Hướng dẫn ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn lịch sử Theo cấu trúc đề thi của Bộ Giáo dục và đào tạo

- TCr dau nam 2000, chinh phu ciia Tong thong Putin co gSng phat trien kinh te, cung co nha niftJc phap quyen, on dinh tinh hinh xa hoi va nang cao vi the quoc te cua luldc Nga.. Dtfcfng

907 chuyifl L T K I I I I I J M

H561D

f&uidti kien

O N T H I

TOT NGHIEP

TRUNG HOC PHO THONG

(Tai b a n , Ian thuf nhat,

t h e o c a u true

de thi m d i

THEO CAU TRUC DE THI CUA

BO GIAO DgC VA DAO TAO

(Tdi ban idn thit nhat)

f —

NHA XUAT BAN THANH HOA

NHA XUAT BAN T HA NH HOA

HI TN

HP

T M ON

THCfl

Chiu trdch nhi^m xudt

ban:

N G U Y I

N HC TU C I J

C

Bien tap:

LE D A

N

Trinh hay hia:

T H A

I V A

N

In 1.00

0 cuon , kh

o 1 6

x 24c

m ta

i Con

g ti TNHH MTV

In Ti

n Lo

c TP.Ho Ch

-i M-inh

S6' DKKHXB : 45

2 2012/CXB/63 -

20/ThaH

QOXB sa': 412/Q

D ThaH, nga

-y 31/12/2012

Cung cac em hoc sinh than men!

De kjp th6i giup cac em nam that vQng kien thiJc, chuan bj cho ky thi tot nghiep nam hoc 2009 - 2010 va nhieu nam hoc sau nay, chung toi

bien soan cuon: "HlAirNG DAN dN THi T^TT NGHl|P THPT MdN L|CH SUl^ theo

chiicfng trinh on thi mdi nhat cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao vCra ban hanh Sach viet di/di dang vC/a cung cap kien thtirc cd ban, c6 dong, de nhd, d§ hieu de cac em c6 dieu kien hoc tap va tiep thu nhanh kien thC/c mon Ljch sCf Idp 12 trong thdi gian ngan

Ngoai phan kien thCfc cd ban, chung toi con gidi thieu mot so de thi tot nghiep trong nhOng nam 2006 den nam 2008 de cac em tham khao them

ve cac dang de thi tot nghiep cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao

Nam vCifng kien thufc cd ban trong sach, cac em se vOng tin bade vao cac ki thi dang chd ddi phfa trade Day la tai lieu can thiet va bo ich cho cac em hoc sinh Idp 12 cung nhu cac ban dong nghiep

Trong qua trinh bien soan, chac khong the tranh khoi nhQng thieu sot

Rat mong nhan dUdc sU gop y \is quy thay, c6 giao day bo mon Uch sCf cung nhu cac em hoc sinh yeu quy \ii moi mien dat nude

Chung toi xin tran trong cam dn

TACGIA

3

CAU TRUC CHUfdNG TRINH THI TOT NGHl|P THPT

I PHAN CHUNG CHO TAT CA THi SINH

2} UCH sO THE GI6I HIEN DAI TCT N A M 1945 DEN N A M 2000

- Sa hinh thanh trat tii the gidi mdi sau Chien tranh the gidri thuT I I (1945- 1949)

- Lien X6 va cac nirdc Dong Au (1945 - 1991) Lien bang Nga (1991 - 2000)

- Cac nude Dong Bac A

- Cac nirdc Dong Nam A va An Do

- Cac nifdc chau Phi va Mi La tinh

- Nude M i

- Tay Au

-NhatBan

- Quan he quoc te trong va sau thcfi ki Chien tranh lanh

- Cach mang khoa hoc - cong nghe va xu the toan cau hoa nilfa sau the

k i X X

- Tong ket lich suT the gidi hien dai tU nSm 1945 den nSm 2000

2 ] UCH sCr VIET N A M Ttf 1919 DEN N A M 2000

- Phong trao dan toe dan chii or Viet Nam tii nam 1919 den nam 1925

- Phong trao dan toe dan chu d Viet Nam ttf nam 1925 den nam 1930

- Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1935

- Phong trao dan chu 1936 -1939

- Phong trao giai phong dan toe va Tong khdi nghia thang Tarn (1939 - 1945) Nirdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa ra ddi

- Nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa tii sau ngay 02 - 9 - 1945 den trade

- Cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap ket thuc (1953-1954)

- Xay dilng chu nghia xa hoi d mien Bdc, dau tranh chong de quoc Ml

va chinh quyen Sai Gon d mien Nam (1954 - 1965)

5

n ngoa

i giao Hie

i phon

g hoa

n

toan mien Nam (1973 - 1975)

- Da

t nvldc

tren diTcmg do

N Tli

C HO

ban

- Si

f hin

h than

h tra

- Ni/dc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa tif sau ngay 02-9-1945 den trifdrc ngay 19-12- 1946

- Nhang n&m dau cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan

Phap (1946 - 1950)

- Bifdc phat trien mdi cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thiic dan

Phap (1951- 1953)

- Cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap ket thuc (1953-1954)

- Xay dittig chu nghIa xa hoi d mien BSc, dau t r a n h chong de quoc M i

va chinh quyen Sai Gon cf mien Nam (1954 - 1965)

- Nhan dan hai mien tnJfc tiep chien dau chong de quoc M l xam Itfoc

Nhan dan mien Bftc vUa chien dau vUa san xuat (1965 - 1973)

- Cuoc dau tranh tren mat tran ngoai giao Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973

ve chain dult chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam

- Khoi phuc va phat trien k i n h te- xa hoi d mien BSc, giai phong hoan toan mien Nam (1973 - 1975)

- Viet Nam trong nam dau sau thdng Icfi cua khang chien chong M l cijfu

niidc nam 1975

- Viet Nam xay difng chu nghia xa hoi va dau t r a n h bao ve To quoc (1976- 1986)

- Dat nirdc tren dtfcfng doi mdi di len C N X H (1986- 2000)

- Tong ket lich sijf Viet Nam tCf nam 1919 den nam 2000

b Theo chi/Gtng trinh Nang cao

j j UCH Sljr THE IKS NAM 1945 DEN NAM 2000

- Sif h i n h thanh trat Ui the gidi mdi sau Chien t r a n h the gidri thuf I I

(1945 - 1949)

- l i e n X6 va cac mi&c Dong Au (1945 - 1991, l i e n bang Nga (1991 - 2000)

- Trung Quoc va ban dao Trieu Tien

- Cac ni/dc Dong Nam A

- Cac nifdc chau Phi va M i La- t i n h

- Nude M i

- Tay Au

- Nhat Ban

- Quan he quoc te trong va sau thcri k i Chien tranh lanh

- Cach mang khoa hoc - cong n ^ e va xu the toan cau hoa nijfa sau the

k i X X

- Tdng ket lich suf the gidi hien dai tii nSm 1945 den nam 2000

7

2 00

m sa

u Chie

n

tran

h the' gid

- Mie

h t

e xa hoi, mie

-n Na

m da

u

tran

h (195

4 1960)

- 1965)

h cu

e bo

"

d r mien Nam

va

chien tran

Cuo

c da

u tranh

tren mat tra

n ngoa

i giao Hie

hoi d

mien BSc, gia

i phon

g hoa

n

toan mien Nam

(1973

- 1975 )

- Vie

t Nam trong

nam dau sau

thdng loi cu

- Vie

t Nam tre

H (1986

- 2000)

2000

- Dau nam 1945, nhieu van de quan trong va cap bach dat ra inidc cac

circmg quoc Dong minh Do la:

+ Nhanh chong danh bai hoan toan cac n\i6c phat x i t ;

+ To chijfc lai the gidi sau chien tranh;

+ Phan chia thanh qua chien thang giOra cac niidc thang tran

- Trong bo'i canh do, mot cuoc hoi nghi quo'c te diTcfc trieu tap t a i lanta

(Lien X6) tCr ngay 04 den 11 - 02 - 1945

2 Hpi nghi dvta r a n h i ? i ^ quyet dinh q u a n trong

- Tieu diet tan goc chu nghia phat x i t DuTc va chu nghia quan phiet

Nhat Ban Sau k h i danh bai nifdrc Dufc phat xit Lien X6 se tham chien

chdng Nhat d chau A

- Thanh lap to chuTc Lien hop quoc nham duy t r i hoa binh va an ninh

the gidi

- Thoa thuan ve viec dong quan tai cac midc nham giai giap quan dpi

phat xit va phan chia pham vi anh hLfomg a chau Au va chau A

Toan bo nhuTng quyet dinh cua hoi nghi lanta cung nhOTng thoa thuan

sau do cua ba ci/cmg quoc da t r d thanh khuon kho ciia trat t i i the gidi

m6i, thtfcfng di/oc goi la "Trat tif hai ciTc lanta"

9

jFj

Sli

T HA NH L AP L IE

N HO

P QU

OC

1 Ho an c an

h l ic

ai Xa

n Phranxixc

o (Mi) d

h

Duy tr

i ho

a bin

h v

^ a

n nin

h th

e gidi, pha

t trie

- Gia

i quye

t ca

c tranh chap quoc t

4 Ca

c cc

f q ua

n j

* Da

i ho

i dong: Go

* Ho

i don

g Ba

o an: L

h th

e gidi

h t

e Xa hoi Ho

Den nSm

Tif than

g 9 -1977, Vie

t Na

m tr

ml

Sli

H IN

H TH AN

H HA

I HE T HO NG X

A HO

I CH

U NG HI

A VA

A

Va

n d e ni^oTc D iic

+ Sa

u Chie

n tranh the gid

i thu

T H, qua

c DuTc, An

h chie

m vCin

g Ta

y BSc,

Mi chie

m vim

g

phia Nam, Pha

+ Thang 12 - 1946, M i va Anh da tien hanh rieng re viec hcfp nhat hai

khu vUc chiem dong cua minh nhkm chia cat lau dai niidc DiJc Cuo'i cung,

thang 6 - 1949, M l - Anh - Phap da hcfp nhat cac vung chiem dong va lap

ra Nha niidc Cong hoa Lien bang (CHLB) Dufc

+ Vdri str giup dd cua Lien X6, cac life lifgng dan chu or Dong Dufc da

thanh lap Nha ntfdc Cong hoa Dan chu (CHDC) Dure vao thang 10 - 1949

Nhu the, tren lanh tho Dure da xuat hien hai nha nxidc D J J T C vdri che

do chlnh t r i va con di/dng phat trien khac nhau

+ d Tay Au, hau het cac ni/dc bi chien tranh tan pha nang ne Vao luc

do M l de ra "Ke hoach phuc hiftig chau Au" (con goi la "Ke hoach

Macsan") nhSm vien trcf cac niidc Tay Au khoi phuc kinh te, dong thori tang cifcfng anh hudng va sir khdng che ciia M l ddi vdi cac niidc nay He

thong tU ban chu nghia cung hinh thanh theo sU dinh hitang cua Ml

Chtfonfill

LIEN X6 VA CAC n\S6C DONG AU (1945 -1991)

LIEN BANG NGA (1991 - 2000)

a) Cong cuoc khoi phuc kinh te or Lien X6 (1945 - 1950)

Hodn canh lich sit

Lien X6 la niTdc chiu ton that nang ne nhat trong cuoc Chien tranh

the gidri thuT I I : Hcfn 27 trieu ngifcfi chet; 1710 thanh phd, hcfn 70.000 lang mac, gan 32.000 nha may, xi nghiep bi tan pha

11

NhUng thanh tUii dot

h tranh

- Kho

a ho

c k

m 1949, Lie

-i thua

t cii

a CNXH

- V

e con

g nghiep, t

rd thanh cifcmg quo

- V

e kho

a ho

c k

-i thuat, na

m 1957, Lie

m 1961, phon

Lien X6 tr

d than

h tru cot cu

t xit qua vun

g Don

g Au, nha

+ Rien

g Don

g Dure, vdr

- V<5i sii giup dd c6 hieu qua cua Lien X6 va sU c6 gang vifcrt bac cua

nhan dan, cac ni/dc Dong Au da gianh difcfc nhieu thanh tiJU to Idn

+ Ve cong nghiep: Xay diTng difoc nen cong nghiep dan toe, dien k h i hoa toan quoc, nang san li/ong cong nghiep len gap chuc Ian

+ Ve nong nghiep: Dap ijfng nhu cau lUWng thifc, thuc pham cho nhan dan

+ Ve khoa hoc - k i thuat: Tit nhufng midc ngheo, Dong A u tror thanh

quoc gia cong - nong nghiep

a) Quan he k i n h te, van hoa, khoa hoc - k i thuat

- Ngay 08 - 01 - 1949, Hoi dong ti/cfng t r a k i n h te (viet tat la SEV)

Hunggari, Rumani, Tiep KhSc; sau nay c6 them cac nifdc CHDC Dufc (1950), Cong hoa Nhan dan Mong Co (1962), Cong hoa Cuba (1972), Cong hoa Xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam (1978)

- Muc tieu cua SEV la tSng cilcmg sir hop tac giffa cac ni/dc xa hoi chu

nghia, thuc day sii tien bo ve khoa hoc - k i thuat, khong ngCfng nang cao

muTc song cua cac thanh vien

b) Quan he chinh t r i - quan sii

- Ngay 14 - 5 - 1955, cac nifdc Anbani, Ba Lan, Bungari, CHDC Dufc, Hunggari, Lien X6, Rumani, Tiep KhSc da hop tai Vacsava, cung nhau k i

Hiep xldc hOli nghi, hop tac va tifcfng t r g danh dau sir ra ddi ciia To chuTc

Hiep iTdc Vacsava

- Muc tieu: thanh lap lien minh phong thii ve quan sir va chinh t r i cua cac nirdc xa hoi chu nghia chau Au

b) Cong cugc cdi to (1985 - 1991)

- Thang 3 - 1985, M.Goocbachop len nam quyen lanh dao Dang va Nha ntrdc Lien X6, da di/a ra diTcfng loi tien hanh cai to

13

- Sa

u 6 nam tien hanh cai to, d

khung hoan

g

toan dien

c) Su sup do

cua Lien bang X6

u do, Goocbacho

g ca

c quo c

gia do

c la

p (SNG)

c ua che dp x

a hp

i c hu nghia

i 7

0 dau thap k

h tran

g t

ri tre

h te Nhito

h tran

g d

a nguyen, d

3

Ng uy en n ha

it L

ie n

h chi

i quan, du

i Lie

n X

6 ta

n ra Lie

h te, tron

- Ve chinh t r i , thang 12 - 1993 ban Hien phap Lien bang Nga ducfc ban hanh, quy dinh the che Tong thong Lien bang

- Ve do'i noi, Nga phai do'i mat vdri hai thach thufc 1dm la tinh trang khong on dinh do sif tranh chap giila cac dang phai va nhCTng vu xung dot sSc toe

- Ve mat do'i ngoai, mot mat Nga nga ve phtftmg Tay vdi h i vong nhan difcJc sii ling ho ve chinh t r i va sir vien tro ve kinh te; mat khac, khoi

phuc va phat trien moi quan he vdi cac Tuidc chau A

- TCr dau nam 2000, chinh phu ciia Tong thong Putin co gSng phat trien kinh te, cung co nha niftJc phap quyen, on dinh tinh hinh xa hoi va

nang cao vi the quoc te cua luldc Nga

ClKWnfi (II

B A I 3

C A C NlTdC DONG BAC A

T ] NET C H U N G V E KHU V J C E>6NG B A C A

- TrtftJc Chien tranh the gidi thuf I I , cac nifdc Dong B&c A (trCr Nhat Ban) deu bi chu nghia thiic dan no dich TU sau nam 1945, tinh liinh khu

vUc CO nhieu bie'n chuyen

- Tif nijfa sau the k i XX, khu vvfc Dong B&c A da dat di/crc sif trudng

thanh nhanh chong ve kinh te Han Quoc, Hong Cong, Dai Loem trd thanh nhorng "con rong" kinh te d chau A Nhat Ban trof thanh nen kinh

te Idn thi'f hai the gidi

T R U N G Q U O C

1 Sii thanh lap mitfc Cpng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa va thanh tiAi

10 nam dau xay dUng che dp mdi (1949 -1959)

a Cuoc noi chien:

- Cupc noi chien keo dai hem 3 nam (1946 - 1949)

- Ngay 20 - 7 - 1946, Ti/dng Gidi Thach phat dong cuoc chien tranh chong Dang Cong san

- Ti^ thang 7 - 1946 den thang 6 - 1947, Quan giai phong Trung Quoc thiic hien chien lilOc phong ngif tich cifc Sau giai doan nay, Quan giai phong chuyen sang phan cong, tien quan vao cac vung do Dang Quoc dan kiem soat

1 5

- Cuo

i na

m 1949, cup

c no

i chie

n ke

t thuc, toa

b Y nghia:

a hoi

- Anh hifdng sa

c hau, pha

t trie

n kin

h te, x

a hoi, va

- V

e do

i ngoai,

g Quo

c tron

g nhuTn

g j ia

m khon

g o

n d in

h (195

9 1978)

h te, chin

h tri,

xa hoi Vd

u nghI

a x

a hoi

Hau qua l

n xua

t ngifn

g tre, da

- V

e do

i ngoai, un

i v

a M

l Latinh Cun

g tron

g thd

i k

i nay, d

g 2

- 1972, Ton

3 Cong cuoc c a i e a c h - m d coba (to( n a m 1978)

- Thang 12 - 1978, Trung tATng Bang Cong san Trung Quoc de ra dtfcrng

16'i mori, mcr dau cho cong cuoc cai each kinh te - xa hoi Dtfcfng loi nay dtfcfc nang len thanh dtfcmg Ira chung cua Dai hoi X I I (thang 9 - 1982), dac biet

la Dai hoi X I I I (thang 10 - 1987) cua Dang: lay phat trien kinh te lam

trung tarn; tien hanh cai each va md ouCa, chuyen nen kinh te ke hoach hoa

tap trung sang kinh te thi tn£ing xa hoi chu n ^ i a , nhkm hien dai hoa va

xay difng chu nghia xa hoi mang mau sSc Trung (^6c, vdri muc tieu bien Trung Quoic thanh quoc gia giau manh, dan chu va van minh

- Thifc hien dii&ng Idi cai each, dat nUdc Trung Quoc c6 nhuTng bien doi

- Ve do'i ngoai, Trung Quoc c6 nhieu thay doi

+ Da binh thi/cmg hoa quan he v6i Lien X6, Viet Nam, Mong Co, khoi

phuc quan he ngoai giao v d i Inddnexia

+ M d rong quan he hiiki ngfai, hop tac vdi cac nifdrc tren the gidi; c6 nhieu dong gop trong viec giai quyet cac tranh chap quoc te

B A I 4 CAC Nl/6C DONG NAM A VA AN DO

Tj CAC Nl/dC DONG NAM A

1 Sif thanh lap c a c quoc gia dpc lap d Dong N a m A

a Vdi net chung vi qua trinh dau tranh gidnh doc lap

- Trade Chien t r a n h the gidi thiJ 11, hau het cac midc trong khu vifc

(tnr Thai Ljm) deu la thuoc dia cua de quoc Au - M l

- Trong Chien t r a n h the gidi thiJ 11, Dong Nam A t r d t h ^ n h thuoc dia cua Nhat Ban

- Giufa thang 8 - 1945, nhan dan Dong Nam A ddng len dau tranh, nhieu niidc gianh duoc doc lap

+ Ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, nhan dan Inddnexia tuyen bo doc lap va thanh lap nifdc Cong hoa Indonexia

+ Thdn

g 8

- 1945, nha

c lap

- Sa

u do, thif

+ Than

g 5

- 1949, H

nLfdrc

Au M

a La

i (1957), Xingap

o (1959), Vie

t Nam

, Lao

,

Campuchia (1975), Bruna

y (1984), Don

g Tim

o (2002)

b Lao (1945 -

1975)

* Cugc khang chien

chong Phap (1945 -

i chie

m Lao Nha

p din

h Gionev

o (1954), Pha

* Cugc khang chien

chong Ml (1954 -

- Mua xuan nam 1975, cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day cua quan dan

Viet Nam t h i n g lai da c6 vu va tao dieu kien cho each mang Lao tien len gianh thdng lai hoan toan TiT thang 5 den thang 12 - 1975, quan dan

Lao da noi day gianh chinh quyen trong ca ntfdrc

- Ngay 02 - 12 - 1975, ni/dc Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Lao chinh

thiJc thanh lap Tii do, nildc Lao hiidc sang thcfi k i mdi - xay di/ng dat

midc va phat trien k i n h te - xa hoi

c Campuchia

- Dau thang 10 - 1945, thtfc dan Phap quay t r d lai xam li/gc va thong tri Campuchia Nhan dan Campuchia tien hanh cuoc khang chien chong thifc dan Phap

- Sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu, Chinh phii Phap phai k i Hiep dinh Gicfnevo ve Dong DiJcfng, cong nhan doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciaa Campuchia

lo'i hoa binh trung lap

- Sau cuoc dao chinh lat do Xihaniic ngay 18 - 3 - 1970 cua the life tay sai M i , Campuchia bi keo vac quy dao ciia cuoc chien t r a n h thiic dan kieu mdi cua M l tren ban dao Dong Di/cfng

- Ngay 17 - 4 - 1975, thu do Phnom Penh difcfc giai phong, cuoc khang chien chong M l cua nhan dan Campuchia ket thuc thang Igi

- Ngay sau do, nhan dan Campuchia lai phai tiep tuc cuoc dau tranh chong tap doan Khcfme do do Pon Pot cam dau phan bpi each mang t h i

hanh chinh sach diet chung, tan sat hang trieu ngtfM dan v6 toi

- Ngay 7 - 01 - 1979, thu do Phnom Penh difcfe giai phong khoi che do Khcfme do diet chung, Campuchia bildre vao thcfi k i hoi sinh, xay difng lai dat nifdc

- TCr nam 1979 d Campuchia da di§n ra cuoc noi chien giOa life li/gng cua Dang Nhan dan Cach mang vdfi cac phe phai doi lap, chu yeu la life liicrng Khome do Cuoc noi chien keo dai hem mot thap k i , gay nhieu ton that cho dat nifdc

- Ngay 23 - 10 - 1991, Hiep dinh hoa binh ve Campuchia di/ac k i ket tai Pari Sau cuoc tong tuyen cijf thang 9 - 1993, Quoe hoi mdi da thong qua Hien phap, tuyen bo' thanh lap Vucfng quo'c Campuchia do N.Xihanuc

lam Quo'c vifcfng Tii do, Campuchia bi/dc sang mot thcfi k i mdi

2 Qua trinh xay di^ng va phat t r i e n c u a cac nrfdfc Dong Nam A

a Nhom 5 niidc sang lap ASEAN

- Sau k h i gianh dtfcfc doc lap, nhom 5 niJdc sang lap ASEAN deu tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, xay difng nen kinh te tif chu Tap trung day manh phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep san xuat hang tieu diing noi dia thay the hang nhap khau

19

a nha

n dan, pha

d di, ca

c nddc

nay chuyen

kinh

te,

thu hiit vo

n da

u ti

p tron

g ne

n kin

i tan

g truorn

g nhanh

b Nho

m ca

c nvtdc

Dong Diiang

- Sa

u kh

i gian

h dug

c do c

lap, ca

c nUcr

c Don

g Dilcfng ,

h te ta

p trung,

va

da dat

dLfoc

mot

so thanh tiiU,

o thif

c hie

n

cong cuoc do

i mdri

, k

in h

in

h hin

3 Ca

c mi6c

k ha

c d D on

g N am

h an h

dieu

chinh cac chin

h sac

h c o

h t

e

cham chap TC

f cud

i nS

m 1988, chin

h t

e v a

"md

cufa", d

o d o

nen kin

h t

e c

o si i

4 Si^ r

a dor

i v

a p ha

t t ri en c ua to chuTc AS EA

b Qu6 t r i n h boat dong

- Trong giai doan dau (1967 - 1975), ASEAN la mot to chvlc non yeu, sir hap tac trong khu viic con trong trang thai khcri dau, chtfa c6 v i t r i tren

tru&ng quoc te Tii giffa nhCfng nam 70, ASEAN c6 nhiMg h\Xdc tien mdi

- Nam 1984, sau k h i gianh daoc doc lap, Bninay gia nhap va t r d thanh thanh vien thuT 6 cua ASEAN

- Ngay 22 - 7 - 1992, Viet Nam va Lao tham gia Hiep Udc Bali Tiep

do, thang 7 - 1995, Viet Nam t r d thanh thanh vien thijf 7 cua ASEAN Thang 7 - 1997, L^o va Mianma gia nhap ASEAN, va thang 4 - 1999 Campuchia di/oc ket nap vao to chiJc nay

- Nhir vay, ttf nam niidc sang lap ban dau, ASEAN da phat trien thanh 10 nam thanh vien TCr day, ASEAN day manh boat dpng hop tac kinh te, xay dung Dong Nam A thanh khu vifc boa binb, on dinh de cung phat trien

JIJANDO

1 Cupc d a u t r a n h gianh dpc lap

- Sau Chien t r a n h the gidri thuf I I , cuoc dau tranh chong thiic dan Anh, doi doc lap difdi sir lanh dao cua Dang Quoc dai bung len manh me

nhutfng bo, hiifa se trao quyen tiT t r i cho An Do va ngtfcri A n h se rofi khoi

An Do inidc thang 7 - 1948

- Tren ccf sd thoa thuan nay, ngay 15 - 8 - 1947, An Do da tach thanh

hai quoc gia: A n Do va Pakixtan

- Tnfdc sure ep cua phong trao quan chung, tbifc dan A n h buoc phai cong nhan dpc lap hoan toan cua An Do Ngay 26 - 01 - 1950, A n Do tuyen bo' doc lap va thanh lap nifdrc cpng boa

- Sii thanh lap nir<Jc Cong hoa A n Dp danh dau thSng Ipi to Idn cua nhan dan An Dp, c6 anh hifdng quan trong den phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren the gidi

2 Cong cupc x a y duCng dat ni^oTc

- Trong thori k i xay dirng dat nxidc A n Dp dat dxiac nhieu thanh tifti ve

nong nghiep va cong nghiep

- Nhd tien hanb cupc "each mang xanh" trong nong nghiep, tif giOa nhullig nam 70 cua the k i XX, A n Dp da t i i tuc difpc lifong tbiTc va den

nam 1995, la nU6c xuat khau gao duTng thiir ba tren the gicri

- Trong cac llnh viic vSn ho^, giao due va khoa hoc - k i thuat An Dp c6

nhOmg hxidc tien nhanh chong va hien nay dang c6' gdng vifcm len hang

cac cifcmg quoc va cong nghe phan mem, cong nghe hat nhan, cong nghe

vu tru Cupc "each mang chat xam" bat dau tir nhiJng nSm 90 da daa A n

Dp thanh mot trong nhcmg nifdrc san xuat phan mem lorn nhat the gidi

21

- Ve d

oi ngoai

An D

p the

o dud

i ch in

h sac

h ho

a b in

h, tr

o cuo

c d au

ra nh g ia nh doc la

p cu

a ca

c d an

toe

- A

n D

o t hie

t l ap quan he ngoai gia

o vdr

i V ie

t N am ngay 07

CHAU PHI

n tr an

h t he g id

i thu

r

I

I, ph on

g tr

ao da

u

ra nh

u d

o

I an

a ca

c k hu

virc

khac khac

- Md d au

l a

cuoc bi nh c hie

h li nh yeu

t rie

u Pharuc , ch

, la

p ne n

n\i6c Con

g

hoa A

i C ap (18

- 6

- 1953)

- T

tf na

m 195

2 d en n am 1958 h an

g loa

t nifd

c gia nh

diigc

doc la

p:

Lib

i,

An gie ri, Tu yn id

i, Ma rd

c, Xu da ng , Gana , Ghine

- Da

c b ie

t, lic

o t ra

doc

l ap

- Ti

r sa

u n am

1975, nh an d an cac thuo

c di

h cuo

c d au t ra nh d an

h d

o n en

t ho ng t

ri thu

c da

n

cu, gia

nh

doc la

p

dan toe

a

quyen s on

g cu

a co

n ngi/ori

- T ha ng 0

2

1990, ch in

h quye

n Na

m P

hi d

a

t uy en b

t c hu ng

toe (goi la

Apacthai)

2 Un

Sa

u k

hi gia nh

diigc do

c l ap , ca

c niidc

chau P

hi ba

t

t ay vao

cong

cuoc

xHy

d un

g da

t nude , ph

at tr ie

n ki nh

te

- x a

h oi

, d

a

t hu

- Nh ie

u nud

e cha

u Ph

i e6

n

n am t ro ng t in

h tr an

g la

c h au

v a

k ho k ha

n d

o

x un

g dot , da

o c hin

h, no

i

chien d il

b un

g n

o v e

d an

so'; n

o n an

ngoai v.v

- To

ehure thon g

nha't cha

u Ph

i ( OA U) th an

h la

p

t ha ng

n m in

h ciia

u P

hi (A U), L ie

n m in

n k ha

i n hie

u chUOn

g

t ri nh chien luoc

vi s

U pha t

M ] C A C Nl/6C Ml L A T I N H

1 V a i net ve qua t r i n h g i a n h v a bao v f dpc l a p d a n toe

- Sau Chien tranh the gidi thuT I I , M i tim each bie'n Mi Latinh thanh

"san sau" cua minh va xay d\iag cac che do doc tai than Mi

- Cuoc dau tranh chong che dp doc tai than M i bung no va phat trien Tieu bieu la thang Icri cua each mang Cuba dildi sif lanh dao ciia Phiden Catxtcfro Ngay 01 - 01 - 1959 che dp Batixta sup do, ntfdc Cong hoa Cuba

ra dcfi do Phiden Catxtcrro dutag dau

- Vao cac thap nien 60 - 70, phong trao dau tranh chong Mi va che dp doc tai than Mi d khu viTc cang phat trien va thu nhieu thSng lai

- Cao trao dau tranh vu trang bung no manh me d M i Latinh nen khu

viic n^y dxiac goi la "luc dia bimg chay" Phong trao dau tranh vu trang chong che dp doc tai d cac niidc Venexuela, Goatemala, Colombia, Peru,

Nicaragoa, Chile, En Xanvado da diin ra lien tuc

2 T l n h h i n h p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a hpi

- Sau khi khoi phuc dpc lap, gianh di/pc chu quyen, cac niTdrc M i Latinh bade vao thcri k i xay dung va phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, dat di/ac nhieu

thanh tiJu dang khich le Mot so midc trd thanh ni/dc cong nghiep mdi

(NICs) nhif Braxin, Achentina, Mehico

- Trong thap nien 80 cua the ki XX, nhieu ni/crc M i Latinh rcfi vho tinh

trang suy thoai kinh te nang ne, lam phat tSng nhanh, khung hoang tram

trong, no ni/6c ngoai chong chat, dan den nhi&ig bien dong ve chinh tri

- Biidc sang thap nien 90, nen kinh te M i Latinh c6 chuyen bien tich

cifc hcfn Tuy nhien, linh hinh kinh te cua nhieu nildc M i Latinh c6n gap khong it kho khSn, mau thuan xa hoi Ik van de ndi bat, tham nhung da trd thanh qude nan va ngdn can sii phat trien kinh te

Chiwng fU

Ml, TAY AU, WHAT BAN (1945 - 2000)

B A I 6 Nl/dC Ml I] N J d C Ml TCT N A M 1945 DEN NAM 1973

1 Srf phat t r i e n k i n h te

- Sau Chien tranh the gioft thijT n, nen kinh te Mi phat trien manh me

Khoang 20 nam sau chien tranh M i trd thanh trung tam kinh te

23

- Nguye

n nhan:

phong phii, nguo

do

ki thua

t cao , nan

g dong ,

sang tao,

h t

e M

i pha

t trien

2 V

e k ho

a ho

c k

-i thua

t

- nLfdr c

til, ma

y t

u dong) , va

a d i

, mo

i ton g

nghia x

a ho i

tren the gidi

phu thuoc va

chinh sach

n j N U 6 C M I Tlf NAM 1973 DEN NAM 1991

- Nam 1973, do tac dong cua cuoc khung hoang ndng lUOng the gicfi, kinh

te M i lam vao mot cuoc khung hoang va suy thoai, keo dai tori nam 1982

- Tlf nam 1983 trcr di, kinh te M i phuc hoi va phat trien trd lai, nhiftig cung chi d toe do trung binh so vdi Tay Au va Nhat Ban Tuy van la nifcrc diing dau the gidri ve sure manh kinh te - tai chinh, nhiftig t i trong cua kinh te M i giam sut nhieu so vdi tnJdc

- Vdi Hiep dinh Pari (1973) ve Viet Nam, M i n i t quan ve ntfdrc, eac

chinh quyen M i tiep tuc trien khai "chien liJOc toan cau", thiTc hien sil doi

dau v(Si Lien X6 thong qua cuoc Chien tranh lanh

- Tlf giflCa nhiifng nam 80, M i - X6 thiic hien chinh sach doi thoai va hoa hoan Den thang 12 - 1989, M i va Lien Xo tuyen bo' cham duft Chien tranh lanh, md ra thcri k i mdi tren tnJdng quoc te

m l NUdC Ml Tlf NAM 1991 DEN NAM 2000

- Trong suot thap k i 90, kinh te M i van dUng dau the gidi

- Khoa hoc - k i thuat cua M i van tiep tuc phat trien manh me

- Ve chinh t r i va doi ngoai, trong thap k i 90, chinh quyen B.Clintcfn theo du6i ba muc tieu co ban cua chien luoc "Cam ket va mof rpng" Do la:

+ Bao dam an ninh cua Mi voi lilt liAfTig qian sif manh, s§n sang chien dau + Tang cilcmg khoi phuc va phat trien t i n h nang dong va sufc manh cua nen kinh te M i

+ Svt dung khau hieu "Thiic day dan chu" de can thiep vao cong viec

noi bo cua niidc khac

- Sau k h i Chien tranh lanh ke thuc (1989), trat Ui hai eifc lanta tan ra (1991), M i t i m each vifcfn len chi phm, lanh dao the gidi Tuy nhien the

gidi khong bao gicf chap nhan, vu khung bo ngay 11 - 9 - 2001 da chufng

to dieu do

B A I 7

T A Y A U

IJTAY A U TLf N A M 1945 D E N N A M 1950

- Chien tranh the gidi thuT I I da de lai cho cac nxidc Tay Au nhieu hau

qua nang ne

+ Nhieu thanh pho, nha may, ben cang, khu cong nghiep, dtfcmg giao thong hi tan pha Hang trieu ngUdi chet, mat tich hoac hi tan phe

25

+ d Phap , na

p i tron c gia i quo cua M a ca n tra 3 cii g 1/ a vie c v t khoan g ntfd n tha a tifti a to g cu ; Itali o gSn m 1938 stf c vcri na , vdi % so y nhien g 50 - Tu chi ban

- Vi chinh tri: + Cun

g co ' chin

r cii

a Mi , ca

c niid

c ti

f ba

g m6\h thanh u viia g A a Don u nghi i ch a ho i x i kho g vdr ddi tron

p nie n

50

den da u

a ca

c niAJ

c td trung tar g ba t tron h mo n nhanh trcf than u da t trie y A , Ta s\i pha r di u co 0 trc u de n 7 p nie Tay A u or u tha u ye f da - Ti ban ch

B Dijfc , Italia , Thu

nude

dong va i

tro

16n

trong

viec qua n

li,

dieu tiet , thu

+ Si

i no life pha

* Ve mat doi ngoai, trong khuon kho cua chien tranh lanh va trat tif

the gidi hai circ lanta, til nam 1950 den nam 1973, nhieu nifdc tii ban Tay

Au mot mat vSn tiep tuc chinh sach hen minh chat che vdi Mi, mat khac

da no lire md rong hcfn nuTa quan he doi ngoai

[ J M J T A Y A U TLf NAM 1973 DEN NAM 1991

* Ve kinh te:

- Do tac dong cua cuoc khung hoang nang li/cfng the gidti, cung nhif Mi

va Nhat Ban, ttf 1973 nhieu ni/dc tif ban chu yeu d Tay Au bi lam vao

khung hoang va suy thoai hoac phat trien khong on dinh keo dai den dau thap nien 90

- Tuy van la mot trong ba trung tam kinh te - tai chinh Idfn ciia the

gidi, nhiftig kinh te t\i ban chu nghia d Tay Au gap khong it kho khSn Sii

phat trien thifdng dien ra xen ke vdri khung hoang, suy thoai va lam phat, that nghiep

- Tay Au luon gap phai sir canh tranh quyet liet ttr phia Ml, Nhat Ban v^ cac nir6c cong nghiep moi (NICs) Qua trinh "nhat the hoa" Tay Au trong khuon kho Cong dong chau Au (EC) v&n con nhieu kho lihan v^ trd ngai

* Ve chinh tri - xd hoi:

- Ben canh sir phat trien, nen dan chu tiT san Tay Au vSn tiep tuc bgc loc nhCttig mat trai cua no Unh trang phan hoa giau ngheo ngay cang Idn

- Cac te nan xa hoi van thiTdng xuyen xay ra, trong do toi pham

maphia la rat dien hinh a Italia

* Ve doi ngoai:

- Thang 11 - 1972, viec ki ket hiep dinh ve nhihig co sd cua quan he giuTa Cong hoa Lien bang EhJc va Cong hoa Dan chii Dufc lam cho tinh hinh Tay Au c6 diu di

- Tiep do ve viec c^c nirdc Tay Au tham gia Dinh irdrc Henxinki ve an ninh va hop tac chau Au (1975)

- Thang 11 - 1989, buTc tiTcfng Beclin bi pha bo, sau do khong lau, niTdfc Dure da tai thong nhat (03 - 10 - 1990)

[ i v l TAY AU TLT NAM 1991 DEN NAM 2000

- Ta

y A

u trcr

ha nh

-h t-h

e

gicri

* Ve chinh tri

vd doi ngoqi:

a

on dinh

- V

e do

i do

i ngoai, c6

d a

ket thuc, tra

ra C

u the

:

+ Anh van duy

ri he

n min

+ Ca

c midc

Tay Au deu chii y mor ron

c ac

n\Jdc

dang

p ha t

- Tii

s au

ngay 11- 9

- 2001, nhiJn

d e

doa nen an ninh ciia nhie

u nifdr

c Ta

y Au

g tha

n thep cha

s au

nifcfc na

y la

i k

i Hiep

lUtfng

nguyen tuf cha

a than

g 1

2 1991

cac nxidc

thanh vien

i

/6c Maxtric

h (H

a Lan), c

- Tron

g than

g 6

- 1979, d

nUidrc

E

U huy

niHoic

nay qua bien gidfi cia

a nhau Nga

y 1

- 1

- 1999, don

midc

EU

- Nhi/

vay,

de n

cuoi tha

p k

i 90, E

U d

a trd thanh

- Sau chien tranh, Nhat Ban da bi quan M l chiem dong tii nam 1945 den

nam 1952, nhiing Chlnh phu Nhat diroc phep ton tai va heat dong

- Ve chinh tri:

+ Bo Chi huy toi cao Iiic Itfcfng Dong minh da t h i hanh mot so bien phap

de loai bo chii nghia quan phiet va bo may chien tranh ciia Nhat Ban

+ Toa an Quan sii Vien Dong da xet xuT toi pham chien tranh Nhat Ban + Hien phap mdi c6 hieu life tif ngay 03 - 5 - 1947, quy dinh Nhat Ban

la nifdc quan chii lap hien, nhifng thifc te la theo che do dan chii dai nghi tif san difa tren ba nguyen tac ccf ban la: chii quyen eiia toan dan, vai tro ttfcfng tnfng ciia Thien hoang va hoa binh, ton trong nhitag quyen ccf ban cua con ngifcJi

+ Nhat Ban cam ket tif bo viee tien hanh chien tranh, khong dimg hoac de doa suf dung \u life trong quan he quoc te, khong duy t r i quan dpi thifcfng tnfc, chi c6 life lifcfng phong ve dan sif bao dam an ninh, trat t i i trong nifdrc

+ Dan chii hoa lao dong thong qua va thifc hien cac dao luat ve lao dong

- Chinh sdch doi ngoai:

+ Nhat Ban chu tnfong lien minh chat che vdi M i , Nhat sdm k i ket

Hiep ifdrc hoa binh Xan Phranxico (08 - 9 - 1951), cham diirt che do chiem dong cua Dong minh vao nam 1952

+ Cung ngay, Hiep \i6c A n ninh Nhat - M l difac k i ket, dat nen tang

cho cho quan he giifa hai nifdc Theo do, Nhat Ban chap nhan sif bao hp hat nhan ciia M l , de cho M i dong quan va xay difng cSn cut quan sif tren lanh thd Nhat Ban

N ] N H A T B A N T C T N A M ! 9 5 2 D E N N A M 1 9 7 3

* Ve kinh te:

- Tif nam 1952 den nam 1960, k i n h te Nhat Ban eo bade phat trien nhanh Tif nam 1960 den nam 1973, k i n h te Nhat bifdc vao giai doan phat trien "than k i "

- TC

r da

u nhOfn

g n Sm 70 trdr di , Nha

t Ba

n t rd t ha nh mot tron

g b

a trun

g

tam k in

h t

e t

- Nh

at Ba

- Nguye

n nh an phat trie

n k in

h t

e cii

a Nha

t Ba n:

+ O Nhat

to' quye

t

dinh h an

g dau

+ Va

i tr

o l an

h dao , qua

nUdc

+ Ch

e d

o l am viec suot dcfi , ch

+ Nh

at Ba

t lifang , h

a gi

a than

h s an pham

+ Ch

n thap

+ Nh

at Ba

n da t an dung tot ca

a v ao

Ml

ve

mat

quan sii d

u T ie

n (195

0 1953)

-va Viet Na

m (195

4 1975) d

-e l am giau

- Tu

y nhien , ne

n kin

h t

e Nha

t B an van phai do

t Ba

n khon

g rong , da

n s

o dong , ta

u nguyen , nhie

n lieu

+ Co c au vung k in

h t

e cu

a Nha

t Ba

n thie

u ca

n doi , ta

a v

a Nagoia

+ Nh

at Ba

* Ve mat chinh

m 1993 , D

an

g Da

n ch

u Tt

f d

o (L DP ) lie

t Ba

n

- Nh

at Ba

n ch

u ciuon

g x ay difng

"N ha niidc phu

n le

n g ap

doi

t ro ng vong 10 nam (1960

- 1970)

* Ve doi ngoai:

- Nh

at Ba

n lie

n m in

h cha

t ch

e vd

i Mi Hie

p i/d

e a

n n in

c6 gia tri 1

0 nam , sa

h vien

- N am

1956, Nha

t Ba

g na

m na

y Nha

t Ba

n ho

p quoc

[ m j NHAT BAN 10 NAM 1973 DEN NAM 1991

Ve kinh te

+ Sau giai doan phat trien than ki, do tac dong cua cupc khung hoang

n5ng li/gng the gidi, tCf nam 1973 trd di, s\J phat trien kinh te cua Nhat

Ban thiTcfng xen ke vdi nhOtng giai doan suy thoai

+ TCf nufa sau nhOng nSm 80, Nhat Ban da wAJn len thanh sieu ci/cmg tai chinh so' mot the gidi vdi Itfmig dif trOr vang va ngoai te gap 3 Ian cua

MI Nhat Ban cung la chu no 1dm nhat the gidi

Ve doi ngoai

nhfliig nam 70, Nhat Ban c6' gSng diiia ra chinh sach doi ngoai mdi nhif

"hoc thuyet Phuci/da" (1977) va "hoc thuyet Kaiphu" (1991)

+ Nhat Ban thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Viet Nam ngay 21 - 9 - 1973

- Ve kinh te, trong thap nien 90, du c6 suy thoai kinh te nhung Nhat Ban van la mot trong ba trung tam kinh te-tai chinh ciia the gidi

- Ve khoa hoc - kl thuat, Nhat Ban tiep tuc phat trien trinh do cao

Tinh den nSm 1992 NTiat Ban da phong 49 ve tinh va hdp tAc cd hieu

qua vdi Mi, Nga trong cac chodng trinh vu try quoc te

- Ve van hoa, Nhat Ban vSn liAi giil dUdc nhtftig gia tri truyen thong

va ban sSc van hoa cua minh

- Ve chinh tri, sau 38 nam Dang Dan chu TV do lien tuc cam quyen

(1955 - 1993), tii nam 1993 den nam 2000 cac dang doi lap hoac lien

minh cac dang phai khac nhau da tham gia chap chinh, tinh hinh xa hoi Nhat Ban c6 phan khong on dinh

- Ve doi ngoai:

+Tiep tuc duy tri lien minh chat che vdi Ml

+ Coi trong quan he vdi Tay Au va ma rong hoat dong doi ngoai vdi cac doi tac khac tren pham vi toan cau

+ Tir dau nhCfng nam 90, Nhat Ban no life viAJn len thanh mot ci/dng

quoc chinh tri de xutng dang vdi vi the sieu aiimg kinh te cua minh

1

31

h th

e gid

i thi J

sang th

e dm

dau, da

n da

n d i

t

di tin

h t ra ng chien t ra

nh

lanh

- Trad

e he

ve mu c

eu v

a ch ie

+ Lie

a

n nin

h th

e gicri , ba

o v

e

nhiftig

th an

phong trao eac

h m an

i

Mi

ra sufc chon

g ph

a L ie n

X6

va cac

chien t ra nh

M

i d

a viitf n

le

n th an

h mo

t msdc

Ui ba

n

giau m an

h nh at

, vi/cf

t xa

cac miSc

lii ba

n

khac, na

c6 quye

n l an h

dao th

e gidri

- S\I

k ie

n dtfa

c x

em l

a k hd

i da

u ch

o chin h

sach chong L ie

n tr an

h

la nh cua

M

i

la ban

t ho ng diep cua To

3 -1947

- Va

o da

u t ha ng

6

1947, M

de ra Tte hoac h

Macsan" Nga

y 0 4-

4 -1949

,

Mi th an

h la

p k ho

hoat don

g d

e do

a do , nha

t la

viec th am gia cua

CH

LB

Dijfc va

o NA TO , th an

g 5

- 195

5

Li en

g A

u ( An

C HD

C Bdc,

Tiep

K ha

c, Ru ma ni)

p lidc

Vacsava, mo

t lie

n m in

h chin h

t ri- qu an sii ma ng

g t hu cua ca

A

u

- Sii

r a

dcfi cu

a

NA TO v

a t

o chdf

c H ie p

h

ai phe Chie

da

bao tn im

ca the

g id

L

n] SU DOI DA

IvMc

Do ng DiAftig

c ua thi^c d

N ga

y sa

u ch ie

n t ra nh

the gidi thi

J H , thif c

dan P ha

n t ra nh

x am liioc ba nifdc Vie t

N am , Lao , Campuchia

De

n

cuoi th an

n d

a l an rong

t re

n toa

n Do ng Di/ong

- ViTcrt qua m u o n v a n k h o k h a n g i a n k h o , n h a n d a n ba niicSc D o n g Di/ong da k i e n ciicfng k h j i n g c h i e n Sau k h i each m a n g T r u n g Quoc t h a n h cong (01 - 10 - 1949), cuoc k h a n g c h i e n ciia V i e t N a m c6 dieu k i e n Uen lac va n h a n ducfc sif i i n g ho, g i i i p d a ciia L i e n X6, T r u n g Quoc va cac niidc

xa hoi chii n g h l a T i i n S m 1950, M i v i e n t r g cho P h a p v a can t h i e p ngay

cang sau vao cuoc c h i e n t r a n h D o n g Di/ong Tii do, cuoc c h i e n t r a n h D o n g

Difcfng ngay cang c h i u sU tac d o n g ciia h a i phe

- Sau chien thSng D i e n B i e n Phii, H o i n g h i Gicfneva (7 - 1954) da cong nhan doc lap chii quyen, t h o n g n h a t va toan ven l a n h t h o ciia V i e t N a m , Lao, Campuchia Cuoc chien cr Dong DiiWng da chain diit, nhtfng V i e t N a m tarn thcri h i chia cSt l a m h a i m i e n , lay v i tuyen 17 l a m r a n h gicri quan sii

2 C u o c c h i e n t r a n h T r i e u T i e n (1950 - 1953)

- Sau C h i e n t r a n h t h e gidri thiJ I I , theo t h o a t h u a n giCfa cac niidc D o n g

minh, quan doi L i e n X6 c h i e m d o n g m i e n B&c, q u a n dpi M l c h i e m dong

mien N a m , lay v i t u y e n 38 l a m g i d i t u y e n p h a n c h i a tarn thcfi N a m 1948,

hai c h i n h quyen diTpc t h a n h lap r i e n g r e l a D a i H a n D a n Quoc (8 - 1948)

va Cong hoa D a n chu N h a n d a n T r i e u T i e n (9 - 1948)

- Sau hcfn ba n a m chien t r a n h , vdi nhiilhg t o n t h a t n a n g ne cua ca h a i

ben, ngay 27 7 1953, H i e p d i n h d i n h chien diJpc k i k e t giiifa T r u n g Quoc Trieu T i e n vdri M l - H a n Quoc Theo do, v i tuyen 38 v a n la r a n h gicri quan sii giffa hai m i e n BSc, N a m T r i e u T i e n Cuoc chien t r a n h T r i e u T i e n la "san

-pham" ciia Chien t r a n h l a n h va la sir d u n g dau gioa h a i phe

3 C u 9 c c h i e n t r a n h x a m liidc V i ^ t N a m c i i a d e quoic M I (1954 - 1975)

- Sau H i e p d i n h G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u a n g , M i da n h a n h chong h a t cing Phap, difng l e n c h i n h quyen Ngo E>inh D i e m , a m miAi c h i a cat lau dai Viet N a m , b i e n m i e n N a m V i e t N a m t h a n h thupc d i a k i e u mdri va can

CUT quan sii cua M l N h i M g miiU do cua M i da vap p h a i y c h i quat ci/crng va

cuoc dau t r a n h a n h d u n g cua n h a n d a n V i e t N a m

- C h i e n t r a n h V i e t N a m da tror t h a n h cuoc c h j e n t r a n h cue bp l<?n n h a t

phan d n h m a u t h u a n giOfa h a i phe N h i t o g cuoi cdng, m p i c h i e n liipc chien

tranh ciia M i deu b i p h a san T h a n g 01-1973, H i e p d i n h P a r i dupc k i ket Theo do M l cam k e t t o n t r p n g cac quyen d a n tpc ca b a n l a doc lap, chii

quyen, t h o n g n h a t va t o a n v e n l a n h t h o cua V i e t N a m , n i t q u a n k h o i V i e t

Nam, cam k e t k h o n g d i n h l i u hoac can i h i e p ve q u a n s i i d o i vdri niidc t a

- N h a n d a n ba nude D o n g DiiOng doan k e t t i e n h a n h cuoc k h a n g c h i e n

chong M i ciJu niidc, den n a m 1975 g i a n h t h a n g lai h o a n t o a n

- Tom l a i , t r o n g thcri k i C h i e n t r a n h l a n h , hau nhiT m p i cuoc chien t r a n h

hoac xung dot quan sii d cac k h u vifc t r e n t h e gidri, vdri nhiifng h i n h thufc va

mijfc dp khac nhau, deu l i e n quan tcfi siT " d o i dau" giOCa h a i ci/c X6 - M l

3 3

n D on

g T

-ay

- D au nhiStig

-i

+ Ng ay

g d

a

ki ke

t ta

i Bo

n Hie

p di nh

+ Cu ng t ro ng n Sm

1972, ha

n chg

" v

u k

hi ch ie

n lOtf

c v

a k

i H ie

p \l6c

ve

viec ha

g ch on

g te

n lijf

a (A BM

), sa

u d

o la

H ie

p di nh h an che v

n \iiac

(goi ta

t

la S AL T-1 )

+ Da

u th an

g 8

- 1975 , 3

lidc

He nx in ki , k ha ng d in

h nhuTn

g n

gu ye

n ta

c tr on

q bi nh d an

cac t ra nh chap

2 Ch ie

n tr an

h la nh c h^

n

dvtt

- Tii

dau nhflng

n am

h nhfln

g cuo

c

gap cap cao, nh

at la

12

1989,

tr on

g Ha i) To ng B

i thi

f

Da ng C on

g

Mi Busc

f d

a ch in

n t ra

n tr an

h la nh c ha

i quye

t ho

a bi nh

cac vu tranh chap,

xu ng dot da ng

u kh

u viT

c t re

n t he g id

u na

D on

t

- Ng ay

trg

k in

h t

e (SEV ) tuye

e thon

g t

he g id

ai

va trat ti

T th

e gi

^ ha

i aic

la nt

i sie

u cifcm

g k ho ng

1991,

ti nh

h in

doi t

o lor

n

va phufc ta

p

Mot Id,

t ra

t t

ii th

h

hin

h th^nh

Hai Id, sau Chien tranh lanh, hau nYui cac quoic gia deu dieu chinh

chien lucfc phat trien, tap trung vao phat trien kinh te

Ba Id, sir tan ra cua Lien X6 da tao cho M i mot Itfi the tarn thcfi Gidi

cam quyen M i ra sufc thiet lap trat tif the gidi mot cut de M i lam ba chu the gidri

Bon Id, sau Chien tranh lanh, hoa binh the gidi dtfcfc cung co, nhtftig or

nhieu khu viTc tinh hinh lai khong on dinh vdi nhilng cuoc npi chien, xung dot quan sii dSm mau keo dai

- Bifdc sang the k i XXI, vdi s\i tien trien cua xu the hoa binh, hop tac

phat trien, cac dan tpc h i vong ve mot taong lai tot dep cua loai ngtfdi Nhiftig cuoc tan cong khung bd bat ngcf vao niJdc M i ngay 11- 9 - 2001 da

xad dau cho mot thc;i k i bien dong Idn trong t i n h h i n h the gidi

CACH MANG KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE VA XU THE

TOAN CAU HOA

B A I 10

CACH MANG KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE VA XU THE TOAN

CAU HOA NlJfA SAU THE KI XX T] CUOC CACH MANG KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE

1 N g u o n go'c va dac d i e m

a Nguon goc

- Do nhufng doi hoi cua cuoc song, cua san xuat nhSm dap uftng nhu cau vat chat va tinh than ngay cang cao ciia con ngiJdi

- Do tinh hinh bung no dan so the gidi va sii voi can nghiem trong cac

nguon tai nguyen thien nhien

- Nhufng doi hoi buTc thiet do dat ra cho cuoc each mang khoa hoc - k i

thuat phai giai quyet, tnldc het la che tao va t i m kie'm nhOng cong cu san xuat mdi c6 k i thuat va nang suat cao, tao ra nhOtig vat lieu mdi

b Dac diem

- Khoa hoc t r d thanh life lutfng san xuat tnJt tiep, khac vdi cuoc c^ch mang cong nghiep the k i X V I I I

- Trong cuoc each mang khoa hoc - k i thuat hien dai, moi phat minh k i

thuat deu bat nguon iii nghien ciJu khoa hoc Khoa hoc gSn lien v<5i k i

thuat, khoa hoc di tradfc md dadng cho san xuat

35

2 Nhfln

g t ha nh trfu tieu bieu

- Tron

g lin

h vyic

khoa hoc cc

f ban, loa

e t

o Idtn, nhuTng

t l

i hoc, Ho

a hoc, Sin

h hoc,

- Tron

g lln

g va

t lie

u mdi, con

g ngh

e thon

g tin

+ Ga

y ne

n tin

h tran

g 6 nhiem

moi tn/dng

t l

a sa

u ehie

n tran

h lanh, tre

n th

e gid

i

da dil

- Xe

t v

e ba

n chat, toa

c quo

c gia, ca

g mai, t

- Viet Nam cung nSm trong xu the chung do Dai hoi Dang Ian thuf IX

da k h i n g dinh: "Nam bat ccf hoi, vaot qua thach thufc, phat trien manh

me trong thcfi k i m<Ji, do la van de c6 y nghia song con doi vdi Dang va nhan dan ta"

NHAN DjNH CHUNG VE UCH sCf THE GI61 TLf SAU CHIEN

TRANH THE GICJl THLf II DEN NAM 2000

NAM 1945

1 Sau Chien tranh the gidfi thuf I I , mot trat tif the gidri da dtfcfc xac lap Do la trat tir the gidri hai cifc lanta vdri dac triftig noi bat la the gidti nhu phan doi, chia thanh hai phe tU ban chu nghia va xa hoi chu nghia

do hai sieu ciTcJng M i va Lien X6 dufng dau m6i phe

2 Vdri thang loi cua cac cuoc each mang dan chu nhan dan or cac midc Dong Au, chu nghia xa hoi da vdat ra khoi pham vi mot rnidc, t r d thanh

mot he thong the gidri

3 Ngay sau Chien tranh the gidi thuf hai, mot cao trao giai phong dan toe da day len manh me d cac niftJc A, Phi va M i Latinh

4 Trong nufa sau the k i XX, he thong de quoc chu nghia da c6 nhOfng bien chuyen qiian trong

- M i da vUcfn len trcf thanh rnidc de quoc giau manh nhat

- Nhcr CO sU dieu chinh kip thcfi, nen kinh te cac niidc tif ban da tang

tnfcfng kha lien tuc, di/a lai nhCfng thay doi ve chat trong ccr cau cung nhif

xu hiTdrng phat trien va hinh thanh cac trung tam kinh te 1dm cua the gidi

- Dudi tac dong to \dn cua each mang khoa hoc - k i thuat, nhat la sii

phat trien manh me cua life liJOng san xuat, cac nadre ttf ban ngay cang c6

xu hi/dng lien ket kinh te khu viic, tieu bieu \k sii ra dcfi tii hem 40 nam

qua eiia Cong dong kinh te chau Au (EEC) ma ngay nay la Lien minh

chau Au (EU) M i , EU va Nhat Ban da trd thanh ba trung tam kinh te

l(Jn cua the gidi Mac dii c6 su' phat trien nhif the, chu nghia t i i ban vSn

khong the khae phue ducfc nhomg mau thuSn von c6 cua no

5 So vdri cac giai doan lich sijf the gidri inidc day, chua bao gicr cac quan

he quoc te lai mdr rong va da dang nhif trong nijfa sau the ky XX

- NhOmg net noi bat cua quan he quoc te tCf sau Chien tranh the gidi

DUNG CHU YEU CUA LICH sCf THE GI61 TLf SAU

thijt I I la:

37

+ Tln

h tran

g do

i da u gay ga t

T a ha

i sie

u ci/cmg, ha

van

cung ton tai hod

binh, vita ddu tranh,

vita hap tdc.

i cung, chie

n tran

h lan

h cha

m duft, th

hoa diu, do

gidi thu

T II, mo

nhieu mat l

a v 6

cung t

o Idn

- Sii

phat trie

n cu a

each mang kho

a ho

c k

-i thuat, x

Ian song nhan

h r

a th

e gidi C

h vie

c b o

l NG

A Y NAY

- Sa

u Chie

n tranh, qua

n h e

h xun

g do t

thuan Igi giii

p h o

viftm len manh

i mdi

- Tu

y ho

a bin h

va o

n din h

la x

u th e

g d

nhieu kh u

ra ngay cang man

h me

the pha

t trie

n khac

h quan Do'

thuan Icfi, vif

- Loa

i ngi

M d

a bud c

sang th

e k i

kho va

thach

thuTc

gay g^t, ca

? ] N H Q N G CHUYEN BIEN Mdl VE KINH TE, CHINH TR!, VAN HOA,

- Cac nif<Jc de quo'c thdng tran da cung nhau phan chia lai the gidi, thiet lap mot trat tiT hoa binh, an ninh mdi

- Hau qua cua chien tranh, khung hoang kinh te b ckc niidc t\i ban chu nghia va anh hifcttig cua cuoc each mang thang m\M Nga (thang 11 - 1917)

- Giai cap cong nhan cac niidc da thanh lap nhCMg to chijfc rieng cua minh Cac dang cong san or cac nUdc tif ban chu nghia, cac ni/drc thuoc dia

va nufa thuoc dia Ian li/at ra dcri

- Quoc te Cong san (Quoic te thuT ba) diitfc thanh lap d Matxccrva (thang

3 - 1919) dam nhan suf menh tap hop va lanh dao phong trao each mang v6 san va phong trao giai phong dan toe d eac nifdc tren the gidri

Cac dieu kien khach quan do cua the gidi da anh hiidng Idn den sir ph^t trien cua phong tr^o giai phong dan toe Viet Nam

1 Chinh sach k h a i thac t h u p c d i a I a n thi2 h a i cua t h i i c d a n P h a p

a Nguyen nhan:

- Chien tranh the gidi da lam cho nen kinh te cua Phdp bi ton that nang ne

- De han g&n va khoi phuc nen kinh te sau chien tranh, nha cam

quyen Phap vifa t i m each thiic day san xuat trong nir<Je, viTa tSng ciTcrng

dau t\i khai thae thuoc dia, tnf&c het la cac ruidc d Dong Di/ong

b Qua trinh khai thdc:

- Von dau ta: Chi trong vong 6 nSm (1924 - 1929), so von dau ttf vao Dong Di/ong, chu yeu la Viet Nam len den 4 t i phrSng

39