn cac mudi hidrocacbonat di tan trong nude

- HSu het cac mudi cacbonat va hidrocacbonat deu di bi phan huy b nhiet

do cao (trir mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kiem) Thi du:

CaCO, — ^ CaO + CO, t ' "

2NaHC0, —i^Na^CO, + CO, T + H,0

VI SILIC - C O N G NGHIEP SILICAT

1 Trqng thai ta nhien c u a silic

Trong tu nhien, silic khdng tdn tai d trang thai tu do, tdn tai d dang hgp chat, pho bien la: thach anh Si02, dat set trang (cao lanh) Al2O3.2siO2.2H2O

- Silic phan ung tuong dd'i manh vdi dung djch kiim:

Si + 2NaOH + H20 ^Na2Si03+2H2 tic '

- 6 nhiet dd cao, silic phan ling dugc vdi:

Mot sd phi kim nhu: Si + 2CI2 '" > SiCl4

^ Mdt sd kim loai nhu: Si + 2Mg Mg^Si (magie silixua)

3 Silic dioxit (SiOj)

- S i 0 2 la oxit axit, kh6ng tan trong mdc, nhimg tac dung v d i oxit bazo va

vdri k i ^ m tao thanh miioi silicat Thi du:

SiOj + CaO -> CaSi03

- SiOj tan trong axit flohidric:

SiOj + 4 H F ^ SiF, t + 2H2O Phan ling nay dugc iJng dung de khac chiJ, khac hinh tren thuy tinh

4 So lapc ve cong nghiep silicat

Cong nghiep silicat gom: San xua't do g6'm, thuy tinh va x i mang ti^ cac

hop chat tuf nhien cua siHc va cac hoa chat khac

a) San xudt gom, sic (bat, dia, a'm, chen, chum, vai )

Nguyen lieu gom: Da't set, thach anh (SiOj) Nhao v 6 i H 2 O cho deo, tao

hinh, sa'y k h 6 va nung cr nhiet do cao trong 16 gom

b) Sdn xudt xi mdng

- Nguyen lieu gom: D a voi, da't set, cat (SiOj iSn tap chat)

- Cac cong doan chinh:

+ Nghien nho da v6i r o i tron v6i da't set dang biin thanh m6t h6n hgfp

+ N u n g h6n hop trong 16 6 1300 - 1400"C, thu dugc clanhke ran

+ Nghien clanhke ngu6i vdri thach cao thanh b6t m i n , do la x i mang

Thanh p h & chinh cua x i mang 1& canxi siUcat va canxi aluminat

c) Sdn xudt thuy tinh

- Nguyen lieu chinh gom: Cat thach anh (cat trang), da v 6 i (CaCO,) va

s6da (Na2C03)

Thanh phSn chinh cua thuy tinh thircmg la NajSiO, va CaSiO, De' c6 thuy

tinh chiu nhiet can them bo oxit (B2O3), thiiy tinh quang hgc pha le th6m c h i

monooxit (PbO) hoac bari oxit (BaO)

VII SO LUpC VE BANG TUAN HOAN C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

Bang tudn hodn cac nguyen to hod hoc ducfc sap xep tlieo chieu tang dan

cua dien tich hat nhdn nguyen tu

1 Cdu tqo c u a bang tudn tioan

a) 6 nguyen to: M 6 i nguydn t6' hoa hgc dugc x^'p vao m6t 6 Trong

m 6 i 6 nguyen to g h i : k i hieu hoa hgc, ten nguyen t6', s6' hieu nguyen tir (thu: t u

cua 6) va nguyen tur kh6'i ^

Bang tuan hoan c6 8 nhom A ( l A V I I I A ) va 8 nhom B S6' thii t u cua

nhom A bang s6' electron a \dp ngoai cung ciia nguyen tCr

2 Su bien ttiien tudn tioan ve cdu tqo va tinti ctidt

- Trong mot chu ki theo chieu tang dan cua dien tich hat nhan:

+ So' electron Idrp ngoai ciing tang d i n ttr 1 de'n 8 (trir chu k i 1)

+ T i n h k i m loai giam d i n , tinh phi k i m tang d i n ,, ^

- Trong mot nhom tix tren xu6'ng dud'v

+ So' Idfp electron ciia nguyen ti!r tang dan - > tinh k i m loai tang d i n , tinh phi k i m giam d i n

3 Y nghlo c u a bang tudn hodn

- Tir v i t r i trong bang t u i n hoan suy ra ca'u tao nguyen ti!r va tinh chat cua nguyen to

- Tir cl'u tao suy ra v i t r i ciia nguyen t6' trong bang tuan hoan va tinh cUat cua nguyen to

Chircmg 4 HIDROCACBON - NHIEN LIEU v4

I KHAI NIEM VE HOP CHAT HUTU C O

- H(/p chat km ca la hap chat ci'ia cacbon (triT CO, COj, HjCO^ va cac

mudi

cacbonat, ) Hod hoc hiai ca la ngcinh hod hoc chuyen nghien ciru cac hop chat huu co

- Phan loqi cdc hap chat hi?u ca: Com hai loai:

+ Hap chat hidrocacbon: Trong phan tir chi chua hai nguyen t6' la cacbon

va hidro Thi dii: C\\, C^W^^,, Q H ^

+ Dan xud't hidrocacbon: Trong phan tu, ngoai hai nguyen t6' hidro va

cacbon con chiia cac nguyen to khac nhu" oxi, nito, clo,

II CAU TAO PHAN TLf HOP CHAT H C U C O

I 1 Hoa trj v a lien ket giCra c a c nguyen tCf

- Trong phan tu hop chat huu co, cac nguyen tir diroc sSp xfi'p theo trat tu

nhat dinh

- Cac nguyen tu trong phan tir lien ket vai nhau theo diing hoa tri cua

chiing: Hoa tri ciia C la IV, cua H la I va cua O la I I

2 Mqch c a c b o n

Cac nguyen ti!r cacbon trong phan tij hop chat huu co khong nhihig lien

ket v6i nguyen tijr cua nguyen to khac ma con lien ket trite tiep vai nhau tgo

thdnh mgcli cacbon

Phan biet ba dang mach cacbon:

- Mgch thang (con goi la mach khong phan nhanh) Thi du:

CH, - CI I2 - CH2 - CH3 (butan)

- Mgch phan nhdnh (co mot hoac nhieu nhanh) Thi du:

CH3 - CII - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3 CH3

- Mgch vdng (vong ba canh hoac nhieu canh) Thi dii:

C H 2 - C H 2

I I (xiclobutan) CH2 - CH2

3 Cong thijfc phan tu va cong thCfc cdu tqo

- Cong thi'fc phan li((CTPT): Cong thirc phSn tir cho biet:

+ S6' nguyen tijt CLia m6i nguyen to co trong phan tu

+ Phan tir kh6'i(PTK)

Thi du: CTPT cua rucfu etylic la QH^^O: Trong phan ttt co 2 nguyen tir C,

6 nguyen tir H va 1 nguyen tijf O Phan tu kh6'i = 2.12 + 6.1 +16 = 46 (dvC)

- Cong thicc cdu tgo (CTCT): C6ng thirc ca'u tao cho bie't:

+ Thanh phan phan tu va phan tur khd'i

+ Trat tu lien ket gifla cac nguyen tir trong phan tijr "

Thi dii: CTCT ciia ruou etylic:

H - H • '

H - C - C - O - H, vie't gon: CH, - CH^ - O H ^

III METAN (CH4 M = 16)

1 Trqng thai ta nhlen v a tinh chdt vat If ' 2 '"^^-'"'^^

- Trong tu nhien, metan co nhieu trong cac mo khf (khi tu nhien), trong

cac mo dAu (khi mo dSu hay khi dong hanh), trong cac mo than (khi mo than)

trong bim ao (khi bun ao), trong khi bioga

- Metan la chat khi khong mau, khdng mdi, nhe hon khong khi, ra't it tan trong nude

2 Tint! chdt hoa hoc

- Tdc diing vai oxi: Phan ling chay cho ngon lijra mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet

- DCing lam nhien lieu trong c6ng nghifip va trong ddi sd'ng .A

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong c6ng nghiep hoa cha't •: '^

- Phan ling cong hap hidro: Phan ling xay ra khi dugfc dun n6ng va c6 N i

3 LTng dung cua etilen

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong tong hop hiru co

- Dung de kich thich hoa qua mau chin

V AXETILEN (C2H2, M = 26)

Axetilen la chat khi khong mau, khong miii, it tan trong nirdc, nhe hon

khdng khi

1 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Axetilen la hidrocacbon khdng no nSn tinh chat dac trimg la tham gia

phan ling cCng hop:

- Phan I'mg cong hidro: Co the cong hai na'c:

CH = CH + H , '^^'y^^' ) CH^ =CH2 CH^ =CH2 + H , > CH, - CH3

- Phan itng cong brom: Axetilen lam mat mau dung dich nuoc brom:

2 Lfng dung cue oxetllen

- Dung lam nhien lieu cho den x i oxi - axetilen

- Diing lam nguyen lidu trong tong hop hCru co

3 Oieu Che axetilen

- Tdng hop true tie'p: 2C + ^"'"^ >C,H,

-Tirmetan: 2CH, """"^ > C , H , + 3 H ,

Thiiy phan canxi eacbua:

-CaCj + 2Hfi -> C^Hj T + CaCOH)^

VI BENZEN ( C A M = 78) ^ '

1 Tinh chdtvqt li / 5;fi,, 0

- Benzen la cha't long, khong mau, linh d6ng, co mCii dac trung

- Benzen nhe hon nude, khong tan trong nude, nhung tan nhieu trong cac dung m6i hiJu co

- Benzen la dung moi hoa tan dugc nhieu chat nhu cao su, cha't beo

- Benzen kha doc

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc

Phan tu benzen co 3 lien kit dan xen ke 3 lien ke't doi, lam cho benzen vCra

CO kha nang tham gia phan ung the' (gi6'ng metan) vCta co kha nang tham gia

phan ung cong (giong etilen va axetilen)

C,H, + Br - Br >C,H,Br + HBr ' ' " "

(brom benzen)

- Phan itng cgng hidro: Phan ling xay ra khi dun nong va co N i xiic tac:

C,H, + 3H2 >C,H„ (xiclohexan)

3 Lfng dung cua benzen

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong edng nghiep de' san xua't phdm nhu6m,

duoc pham, chat deo, thuoe trir sau ,j6 ; •

- Dung lam dung m6i hoa tan nhieu cha't ' " 1

VII DAU MO VA KHI THIEN NHIEN

1 Ddu mo

- Ddu mo la cha't long sanh, mau nSu den, khdng tan trong nude va nhe

hon nudrc

- DSu mo chira trong cac " t i i i ddu" nam sau trong long da't goi la mo ddu

Khi khai thac ngudi ta khoan xu6ng cac tui ddu di ddu tu phun Itn hoac diing

bom hiit len

- Thanh phan cua dau mo: Hidrocacbon long c6 hoa tan hidrocacbon rdn

va khi

- K h i chung ca't ddu tho Idn lugt thu duoc (theo nhiet do soi tang ddn):

Khi dot, xdng, ddu tliap (ddu liCa), ddu diezen, ddu mazut

Phan con lai sau khi chung ca't la mazut Tir mazut tach dugc: ddu nhcfn,

vazolin, parafin Cudi cung la hdc in dung lam nhua rai ducmg

2 KhT thien nhien

- K h i thien nhien cd trong cac md khi nam dudi long dat Thanh phdn chu

yeu cua khi thien nhien la metan (90 - 95%)

- Khf thien nhien dugc dung lam nhien lieu, nguyen lieu cho nhieu nganh

cdng nghigp va trong ddi sd'ng

VIII NHIEN LIEU

- Nhien lieu thdng thudng la nhiJng chat chay dugc, khi chay tda nhiet va

phat sang

- Nhien lieu thudng la nhung vat lieu cd sSn trong thien nhien nhir cui,

than da, ddu md, khi dot hoac dieu che tir cac nguyen lieu thiSn nhien nhu

con dot, khi than

1 C a c log! nhien lieu

- Nhien lieu ran: Than md, gd

- Nhien lieu long: Gom cac san pham che' bie'n i\x dau mo (xang, ddu

thap), c6n

- Nhien lieu khi: Gdm khi thien nhien, khi dau mo, khi 16 cao, khi than

2 C a c h su dung nhien lieu

Mudn sir dung nhien lieu hgp If va cd hieu qua cao cdn phai:

- Cung cap du oxi hoac khdng khi de nhien lieu chay hoan toan

- Tang dien tich tie'p xuc cHa nhien lieu vdi khdng khi hoac oxi de su chay

xay ra nhanh va deu khdp

- Dieu chinh lugng nhien lieu de duy tri sir chay b mirc dd cdn thiet phii

hgp vdi nhu cdu sir dung, nham tan dung nhiet lugng do su chay tda ra

Chirofng 5

D A N X U A T C U A H I D R O C A C B O N - P O L I M E

I RUpU ETYLIC (CH3 - CHj - OH) vt iov s a ' J

1 Tinh chdtvgt li a , rv U l >£

- La cha't Idng, khdng mau, sdi b 78,3'^C

- Rugu etylic nhe hon nude, tan v6 hgn trong mcac va la dung mdi hoa tan

dugc nhi^u hgp chat hdu co

- Ti le % ve the tich cua rUffu etylic trong hSn hop vdi nitdc ggi Id do ricau

Till du: Tren chai rugu cd ghi do rugu la 25", cd nghia trong chai rucm cd 25%

th^ tich la rugu etylic (nguyen cha't) con lai la 75% the tich la HjO

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc ' •

- Phdn img chay: A

QH^O + 30, — ^ 2 C 0 2 + mfi + Q V ^ V 5

- Phdn I'mg thev&i kim loqi natri: Nhd cd nhdm - O H trong phan tur, rugu

tac dung vdi Na, giai phdng Wj

2CH3 - CH2 - OH + 2Na -> 2 C H , - CH^ - ONa + H^ T ' i i

- Phdn I'cng vdi axit luTu co: Phan ung este hoa (xem phdn sau) Y

3 Dieu Che rupu etylic

Co 2 phuong phap quan trong:

- Plutang phdp len men rifcni tit cac chat tinh bot, tiCcdc chat ducng Thi du:

Q H , 0 , ) 2C,H,OH + 2 C O , t (dircmg glucoza)

Phuang phdp hidrat hod etilen (etilen hgp nude):

- Tinh axit: Axit axetic la axit yeu, lam dd quy tim

- Tac dung vdi k i m loai hoat ddng, giai phdng H2:

2CH3COOH + Zn ^ (CHjCOO)^ Zn + H2 t

- Tac dung vdi oxit baza va baza, tao mu6'i va nude:

2CH3COOH + CaO ^ (CHjCOO)^ Ca + H^O

CH3COOH + NaOH ^ CHjCOONa + H j O

- Tac dung vori mu6'i cacbonat, tao mu6'i axetat:

2CH,COOH + CaCO, -> (CH^COO)^ Ca + CO^ t + H^O

- Tac dung vdd rugu etylic - Phan I'fng este hod Phan img c6 axit H2SO4

dac lam xuc tac:

CHjCOOH + q H j O H < > C H 3 C O O C 2 H , + H^O

(este etyl axetat)

Chat tao thanh sau phan ung la este

3 Oieu Che axit axetic

- Phitang phap len men gid'm (lam gipfm an):

C H , - CHj - O H + O2 ) CH3 - COOH + H^O (dd rirou loang) (gia'm an)

- Trong phdng thi nghiem Cho natri axetat tac dung \6\t H2SO4:

2CH3COONa + H^SO, -> Na^SO^ + 2CH3COOH

- Trong cong nghiep: Til khi butan (C4H,(i):

2C,H,„ + 50, )4CH3COOH + 2Kfi

III CHAT BEO

Chat beo chinh la chinh la m o ddng vat va dau thuc vat

1 Tinh chdt vqt IT

Chat beo nhe han mdc, khong tan trong nirdrc, tan nhi^u trong cac dung

moi hCru co nhu benzen, xang, rucm etylic

2 TTnh chdt hoa hoc

- Chat beo la h6n hop nhieu este cua glixerol C3H,(OH)3 va cac axit beo

nhu C,7H3,COOH (axit stearic), C,7H3,COOH (axit oleic)

- Tinh chat quan trong nha't cua cha't beo la phan i(ng thuy phan:

(C„H3,COO)3C3H, + 3 H , 0 - ^ ^ C 3 H , ( O H ) 3 +3C,7H3,COOH

(cha't beo) (glixerol) (axit stearic)

- Thuy phan chdt beo bang dung dich kiem Tao thanh glixerol va mud'i

cua axit beo

(C,7H3,COO)3C3H, + 3NaOH ^ C3H,(OH)3 + 3C„H3,COONa

(muoi natri stearat)

Hdn hap mu6'i ciia cac axit beo la thanh phdn chinh cua xa phong V i vay

phan ting thuy phan cha't beo bang dung dich k i ^ m goi la phan iing xd phdng hod

- De Idu trong khong khi, chdt beo hi 6i, co mid hoi D o la do tac dung

cfia h(ri nude, oxi va v i khu^n trong khong khf

IV GLUCOZO

C6ng thu-c phan tijr: C ^ H i A ( M = 180)

1 Trang thai ta nhlen - Tinh chdt vqt If

- Glucozo CO nhi^u trong m6t so bo phan ciia cay, dac biet trong qua nho

xitn CO ten la ditdng nho

- Glucozo la cha't ke't tinh mau trang, v i ngot, de tan trong nude

2 TTnh Chdt hoa hoc ^

- F/jaVuiTzg ojc//joa g/wcozcr.-Dilng dung dich A g j O trong amoniac:

Q H „ 0 , + A g , O ^ ^ Q H „ 0 , + 2 A g i

(glucozd) (axit gluconic)

Phan ung nay trudc day diing trong cong nghe trang gucfng ntn goi la

phan icng trdng gUffng Hien nay pham v i ung dung da mb rdng, goi chung la phan ling trdng bqc

- Phan i(ng len men ritmi: * tsV

Q H ^ O , — ^ ) 2 C , H , 0 H + 2 C 0 , t ^ ,

V SACCAROZO

Cdng thiic phan tCr: Ci2H220,i ( M = 342)

1 Trgng thai ta nhien - TTnh chdt vgt IT '

- Saccarozd cd nhieu trong thuc vat nhu: mia, cii cai dudng, cay thd't nd't

nfin cd ten la dudng mia hay dudng kinh ,

- Saccarozd la cha't ke't tinh mau trdng, v i ngot, de tan trong nude , ^,

2 TTnh chdt hoa hoc

- Saccaroza khong co phan itng trdng bac Nghla la nd khong bi Ag20

trong dung dich N H , oxi hoa

- Phan vtng thuy phan:

(saccarozo) (glucozo) (fructozd) Fructozo cd cdng thiic ca'u tao khac glucozo Fructoza ngot hdn glucozo

VI TINH BOT VA XENLULOZO

Cong thiic phan tu:

- Tinh b6t: (QH,„0,)n vdi n = 1200 - 6000 ''^'^ ' \

- Xenlulozo: ( Q H , „ 0 , ) „ v6i n = 10000 - 14000

1 Trgng thai ta nhien - Tinh chdt vqt li

- Tinh b6t c6 nhieu trong cac loai hat, cii, qua nhu: lua, ngo

- Xenlulozo la thanh phan chu yeu cua soi bong, tre, g6, niia

,!»fi - Tinh b6t la chat ran, mau trang, kh6ng tan trong nude lanh, tan trong

nudrc nong tao thanh ho tinh bot

- Xenlulozo la chat ran (dang sgi) mau trang, kh6ng tan trong nude

2 Tinh chdt hoa hoc

- Phan I'fng thiiy phan: Tinh b6t va xenlulozo bi thuy phan trong dung

dieh H2SO4 loang, tao thanh glucozo:

(QH.„03)„ + n H , 0 ) n Q H „ 0 ,

- Phan itng dgc tritng cua iot vdi tinh hot: Nho dung dieh iot (I2) vao tinh

bdt thay xua't hien mau xanh dae trung Dun nong, mau xanh bien ma't, de ngu6i

mau xanh lai xua't hifn

VII PROTEIN

Protein (con goi la chat dam) la thanh phSn chinh cua te bao ca th^ d6ng

vat va thuc vat

1 Thanh phdn va cdu too phan tCf

- Phan tir protein g6m C, H , O, N Ngoai ra c6 the c6 S, P, Fe

- Phan tu khoi rat \6n: tir hang van de'n hang trieu dvC

- M6i phan tur protein gom nhieu doan mach, chiing c6 the' xoan lai hoac

cuon tron M6i doan mach g6m nhi^u "mat xich" lien ke't vdi nhau M6i mat

xich la mot phSn cua phan i\x amino axit Amino axit don gian nha't la axit

aminoaxetic H2N - CHj - COOH

2 Tinh Chdt hoa hoc

- Phdn icng thuy phdn:

Protein + H^O "'"•"^'^^ > H6n hop amino axit

- Su dong tu: K h i dun nong, protein dong tu lai thanh cue Thi du: Long

trang trung hay rieu cua khi bi dun nong chiing d6ng tu lai

- Suphdn huy nhiet: DO't nong protein (thi du d6't chay toe, I6ng ga) no bi

phan hiiy, tao ra nhimg cha't khi c6 mui khet

VIII POLIME

- Polime Id nhiing hap chdt c6 phdn tit khoi rat Idn, do nhieu mdt xich lien kei vdi nhau tao nen

- Diia vao nguon g6'c tao thanh, polime dugc chia lam hai loai:

Polime thien nhien: Co sSn trong thien nhien nhu tinh b6t, xenlulozo,

cao su thien nhien, protein

Polime long hop: Do con ngu&i dieu ehe' tCr cae chat don gian nhu

polietilen (PE), poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC), t o n i l o n

1 Cdu tqo phan tOf polime

- Phan tii polime duge ca'u tao tijr nhieu mat xich lien ke't vdi nhau

- Phan tur polime c6 th^ la mach thang (mach khdng phan nhanh) nhu

PE, xenlulozo; mach phdn nhdnh nhu tinh b6t; mgng khong gian nhu eao su

luu hoa

2 Tinh chdt

- Polime thucmg la chat ran, kh6ng bay hoi Kh6ng c6 nhiet d6 nong ehay xac dinh

- Win he't cac polime khdng tan trong nude hoac trong cac dung mdi

thdng thudng C5 nhiet d6 eao, polime de bi phan hiiy

3 iTng dung cua polime

a) Chdtdeo

Chdt deo la loai vat lieu duge san xuat tir polime ma c6 tinh deo, tiie la

CO khd ndng bien dgng khi chiu tdc dgng ben ngodi va van giU nguyen hinh

dgng sau khi ngitng tdc dgng

+ Thanh phdn chinh c\xa cha't deo la polime Ngoai ra con ed chat deo

hoa, cha't don, cha't phu gia

+ Chdt deo c6 uu diem: Nhe, b^n, each dien, each nhiet td't, de gia cdng

b) Tff

To gdm hai loai: to tu nhien va ta hoa hgc

+ Tor tu nhien: Co sSn trong tu nhien nhu: bdng, day, tg tam, len Idng ciru, + Tff hod hgc: San xua't bang cac phuong phap hoa hgc To hoa hgc gdm

2 loai: to nhan tao va to tdng hgp

Tc/ nhdn tgo (con ggi la to ban tdng hgp) duge san xua't tfr cac pohnie

thien nhien bang phugng phap ehe' bie'n hoa hgc Thi du mdt s6' to duge che bien

hoa hgc tiit xenlulozo nhu to visco, tg axetat

T(/ tSng hap duge san xua't tir cac polime tdng hgp nhu to nilon, to capron,

lentdnghgp

c) Cao su

Cao su la polime (tu nhidn hoac t6ng hop) c6 tinh dan hoi, nghia la c6

khd ndng bien dgng khi chin tdc dgng ben ngodi (nen hay keo) vd Igi trd Igi

dgng ban dan khi thoi tdc dgng

Cao su dugc phan thanh hai loai: cao su thien nhi6n va cao su t6ng hop

+ Cao su thien nhien la polime c6 cOng thiic - f C^^\, duoc la'y tii mu

(nhua) cay cao su

+ Cao su tong hop duoc san xua't tijr polime t6ng hop nhu cao su buna

(tdng hop tir ruou etylic)

De tang ti'nh dan hoi va nhung tinh nSng quy khac, ngucfi ta ch6' hoa cao

su vdi luu huynh de duoc cao su htu hod

Cao su CO nhi^u tinh chat quy nhu dan h6i, khOng tha'm nude, khdng tha'm

khi, each, difin, chiu mai mon ntn duoc diing nhilu trong dofi sO'ng va trong

A KCl va Ba(N03)2 B CaCl2 va K2SO4

C NaCl va Zn(N03)2 D FeCl, va Na2S04

1.3. Phan tir kh6'i cua hop chat X la 80 va thanh phdn % v l khO'i lucmg cac nguyen t6' trong hop chat X la: 40% S, 60% O (oxi)

C6ng thiic phan tu cua hop cha't X la

1.6. Tir cac chaft: Fe, FeS, CaCO,, HCl, K C I O 3 c6 th^ di^u che' dugc cac chat khi:

A. SO2, H2S, O2, CI2. B. C O 2 , H2, H2S, 0 2

-C. C O 2 , SO2, O2, CI2. D. SO2, H2S, C O 2 , H2

1.7 phan biet hai dung dich H2SO4 va NaOH c6 thi dung thuO'c thu la

A giay quy tim B dung dich KCl ; •

C dung dich KNO3 D dung djch K2SO4

1.8. Khi luu huynh dioxit dugc tao thanh tijr cap chat nao sau day?

A NaCl va H2SO4 dac B Na2S04 va HCl

C Na2S03 va H Q D CaS04 va HNO3 ' ' > li^»

1 9 Day gom cac chat lam due nude v6i trong la

A SO2, N2, CO2, CO B SO2, CO2, SO3

C NO2, CO, SO2, CO2 D NO2, H2, CO2

1.10 Dan tur tir 0,448 lit khi CO2 (d dkic) vao dung dich chiia 150ml dung

dich Ca(0H)2 0,1M Mu6'i thu duoc la

A CaCOj B Ca(HC03)2

C CaC03 va Ca(HC03)2 D Ca A, B, C d6u diing

1.11. hoa tan hoan toan 4 gam m6t oxit cua kim loai hoa tri U, dn 98 gam

dung dich H2SO4 5%

Cong thitc phan tit cua oxit la

C BaCO, va CO2 D Ba(OH)2 va H2

1.15. Co ba hop cha't la CuO, Na2C03 va CaCO, dung trong ba lo bi m^t nhan

Chi cSn dung m6t thud'c thii duy nha't di phan biet ba cha't trSn la dung dich

A HCl B H2SO4

C.NaOH D.NaCl

1.16 Co ba mu6'i la BaClj, CUSO4, BaCOj dung trong ba lo bi mat nhan

Chi dung m6t thuoc thijr duy nhat de nhan bie't ba muoi tr6n la dung dich

A NaOH B.NaCl

C K2SO4 D HCl

-1.17 Cho chu6i bien hoa sau:

Cu (0H)2 — ^ A - > B-> CuSO, ^ ^ C u ( 0 H ) 2

Cac chat A, B, C Mn lugt la '

A CuO, Cu, NaOH B Cu, CuO, Na2S04

C CuO, CUCI2, NaOH D CuO, Cu, H2O '

1.18 Axit sunfuric dac c6 ti'nh hao nude Co the dung no lam kh6 khi nao

sau day?

A Khi amoniac (NH3) B Khi d o (CI2)

C K h i caebonic (COj) D Ca B va C

1.19 Trung hoa 200ml dung dich H2SO4 0,1M bang dung djch NaOH 10%

Kh6'i lugng dung dich NaOH cAn dung la

C 16 gam D 14 gam j ,^ ,

1.20 Nhung oxit eo th^ di6u che' dugc tCr phan ling phan huy la • j

A CuO, FeO, NajO B CuO, Fe203, MgO ? > '

C K2O, ZnO, AI2O3 D NajO, CuO, FeO

1.21 Day hop chat gom cac chat tham gia phan ung nhiet phan la

A NaOH, Fe(0H)2, Ca(0H)2 B Mg(OH)2, FeCOH),, K O H

C Cu(OH)2, Mg(0H)2, Zn(0H)2 D Ba(OH)2, K O H , Cu(0H)2

1.22 Hoa tan 25 gam cha't X vao 100 gam HjO, dugc dung dich c6 kh6'i

lugng rieng D = 1,143 gam/ml

Nong do phSn tram (C%) va the tich dung dich thu dugc la ^

A. 20% va 109,36 ml B 10% va 109,4 ml •;

C 2 0 % va 120,62 ml D 18% va 109,36 m l

1.23 De dieu che Cu(0H)2 ngucfi ta dung cac hoa chat: ~ ?

A Cu, HCl, NaOH B CuO, HCl, NaOH ;

C Cu, H2SO4 (d.n), KOH D Ca B va C deu dugc

1.24 TrSn dung djch chiia 0,2 mol CuClj vdi dung dich chiia 20 gam

NaOH Khd'i lucfng ket tua thu duoc la (biet hieu suat phan ling la 80%)

C 15,68 gam D 14,84 gam

1.25 Cho lucmg du NaOH vao dung dich h6n hop hai mu6'i FeClj va AlCl,

d6'n khi phan ling hoan toan Loc la'y kS't tua, nung ngoai kh6ng khi de'n khd'i

lircmg kh6ng doi, thu duoc

A FeO, AI2O3 B FcjOj, AI2O3

C Fe304, AI2O3 D Fe203, Al

1.26 Nhiet phan hidroxit ciia kim loai X, thu duoc oxit c6 cOng thiic phan

tit X2O3, trong do %X = 52,94% Cong thiic phan tu cua hidroxit la

C Cr(OH)3 D Mn(0H)3

1.27 Cap dung dich nao sau day phan ung vdi nhau tao ra hop cha't mdi?

A NaCl va H2SO4 B BaCl2 va HNO3

C. CaCl2 va K2SO4. D. KNO3 va NaOH

1.28 Dung dich mud'i Cu(N03 )2 c6 iSn lirgng rat nho mudi AgN03 De loai

bo AgN03, thu mudi Cu(N03 )2 tinh khie't cSn dung bot kim loai

C sat D ddng

1.29 Cho 5,6 gam mdt oxit kim loai X tac dung vira du vdi axit HCl, thu

duoc 11,1 gam mudi clorua cua kim loai X Kim loai X la

C ddng D magie

1.30 Nhiet phan hoan toan 10 gam canxi cacbonat, thu duoc chat ran A

Cho A vao nude va khua'y cho tan het, thu duoc 800 ml dung dich X

Ndng dd mol cua dung dich X 1&

C 0,10M D 1,32M

1.31 Sue khi CO2 vao 80 gam dung dich NaOH 25%, tao thknh hdn hop

mudi axit va mudi trung hoa theo ti 16 sd mol la 2 : 3

Th^ tich khi CO2 (d dktc) cdn dung la

C 6,5.lit D 8,2 Jit

II BAI TAP TU LUAN

1.32 Khu hoan toan 32 gam mdt oxit sat chua rd cdng thiic bang khi CO du

d nhifet do cao Sau khi phan ling kdt thilc, khdi lirong cha't ran cdn lai 22,4 gam

a) Xac dinh cdng thiic hoa hoc cua oxit sat

b) Chat khi sinh ra duoc dSn vao dung djch nude vdi trong du Hay tinh khdi lugng kdt tua sinh ra

1.33 Hai la kem cd khdi luong nhu nhau, mdt la ngam trong dung dich

Cu(N03 )2, mdt la ngam trong dung djch Pb(N03)2 Sau mdt thdi gian phan ling

nhu nhau, lay hai la kem ra khdi dung dich, can la kem thii nhat thay khdi luong giam 0,65 gam

a) Vidt cac phuong trinh hoa hoc

b) Hay cho biet khdi luong la kem thii hai tang hay giam bao nhiSu gam?

1.34 Ngam 16,6 gam hdn hop bot hai kim loai A l va Fe trong dung dich

b) Tinh khdi lugng mdi kim loai trong hdn hop dau

c) Bang phuong phap hoa hoc nao cd the lay rieng Fe ra khdi hdn hop?

1.35 Mdt dung djch hoa tan 3,25 gam sat clorua tac dung vdi dung dich

bac nitrat du, sinh ra 8,61 gam ket tua

Hay tim cdng thiic phan tir cua mudi sat da dung

1.36 Khir hoan toan 16 gam oxit sat bang khi CO d nhiet dd cao Sau khi

phan ling kdt thiic, khdi lugng cha't ran giam 4,8 gam

a) Tim cdng thiic phan tir cua oxit sat ^.^^^^^ b) Chat khi sinh ra dugc dan vao binh dung dung dich NaOH du Hay

cho biet khdi lugng cua binh tang hay giam bao nhieu gam?

c) Tinh Xhi tich khi CO (dktc) can diing cho phan ling khii het oxit sat

ndi tren, biet rang phai dung du CO tdi 10%

1.37 Ngam mdt la nhdm (da danh sach Idp oxit) trong 250 ml dung dich AgN03 0,24M Sau mdt thdi gian phan ling, lay la nhdm ra, rCra sach, lam kho,

can lai thay khdi lugng la nhdm tang them 2,79 gam

a) Viet phuong trinh hoa hoc

b) Tinh khdi lugng nhdm da phan ling va lugng bac sinh ra

c) Tinh ndng dd mol cua cac cha't trong dung dich sau phan ling (the

tich dung dich thay ddi khdng dang ki)

1.38 Di xac djnh thanh pMn cua FcjO, trong quang hematit, ngu6i ta lam

thf nghifim nhu sau:

Cho lu6ng khf CO du di qua 10 gam b6t quang nong do Phan iJng xong,

la'y chat ran con lai dem hoa tan trong dung dich axit H2SO4 loang, thu duac

2,24 lit khf (dktc)

a) Giai thich each lam va viet phuomg trinh hoa hoc

b) Ti'nh thanh phSn phSn tram theo kh6'i lugng cua FcjO, trong quang

c) Can bao nhifiu ta'n quang noi tren de san xua't duoc 1 ta'n gang chua

96% sat?

1.39 Cho 10 gam b6t h6n hop cac kim loai g6m Al, Mg va Cu vao dung

dich HCl du Phan ling ket thiic, thu dugc 10,08 lit khi (dktc) va 1 gam chat

ran kh6ng tan

a) Viet cac phuofng trinh hoa hoc

b) Tinh thanh phan phan tram theo kh6'i lugng m6i kim loai c6 trong

h6n hgp

1.40 Co 3 la nho kim loai la Cu, Zn va Fe M6i la c6 kh6'i Iirgng m gam

Ngam rieng m6i la kim loai vao mot coc dung dung dich CUSO4 du Sau mot

thcri gian la'y cac la kim loai ra, rira nhe, lam kho va can lai

- Hay cho biet khoi lugng cac la kim loai thay ddi the nao?

Giai thich va viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc

- Nd'u ngam m6i la kim loai tren trong c6'c nho dung dung dich AgNO,

du, sau do tiep tuc lam nhu tren

Hay cho biet khdi lugng cac la kim loai thay ddi the' nao?

Giai thich va viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc

1.41 Khdi lugng ciia 5 lit khi A (dktc) la 7,59 gam Dot 3,4 gam khi A, thu

dugc 2,24 lit khi luu huynh dioxit (dktc) va 1,8 gam nude

a) Tim cdng thiic hoa hgc cua A

b) Vie't cac phuong trinh hoa hgc

c) Ti'nh the tich oxi (dktc) cSn thiet de dot chay hoan toan 5 lit khi A

Chirong 2 KIM LOAI ( /

I TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN

2.1 Day gdm cac kim loai dugc xep theo chilu tinh hoat ddng hoa hgc tang dAn:

A Na, Zn, K, Pb, Cu B Cu, Pb, K, Na, Zn

C Cu, Pb, Zn, Na, K D Cu, Na, Pb, Zn, K

2.2 Day gdm nhirng kim loai deu khdng phan ling vdi dung dich axit

H2SO4 loang la

A Fe, Cu, Al B Cu, Ag, Au

C Ag, Zn, Al C Fe, Au, Zn

2.3 Cho phuong trinh hoa hgc:

Al + X ^ C u i + Y

X va Y lin lugt la

A. CUSO4 va Al2(S04)3. B AlCl, va CUSO4

C. CUSO4 va A I S O 4 D Al2(S04)3 va CUSO4

2 4 Kim loai nao sau day khdng bi oxi hoa trong khdng khi d nhiet dd thudng?

A sat B Nhdm ,

C Magic D Bac b- .-, , -.i\

2.5 cap chat nao sau day xay ra phan ling hoa hgc? , ; S:

A bac va dung dich CUSO4. B sat va dung dich ZnClj ;

C kem va dung dich VtCl^ D ddng va dung dich HCl

2.6 Cho chudi bien hoa sau:

Al ^> AlCl,-> X Y ^ AI2 ( S O 4 ) ,

Cac cha't X va Y Ian luot la ori:) MS

C A1(N03)3 va AI2O3. D. AI2O3 va A1(0H)3

2.7. Hai kim loai khdng tac dung vdi axit H2SO4 dac, ngudi la

A AlvaFe B Cu va Fe

C AlvaZn D AlvaCu

2.8. Co ba cha't d dang bdt la AI2O3, Al va Fe dung trong ba Ig bi ma't nhan

Thudc thijr de' phan biet ba chat trdn tren la ^ ^

A kim loai Cu B dung djch NaOH du

C dung dich HCl D dung djch H2SO4 dac

2.9 Cap chat nib sau day khong t6n tai trong dung dich?

A NaOH va K2CO3. B KOH va CUSO4

C CaCO, va HCl D Ca B va C /

2.10 Co cac kirn loai: Ba, Cu, Fe, Al va Na Nhung kirn loai tac dung dugc

vdri nude cho khi bay len la

A Ba, CuvaAl B Ba, Al va Fe

C A l , Na va Ba D Na, Cu va Fe

2.11 Phan ling glua Zn va PbS04 kh6ng xay ra dugc vi

A Zn hoat dong kem Pb

B PbS04 la mu6'i khdng tan trong nudrc

C ZnS04 la mu6'i khong tan trong nude

D Zn tac dung vdi nude

2.12 Hop chat oxit cua kim loai X hoa tri III, trong do kim loai X chie'm

52,94% \6 khO'i lugng

Oxit nay c6 kha nang phan ung vdi cap cha't nao sau day?

A Dung dich HCI va dung dich KOH

B Nudrc va dung dich NaOH

C Dung dich H2SO4 loang va dung dich NaCl

D Dung dich HCI va dung dich CaCl2

2.13 Co bon dung dich mu6'i la FeS04, Fe2(S04)3, CuClj va Al2(S04)3 dung

trong 4 Ig mat nhan Kim loai c6 th^ dung de phan biet b6'n dung dich muoi

tren la

A natri B dong

C kem D nh6m

2.14 Cho 1,8 gam kim loai M hoa tri III phan irng het vdi dung dich axit

H2SO4 du, thu dugc 2,24 lit khi H2 (d dktc) Biet hieu sua't phan ling bang

100% Kim loai M la

A crom B sat

C nhdm D mangan

2.15 Cho mdt thanh kem cd khdi lugng 50 gam vao dung djch dong sunfat

Sau mdt thdi gian phan ling ket thiic, khdi lugng la kem la 49,82 gam

Khd'i lugng kem da phan ting la

A 15,85 gam B 17,55 gam

C 12,46 gam D 11,70 gam

2.16 Cho thanh kem vao 100 ml dung dich sat(II) sunfat c6 nong do x mol//

SaU khi phan ling k€t thiic, khdi lugng thanh kem giam 2,25 gam Gia tri ciia x la

A 2 B 2,5

C 3 D 3,5

2.17 Hoa tan a gam mdt kim loai X trong 200 gam dung dich HCI 7,3% vua thu dugc dung dich A, trong do ndng do ciia muoi tao thanh la 11,96% (theo j^hd'i lucmg) Kim loai X la

A nhdm B canxi

C mangan D dong

2.18. Hoa tan mdt lugng du bdt nhdm vao 200 ml dung dich H2SO4 I M Sau

khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc 3,36 lit khi H2 (d dktc)

Hieu sua't cua phan ung la

A 80,12% C 75,0%

C 70,64% D 85,21%

2.19 Cho 16 gam hdn hgp hai kim loai A l va Fe phan ung het vdi 200 ml

dung dich NaOH I M Thanh phin % ciia Al va Fe trong hdn hgp Ian lugt la

A 3,75% va 66,25% B 66,25% va 33,75%

C 32,65% va 67,35% D 67,35% va 32,65%

2.20 Cho mdt thanh sat cd khdi lugng 50 gam vao 400 ml dung dich

CUSO4. Sau mdt thdi gian, khd'i lugng thanh sat tang 4% Cho biet toan bd

dong thoat ra deu bam het vao thanh sat Khd'i lugng dong thoat ra la

A 18 gam B 15 gam

C 17 gam D 16 gam

2.21 Dien phan hoan toan 2,55 gam bdt nhdm oxit ndng chay Khi thu

dugc du dot chay he't lugng cacbon la >•{

C 0,56 gam D 0,46 gam

2.22 Cho 200 ml dung dich axit sunfuhidric H2S I M phan ung hoan toan

vdi 300 ml dung dich NaOH I M Dung dich thu dugc cd cac chat ,^ , ,

A NaHS va NaOH B NajS va NaOH ,} A}Ll

C NaHS va Na2S. D NaHS, Na2S va NaOH

2.23 Cho X gam MgCO, phan ung vdi dung dich HCI du Cho toan bd khi

thoat ra vao dung dich nude vdi trong du, thu dugc 20 gam ket tua Biet hieu sua't phan ung la 100% Gia tri ciia x la , : ;

A 16,8 B 17,2 ,, ,

C 15,9 D 18,4

2.24 Tir AljO, c6 thi dieu che A l bang each

A dien phan A l j O , nong chay

B dien phan h6n hop nong chay g6m AI2O3 va criolit

C dung CO hoae Hj khir AI2O3 nong chay

D hoa tan A l j O , bang dung dich HCl, r6i di6n phan dung dich AICI3

2.25 Co the dieu che canxi bang phuong phap

A dung Na day Ca ra khoi CaCl2 nong chay

B dung khi CO hoac khi H2 kbit CaO d nhiet dd cao

C nhiet phan CaO 6 nhiet do cao ^

D dien phan CaCl2 nong chay

2.26 Hoa tan hoan toan 1,35 gam kim loai X bang dung dich H2SO4 loang,

thu dugc 1,68 lit khi (d dktc) Kim loai X la

A kem B sat

C nhom D magie

2.27 Cho luong C O di qua ong sii dung 20 gam bgt CuO nung nong Sau

m6t thdi gian tha'y kh6'i lugng cha't ran trong ong sii con lai la 16,8 gam

Phan tram khoi lugng CuO da bi khuf la

A 80% B 70%

C 60% D 90%

2.28 Cho 10 gam bgt sat vao 500 ml dung dich FeCl, c6 nong d6 x mol/lit

khua'y deu den khi phan ling xay ra hoan toan, tha'y khd'i lugng bgt sat con lai

la 8,6 gam Gia tri cua x la

A 0,15 B.0,10

C 0,25 D 0,28

2.29 Hoa tan 3,2 gam oxit X2O, bang mot lugng vijra du dung dich H2SO4

10%, thu dugc dung dich mu6'i sunfat c6 nong d6 12,9%

Cong thiic phan tCr cua oxit la

A AI2O3 B Cr203

C Mn203 D Fe203

2.30 De dilu che natri kim loai, ngudi thucmg dilng phuong phap

1 dien phan dung dich NaCl c6 mang ngan

2 dien phan NaCl nong chay

3 dien phan NaOH nong chay

4 diing K day Na ra khoi dung dich NaCl

5 khil oxit Na20 bang khi CO 6 nhiet d6 cao

Nhung phuong phap dung dugc la

A 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 B 2, 3,4

C 2, 3 D 1,4, 5

2.31 Hoa tan 3,94 gam BaCO, bang 500 m l dung dich H C l 0,4M The tich

dung djch NaOH 0,5M can de trung hoa axit du la

C 360 ml D 320 m l

2.32 X la dung dich chiia 0,1 mol AICI3 va Y la dung dich chiia 0,32 mol

NaOH D6 tir tit Y vao X Khoi lugng ke't tiia thu dugc khi d6 he't Y vao X la

2.34 Dot chay hoan toan 7,2 gam than d nhiet d6 thich hgp, thu dugc h6n

hgp khi A gom CO2 va CO

Dan h6n hgp khi A vao 6'ng dung CuO (du) nung nong K h i phan ling xong, cho toan bg lugng khi thu dugc vao nu6c v6i trong (lay du), thu dugc a gam ke't tua

a) Vie't cac phuong trinh hoa hgc

b) Tinh a

2.35 Nung 3,1 gam tinh the natri cacbonat ngam nudrc den khoi lugng

khong doi, dugc cha't ran c6 khoi lugng la 2,65 gam

Hay xac dinh c6ng thiic hoa hgc cua mu6'i natri cacbonat ngam nudrc

2.36 Nung 10,23 gam h6n hgp hai oxit la CuO va PbO v6i cacbon du

Toan bg lugng khi CO2 sinh ra dugc dan vao binh dung dung dich Ca(0H)2

du Phan iJng ke't thiic, thu dugc 5,5 gam ket tiia

a) Viet phuong trlnh hoa hgc

b) Tinh thanh phSn % theo khoi lugng cua m6i oxit kim loai trong h6n hgp

2.37 Hgp chat huu co A c6 thanh phSn theo khoi lugng cac nguyen t6' nhu

2.38 Dot chay hoan toan 6,72 lit h6n hop khi A g6m CO va CH4, phai

dung vira Mt 6,72 h't oxi

a) Tinh thanh phan phan tram theo thi tich va theo khdi lugng cua cat

chat trong hdn hop A Cac the tich d^u do d dktc

b) Ha'p thu toan bo khi CO2 tao thanh or phan ung trtn vao binh chiJa 300 ml

dung dich Ba(OH)2 0,75M, tha'y xua't hien m gam ket tua trSng Tinh m

2.39 Ci di^u kien chuin 3,36 h't h6n hop khi g6m metan va etilen c6 kh6i

luang 3 gam

a) Ti'nh thanh ph^n phSn tram cua cac cha't c6 trong hdn hop theo the

tich va theo khd'i luong

b) Khi dan 1,68 lit h6n hop khi nay di qua dung dich nudfc brom, nhan

thay dung dich bi nhat mau va khdi lucmg binh chiJa dung dich nay tang them

m gam

Ti'nh m, bie't rSng phan ung xay ra hoan toan

2.40 Cho A la hdn hop 3 khi: CH4, C2H4 va C2H2

Dan 5,6 lit hdn hop A vao binh dirng dung dich brom du, sau phan ling

khdi lugng binh tang 5,4 gam

Khi ra khoi binh (khi khdng tac dung vdi nude brom) dugc dot chay

hoan toan cho 2,2 gam COj

Ti'nh thanh phan phan tram theo khdi lugng mdi hidrocacbon trong hdn

hgp Biet rang cac the' tich deu do d dktc

2.41 Hdn hgp khi A gdm CO va mot hidrocacbon De ddt chay hoan toan

6,72 lit khi A dung het 39,2 lit khdng khi Phan ung tao thanh 8,96 lit CO2 va

1,8 gam H2O

Xac dinh cdng thirc phan tii cua hidrocacbon va thanh phan tram theo

the tich cac khi cd trong hdn hgp A Biet rang oxi chiem 20% the tich khdng

khf, cac the ti'ch khi do d dktc

2.42 Ddt chay 3 gam mdt chat huu cof A, thu dugc 6,6 gam CO2 va 3,6

gam H2O

a) Xac dinh cdng thiJc phan tir cua A, biet = 60 dvC

b) Vie't cdng thirc cau tao (riit ggn) cd the' cd cua A

Chirang 3

PHI KIM - SO LUOC V E BANG TUAN HOAN

C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC ' ^

I T R A C NGHIEM K H A C H QUAN ^ * 3.1 Cho cac cap cha't sau, cap chat nao khdng phan ling vdi nhau? '•

A CI2 va NaOH B Fe203 va CO

C CI2 va O2 D CO2 va CaCOH),

3.2 Hgp cha't X la oxit cua cacbon, trong phan tijf chiia 57,14% oxi ve khdi

lugng Khd'i lugng mol ciia X la 28 gam

Cdng thiic phan tit oxit X la:

A.CO2 B.CO

C C2O D C2O3

3.3 Hay chgn cau cd ndi dung sai trong cac cau sau:

A Phi kim cd the phan ung vdi nhieu kim loai

B Phi kim cd the phan ung vdi phi kim khac

C Nude Gia-ven la hdn hgp hai mudi NaCl va NaClO

D Trong cdng nghiep, khi clo dugc san xua't tCr mudi an (NaCl)

3.4 Tir cac cha't sau: MnO^, CaCO,, HCl va Na2S03 cd the' di^u che' dugc

cac cha't khi:

A CO, CO2, H2S B CI2, H2, SO2 '-^^^ m^-'

3.5 Sau thi nghiem, khi clo con du dugc loai bd bang each cho sue vao

A dung dich HCl B dung dich NaOH

C dung dich H2SO4 D dung dich NaCl

3.6 Khi nita san xua't dugc trong cdng nghiep thudng cd l§n lugng nhd cac

khi CO2, CO va hai nude De thu khi nita nguyen chat cin diing phuang phap

hoa hoc:

A Ddt chay hdn hgp

B Cho hdn hgp qua nude vdi trong

C Ddt chay hdn hgp rdi cho san ph^m iSn lugt qua nude vdi trong va axit H2SO4 dac.'

D Cho hdn horp qua CaO mdi san xua't \

3.7 Nhan dinh nao sau day la dung nhat? , |

A Cacbon la cha't khir

B Cacbon la cha't oxi hoa

C Cacbon la phi kim rft tra v6 mat hoat ddng hoa hoc ^'

-D Cacbon vCra cd ti'nh khijr vira cd tinh oxi hoa

3.8 Chon phuong phap thich hop di dieu che k h i clo trong phong thi nghiem:

A D u n nhe dung d i c h H C l dac v6i M n O j

B D i 6 n phan N a C l nong chay

C D i e n phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa

D D u n nhe N a C l v d i dung dich H2SO4 dac

3.9 Phan utig hoa hoc nao sau day khOng xay ra?

, A SiOj + 4 H F ^ SiF, t + 2Hfi

B SiOj + 4HC1 ^ SiCl^ T + 2Ufi

C. CI2 + H 2 0 ^ H C 1 + HC10

D 3CO + Fe^ 0, ^ 2Fe + SCO^ T

3.10 Cho phuong trinh phan iJng:

4C + F e 3 0 , — ^ ? + ?

Hoan thanh phuong trinh phan ung va cho bie't cacbon trong phuong

trinh dong vai tro gi?

A Nhien lieu dot chay la'y nhiet B Chat o x i hoa

C Cha't k h i i va chat o x i hoa D Cha't khir

3 1 1 Hay chon nhan dinh sai trong nhung nhan dinh sau:

A C6ng nghiep silicat gom san xuat dd gdm sii, thuy t i n h , x i mang tCr

cac hop chat thien nhidn ciia silic va cac hoa chat khac

B Thanh ph^n chinh ciia thuy tinh la h6n hop natri silicat (NajSiO,) va

canxi silicat (CaSiO,)

C Khdng dugfc dCing chai, lo bang thiiy tinh de chiJa, dung dung dich axit

D Thanh phdn chinh cua x i mang la canxi silicat va canxi aluminat

3.12 Bidt nguyen tijr X c6 ca'u tao n h u sau:

Dien tich hat nhan la 15+, c6 3 Idp electron, Idp ngoai ciing c6 5 electron

Dua vao bang tuSn hoan biet dugc nguyfin t d X la

A nito B clo

C photpho D l i m huynh

3.13 Cac nguyen t d dugc sap xdp trong bang tuSn hoan cd nhung dac Aiim:

A D i e n tich hat nhan nguyen t ^ tang dSn

B Sd Idp electron trong nguyen t ^ bang sd thiJ t u cua chu k i

C Sd electron Idp ngoai cung ciia nguyen t i i bang sd t h i i t u ciia n h d m A

3.15 D u n g d i c h chiJa 980 gam H2SO4 tac dung he't vdi N a H C O , d u , thu

dugc V l i t k h i cacbonic ( d dktc) Biet hieu sua't phan ihig la 9 0 % Gia t r i cua V la '

3.17 Hoa tan hoan toan 31,2 gam hdn hgp g d m N a j C O , va C a C 0 3 bang

400 m l dung d i c h H C l 1,5M tha'y thoat ra V l i t k h i CO2 (6 d k t c ) , , , ,

Gia t r i cua V la

A 4,46 B 6 , 7 2

C 5,87 D 8,14

3.18 Cho ludng k h i clo qua dng sii dung 1,12 gam bdt k i m loai M d nhiet

dg cao Sau k h i phan ting ke't thiic, thu dugc 3,25 gam m u d i

1 K i m loai M i a

A sat B nhdm O

C mangan D canxi

2 De' cd dii lugng k h i clo tham gia phan ung tren cAn bao nhieu l i t dung

djch H C l 6 M tham gia phan ung v d i bdt MnOs du?

A 0,2 l i t B 0,02 lit

C 0,12 l i t D 0,03 l i t 3.19 Hoa tan 4,48 lit k h i hidro clorua ( d dktc) vao 42,7 m l nude, thu dugc dung dich axit clohidric N d n g dd % va ndng dd m o l cua dung dich thu dugc la:

A 1,46% v a 4 , 7 M B 1,46% va 0 , 4 7 M

C 14,6% va 4 , 7 M D 14,6% va 0 , 4 7 M 3.20 D a n 11,2 l i t hdn hgp k h i CO va CO2 (d dktc) vao 100 m l dung dich

Ca(0H)2, thu dugc m u d i duy nha't khdng tan, cd khdi lugng 10 gam

1 N6ng d6 mol cua dung djch Ca(OH)2 la

3.21 D6't chay photpho trong binh chiia 6,72 lit khi O2 (d dktc), thu duoc

14,2 gam diphotpho pentaoxit

Kh6'i lugng photpho tham gia phan ung la

A 8,1 gam B 6,8 gam

C 7,4 gam D 6,2 gam

3.22 Khi nhiet phan 14,2 gam h6n hop gom canxi cacbonat va magie

cacbonat, thu diroc 3,36 lit khi CO2 (or dktc)

Thanh phSn % khdi luong cac cha't trong h6n hcrp la

A 70% CaCO, va 30% MgCO,

-B 60% CaCOj va 40% MgCO,

C 70,42% CaCOj va 29,58% MgCO,

D 60,52% CaCO, va 39,48% MgCOj

3.23 Hoa tan a gam m6t oxit sat cSn 150 ml dung dich HCl 3M Ne'u kh& a gam

oxit do bang khi CO nong, du, thu duoc 8,4 gam sat

C6ng thiic phan tir cua oxit sat la

A FeO B Fe203

C Fe304 D Kh6ng xac djnh duoc

3.24 Cho 268,8 lit h6n hop khi CO va H2 or dktc khir sat(III) oxit 6 nhiet do

cao Kh6l luong sat thu duoc la

A 448 gam B 462 gam

C 521 gam D 428 gam

3.25 Cho 200 ml dung dich NaOH I M phan irng he't v6i 200 ml dung dich

chiia 38 gam h6n hop hai mu6'i Na2C03 va NaHCO,

1 Thanh phSn % cua Na2C03 va NaHCO, l^n lucrt la

3.26 D6't h6n hop g6m 5,6 gam b6t sat va 1,6 gam b6t luu huynh trong m6i

trUcffig khfing c6 khdng khi, thu duoc h6n hop chat ran A

Cho h6n hop A phan ling hoan toan v6i dung dich HCl I M du, thu dugfc

h6n hop khi B Thi tich dung dich HCl I M da tham gia phan ling la

b) Neu each lam d^ pha che' dung dich H2SO4 c6 ndng d6 3,75M tit

lucmg axit da san xua't duoc

3.28 Bie't A la oxit cua sat kim loai Khuf hoan toan 1,6 gam A can 627 ml

hidro (dktc)

Neu la'y toan b6 lugng kim loai vtta thu duoc 6 trdn cho tac dung vdi

dung dich HCl du thi thu duoc 0,448 lit hidro (dktc)

Xac dinh c6ng thiic phan tir cua A ' ^ •

3.29 TrOn iSn 50 ml dung djch NaOH 0,1M v6i 30 ml dung dich NaOH

0,5M duoc dung dich A Them 60 ml dung dich AICI3 0,1M vao A

Ti'nh nong d6 mol ciia cac chat thu dugc sau phan ling (cho rang th^ tich

cha't ran kh6ng dang k^)

3.30 Cho tir tir dung dich HNO3 vao 6'ng nghiem chiJa dung dich NaOH,

sau phan ling thu dugc dung dich D

a) Viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc

b) Hay cho biet cac cha't tan c6 the' c6 trong dung dich D

c) Cho 50 gam dung dich HNO3 12,6% phan ihig het v6i 100 gam dung

dich NaOH

Tinh ndng dS % dung dich thu dugc sau phan ling

3.31 Hoa tan 7,8 gam h6n hgp 2 kim loai A (hoa tri II) va B (hoa tri III)

bang dung dich H2SO4 loang viTa du, thu dugc 8,96 lit khi H2 (dktc)

a) Tinh kh6'i lugng mu6'i khan thu dugc khi c6 can dung dich sau phan ling b) Xac dinh ten va kh6'i lugng m6i kim loai trong h6n hgp, biet rang s6'

niol kim loai hoa tri I I I bang hai \An s6 mol kim loai hoa trj I I va nguyen tijr

khfi'i ciia kim loai hoa tri I I bang - nguyen tir kh6'i cua kim loai hoa tri I I I

3.32 Nung 12 gam CaCOj d nhiet do cao Sau phan ling thu 7,6 gam chat ran A

a) Tinh hieu sua't phan ling phan huy va th^nh phan % cac cha't trong A

b) Hoa tan hoan toan A trong dung dich HCl du, dan toan b6 khi thu

duoc vao 125 ml dung dich NaOH 0,2M, thu duoc dung dich B

Tinh ndng d6 mol cac cha't c6 trong B

c) Cho toan b6 dung dich B vao dung dich Ca(OH)2 du Vie't phuong

trinh hoa hoc va tinh s6' gam kfi't tua thu duoc sau phan ling

3.33 Tr6n dung dich AgNO, 1,2M va dung dich Cu(N03)2 1,6M vdri the

tich bang nhau, duoc dung dich A Them 1,6 gam b6t A l vao 100 ml dung

dich A, duoc cha't ran B va dung dich C

a) Tinh kh6'i lugng cua B

b) Trinh bay phuong phap hoa hoc d^ lay tittig cha't tuf B

c) Them 240 m l dung dich NaOH I M vao dung dich C dugfc ke't tua D

Lpc la'y D, nung nong ddng thoi cho khi CO di qua cho de'n khi cha't ran c6

khoi lucmg kh6ng d6i, thu duac cha't ran E E g6m nhung cha't gi? Kh6'i luong

m6i cha't trong E la bao nhieu?

Chirong 4

HIDROCACBON - NHIEN LIEU

I T R A C NGHIEM KHACH QUAN 4.1 Cho cac hop cha't: CH4, CO, CH3COOH, CaQ, H2CO3, QH^O, Na^CO,

S6' hop cha't hull CO la

A 4 hofp cha't B 3 hop cha't

C 2 hop cha't D 5 hop cha't

4.2 Trong s6' cac hop cha't hOu co sau:

CH3CI, CH4, QH^O, CH3 - NH2, C,H„ C,H,20„ Q H 4 , QH4O2 ; •

S6' hop cha't hidrocacbon va dSn xua't hidrocacbon l^n luot la

4.4. C6ng thiic ca'u tao thu gon cua cac hop chat c6 c6ng thiic phan tir

A CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH B CH3 - CH2 - O - CH3 , ; i „ti.¥

C C H 3 - ( ; : H - 0 H D Ca A , B va C d^u dung C H

-CH3

4 5 Khi d6't chay hgrp cha't huu co X, thu dupe khi CO2 va H2O thi:

A Cha't X chi chiia cacbon va hidro

B Cha't X chi chiia cacbon, hidro va oxi r

C Cha't X chiia cacbon, hidro va c6 th^ co oxi

D Cha't X chi chiia cacbon va oxi

4.6. D6't chay ciing s6' mol nhu nhau, hop cha't nao dudi day khi chay cho nhidu khi cacbonic nhaft?

A CfiHg B.CH4

C C2H4 D C2H2

4.7 Dua binh chiia h6n hop metan va clo ra ngoai anh sang Sau m6t thcri

gian CO hiSn tupng:

A Khi clo bi nhat mau

B Dua miu gia'y quy tim udt vao mieng binh, gia'y quy tim chuy^n sang

mau do

C Them nu6c vao binh, lac nhe, cho tiep vao binh m6t miu da vol

(CaCO,) thay c6 bot khi xua't hien

D Ca A , B, C deu diing

4.8 Chon cau c6 noi dung sai trong cac cau sau:

A Metan phan ung v6i clo khi chieu sang

B Etilen va axetilen phan utig duoc v6i dung dich nude brom v i chiing

la hai hidrocacbon khong no (c6 lien kfit d6i va ba trong phan tut)

C Benzen phan ling v6i dung dich nude brom v i trong phan tit c6 lien

ke't doi

D Axetilen c6 thi diiu che t i i metan

4.9 Hop chat hiru co X c6 c6ng thiic cau tao C H j = C H - CH3

Nhan xet nao sau day ve X la sot?

A X lam ma't mau dung dich nude brom

B X CO kha nang tham gia phan ung triing hgfp nhu etilen

C X chay trong khOng khi cho san ph^m la CO2 va H j

D X CO phan ung c6ng hop H2

4.10 K h i axetilen 66u che duoc thucmg c6 l l n k h i COj De loai C O 2 , thu

axetilen tinh khie't phai ddng

A nude B dung dich N a O H

C dung dich NaCl D dung dich brom

4.11 Cho so d6 chuye'n hoa:

D a v o i — 2 , x ) o ° c ) C , H 3

Hop chat A va B la:

A C a O v a C a C j B C 0 2 v a C a C 2

C CaO va CO2 D CaCj va CO2

4.12 Trong cac phan ung:

4.13 San ph^m tao thanh k h i metan phan ung vdi clo v d i t i 16 m o l 1 : 3, cd

anh sang la:

4.15 Di nhien lieu chay cd hieu qua cao cSn phai

A cung cap cang nhidu oxi khdng khi cang td't

B tang dien tich tiep xiic cua nhien heu vdi oxi hay khdng k h i '* '

C dieu chinh nhien lieu de duy tri su chay d miic do phii hop \

D sir dung nhien lieu cd cha't lugng tot

Hay cho biet bien phap nao saH

4.16 Phan tir hop cha't huu co X chiia hai nguyen to K h i dd't chay 3 gam

hcfp cha't X, thu duoc 5,4 gam H2O Khd'i lugng mol cua X la 30 gam

Cdng thiic phan t i i cua X la

brom da phan ung la

A 3,36 lit B 1,12 lit ^

C 2,84 lit D 2,24 l i t

4.21 D6't chay ho^n toan h6n hop khi g6m 0,1 mol C2H4 va 0,1 mol CO2

DSn toan b6 k h i thu duoc vao dung djch Ca(OH)2 du

Kh6'i lucmg mu6'i thu duoc la , , : ;

A 40 gam ^ B 37 gam : > t v J I >

C 42 gam D 38 gam

4.22 C6ng thiJc thuc nghiSm cua hidrocacbon X la (CHj)^ Bie't ti khd'i cua

X so vori khi oxi bang 0,875

C6ng thirc phan tir cua X la

A Q H , B C 3 H S ,

C QH4 D Q H f i

4.23 Cho m6t lirgng axetilen duoc di6u che tCr m gam canxi cacbua vao

dung dich brom, tha'y c6 3,2 gam brom phan ling

Khd'i lugng canxi cacbua cSn diing la

4.25 D6't chay hoan toan 1 lit hidrocacbon X , thu duoc 3 lit khi cacbonic

va 4 lit hoi nude (cac the tich khi do b ciing d i l u kien dS va ap suat)

C6ng thiic cua phan tijf cua X la

A C , H , B C,Hfi

C C4H,o D C^Hfi

4.26 D6't chay 3 gam hop chat huu co X, thu duoc 8,8 gam CO2 va 5,4 gam HjO

Trong phan tir X c6 oxi khong? Neu c6 thi oxi chie'm bao nhieu % thanh phSn

kh6'i lugng cua X?

A. Kh6ng CO oxi • _ , B Co oxi, 24%

C Co oxi, 36% ' D Co oxi, 64%

4.27 D6t chay hoan toan m6t the tich hidrocacbon Y can the tich oxi bang 2

the' tich cua Y (cac the' tich do cf cung d i l u ki6n)

4.29 Dun nong h6n hop g6m: 0,2 mol C2H4; 0,1 mol C2H6; 0,2 mol C2H2

va 0,9 mol H2 c6 N i xiic tac

H6n hop thu duoc sau phan ting c6 thanh phSn % the tich la

A 37,5% H2, 62,5% C^^, ' •

B 30% C2H2, 70% CjHfi

C 40% C2H4, 60% Q H g

D 25% H2, 35% C2H4, 50% C2H6

4.30 Cho 6,72 lit h5n hop CH4 va C2H4 {b dktc) qua binh dung dung dich

brom thi lam mat mau vira du 100 m l dung dich brom I M

Thanh phSn % the' tich ciia CH4 va C2H4 trong h6n hop la r d^.i

-:r-,a \i,iA iwJ.: ;o>

4.31 Dieu che' rugu etylic tir tinh b6t: " ' ^ a) Viet phuong trinh hoa hoc

b) Biet hieu suat dieu che la 75% Hay tinh the'tich rugu 46" thu dugc tii

100 kg gao chiia 8 1 % tinh b6t Cho bie't rugu etylic nguyen chat c6 kh6'i lugng riengO,8 g/mol

4.32 Ngucfi ta n^u xk phong tir m6t loai cha't beo c6 c6ng thiic

( C „ H „ C O O ) 3 C , H , ^

a) Viet phuong trinh hoa hoc

b) Tinh khO'i lugng xa phong natri tao thanh tit 200 kg cha't beo c6 chiJa 19,4% tap chat khong phan ling, biet su hao hut trong san xua't la 15%

4.33 D6't chay hoan loan m6t lirgng khi metan can vCra du 11,2 lit oxi

(dktc), thu dugc CO2 va H2O

a) Viet phucfng trinh hoa hoc ^

b) Tinh the tich (dktc) cua khi metan dem dd't va khi CO2 tao thanh sau

phan ling

4.34 Thanh phSn cua m6t loai khi thien nhien c6 chira 96% CH4, 2% N2 va

2% CO2 theo the' tich

Dot chay hoan toan m6t lugng khi nay r6i dSn toan b6 san pham tao

thanh vao dung dich nude v6i trong du, thu dugc 80 gam kfi't tiia ,,,,

a) Tinh the tich khi (dktc) da dem dot chay

b) Neu hap thu toan b6 khi cacbonic tao thanh (sau khi dot lugng'khi

thien nhien or tren) bang 600 ml dung dich NaOH 2 M , thi sau thi nghiem trono

dung dich thu dugc c6 nhirng chat gi, khd'i lugng la bao nhieu?

4.35 H6n hgp A g6m hai khi la metan va axetilen Trgn 10 lit hidro voi 10 lii

h6n hgp A r6i cho di qua ong dung niken (Ni) nung nong Sau thi nghiem, the

tich khi con lai la 12 lit h6n hgp B Cac the tich do cr cung dieu kien nhiet do

va ap sua't

Xac dinh the' tich m6i khi trong h6n hgp A va B Bie't rang cac phan ling

xay ra hoan toan

4.36 Trong thanh ph^n cua gao chira 80% tinh bdt

TCr 1 ta gao c6 the dieu che' dugc:

a) Bao nhieu kg glucozo, biet hieu sua't cua qua trinh dieu che la 70%?

b) Bao nhieu lit c6n 90", bie't hieu sua't cua qua trinh nay chi dat 60% va

khS'i lugng rieng cua rugu D = 0,8 g/ral?

4.37 Dung djch A la h6n hgp cua ruooi va nudrc Cho 20,2 gam A tac dung

vdri kirn loai natri du, thu dugc 5,6 lit khi (dktc)

a) Tinh d6 rugu ciia dung dich A, cho bie't kh6'i lugng rieng cua rugu la

0,8 g/ml va cua nude la 1 g/ml

b) Neu dung loai rugu 40", thi cdn bao nhieu gam rugu nay cho tac dung

vdri natri de' cung dugc the' tich khi nhu tren?

4.38 Tr6n x gam CH3COOH vdi y gam Q H O H dugc h6n hgp A

Chia A thanh ba ph^n bang nhau:

- Cho phan m6t tac dung vdri natri du, thu dugc 5,6 lit khi

- Cho phSn hai tac dung v6i CaCO, du, thu dugc 2,24 lit khi

a) Viet cac phuong trinh hoa hgc

b) Tinh x va y, bie't rang cac khi do d dktc

c) Dun nong phdn ba vdri axit H2SO4 dac, de' thuc hien phan dug este

hoa Tinh khoi lugng este tao thanh, biet hieu sua't phan ling la 60%

4.39 Hgp chat huxi co A c6 thanh ph^n phSn tram kh6'i lugng cac nguyen

t6-nhu sau: 48,75%C, 8,11%H, 43,14%0

a) Xac dinh CTPT cua A, bie't = 74 dvC

b) A CO kha nang lam do quy tim Hay vie't CTCT cua A , ^ ^ 4.40 Hgp chat hCoi co A c6 phan tir khd'i bang 60 dvC D6't chay hokn toan 7,2 gam A, thu dugc 5,376 lit khi CO2 (dktc) va 4,32 gam H2O

Hay xac dinh CTPT ciia A va viet cac c6ng thiic ca'u tao co the' co ciia A

4.41 Dun 445 gam chat beo (C,7H3,COO)3C3H, vdi m6t lugng vte du dung

dich NaOH cho de'n khi phan irng xay ra hoan toan

a) Viet phucfng trinh hoa hgc

b) Tinh kh6i lugng xa phong banh chiia 60% C^HasCOONa thu dugc trong qua trinh tren

4.42 Cho lugng dQ bgt magie vao 50 ml dung dich axit axetic, tha'y co 0,28

lit khi thoat ra Khi cho lugng du axit nay vao 14,8 gam h6n hgp Na2C03 va NaHCOj, thu dugc 3,36 lit khi

a) Viet phuong trinh hoa hgc

b) Tinh nong d6 mol cua axit axetic

c) Tinh phSn tram theo khC'i lugng cua Na2C03 trong h6n hgp, biet rang

cac the' tich khi deu do a dktc

4.43 Cho 39 gam glucozo tac dung vdri AgNO, trong amoniac Hoi co bao

nhieu gam bac ket tua ne'u hieu sua't phan ung la 75%?

Neu len men lucmg glucozo tren thi thu dugc bao nhieu gam rugu etylic

va bao nhieu lit khi CO2, neu hieu sua't phan img la 80%?

4.44 Dun nong h6n hgp chiia 12 gam axit axetic va 4,6 gam axit fomic (HCOOH) vdi 18,4 gam rugu etylic co mat axit H2SO4 dac lam xiic tac Sau

thi nghiem xac dinh dugc trong h6n hgp san ph^m co chiia 8,8 gam este

CH3COOC2H5

Tinh hieu sua't tao thanh m6i este tren

.1

Chirong 5

DAN XUAT C O A HIDROCACBON - P O L I M E

Ị T R A C NGHIEM KHACH QUAN f

5.1 Rugu etylic phan ling dugc vdi natri vi trong phan tCr rugu c6

Ạ oxị

B hidrọ

'j!* C nhom OH lien k€t true tiép vdi cacbon

D mach cacbon kh6ng phan nhanh

5.2 Tren v6 chai rugu c6 ghi 15" Dieu nay c6 nghla la

Ạ ndng d6 % cua dung dich rugu etylic la 15%

B phSn tram thi tich ciia rucru etylic nguyen chat chiia trong chai ruau

la 15%

C Trong chai c6 15 phSn khfíi lugng rugu etylic nguySn chat va 85 phSn

khg'i lugng nudẹ

D loai rugu do dugc bao quan 6 nhiet d6 15"C la t6t nhát

5.3 Axit axetic c6 tinh axit vi

Ạ phan tir c6 2 nguyfin t\x oxị

B phan tijr c6 nhom OH

C tan v6 han trong nudẹ

D phan tur c6 nhom -COOH

5.4 Axit axetic phan ling dugc vdi

Ạ KOH B CaCO,

C C2H5OH D Ca A, B va C

5.5 Trong phong thi nghiSm c6 ba Ig dung ba dung dich la axit axetic,

rugu etylic (con) va NaOH bi mat nhan Thu6'c thii phan biet dugc ba dung

Cac hgp chat X va Y l^n lugt la

Ạ CO2 va CH.COOH B C2H,0H va CO2

C. C2H5OH va CH3COOH. D. CH3COOH va C2H,0H

5.7• Hgp chat nao sau day khdng tan trong nudẻ ' i

Ạ CH3COOH B (CH3COO)3C3H5

5.8. C6 4 chaft hHu cor: C2H4, QH^O, C2H4O2 va QH.^Ộ

Cac chat phan ting vdi natri la '

Ạ C2H4, C2H,0, C,n,,0,. B C2H,0, C,H,20,

C C2H4O, C2H4 D C2H6O, C2H4O2

5.9 Co 3 chat huu ca da hgc dugc ki hieu la X, Y va Z

Khi lam thi nghiem ngudi ta tháy rang:

- Chát X va Z phan ung dugc v6i natrị

- Chát Y kh6ng tan trong nudẹ

- Chát Z phan ling dugc vdi Na2C03

X, Y va Z Ian lugt cd c6ng thiic phan tixlh

Ạ C2H5OH, C2H4 va CH3COOH

B. C H 3 C O O H , QHsOH va C2H4

C C2H5OH, CH3COOH va C2H4 -tyi '

mil:-5.10 Chgn cau diing nhat trong cac cau sau day: • ' >•

Ạ D^u an la estẹ

B DSu an la este cua glixerol

C D^u an la este cua glixerol va axit beọ - '

D D^u an la hdn hgp ciia nhi^u estẹ

5.11 Cd hai tám lua be ngoai gid'ng het nhau: M6t tám det bang ta tam, mdt

tám det bang ta t6ng hgp De phan biet hai tám lua nay cin

Ạ hoa tan mdt mSu nho ciia mdi tám vao dung dich axit roi dung quy tim

B hoa tan mdt mSu nho cua mdi tám vao dung dich ki^m rdi diing quy tim

C đ't chay mdt máu nho cua mdi tám rdi ngiri miiị /

D ca ba each A, B, C deu diing _

-5.12 Thuy phan chat beo bang dung dich kilm, thu dugc

Ạ mud'i ciia axit beo va nudẹ v ' j ;

B mud'i ciia axit beo va glixerol

C mud'i ciia axit beo va rugu etylic ) >,

D axit beo va glixerol ^; •

5.13 Co ba dung dich: glucoza, ruou etylic va saccaroza

Thu6'c thir d^ phan biet ba dung dich tren la

A Ag20 trong dung dich NH,

B dung dich HCl

C AgjO trong dung dich N H , va quy tfm

D dung dich AgsO/NH, va dung dich HCl

5.14 Cau dinh nghia polime chinh xac nhat la

A polime la nhung chat c6 phan tir Ion

B polime la nhirng chat c6 tinh deo

C polime la nhung chat c6 phan tir khdi rat lorn, do nhi^u mat xich lien

ket v6i nhau tao nen

D polime la nhirng chat c6 tinh dan hoi

5.15 Phan tich chat huu ca X thu duoc khi COj, hai HjO va khi nita Chat

A Chi chira ducmg glucoza

B Chira duomg glucoza va ducmg fructoza

C Co kha nang tham gia phan irng trang bac

D Ca B va C deu dung

5.17 The tich ruou etylic nguyen chat c6 trong nua lit rugu 45" la

5.18 Axit axetic tac dung v6i 5,3 gam Na2C03, thu dugc V lit khi (cf dktci

Gia tri cua V la

5.19 Cho 199,525 ml rugu etylic (khoi lugng rieng D = 0,8 gam/ml) taf

dung vdri natri du, thu dugc V lit khi (d dktc)

Gia tri ciia V la

A 38,842 B 28,426

C 38,864 D 28,963

5.20 Cho 22,4 lit etilen (d dktc) tac dung vdi nude c6 axit sunfuric lam xiic

tac thu dugc 13,8 gam rucm etylic Hieu sua't cua phan ung la

A 30% B 25%

C 35% D 40% .A'

5.21 Ngudi ta len men gia'm d^ san xua't gia'm an Ltn men gia'm 10 lit

rirgu etylic 8" (biet rugu etylic nguyen chat c6 khoi lugng rieng D = 0,8 gam/ml) vdi hieu suat la 92% Khoi lugng axit axetic thu dugc la

A 830 gam B 768 gam

C 680 gam D 870 gam

5.22 Cho 75 ml dung dich axit CH3COOH tac dung he't vdi kem C6 can

dung dich thu dugc 2,745 gam mu6'i khan

5.25 Cho 6 gam axit axetic phan ling vdi 9,2 gam rucm etylic c6 axit

sunfuric dac lam xiic tac Biet hieu suat phan ung la 60%

Kh6'i lugng este thu dugc la

A 6,16 gam B 7,12 gam

C 4,94 gam D 5,28 gam

5.26 Len men rugu m gam glucoza thanh rugu etylic vdi hieu sua't la 90%,

thu dugc 11,2 lit khi CO2 (6 dktc)

Gia tri cua m la

A 49 B 50

C 52 D.46

5.27 Dot chay hoan toan 4,5 gam chat hOu co X, thu duac 6,6 gam khi CO

va 2,7 gam H2O Bie't kh6'i luong mol cua X la 60 gam

C6ng thiic phan tir cua X la M , A

A C2H4O2 B Q H A ?

C CH4O D QH12O6

5.28 Thuy phan cha't h6o tristearat glixerol (C,7H3,COO)3C3H5 phai dung

I , 2 kg NaOH Biet hifiu sua't la 80%

Kh6'i lugmg glixerol thu duorc la

A 0,928 kg B 0,694 kg

• C 0,736 kg D 0,783 kg

II BAI TAP T l i LUAN

5.29 Th6i til tii 0,56 lit khi CO (dktc) vao 6'ng dung 1,44 gam b6t FeO

nung nong Khi thu ducfc sau phan ung duac dSn tiif tiir qua binh dung dung

dich nude v6i trong du (d^ toan b6 khi dugc ha'p thu het), thu duac 1 gam ket

tua mau trdng

a) Tinh kh6'i luong cha't ran thu duoc sau phan ling

b) Tinh thi tich khi thu dugc sau phan ling

c) Co ket luan gi \6 cac phan ting xay ra trong qua trinh thi nghidm (xay

ra hoan toan hay khdng hoan toan)?

5.30 Cho axit H2SO4 loang tac dung l^n 6,659 gam m6t h6n hop 2 kim loai

A va B diu CO hoa tri I I , thu dugc 0,1 mol khi, d6ng thoi khd'i lugng h5n hop

giam 6,5 gam

Hoa tan ba ran con lai bang H2SO4 dac, n6ng, thu dugc 0,16 gam SOj

a) Xac dinh ten hai kim loai A va B, thanh phSn theo kh6'i lugng m 6 i

kim loai (A c6 khd'i lugng mol 1dm hon B)

b) Neu m6t phuong phap tach tijmg cha't ra khoi h6n hgp A, B va oxit B

5.31 Cho 8,8 gam hOn hgp A g6m M g va MgO tic dung vdi dung dich

HCl (la'y du), thu dugc 4,48 lit khi (dktc)

a) Vie't phuong trinh hoa hoc

b) Tinh khd'i lugng cic chat trong h6n hgp A

c) Phai diing bao nhiSu ml dung dich HCl 1,5M du di hok tan he't 8,8 gan

h6n hgp A?

P 5.32 D6't chay hoan toan 8,05 gam hgp chat huu ca A c6 chiia C, H, O thu

^ugc 15,4 gam COj va 9,45 gam H2O Biet phan tijr A chi c6 mOt nguySn tir oxi

a) Tim c6ng thirc phan tic cua A

b) Bie't rang A tac dung v6i natri giai phong H2 Xac dinh cOng thiic ca'u

tao cua A

5.33 D6't chay hoan tokn 5,6 lit khi tu nhidn (dktc) chiia 89,6% CH4; 2,24%

QHfi; 4% CO2; 4,16% N2 (ve th^ tich) DSn toan b6 san ph^m vao 0,5 kg dung

dich NaOH 8%

Tinh ndng d6 phSn tram cac chat c6 trong dung dich sau phan ling

5.34 D6't chay hoan toan m6t lugng khi metan cin vilta du 11,2 lit Oj (dktc), thu dugc CO2 va HjO

a) Vie't phuong trinh hoa hgc

b) Tinh the' tich (dktc) cua khi metan dem dd't va khi COj tao thanh sau phan ling

5.35 D6't chay hoan toan m6t hgp cha't hidrocacbon A, thu dugc 22 gam CO2 v& 13,5 gam H2O Bie't phan ttr khd'i ciia A m 30

a) Xac dinh c6ng thiic phan tir cua A

b) Viet c6ng thiic ca'u tao cua A va cho bie't A c6 nhflng tmh cha't hoa hoc quan trgng nao?

5.36 Dan 8,96 lit h6n hgp khi etilen va axetilen vao binh dung dung dich

nudrc brom du Khi phan ling xong, tha'y kh6'i lugng binh dung dung dich nude

brom tang them 1 gam

a) Xac dinh thanh phin % theo th^ tich m6i khi trong h6n hgp

b) Ne'u d6't 8,96 lit h6n hgp khi tren thi cin bao nhieu lit oxi v^ tao ra

bao nhieu gam khi CO2?

Cac khi d^u do b dktc ^''

537 H6n hgp A g6m nrgu etyUc va dimetyl ete (CH, - O - CH3) Cho 23 gam A

tac dung vdi lugng du kali kim loai, thu dugc 2,24 lit khi hidro (dktc)

a) Tinh thanh pMn tram theo khd'i lugng ciia cac cha't trong h6n hgp A

b) Khi d6't m gam h6n hgp A, thu dugc 21,6 gam H2O, con khi cho m gam h6n hgp A tac dung v6i lugng du kali kim loai, chi dugc 1,12 h't khi hidro (dktc)

Viet cac phuong trinh phan ling xay ra va tinh s6' mol m6i cha't c6 trong

^ gam h6n hgp A

B H U d N G D A N TRA L 5 | C A U HOI

V A G I A I B A I T A P Chirong 1 CAC LOAI HOP CHAT V 6 CO

Cho dung dich KOH vao tirng dung dich: dung dich c6 xua't hifin ke't tua

nau la dung dich FeCl,:

= 0 , 4 ^ x = l

80

->32x + 16y = 8 0 - > y = =3

16 1.4 Dap an dung la A

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

2KC10, — ^ 2KC1 + 30, t • ,

1.7 Dap an diing la A

Dung dich H2SO4 lam quy tim chuyen thanh do

Dung dich NaOH lam quy tim chuyfin thanh xanh

1.8 Dap an dung la C

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

Na^SO, + 2HC1-> 2NaCl + SO21 + H2O 1.9 Dap an dung la B

1,10 Dap an diing la C

0 448 S6' mol CO2 = = 0,02 (mol)

22,4

so'mol Ca(0H)2 =0,15.0,1 = 0,015 (mol) '

I < ^ = ^ = 1,33<2

n c a C O H , 0,015

Xay ra hai phan ling:

CO2 + Ca(0H)2 CaCO, I + H^O

COj (du) + HjO + CaCO, CaCHCO,\

Nhu vay thu dugc hai mu6'i la CaCO, va Ca(HC03 )2

1.11 Cong thiic diing la A

Dat CTPT ciia oxit la MO

Phuong trinh hoa hoc: ' ' '

MO + H2SO4 ^ M S O + H j O (1)

98 5 Theo (1): S6' mol MO = s6' mol H,SO, = — ^ = 0,05 (mol) ,

100.98

4 -> Khoi lugng mol ciia oxit la MO la = 80 (gam)

M + 1 6 V 8 0 ^ M = 64(gam)

Kim loai c6 kh6'i Wgng mol nguyfin tit bang 64 gam la d6ng (Cu)

CTPT ciia oxit la cVio

1.12 Dap an diing la D

Phuang trinh hoa hoc: v

1.13 Dap an diing la B „•

Cac phuang tfinh hoa hoc:

1.14 Dap an diing la C

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

+ BaC03 ^ BaSO, + € 0 ^ 1 + H^O 1.15 Dap an diing la B

La'y tir m6i lo ra m6t it hoa chat de lam thi nghiSm

Cho dung dich H 2 S O 4 loang phan ling vdi timg hop chat:

- Hop chat nao phan ung, tao ra dung dich mau xanh lam la CuO

CuO + HjSO,CuSO^ + HjO

- Hc^ cha't nao phan ling, tao ra dung dich trong su6't va c6 khi bay ra

la Na2COi

Na^CO, + H^SO, (/) -> Na^SO, + CO^ t + H^O

- Hop cha't nao phan ling, tao ket tua trang va c6 khi bay ra la CaCO,:

CaCO, + H^SO,(/) ^ CaSO, + CO^ T +H,0

1.16 Dap an diing la D

La'y tii m6i lo ra m6t it mu6'i 6i lam thi nghiem

Cho dung dich HCl phan ling vdi tiimg mu6'i:

- Mu6'i nao c6 khi thoat ra la BaCO,:

BaCO, + 2HC1 -> BaCl^ + CO^ T + H^O

phan biet BaClj va C U S O 4 :

Cho dung dich BaCl2 tac dung vdi hai mu6'i: Mu6'i nao cho kfi't tua trSng

laCuS04:

Mu6'i con lai la BaClj

Khoi lupng cha't tan: m ^i = 25 (gam)

Khd'i lupng dung dich A: m^^ = m,^ + mj„ = 25 + 100 = 125 (gam) , -> N6ng do C% cua dung dich A: • :;)-if aaf'!: gii ^|i.CKTS.i

C%-—.100% = 20% .;;xn:ifcrHl,.iij;ti;,/-i.<iq

125 Th^ tich dung dich A: X,, = ^ = - ^ = 109,36 (ml)

1.23 Dap an diing la D

Cac phuong trinh hoa hpc:

B CuO + 2HC1 -> CuClj + HjO

40

OK'.'

Phuang trinh hoa hoc:

CuCl^ + 2NaOH ^ CuCOH)^ + 2NaCl (1)

Theo (1): S6' mol NaOH = 2 s6' mol CUCI2 = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)

Du NaOH, s6' mol Cu(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol)

Kh6'i lugng Cu(OH)2 = 0,2.98.80% = 15,68 (gam)

1.25 Dap an dung la B

Cac phuong trinh hoa hoc:

FeCl^ + 2NaOH Fe(0H)2 i + 2NaCl

AlCl, + 3NaOH -> Al(OH), i + 3NaCl

Loc lay ket tua Fe(0H)2 va AKOH), rui nung:

Nguyen t6' X la A l , CTPT cua hidroxit la A1(0H)3

1.27 Dap an dung la C

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

CaClj + K 2 S O , ^ CaSO, i + 2KC1

1.28 Dap an diing la D

Cho bot dong vao, Cu day bac ra va tao thanh Cu(N03)2:

Cu + 2AgN03 -> 2Ag 4- + Cu(N03 \

Loc bo Ag, thu duoc dung dich Cu(N03)2 tinh khiet

1.29 Dap an diing la B

Dat CTPT cua oxit la X20„ (n la hoa tri ciia X)

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

Theo (1) va (2): So mol Ca(0H)2 = s6' mol CaC03 = — = 0,1 (mol)

Goi X , y la s6' mol NaHCO, va Na^COy

Cac phuong trinh hoa hoc:

CO, + NaOH -> NaHC03 ' ^ ^''^ ^'^'^ ^^^^ '

X mol X mol x mol

IỊ BAI TAP TU LUAN

1.32 Chat ran con lai sau phan iJng la Fẹ TO khd'i luong oxit sat (Fe,Oy) va

kh6'i luong Fe, ta suy ra khd'i luong oxi c6 trong oxit Tir do tim dugc ti 16 s6' moj;

nf^:n„ = x : y , , ^

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

Fe,0^ + yCO ^ xFe + yCOj

m o = n i p , „ - m p ^ - 3 2 - 2 2 , 4 = 9,6(gam)

Tijr phuong trinh phan ling ta CO so d6: ' '

Fe,0^ -> xFe + yO '

56x 16y 22,4g 9,6g :

b) Goi X la so mol Zn da tham gia timg phan ting

- Kh6'i luong Zn tham gia (1) la 65x

Kh6'i luong Cu tao thanh la 64x

Kh6'i luong la Zn giam: 65x - 64x = 0,15 ^ x = 0,15 (mol)

- Kh6'i luong Pb tao thanh la 207x

Kh6'i luong la Zn thir hai tang: 207x - 65x

(207-65).0,15 = 21,3 (gam)

1.34 a) Cac phuong trinh hoa hoc:

2A1 + 6HC1->2A1C1,+3H2 ^ 2Fe + 6HCl->2FeCl,+3H2 ^

b) S6 mol H, = ^ = 0,5 (mol)

Dat X va y la s6' mol A l va Fe c6 trong h6n hop, dat phuong trinh va

giai, tim dugc:

m = 0,2.27 = 5,4 (gam); mp, = 11,2 (gam)

c) Phuong phap tach Fe ra khoi h6n hcfp:

Ngam h6n hop trong dung dich NaOH dụ A l tan h€t vao dung dich, chi

c6n lai t»Ot sat Loc bo dung dich, thu dugc sat > ^' 1.35 Dat CTPT cua mu6'i sat la FeCl„, ta c6 phuong trinh hoa hoc:

-FeCl„ + nAgNO, -> Fe(N03)„ + nAgCl i

S6 mol AgCl i = = 0,06 (mol)

143,5 Theo phuong'trinh phan ting, ta c6:

(56 + 35,5n) gam FeCl„ tham gia phan ung, sinh ra n mol AgCl 4^

Theo d^ bai, ta c6:

3,25 gam FeCl„ tham gia phan ling, sinh ra 0,06 mol AgCl i ^

Ta CO phuong trinh: 3,25n = 0,06(56 + 53,5n)

Giai phuong trinh dugc: n = 3 _^

V a y CTPT cua mu6'i sat clorua la FeCl,

1.36 a) Dat CTPT cua oxit sat la FêỘ Sau phan ling, kh6'i lugng oxit sat giam 4,8 gam Do chinh la kh6'i lugng ciia oxi trong oxit sat

So do phan ling:

FePy ->xFe + yO t i i ^ ' ) ! / -^ :db (56x + 16y)g ymol

I6g M o , 3 ( m o l ) ^ ^ - ^ " ' - '

16

56x + 16y y x ^ 2 -^^inm v^.- ? ị , f

16 " 0,3 y 3 '

v a y CTPT cua oxit sat la Fe203

b) Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

Fe203 + 3 C 0 ^ 2 F e + 3C02

S 6 m o l F e A = ^ = 0'l(mol) o-d

Ha,, ^ " c o =0-1-3 = 0,3 (mol) -

Toan bg khi CO2 bi giiJ lai trong binh dung dung dich NaOH dụ

Do do kh6'i lugng binh tang: 0,3.44 = 13,2 (gam)

c) Theo phucmg trinh phan ling:

Khur hoan toan 0,1 mol Fe203 cfin 0,3 mol CO

Th^ tich CO cdn dung (du 10%):

0,3.22.4.110^ 3^

™ 100

1.37. a) Phuorng trinh hoa hoc:

Al + 3AgNO, ^ AKNO,), + 3Ag i

b) Theo phucmg trinh phan ung:

Khi CO 1 mol A l phan irng thi khdi lugmg la nh6m tang:

3 1 0 8 - 2 7 = 297 (gam)

Do 66, khi kh6'i lucmg la nhom tang 2,97 gam thi:

2 97

Da CO = 0,01 (mol) A l phan ling va sinh ra 0,03 mol Ag

Kh6'i luomg A l da phan ung: 0,01.27 = 0,27 (gam)

Kh6'i lugng Ag tao thanh: 0,03.108 = 3,24 (gam)

c) Sau phan ling, trong 250 ml dung dich c6:

+ Mu6'i A K N O , ) , : n^,^^,,^^^ =n^, =0,01 (mol)

+ Mu6'i AgNOj du: n^^^^^ j„ = (0,24.0,25) - 0,03 = 0,03 (mol)

Dodo: C^(Al(NO3)3) = ^ = 0,04M

C^(AgNO3du) = ^ = 0,12M

1.38. a) Cac phuofng trinh hoa hoc:

Fe203 + 3C0 ^ 2Fe + 3CO2 t (1)

Fe + HjSO, ->FeSO,+HjT (2)

Sef mol = = 0,1 (mol) = np„

22,4 Theo (1) va (2): n^^^^ =lnp„ =0,05 (mol)

mFe,o, = 0,05.160 = 8 (gam),

^^^p^o =—.100% = 80%

c) Mu6'n CO 1 tan gang cSn 0,96 ta'n sat hoac

CO khd'i luong FcjO, nay c^n:

Cu + HCl: kh6ng c6 phan irng b) Khdi lucmg bot A l va b6t Mg trong h6n hop:

Giai he phuong trinh ta dugc: x = 0,2; y = 0,15 (•• >.A.X\

Trong 10 gam h6n hap c6: ,

xvif^^ =lgam->%mQ, =10% iieh ' u K^^*; VS

m^, = 0,2.27 = 5,4gam ^ = 54% •„ '

m^j = 0,15.24 = 3,6 gam -> %mMg = 36% •

1.40. a) Ngam cac la kim loai vao dung dich CUSO4:

- Ngam la Cu: Khdng c6 phan ling Khdi lugng la Cu khdng d6i

- Ngam la Zn: Xay ra phan ung:

Zn + CUSO4 ZnS04 + Cu Theo phucfng trinh phan ling:

1 mol Zn (= 65g) tan ra thi c6 1 mol Cu (= 64g) tao thanh

Do do, khdi lugng la kem giam (< m)

- Ngam la Fe: Xay ra phan ling:

1 mol Fe (= 56g) tan ra thi c6 1 mol Cu (= 64g) tao thanh

Do do, khdi lugng la Fe tang (> m)

b) Ngam cac la k i m loai trfin trong dung djch A g N O , :

Kh6'i luong cac la k i m loai d6u tang v i kh6'i lugng m o l ciia cac k i m loai

d^u nho hcfn kh6'i lugng m o l cua bac r>ii4r > v j

22 4 7 "SQ

1.41 a) Kh6'i lugng m o l phan tir k h i A : = ' ' ' = 34 (gam)

S6' m o l k h i A dem d6'r chay: n^ = | ^ - 0,1 (mol) ' ' ' " ' ^ ' ^ ^

S6' mol cac san pham d6't chay A :

2 2 4 1 8

n.so, = r r — = 0 , l ( m o l ) ; n^^o = Y - = 0 , l ( m o l ) , }

N h u vay: 1 mol A — ^ 1 mol SO^ va 1 mol H^O

Trong phan tir A c6 1 nguyfin tuf S va 2 nguydn tir H

M A = 3 4 = 3 2 + 2

C5ng thiic phan tijr cua A la HjS

b) Phuong trinh phan ung d6't chay H j :

2 H 2 S + 3 O 2 - > 2SO2 + 2 H 2 O

c) Theo phuong trinh phan ting: V^^ = |^H,.S = " '^'^

(l^^)-Chiromg 2 KIM L O A I , TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN

2.2. Dap an dung la B

2.3. Dap an dung la A „ , Phuong trinh hoa hoc: 2 A l + 3CuSO, Al^ (SO^), + 3Cu

2.4. Dap an diing la D

2.5. Dap an diing la C

Phuong trinh hoa hoc: Zn + FeCl^ ZnCl^ + Fe

2.6. Dap an diing la B

Chu6i bien hoa:

A l )AlCl3 )A1(0H)3 i — 5 ^ A 1 , 0 3 >A1,(SQ,)3

2.7. Dap an diing la A

Fe va A l bi thu dgng trong axit H2SO4 dac, ngu6i

2.8. Dap an diing la B

Cho tCmg chat tac dung vdi dung dich N a O H :

- Chat phan dug vdi N a O H , tao ra dung djch trong suot la AI2O3:

A l j O , + 2NaOH -> 2NaA10j + H^O

- Chat phan ung v6i N a O H , tao ra dung djch trong suot va c6 khi bay

l a A l : 2 A l + 2NaOH + 2 H 2 0 - ^ 2 N a A 1 0 2 + 3 H 2 T ,

- Chat kh6ng phan ung v6i N a O H la Fe

2.9. Dap an dung la D Cho cac phuong trinh hoa hoc:

2.12 Dap an diing la A

Dat CTPT cua X la X2O3

Theodebai: — — — = ^ ^ ^ X = 27(A1)

2X + 3.16 100 CTPT cua oxit la AI2O3

Oxit AI2O3 CO tinh luong tinh nen phan ung duoc v6i axit va vori bazo:

AI2O3 + 6HC1 ^ 2AICI3 + SHjO

AI2O3 + 2NaOH -> 2NaA102 + H^O

2.13 Dap an dung la A

Cho tirng mhx Na vao 4 dung dich mudi:

- Dung dich xuat hien ket tua trSng hoi xanh la FeS04:

2Na + 2H2O ^ 2NaOH + H2 T

FeSO^ + 2NaOH ^ FeCOH)^ i + Na^SO^

- Dung dich xuat hi^n ket tua mau nau do la Fe2(S04)3:

Fe^ (SO4 )3 + 6NaOH -> 2Fe(OH)3 i +

(nau do)

- Dung dich xuat hien ket tua mau xanh la CuClj:

CUCI2 + 2NaOH ^ Cu(0H )2 i + 2NaCl

- Dung dich xuat hien ket tua keo trSng, roi ket tua tan la Al2(S04)3:

AI2(504)3 + 6Na0H ^ 2A1(0H)3 i + m&^SO,

3 ' 3 22,4 Kh6'i lugng mol cua kim loai M la:

Goi X la s6' mol Zn da phan ung

Theo (1): S6' mol Cu tao thanh va bam vao thanh Zn la x

FeS04 da phan ung het, Fe duoc tao thanh bam vao thanh Zn

Theo (1): S6' mol Zn phan ling = s6' mol Fe tao thanh = s6' mol FeS04

n n

H I = (a+ 14,2) (gam)

Khdi lugfng dung dich sau phan ung:

m^j = 200 + a - 0,2.2 -199,6 + a Ndng dd % cia dung dich mud'i:

C% = ±tMil.ioo% = 11,96%

199,6 +a Giai ra dugc a = 11 (gam)

11 l l n

OA ~ 0,4

n

^ MM = = = 27,5 n

Phirong trinh hoa hoc:

2A1 + SH^SO, ^ Al^ (SO,), + 3H2 T

Theo (1): S6' mol = s6 mol H 2 S O 4 = 0,2.1 = 0,2 (mol)

Fe +NaOH :kh6ngc6 phan ling

Theo (1): S6' mol A l = s6' mol NaOH = 0,2.1 = 0,2 (mol)

m^, =0,2.27 = 5,4 (gam)

%m^, = ^ 1 0 0 % = 33,75%->%mp, =66,25%

16

2.20 Dap an diing la D

Kh6'i lugng thanh sat tang la: 50 = 2 (gam)

Phuong trinh hoa hoc:

w Theo (1): S6' mol 0^=~ s6 mol Al^O, = 0,0375 (mol)

Theo (2): S6' mol C = s6' mol O2 = 0,0375 (mol)

Do do xay ra phan ling:

Nhu vay dung djch thu dugc c6 0,1 mol NaHS va 0,1 mol NajS ' '

-> m^gco, = X = 0,2.84 = 16,8 (gam)

2.24 Dap an diing la B , 2.25 Dap an diing la D

2.26 Dap an diing la C '5''

Phuong trinh hoa hgc hoa tan X: ,

2X + aH2SO, ^X2(SO,),+aHj (a la hoa tri ciia X) ( D

T h e o ( l ) : S 6 ' m o l X = - = s 6 m o l H , = - ^ = — (mol)

a a 22,4 a Khi a = 1 s6 mol X = 0,15 ^ Mx = ^ = 9: loai