vai trò của văn hóa trong sự nghiệp công nghiệp hóa- hiện đại hóa nông thôn nông nghiệp vùng đồng bằng sông hồng

c Loi noi dau Day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat ntfdc, xay dtfng n^n kinh t^' doc lap tu" chu, dua dat nif6c ta trd thanh mot nUdc cong nghiep, uu tien phat tri^n luc ludng s

PGS,TS Lfi QUY Dirc

(chii bien)

VAI TRO CUA VAN HOA TRONG SI/ NGHIEP CONG NGHIEP HOA - HIEN DAI HOA NONG THON, NONG NGHIEP VUNG DONG BANG SONG HONG

THl/VIEN Tl'iVHBiNMTHUAN

NXB VAN HOA - THONG TIN & VIEN VAN HOA

HA Npl - 2005

u p l r c

Loi noi dau

Day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat

ntfdc, xay dtfng n^n kinh t^' doc lap tu" chu, dua dat nif6c ta trd thanh mot nUdc cong nghiep, uu tien phat

tri^n luc ludng san xuat, dong thdi xay dung quan h^

san xuat phu hdp theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia;

phat huy cao do noi luc, ddng thdi tranh thii ngu6n

luc ttf ben ngoai va chu dong hoi nhap kinh te d^' phat

triSn nhanh; c6 hieu qua va b^n viing, tang trucfng

kinh te di lien v6i phat trien van hoa, tung budc cai thien ddi song vat chat va tinh thdn cua nhan dan, thuc hien tien bo va cong bang xa h6i; bao ve va cai thien moi trudng; ket hdp phat trien kinh te v6i quoc phong va an ninh ' Tren day la dudng loi doi m6i, cong nghiep hoa,

hien dai hoa dat nude cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam hay CO the quan niem la hoc thuyet ve phat trien cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghra Trong hoc thuyet phat trien ay Dang Cong san

Viet Nam nhan thay vai tro het sifc to 16n cua van

hoa: van hoa la nen tang tinh th^n cua xa hoi, vua la

muc tieu, vua la dong life thiic day su phat trien kinh

te-xahoi v , A t ^ ^^^^ ^i^ »

Doi v6i nude ta cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa tu"

mot nuoc nong nghiep lac hau thi vai tro cua van hoa

lai cang quan trong (thuc chat cong nghiep hoa, hien

dai hoa dat nuoc la cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa

nong thon, nong nghiep) Do vay, c^n phai nghien cuu

vai tro cua van hoa trong qua h-inh cong nghiep hoa,

hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep va quan trong

hdn la tim ra cac giai phap de phat huy vai tro "nen

tang tinh than cua xa hoi", "vua la muc tieu, vua la

dong luc thuc day su phat trien kinh te - xa hoi" cua

van hoa d vung nong thon, nong nghiep nhu the nao?

De giai dap van de nay, cuon sach da dudc

nghien cuu vt'^i hai muc tieu sau:

- Nghien cuu vai tro cua v3n hoa trong qua trinh

cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d nong thon vung dong

bang B3c Bo (dong bSng song Hong)

- De xuat iihifng giai phap de phat huy vai tro

cua van hoa trong su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai

hoa d vung dong bang song Hong

6

Chung toi chon vimg dong bang B5c Bo (thuc chat la viing ddng bSng song Hong) lam doi tudng nghien cuu vi may le sau: dong bSng song Hong nam trong vung trong diem kinh te B3c Bo - mot vung trong yeu cua dat nude, vung c6 truyen thong van hoa dac s§c va tieu bieu cua dan toe

Cling cin noi them ring:

- Vung chau thd song H6ng la vung chiem phSn 16n khong gian dia ly cua dong bSng Bac Bo Cho nen, khi noi dong bang BSc Bo thi cai goi la "dong bSng" cua BSc Bo chinh la vung chau thd song Hong

- Gin day Van kien cua Dang va Nha nudc

(dudng loi, chinh sach, van ban thong ke, sach giao

khoa nha tru-dng) deu tach rieng vung dong bang song

Hong thanh mot khu vuc rieng Ching han trong

"Chien lu-dc phat trien kinh te' - xa hoi 2001 - 2020" dUdc Dai hoi Dang l l n thu IX thong qua c6 dinh hudng phat trien "dong bSng song Hdng va vung h-ong diem kinh te BSc Bo" (Van kien Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quoc cua Dang l^n thii IX, trang 182)

Cu6n sach gom 3 noi dung nghien cmi cd ban sau:

1 Van de vai tro cua van hoa v6i sif nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hidn dai hoa dat nude va cong nghiep hoa

7

hien dai hoa n6ng thon, nong nghiep nxidc ta noi

chung va viing dong bSng song Hong noi rieng

2 ThxXc trang van hoa trong ndng thon, nong

nghiep vung dong b3ng song H6ng tru-dc thdi ky day

manh c6ng nghiep hoa, hi§n dai hoa dat nu-dc

3 Cac giai phap phat huy vai tro cua van hoa

trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ndng

thdn, nong nghiep vung dong bSng s6ng H6ng

Mac du tap the tac gia da c6 nhieu cd' gSng, tuy

vay cong trinh cung khong tranh khoi nhiing han che,

thieu sot nhat dinh, chung toi mong nhan dtfdc sxx

dong gop cua dong dao ban doc

I Nhihig van de chung ve cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nndc va nong thon, nong nghiep nu6c ta

1.1 Muc tieu cong nghiep hoa, hien dqi hoa dat nicdc

Hoi nghi giQa nhiem ky khoa VII cua Dang da neu van de cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa trong qua trinh doi

m6i "dita dat niidc chuyen sang mot thdi ky phdt trim

mdi, thdi ky day tdi mot hiidc siC nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ddt niidc" Tren cd sd nhQng tien de chinh

tri, kinh te, vat chat da dUdc tao ra "bao gom mot loat

nhan to cd the vd lUc, cd vat chat vd tinh than, ve kinh

te, chinh tri, xd hoi, van hoa trong vd ngodi nUdc"^^\

Van kien H6i nghi dai bieu toan quoc giua nhiem ky khoa V I I , Nxb C I Q G ,

H 1994,tr.22

Dai hoi Ian thijt V I I I cua Dang (6/1996) da khang

dinh muc tieu, nhiem vu "trung tarn" cua dat nxidc ta

trong giai doan tdi la day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien

dai hoa dat nxidc Dai hoi Ian thii IX khang dinh lai va

nhan manh quyet tarn cua toan Dang, toan dan thvfc

hien nhiem vu to 16n ay: "Xudt phdt ti£ tinh hinh hien

nay vd yeu cdu phdt trien dat nitdc trong thai ky mdi,

di/dng loi kinh te cua Ddng ta ditac xdc dinh Id: Day

manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, xdy diing nen kinh

te doc lap tU chu, dUa dat nildc ta trd thdnh mot ni/dc

cong nghiep; itu tien phdt trien lUc li/cfng sdn xuat, dong

thai xdy dUng quan he sdn xudt phu hap theo dinh hii&ng

xd hoi chu nghla; phdt huy cao do noi lUc, dong thai

tranh thu nguon lUc ben ngodi vd chu dong hoi nhdp

kinh te de phdt trien nhanh; c6 hieu qud vd ben vitng;

tang trUang kinh te di lien vdi phdt trien van hoa, tiing

budc cdi thien ddi song vdt chat vd tinh than cua nhdn

ddn, thitc hien tien bo vd cong bang xd hoi, bdo ve vd cdi

thien mdi trUdng; ket hap phdt trien kinh te vdi qudc

phbng vd an ninh"^^\

Muc tieu cua chien lifdc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi

trong giai doan triJdc mat la: Diia niidc ta ra khoi tinh

trang kem phat trien, nang cao ro ret ddi song vat chat

tinh than cua nhan dan, tao nen tang de den nam 2020

nu6c ta cd ban trd thanh nifdc cong nghiep theo hu6ng

' " V a n kien Dai hoi dai bie'u toaii qudc lan thCr DC Nxb CTQG H 2001, tr 23-24

10

hien dai Nguon lUc con ngifdi, nang liJc khoa hoc va cong nghe, ket cau ha tang, tiem liic kinh te, quoc phong,

an ninh difdc tang ciidng; the che kinh te t h i triidng dinh

hxidng xa hoi chu nghia diidc hinh thanh ve cd ban; vi the cua nifdc ta tren t h i triidng quoc te difdc nang cao Den nam 2010, tong san pham trong nxidc GDP tarig i t nhat gap doi so v6i nam 2000; chuyen dich cd cau kinh te

va cd cau lao dong, giam ty le lao dong nong nghiep xuong con khoang 50%

1.2 Nhitng dac trUng cua cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d nildc ta trong giai doan hien nay

Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa hien nay la cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa hii6ng t6i xay diing thanh cong

chu nghia xa hoi d nxidc ta vi muc tieu "ddn gidu, niCdc

manh, xd hoi cong bang, ddn chu vd van minh" Chung

ta phai thiic hien muc tieu kep: vCfa phat trien kinh te

thi triidng vCfa dam bao cong bang xa hoi, vvLa khuyen

khich lam giau, vtfa phai xoa doi giam ngheo, lam cho

"bdn chat Uu viet cua che do mdi" diidc thxic hien trong

qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nifdc "Cong

nghiep hoa hien dai hoa tao ra nhiJtng dieu kien can thiet

ve vat chat ky thudt, ve con ngi/di vd khoa hoc cong nghe thiic day chuyen dich cd cdu kinh te nhdm huy dong vd

sic dung CO hieu qud cdc nguon lUc, khong ngiing tang ndng sudt lao dong, lam cho nen kinh te tang triCOng nhanh vd ben viing, ndng cao dai song vat chat vd van

ii

hoa cua nhdn dan, thiCc hien cong bang vd tien bo xd hoi,

bdo ue vd cdi thien moi triCdng sinh thdi"^''\

Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nxidc ta trong dieu

kien mot nii6c nong nghiep lac hau, phan 16n dan cxi

song d vung nong thon (gan 80%), binh quan ruong dat

thap va t h u nhap til nong nghiep rat thap Nghi quyet

Hoi nghi trung xiOng Ian t h i i 7 khoa V I I da chi ra: "Doi

vdi nildc ta, do Id qud trinh thiCc hien chien litdc phdt

trien kinh te • nhdm cdi bien mot xd hoi nong nghiep lac

hau thdnh mot xd hoi cong nghiep, gan vdi viec hinh

thdnh titng biidc quan he sdn xudt tien bo, ngdy cdng the

hien day du hem bdn chat iCu viet cua chedo mdi"^'^\

Do do, cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat niidc can

coi trong cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong

nghiep nhif mot nhiem vu trong tam trUdc mat "Trong

nhUng ndm triCdc mdt, khd ndng von con c6 han, nhu cdu

cong dn viec Idm rat bi2c bdch, ddi song nhdn dan con

nhieu khd khdn, tinh hinh kinh te chiia that on dinh

vUng chdc, can tap trung nd lUc day manh cong nghiep

hoa nong nghiep nong thon, ra srJtc phdt trien ngdnh che

bien nong - Idm - thuy sdn, cong nghiep tieu dicng vd

xudt nhap khdu, cdc ngdnh du lich, dich vu cd thdnh

thi vd nong thon Khoi phuc, phdt trien, tiCng biidc hien

dai hoa cdc ngdnh nghi thu cong truyen thong cd thi

trubng tieu thu Idn trong vd ngodi nitdc"^^\

" ' " " " V a n kien H o i nghi T W 7 k h o a V I I Sdd

Nhu vay, cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon viia la muc tieu, viia la nhiem vu tnidc mat ciia qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nii6c Muc tieu nhiem vu do xuat phat tu: dac diem khach quan cua dat nifdc va ttf vai tro cua nong thon, nong nghiep nifdc ta trong qua t r i n h lich sii dUng niidc va giii nii6c cua dan toe va svf nghiep xay diing dat nii6c hien nay

Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon la van de c6 y nghia chien lifdc trong sU nghiep doi

m6i dat ml6c theo dinh hii6ng xa hoi chu nghia Nong

nghiep, nong thon va nong dan nifdc ta c6 vai tro to Idn trong sd nghiep each mang cua Dang, cua dan toe triidc day va hien nay K i n h nghiem thanh cong va that bai ciia cae niidc dang phat trien eho thay neu khong giai quyet tot van de nong thon, nong nghiep t h i khong the c6 svf tang trifdng va phat trien ben viing kinh te - xa hoi Bai hoc nhi3ng nam gan day d nifdc ta dien ra tai mot so

t i n h dong bang song Hong (Thai Binh, Nam Dinh ) cang chi ro van de nong thon, nong nghiep c6 y nghia nhii the nao doi v6i qua t r i n h cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat

nifdc vi muc tieu "dan gidu, nUdc manh, xd hoi cdng

bang, dan chu vd van minh" ma chung ta dat ra

1.3 Noi dung ca bdn ciia cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep nong thon

Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon la qua trinh tao lap cd sd vat chat - ky thuat va cd

cau k i n h te de p h a t t r i e n san x u a t n o n g nghiep, c h u y e n

dich ccf cau k i n h te - xa h o i n o n g t h o n theo htfdng cong

n g h i e p hoa, gan n o n g nghiep v d i cong nghiep, d i c h v u ,

cho phep p h a t h u y c6 h i e u q u a m o i I d i t h e cua n e n n o n g

nghiep n h i e t ddi t r o n g s\l m d r o n g giao l i i u , h o i n h a p

quoc te Cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa n o n g nghiep,

n o n g t h o n nifdc t a bao gom cac n o i d u n g sau:

- D a y m a n h xay d i i n g cd sd v a t c h a t - k y t h u a t , dUa

t r e n nhuEng t h a n h t i i u cua cuoc each m a n g k h o a hoc cong

nghe, n h a t la cong nghe s i n h hoc, cong nghe che b i e n

bao q u a n n o n g san de c h u y e n dich cd cau k i n h te n o n g

nghiep, n o n g t h o n theo d i n h h i f d n g cong nghiep hoa,

h i e n d a i hoa, tao r a k h o i l i i d n g n o n g san h a n g hoa Idn c6

gia t r i x u a t k h a u cao

- D a y m a n h x a y d i i n g ke't cau h a t a n g k i n h te - k y

t h u a t va k i n h te xa h o i cho viec p h a t t r i e n n o n g nghiep,

n o n g t h o n theo h u d n g cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa,

dien, dUdng, t r i f d n g , t r a m V a cac b o a t dong dich v u

c u n g l i n g cac y e u to' " d a u r a " cho san x u a t n o n g nghiep

- T h i i c h i e n p h a n cong m d i lao dong xa h o i t r o n g

n o n g nghiep, n o n g t h o n t r e n cd sd p h a t t r i e n cac n g a n h

nghe t h u cong nghiep, cac l a n g nghe t r u y e n t h o n g v a

dich v u theo p h i f d n g c h a m " r d i dong k h o n g r d i l a n g " ,

" t i e u cong n g h i e p h i e n d a i , t h u cong n g h i e p t i n h xao"

Tijfng hxidc xac l a p cd cau k i n h te n o n g nghiep - cong

nghiep - d i c h v u t r e n dia b a n n o n g t h o n , t h i i c day p h a t

14

t r i e n n e n n o n g n g h i e p s i n h t h a i va tao n e n bo m a t n o n g

t h o n m d i , "do t h i hoa" ngay d v u n g n o n g t h o n

- Cac g i a i p h a p cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa v u n g

n o n g t h o n , n o n g nghiep d nxidc t a :

Dvfdng l o i va c h i e n lifdc p h a t t r i e n k i n h te- xa h o i

cua d a t n\idc, diidc D a i h o i d a i b i e u t o a n quoc cua D a n g

I a n t h i l I X c h i ro: "Tang ciidng sU chi dao va phat huy

cac nguon lUc cau thanh de day nhanh cong nghiep hoa, Men dai hoa nong nghiep va nong thon Tiep tuc phat trien dUa nong nghiep, Idm nghiep, ngU nghiep len mot trinh do mdi bang iCng dung tien bo khoa hoc va cong nghe, nhat la cong nghe sinh hoc; day manh thuy lai hoa, ccf gidi hoa, hien dai hoa, qui hoach sit dung dat hdp ly; doi mdi ccf cau cay trong, vat nuoi, tang gid tri thu dicac tren dOn vi dien tich; gidi quyet tot van de tieu thu nong san hang hoa Dau tii nhieu hcfn cho ke't cau

ha tang kinh te va xd hoi d nong thon Phdt trien cong nghiep, dich vu, cdc nganh nghe da dang, chu trong cong nghiep che bien, ca khi phuc vu nong nghiep, cdc lang nghe, chuyen doi bo phan quan trong lao dong nong nghiep sang khu viCc cong nghiep va dich vu, tao nhieu viec Idm mdi; ndng cao chat liCmg nguon nhdn liCc; cdi thien ddi song nong ddn vd ddn cU d nong thdn"''\

" Van kien Dai hoi dai bi^u loan quoc l i n thii IX Sdd Trang 92-92

15

Thilc hien Nghi quyet Dai hoi IX, Hoi nghi Ian t h i i

5 Ban Chap hanh Trung Ucfng khoa IX da ra Nghi quyet

- ve: "Day nhanh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong

nghiep, nong thon thdi ky 2000 - 2010", vdi cac noi dung

va quan diem cd ban sau:

a Ngi dung tong qudt cua cong nghiep hoa, hien

dai hoa nong nghiep nong thon

1) "Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep la

qua trinh chuyen dich cd cau k i n h te nong nghiep theo

hifdng san xuat hang hoa 16n, gan vdi cong nghiep che

bien va t h i trifdng, thiic hien cd k h i hoa, thuy Idi hoa,

ling dung cac thanh ttfu khoa hoc, cong nghe, trifdc het

la cong nghe sinh hoc, diia thiet bi, ky thuat va cong

nghe hien dai vao cac khau san xuat nong nghiep nham

nang cao nang suat, chat liidng, hieu qua, sijfc canh

tranh ciia nong san hang hoa tren t h i trvfdng"

2) "Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon la qua

t r i n h chuyen dich cd cau kinh te nong thon theo hifdng

tang nhanh ty trong gia t r i san pham va lao dong cac

nganh cong nghiep, dich vu, giam dan ty trong san pham

va lao dong nong nghiep, xay dUng ket cau ha tang kinh

te - xa hoi, quy hoach phat trien nong thon, bao ve moi

trifdng sinh thai, to chiic lai san xuat va xay dUng quan

he san xuat phii hdp, xay dvfng nong thon dan chu, cong

bang, van minh, khong ngifng nang cao ddi song vat chat

va van hoa ciia nhan dan d nong thon"

* 6 NhQng quan diem chinh day nhanh cong nghiep

hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon trong giai

Mot la, "Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep nong thon la mot trong nhiJng nhiem vu quan trong

hang dau ciia cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nxidc

Phat trien cong nghiep, dich vu phai gfin bo chat che, ho trd dac lUc va phuc vu c6 hieu qua cho cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon"

Hai la, "Uu tien phat trien liic liidng san xuat, chu

trong phat huy nguon \\ic con ngiidi, iing dung rong r a i thanh t\iu khoa hoc cong nghe, thiic day chuyen dich cd

cau kinh te theo hudng phat huy Idi the cua tCfng vung,

gAn vdi t h i triidng de san xuat hang hoa quy mo Idn vdi chat liidng va hieu qua cao "

Ba la, "Diia vao noi Ivfc la chinh, dong thdi tranh

t h u toi da cac nguon luc tH ben ngoai, phat huy tiem

nang cua cac thanh phan k i n h te, trong do k i n h te nha

nifdc gia vai tro chii dao, cung vcii kinh te tap the ngay

cang trd thanh nen tang viing chac; phat trien manh me kinh te ho san xuat hang hoa, cac loai hinh doanh nghiep, nhat la doanh nghiep nho va vifa d nong thon" Bon la, "Ket hdp chat che cac van de kinh te va xa hoi trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon nham giai quyet viec lam, x6a doi,

giam ngheo, on dinh xa hoi va phat trien k i n h te, nang

cao ddi song vat chat va van hoa cua ngUdi dan nong

thon, nhat la vung dong bao cac dan toe thieu so', vung

sau, vung xa "

Cac nguon liic can thiet de day nhanh cong nghiep

hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep deu g&n vdi

van hoa: txi khoa hoc cong nghe, chuyen doi cd cau san

xuat, cay trong vat nuoi, phat huy nganh nghe truyen

thong, md mang nganh nghe m6i den nang cao chat

liidng nguon nhan liic, cai thien ddi song nhan dan v.v

Van de phat huy cac nguon Itfc n h u the nao? trong do c6

nguon lUc van hoa la van de dat ra do'i v6i de tai: "Vai

trd cua van hoa trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa,

hien dai hoa nong thon nong nghiep vung dong

bang song Hong" ma chung toi nghien ciiu

I I V a n de cong nghiep h o a , hien d a i hoa nong

t h o n , nong nghiep dong bang song H o n g

K h u vt(c dong b l n g song Hong c6 dien tich tU nhien

la 16.654 k m ^ dan so la: 14.748000 ngifdi Trong do nong

thon dong b^ng song Hong chiem khoang 56,12% dien

tich toan vung, dan so'xap xi 78,5% dan so'toan vung

Mat do dan so cua khu vUc dong bang song Hong

cao nhat, gap nhieu Ian so vdi cac vung trong ca nif6c,

(du ty le tang dan so' hang nam khong cao, chi vao

18

khoang 1/ 2 so v6i ty le tang chung) M a t do dan so' dong d&n tdi dien tich dat nong nghiep chia theo ho cua khu vtfc nong thon dong bang song Hong rat thap Dat nong nghiep binh quan dau ngUdi la 577 m^ va con so'nay c6 nguy cd tiep tuc giam trong nhiing nam tdi Co nhiJng vung nhii Ha Noi, Hai Dudng, Thai Binh ty ^e nay thap hdn miic binh quan cua vung rat nhieu (Ha Noi: 355 mVngifdi, Hai DUdng: 455 m^ / ngUdi, Thai Binh: 506m'/ ngUdi)

Dong bang song Hong la vung duy nhat khong c6'

ho nong nghiep nao c6 dien tich dat tren 3 ha; chiem mot t y le 16n la so'ho c6 dien tich dat dudi 0,5 ha Trong

k h i dan so' tiep tuc tang t h i dien tich dat l a i khong tang Them vao do, mot dien tich dat nong nghiep

chuyen doi muc tieu s\l dung, dUdc dUa sang phuc v u

cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, do t h i hoa Dieu nay d i n t6i mot he qua la dien tich dat canh tac cua cac ho nong nghiep, nong thon dong bang song Hong ngay cang giam xuo'ng

K h u viic nong thon dong song Hong c6 hai he thong song chinh la song Hong va song Thai Binh H a i he thong song nay la nguon cung cap phii sa, nifdc tifdi tieu, tao nen mot trong hai viia lua 16n nhat cua ca nUdc Tong chieu dai de song cua k h u vUc khoang 3000 k m , de bien khoang 1.500 k m

Cuoi nhiJng nam 80, dau nhQng nam 90 cua the ky

XX, Dang va Nha nU6c da tien hanh xay dvfng mot loat

19

cac the che trong nong nghiep Vdi muc tieu la thuc hien

khoan san pham cuoi cCing den nhom va ngUdi lao dong

Chi t h i 100 da tao nen mot dong lUc manh me thiic day

san xuat nong nghiep phat trien, san liidng lUdng thtfc

tang dang ke, gop phan cai thien miic song cua dai bo

phan ngifdi nong dan dang d trong t i n h trang thieu

lUdng thiic Nghi quyet 10 (1988) va Luat dat dai (ban

hanh nam 1993) la hai the che quan trong tiep theo da

tao nen dong lUc mdi cho viec hinh thanh mot nen nong

nghiep lay ho dan lam ddn vi san xuat cd ban, hifdng tdi

muc tieu san xuat hang hoa Cung can noi them r&ng doi

v6i ngiidi nong dan dong bang song Hong, viec san xuat

nong nghiep hudng t6i rftuc tieu san xuat hang hoa la

hoan toan m6i me Nen san xuat nho mang tinh tieu

nong, t\i cung t u cap khep k i n trong khong gian lang xa

da an sau vao cung each lam an cua moi c\i dan viing dat

nay Chinh vi vay, cac cai each the che trong nong

nghiep noi tren da mang den cho ngiidi nong dan mot

sinh k h i m6i, tao nhi3ng dieu kien thuan Idi de phat

trien san xuat nong nghiep Ket qua la san lifdng liidng

thiic khong ngiing tang len, tii mot nifdc thieu lifdng

thUc, Viet Nam trd thanh mot nif6c xuat khau gao 16n

tren the gi6i Toe do tang trifdng GDP lien tuc tang trong

nhieu nam Trong do nong nghiep dong gop 1/4 tong

GDP cua ca niidc Rieng dong gop ciia khu vvfc nong thon

dong bang song Hong v6i toan vung nay n h u sau: nam

1995: 61,92%GDP; nam 1996: 62,065; nam 1997: 60,

96%; nam 1998: 60,72% Ddi song cua nong dan trong vung da diidc cai thien dang ke Stf tang trUdng kinh te khong nhiing lam cho qui tieu dung binh quan d^u ngifdi tang len, tao nguon vat chat de thvfc hien cac muc tieu

ve xa h o i Chien liidc phat trien kinh te xa hoi 2001- 2010 cua nii6c ta difdc Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h i i IX thong

qua da xac dinh v i the cua viing: "D6ng bang song Hong Id

vung kinh te trong diem Bdc Bo: Chuyen dich manh cd cdu kinh tevd ca cau lao dong, dita nhieu lao dong nong nghiep sang cac ngdnh cong nghiep, dich vu vd di lap nghiep ncfi khdc

Phat trien nong nghiep hdng hoa da dang Ciing vdi liCcmg thUc, dita vu dong thdnh mot the manh, hinh thanh cac viing chuyen canh rau, cay an qua, thit, hoa;

md rong nudi, trong thuy san Phat trien manh cong nghiep chebien vd cd khiphuc vu nong nghiep, cac cum, diem cong nghiep, dich vu vd Idng nghe d nong thon Trong viing kinh te trong diem, phat trien cac khu cong nghiep, khu cong nghe cao, cong nghiep xuat khau, cong nghiep dien tic, thong tin vd mot so ca sa ca khi dong tdu, luyen kim, phan bon; cac dich vu c6 hdm lUOng tri thiic cao; cac trung tdm manh cua viing vd cd nUdc vi ddo tao, khoa hoc vd cong nghe, thUOng mai, y te, vdn

hoa, du lich ,^ ,„r<:

Hoctn thdnh vd ndng cap ket cau ha tang, triidc hei

Id cdc tuyen quoc 16, cdc cdng khu viCc Hdi Phong, Cdi

Ldn, cdc sdn bay"^^\

Phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vung trong diem kinh te

dong bang song Hong dat van de coi van hoa nhii la mot

nguon \\ic quan trong Do vay, nghien cvLu cac giai phap

phat huy vai tro cua van hoa "la nen tang tinh than xa

hoi, vijfa la muc tieu, vijfa la dong l\ic" d day la van de

trong tam

in Vai tro cua van hoa trong qua trinh cong nghiep

hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep nu6c ta noi

chung va dong b^ng song Hong noi rieng

Trong giai doan doi m6i va cong nghiep hoa, hien

dai hoa dat nxidc, Dang cong san Viet Nam da chu

trifdng xay dvfng va phat trien nen van hoa Viet Nam

tien tien, dam da ban sac dan toe v6i muc tieu "Zdm

cho vdn hoa thdm sdu vdo todn bo ddi song vd hoat

dong xa hoi, vdo tiing ngi/di, tilng gia dinh, tiCng tap

the vd cong dong, titng dia bdn dan cU, vdo moi linh

vUc quan he con ngi/di, tao ra tren dat niCdc ta ddi song

tinh than cao dep, trinh do dan tri cao, khoa hoc phdt

trien, phuc vu ddc lUc cho sU nghiep cdng nghiep hoa,

hien dai hoa vi muc tieu ddn gidu, nitdc manh, xd hoi

' " V a n kien D a i hoi D a i bieiu loan quoc c u a D a n g l^n thii I X Sdd tr 182-183

Doi v6i nii6c ta, mot nifdc nong nghiep, dai bo phan

dan CM song d nong thon (gan 80%), viec tien hanh hien

dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep c6 vai tro dac biet quan trong Van de dat ra la chiing ta cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep nhif the nao? Chfic ch^n khong phai la qua trinh lam bien mat nong nghiep de c6 cong nghiep, lam bien mat nong thon de thay vao do la thanh t h i , lam mat nong dan de chi con t h i dan Bai hoc

ve sii thanh cong va that bai cua nhieu quoc gia dan toe bao gom nhieu nU6c t i i ban va nhQng nutdc dang phat trien da phu nhan nhfing ly thuyet, nhflng con diidng phat trien khong dung d^n k h i giai quyet van de nong thon, nong nghiep:

Thii nhat: Ly thuyet nhan manh den sil can thiet trong thdi ky dau, phat trien manh nong nghiep va nong thon de lam cho difa cho phat trien cong nghiep va do thi Nhiing ve lau dai sU phat trien ciia ban than nong

• " V a n kien H o i nghi Ian thur nam B C H T W khoa 8 N X B C h i n h trj quoc gia H.1998 tr.34-55 ^ "

23

nghiep, nong thon nhii the nao t h i khong can biet den

Ly thuyet nay chi muo'n nong nghiep va nong thon dong

vai tro ngUdi "day td" phuc vu cho linh v\ic dudc "cUng

chieu" la cong nghiep va do thi Dieu nay dan den sU boc

lot cua do t h i doi v6i nong thon lam suy kiet ddi song

nong thon trong qua t r i n h cong nghiep hoa, hien dai

hoa Tat yeu dan den sii roi loan kinh te - xa hoi, phat

trien khong ben vQng nhu nhieu nxidc tren the gidi ma

chung ta da biet Ngay nay ly thuyet do v^n con dUdc

duy t r i va c6 ngUdi da du bao rang: "Cach mang cong

nghiep tat yeu di lien vdi do t h i hoa tong the va d i n den

cai chet tuan t u ciia van minh nong thon"

- Thii hai: Ly thuyet cho rhng cac nxidc dang phat

trien c6 the "nhay thSng" tu: xa hoi nong nghiep sang xa

hoi cong nghiep diia vao cac nguon luc va cac yeu to' van

hoa ngoai sinh la chinh, thong qua "tie'p nhan ca goi ve

von khoa hoc, cong nghe, ky thuat, cac phUdng phap

quan ly, cac gia t r i chuan mUc txi ben ngoai de tien hanh

bon qui trinh: Cong nghiep hoa - hien dai hoa - tU do hoa

- phUdng Tay hoa Ly thuyet nay da that bai d nhieu

nxidc the gidi thii ba trong nhiSng thap ky viia qua ca ve

phUdng dien kinh te va xa hoi Ve kinh te, no bien cac

nu6c dang phat trien thanh con nd cua cac nUdc phat

trien, cac cong ty xuyen quo'c gia Ve van hoa, no xoa bo

cac dac trUng van hoa dan toe lam dijft g l y truyen thong,

suy thoai moi trUdng tU nhien va roi loan xa hoi

Gan day, sU thanh cong cua mot so nUdc Dong A nhu Han Quoc, Dai Loan, Malaixia da chi ra r^ng can

CO sU ket hdp hai hoa phat trien nong thon, nong nghiep vdi sU phat trien cong nghiep, do thi Trong do cac nguon liic va cac yeu to' noi sinh ma con ngUdi la trung tam, van hoa dia phUdng (dia phUdng dung vdi nghla van hoa dan toe, van hoa viing) la cd sd de phat buy va de tiep nhan, lUa chon mot each sang tao cac yeu to ngoai sinh

de phat trien

Quan diem cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam cho rSng cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep 6 nUdc ta lay con ngiidi lam muc tieu va dong lUc, c6 nghia

la phat buy tiem nang sang tao cua con ngUdi va nang cao ddi song cung nhU chat lUdng con ngUdi ve moi mat

De dat dUdc muc tieu do qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep phai dUdc tien hanh tren

nen tang vQng chic la van hoa, nhOng gia t r i tinh than

cua dan toe, nhQng gia t r i mang sfic thai vung, mien ket hdp vdi viee tie'p t h u cac thanh tUu van hoa, van minh cua nhan loai Chung ta c6 the xem xet vai tro cua van hoa d mot so van de cd ban sau day:

- Van hoa truyen thong (cua dan toe va lang xa) gixi

vai tro cd sd lUa chon mo hinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep

- Tinh bon dung van hoa trong van boa lang xa - cd

sd cho viee ehuyen doi cd cau kinh te, da dang hoa cac

linh vUc san xuat, kinh doanh dich vu d nong thon hien

nay ' '

- Trong qua trinh chuyen doi cd cau kinh te, tiep

nhan khoa hoc cong nghe, gan san xuat - che bien - dich

vu vdi thi triidng t h i nghe thu cong truyen thong (mot

yeu to' van hoa lang xa) c6 vai tro dac biet to 16n

- Van hoa hien dai vdi t i i each la trinh do dan t r i ,

khoa hoc va cong nghe giiJ vai tro nguon lUc eua qua

trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong

nghiep dong bang song Hong

Tom lai: Vai tro ciia van hoa (van hoa truyen thong,

van hoa vdi tif each la trinh do dan t r i khoa hoc, cong

nghe, thong tin, dao diic, tinh cong dong ) doi vdi qua

trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong

nghiep nufdc ta la het siic to 16n Dang Cong san Viet

Nam quan niem van hoa viia la nen tang tinh than cua

xa hoi, viia la muc tieu, viia la dong liic eua sii phat trien

kinh te - xa hoi d niidc ta, khong chi tren binh dien ca

nxidc ma ca trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi d

nong thon theo hUdng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa de

tien len chii nghia xa hoi Van de dat ra la tim eac giai

phap de phat huy vai tro to 16n ay ciia van hoa, dtfa t i i

tiidng cua Dang vao thiJc t i l n , hien thiic hoa nhijfng tiJ

tUdng do trong ddi song xa hoi

26

.ao'il ^fforr ^nnv 'Hid

Chuongll Khao sat mot so Unh v a c trong ddi song van hoa - xa hoi nong thon dong bang song Hong

Nong thon dong hkng song Hong la mot khu viic dia

- kinh te - van hoa - xa hoi quan trong Chinh vi vay, no khong chi la doi tifdng tac dong cua nhieu chu trifdng, difdng loi, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nifdc ma con la do'i tiidng nghien ciiu ciia nhieu chuyen nganh khoa hoc

Xet tii goc do van hoa hoc, day la mot vung c6 truyen

thong van hoa lau ddi va phong phii vdi nhCng quan he cong dong, lang xa, quan he ho toe va phiidng hoi, nhiJng sinh hoat hoi he, dinh dam, la ndi nay sinh va lifu giii nhiing hSng so' van hoa rat tieu bieu cho nen van minh Ilia niidc Viet Nam Ngay nay, khi van hoa diidc dat vao

vi t r i trung tam, la "muc tieu, dong Ivfc cua s\i phat trien kinh te - xa hoi" t h i viec nghien cHu, danh gia thUc trang

van hoa khu viic nong thon dong bang song Hong se la

mot hudc di can thiet tao cd sd cho viec tim ra nhiing giai

phap phat huy vai tro cua van hoa trong qua trinh cong

27

nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vung nong thon, nong nghiep

quan trong nay

I T i n h hinh dan tri - giao due va sinh boat van hoa

tinh than

1.1 Thuc trang giao due - ddo tao trong cU dan

vung nong thon dong bang song Hong

Nong dan vung dong bang song Hong c6 truyen

thong hieu hoc, dudi che do mdi truyen thong do dUdc

khuyen khich, t r i n h do hoc van cao hdn nhieu vung

khac: 88% biet chQ, 100% cac tinh, huyen, xa dUdc cong

nhan pho cap tieu hoc, nhieu huyen da dat chuan pho

cap trung hoc cd sci He thong giao due pho thong md ra

rong khap: 100%) cac xa c6 trUdng tieu hoe va pho thong

trung hoc cd sd, 100% cac huyen c6 tu: 1 - 4 trUdng pho

thong trung hoe Co trUdng, Idp mau giao mam non d cac

lang, xa, cac trUdng bo tue van hoa (giao due thudng

xuyen), giao due eong dong d cap huyen, cap tinh So vdi

cac vung mien khac trong ca nU6c t h i he thong trifdng,

16p, giao vien va hoe sinh d khu vUe dong hkng song

Hong ehiem mot ty le kha cao

Khong chi diifng lai d mat so liidng, neu nhin mot

each khai quat he thong giao due hien nay so vdi he thong

giao due da tifng ton tai trong lich sii thi da c6 nhieu cai bien

ro ret ve ca chat lUdng: he thong cd sd vat chat trUdng 16p

dudc nang cap, Idp hoc kien eo' da thay the cho cac Idp hoc

tranh tre niia la, noi dung giao due, ehUdng trinh day hoc dUdc nghien ciiu cai tien, cd hoi dUdc di hoc md ra doi vdi moi doi tUdng, chat liidng giao vien diide nang cao

Tuy vay, tinh hinh giao due pho thong d dong bang song Hong dang dat ra nhieu van de phiic tap: nong dan khong CO du tien de cho con em di hoc va hoc len cap cao hdn, tre em bo hoc vi nhieu ly do Trifdng hdp xa V i i Hoi thuoc huyen V u Thii, tinh Thai Binh la mot v i du*''

V u Hoi chi each t h i xa Thai Binh khoang 3 km Xa

CO 10.316 nhan khau, trong do tre em trong do tuoi 6-14

la 1.600 ngiidi (chiem 15, 5 1 % dan so) Toan xa c6 2465

ho, trong do tren 73,5% ho lam nganh nghe tieu t h u cong nghiep va dich vu Xa c6 nhieu nganh nghe tieu t h u cong nghiep truyen thong nhu che bien nong san (bun, banh

da, mien, dau phu ), go due nhom - d6ng,lam tham He thong giao due pho thong d V u Hoi gom 2 cap: tieu hoc

va trung hoc ed sd Theo bao cao cua ban giam hieu cac

trUdng t h i t\i nam hoc 1996-1997 den nay, triidng tieu

hoe khong eo hoc sinh bo hoc Nhiing chi eo khoang 83,7% hoe sinh tieu hoe tiep tue vao trung hoe cd sd Tu: nam 1996 - 1997 den nam hoc 2002 - 2003, eo 112 hoc sinh trung hoe cd sd bd hoc Theo dieu tra, ty le tre em trong do tuoi 6 - 15 bo hoc giQa chiing la 8,5%, tap trung chu yeu d Idp 8 va Idp 9 Cac em bo hoc vi nhiing nguyen

" T a p chi Nghien ciru kinh te sd 312 5/2004, trang 45

nhan sau: lao dong phu giiip gia dinh 34,5%, hoc kem

17,2%, chan hoc 17,2% (vi nhieu ly do), dieu kien kinh te

gia dinh kho khan 10,3 %

Nhin vao so' heu tren c6 the thay r&ng nguyen nhan

dan den tinh trang hoc sinh bo hoc chu yeu lai la do giup

gia dinh lam kinh te NhQng Idi ich kinh te triidc mat da

lam gia tang ty le tre em bo hoc Chi phi cho mot tre di

hoc mat 14% thu nhap ciia gia dinh ngheo nhat va 7%

thu nhap cua gia dinh giau Doi vdi cac gia dinh nong

thon, viec trang trai kinh phi cho con cai di hoc qua la

mot ganh nang Idn Va cang hoc cao thi cac khoan chi

phi cang nhieu (hoc phi, xay dilng triidng Idp, cac loai

quy, tien hoc them ) Trong khi do, mot diia tre nghi

hoc d nha viia bdt dUdc mot khoan chi cho viec hoc tap,

vxia CO the tang them thu nhap cho ho gia dinh nhd lad

dong ciia diia tre Nhijtng dia phutdng ma lang nghe phat

trien nhii Ninh Hiep ( Gia Lam - Ha Noi), Da Hoi (Tien

Sdn - Bkc Ninh) ty le tre bo hoc d nha giup gia dinh lam

kinh te cad Miic thu nhap hang thang ciia cac em

khdang 300-400.000 dong Vi Idi ich kinh te thu dUdc khi

tot nghiep them m6t cap hoc nho hdn Idi ich kinh te thu difdc

triicic mat do diia tre mang lai neu nghi hoc, nen nhieu gia

dinh da dat van de Idi ich kinh te len trifdc, buoc tre phai

nghi hoc giup gia dinh

Ngoai ra, ty le hoc sinh thi do dai hoc d nong thon

so v6i thanh thi thap hdn rat nhieu Ben canh nguyen

30

nhan chat lutdng giao due d nong thon con thap thi tai

chinh 60 hep cQng gop phan han che so lifdng hoc sinh

nong thon hxidc vao cac cap hoc cao hdn De chi tra cho

chi phi giao due d bac pho thong trung hoc, ho nong thdn phai danh ra 48% thu nhap dau ngiidi trong hd, trong khi ho thanh thi chi phai danh ra 28% thu nhap dau ngiidi Chd nen de chi tra 400.000 den SOO.OOOd/thang cho mot sinh vien hoc dai hoc la viidt

qua thu nhap cua mot ho nong dan c6 miic song trung

binh

Qua khao sat ve thiJc trang giao due d mot so dia

phadng thuoc nong thon dong bang song Hong thay noi len mot so'van de sau:

- Chat liidng giao due thap Bieu hien d cd sd vat chat (triidng 16p, do dung day hoc.) thieu tho'n Ty le hoc sinh vao cao dang, dai hoc va cac triidng trung hoc

day nghe khong cao Doi ngii giao vien viia thieu ve so'

lUdng, vCfa yeu ve chuyen mon

- Ty le hoc sinh bo hoc con cao

- ChUa chii trong tdi viec hvfdng nghiep, dao tao nghe, thUe hien phifdng cham hoc di doi vdi hanh, dac biet la d cap trung hoc pho thong

Nhii tren da noi, giao due lien quan chat che tdi

chat liidng nguon nhan \\ic Hien d nong thon, dac biet

la d cac lang nghe, phan Idn trinh do tay nghe cua

31

ngadi lao dong c6 difdc do hinh thiic tvi hoc, truyen

nghe Chi c6 mot so' lao dong sut dung thie't bi may moc

la dUdc hoc ky thuat cd ban Khong chi ngUdi lao dong

trUc tiep CO trinh do hoc van han che ma trinh do nang

liic ciaa ngUdi quan ly cung con nhieu bat cap: 20% cac

giam doc cong ty, doanh nghiep, chu nhiem HTX, to hdp

tac, chu ho gia dinh c6 hoc van chifa het cap 3, phan 16n

chiJa qua dao tao chuyen mon, chUa dUdc trang bi

nhi2ng kien thufc can thiet trong linh vUc quan t r i kinh

doanh, thieu hieu biet ve phap luat va cac chinh sach c6

lien quan den linh vUc kinh te Viec quan ly chu yeu

dUa vao kinh nghiem la chinh, nen viec suy nghi tinh

toan hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh cung nhxi viec md

rong lam an theo quy mo 16n ciia chu doanh nghiep gap

nhieu kho khan Nhieu khu cong nghiep khi tuyen

ngUdi lam deu vfu tien cho con em dia phUdng sd tai,

nhUng vi trinh do hoc van khong dap ling difdc yeu cau

cua nha tuyen dung, nen c6 rat it lao dong dia phifdng

dUdc nhan vao lam viec d cac vi t r i tdt trong cac k h u

cong nghiep nay Ddn cii nhu khu Lien hiep the thao

My Dinh, cac nha tuyen dung chi tuyen diidc 2 ngUdi

dia phUdng vao lam viec va lam d vi t r i bao ve Gan day,

tai nong thon dong bSng song Hong, viec xuat khau lao

dong kha pho bien NhUng cung do han che ve trinh do,

tay nghe, nen lao dong Viet Nam ra nU6c ngoai chu yeu

lam nhQng cong viec chan tay gian ddn

1.2 Thuc trqng hudng thu van hoa tinh than vd cdc thie't che van hoa Idng xd

- Qua trinh hUdng thu van hoa dUdc quyet dinh mot each trUc tiep bdi nhQng dieu kien kinh te, vat chat Trong nhiing nam gan day, ddi song cua ngUdi nong dan difdc cai thien, song nhin chung, nhflng chi tieu danh cho sinh boat van hoa con thap Sinh boat van hoa cua

cxi dan nong thon chu yeu d trong pham vi gia dinh, neu

CO md rong ra khong gian lang xa thi la sxi chon

tham gia nhutng loai hinh sinh boat van hoa truyen thong: hoi le Cac hinh thilc sinh boat van hoa hien dai: xem phim, ca nbac, chdi the thao, di du lich cung cac san pham van hoa: sach, bao, tap chi, bang dia con chifa phd bien d khu vUc nong thon Vi gidi han trong pham vi gia

dinh nen cac hinh thiic hifdng thu van hoa chu yeu la thong

qua cac phUdng tien truyen thong dai chung

NhiJng viec ngifofi dan thif6?ng lam k h i ranh roi

tai V a n Mon - Bac Ninh"'

Thu-ofng xuyen

Doc sach bao 16,1 23,0 60,9

Chdi b a n be, h a n g xom 41,7 44,3 13,9

p h a m n h a sach, bao m 6 i chi t h u h u t s\i q u a n t a m t h i i d n g

x u y e n cua 1 6 , 1 % so ngifdi dUdc hoi d V a n M o n va 16,3%

d H a i H a u D a y la mo t con so' t i i d n g doi k h i e m ton va

thUdng r d i vao so' ho k h a gia, c6 hoc t h i i c C h u n g toi t a n

t h a n h each ly giai cua GS T i f d n g L a i ve v a n de nay:

"Viec m u a sach cho ngifdi 16n va t r e em n h i n c h u n g la

t h a p N h o m t h u n h a p t h a p n h a t cua H a i H U n g (cu) chi

la 2,5% Sach la mot n h u cau qua xa x i doi v6i cuoc song con n h i e u g i a n t r u a n P h a i d mot mijfc t h u n h a p to'i t h i e u nao do, n g i i d i t a m 6 i c6 the dap i i n g mot n h u cau van hoa cho d u n h u cau do t i e m a n t r o n g tufng ngifdi Khii dang con qua v a t va de lo toan mieng cdm m a n h ao, cho nhQng n h u cau cap bach ve ddi song v a t chat: an, d, d i

l a i , thuoc men k h i dau 6'm, c h a m soc ngiidi gia, ciing gio, ca6i x i n , viec m u a sach chiia the l a k h o a n chi thiJdng

hoa, ma trong noi bo khu vUc nong thon cung da c6 sU

phan tang giQa nhOng ho gia dinh c6 t h u nhap thap v6i

nhQng ho gia dinh c6 t h u nhap cao hdn, du dau hieu

phan tang nay chifa thiic siJ rd net

T h a m gia cac hoat dong giai t r i

theo nhom chi tieu

(So'lieu dieu tra tai huyen Hai Hau)"

Rat ngheo Ngheo T r u n g binh

L u o n g Hong Q u a n g (chu bien): Van luki nhom ngheo a Viel Nam Thifc

trong va gicii phap V i e n van hoa va N x b V a n hoa nghe thuat H , 2001 T r 2 2 6

X e m p h i m

ThUdng xuyen 3.0 7.0 4.0 5.5 3.5 Thinh thdang 31.2 36.0 36.0 26.1 38.8 Khong 65.8 57.0 60.0 68.3 57.7

Doc bao, s a c h

Thiidng xuyen 10.1 14.0 15.5 17.6 24.4 Thinh thdang 32.2 48.0 40.5 41.2 45.8 Khdng 57.8 38.0 44.0 41.2 29.9

Tdm lai, vd tuyen truyen hinh dong vai tro la kenh thdng t i n quan trong nhat trong v i e c ket no'i ngiidi ndng

dan v6i cudc sdhg ben ngdai l u y tre lang Xem tivi la

hinh thiic sii dung thdi gian rdi pho bien nhat cua cif dan dong bang song Hong Cac hinh thiic sinh boat va hUdng

thu v a n hda khac Cd nhiing miic dd phd bien khdng cad Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua tinh trang nay la dd miic sd'ng

cua ngifdi dan ndng thdn cdn thap, cac tien nghi sdng thieu thdn, dd vay hdat dcing h U d n g t h u van hda bi ban che rat n h i e u Mac d u d mdt sd' v u n g que, dac biet la cac

thi tran, t h i tijf, cac dich v u v a n hda hien dai nhif

Karadke, tro chdi d i e n t i i , c i i ^ hang chd thue bang dia, ban bi-a d a xuat hien n h U n g c u n g chi t h u hut mdt sd

lUdng nhd thanh thieu nien tham dU

N e n v a n m i n h nong n g h i e p l u a niidc v6i nhQng

n g h i le, t i n n g i l d n g cua no vkn hkng t o n t r o n g s i n h hoat

v a n hoa l a n g xa 6 dong b a n g song Hong SiJ h i e n dien

l u a n p h i e n cua nhQng hoi le m i n h c h i i n g cho dieu nay

T i n h cong dong l a n g xa - m o t t r o n g nhQng can t i n h cua

v a n hoa c6 t r u y e n V i e t N a m m a cac n h a n g h i e n c i i u

thUOng de cap k h i n g h i e n ciiu ve v a n hoa l a n g - tiep tuc

ton t a i va p h a t h u y gia t r i t r o n g ddi song difdng dai:

Q u a n he gia d i n h , gia toe difdc cung co"; Q u a n he l a n g xa

dUdc phuc h o i v6i svf t r d l a i ciia cac h o i he, d i n h dam

P h o n g t r a o t o a n dan xay diJng l a n g , t h o n v a n hoa ngay

n a y c l i n g n h a m p h a t h u y t i n h cong dong de xay d t l n g

m o t n o n g t h o n m6i v a n m i n h va p h a t t r i e n V a k h o n g

g i a n m a nhQng l i n g xvi the h i e n m o t each t a p t r u n g n h a t

t i n h cong dong c h i n h la t a i cac t h i e t che v a n hoa t r u y e n

t h o n g : d i n h chua, den, mieu t r o n g cac dip hoi l l

D a CO m o t thdi, d i n h , chua, den, mieu b i xem la

t a n d\i cua che do phong k i e n co h u , lac h a u , day doa con

ngifdi V i vay, d n h i e u ndi, ngUdi ta da thSng tay t a n pha

n h i i n g cong t r i n h nay Tiep do, k h i nhiJng each n g h i ,

each l a m a u t r i n h i i vay i t n h i e u difdc c h i n h sxia t h i

n h i e m v u san x u a t , chong doi, chohg ngoai x a m dUdc dat

len h a n g dau, ngUdi ta cung i t q u a n t a m den nhufng v a n

de khac C h i e n t r a n h , t h i e n t a i la nhutng tac n h a n tiep

tuc h u y hoai nhi2ng k i e n t r u e v a n hoa nay H a u het cac

ngoi d i n h , chvia, cac bijfc hoanh p h i , cau doi ma chung

ta t h a y h o m nay m6i diJdc tao d i i n g l a i N h u vay, c6 the

38

t h a y r&ng t r a i qua n h i e u t h a n g t r a m , nhiJng h i n h a n h nhCtng ngoi d i n h , ngoi chua l u o n g&n chat v6i cac lang que, la mot p h a n k h o n g the t h i e u dufdc cua k h o n g gian

v a n hoa lang xa Bdi vay, k h i ddi song k i n h te difdc cai

t h i e n , ngifdi dan kh&p ndi l a i k h o n g tiec siic ngUdi, siic cua dong gop t u bo den chua Co mot h i e n tiJdng k h a dac biet la viec quyen gop t u bo, xay dttng d i n h , chua, den,

m i e u diidc ngiidi dan hiJdng l i n g mot each r a t t\i nguyen

Qua khao sat ve ddi song v a n hoa d mot so xa thuoc t i n h

H a i D i i d n g , can bo dia p h i i d n g deu de cap t 6 i v a n de nay

N h i e u k h i can bo d i ho hao n h a n dan dong gop de l a m

cac cong t r i n h phuc Idi chung nhxi dien, dUdng t h i r a t

kho N h i f n g doi vdi viec t u bo d i n h chua t h i n h a n dan l a i

s i n sang dong gop Tijfng lang, xa, n h a n dan t i i lap ra cac

h o i quyen gop, d i quyen t i e n cua cong dilc xay dUng, ton tao d i n h chua D i e u do cho t h a y t r o n g t a m t h i l c ngifdi nong dan, cac t h i e t che v a n hoa t r u y e n t h o n g chiem mot

v i t r i het siic q u a n trong NhQng sinh hoat v a n hoa m a n g

t i n h CO t r u y e n nhxi le hoi, d i n h dam, rxidc sach da n h a n h

chong phuc hoi va t h u h u t dong dao ngxibi nong dan d cac

l a n g xa v u n g dong bang song H o n g h i e n nay

Trifdc D o i m 6 i , da tCfng t o n t a i phong trao xay d i i n g

ddi song v a n hoa mdi, t r o n g do xa difdc xem n h i i ddn v i

cd sd de t i e n h a n h xay dUng ddi song v a n hoa d nong

t h o n C h i e n lUdc "Xay d a n g ddi song v a n hoa ci cd sd" da

de r a 6 hoat dong, t r d t h a n h mo t i p chung cho hoat dong dua v a n hoa ve xa: phong t r a o doc sach, giao due t r u y e n

thong, phong trao van nghe quan chiing, nep song mdi,

gia dinh van hoa m6i va cong tac thong t i n co dong

Muo'n trien khai diidc cac hoat dong do can phai c6

nhflng cd sd vat chat, triidc het la t r u sd, nha cvLa, phong

6c Cac xa da c6' g&ng xay diJng phong doc sach, thif vien,

nha truyen thong, cau lac bo, dpi thong tin K i n h phi

cho cac hoat dong nay da phan do tti tren rot xuong hoac

trich quy phiic Idi cua hdp tac xa mang t i n h bao cap

Chinh do phUdng thilc hoat dong nay ma k h i chuyen

sang nen kinh te t h i trifdng, cung v6i sU giai the cac hdp

tac xa nong nghiep, cac thiet che nay khong hoat dong

dUdc nQa

Ke ta sau Nghi quyet Trung ifdng 5 khoa V I I I chu

trifdng "Ve xay diing nen van hoa Viet Nam tien tien,

dam da ban sic dan toe", phong trao xay dvfng ddi song

van hoa d nong thon lai difdc quan tarn, chu trong

Phong trao "Toan dan doan ket xay dUng ddi song van

hoa", xay dxing "Lang van hoa", "Gia dinh van hoa" da

CO nhQng tac dong nhat dinh doi v6i ddi song van hoa

nong thon Mot loat cac thiet che van hoa m6i dudc tai

thiet va c6 cai bien cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh m6i 6 khu

viic nong thon dong bang song Hong hien dang ton tai

nhieu loai hinh thiet che van hoa hien dai khac nhau:

nha van hoa, san the thao, phong truyen thong, thxi

vien, cac cau lac bo, san van dong Cac hinh thiic thiet

che van hoa nay difdc to chile, t h u hiit ngildi tham d\i

diia tren sd thich, lila tudi, nang khieu

Tuy nhien, viec dau t\i cd sd vat chat can va du cho

cac thiet che van hoa nay duy t r i hoat dong con la van de nan giai Da phan cac xa chi c6 mot san bai de chdi the thao hoac to chile cac hoat dong chung Can bo van hoa

xa la can bo kiem chile Kinh phi danh cho hoat dong van hoa qua khiem ton Noi dung sinh hoat ciia tilng loai hinh chiia thilc sil phu hdp vdi nhip song, sinh hoat cua

c\i dan nong thon

Cac hoat dong van hoa mdi can phai tinh den thilc

te ddi song d nong thon cua vilng nay van con mang dam nhQng gia t r i van hoa truyen thong Khong the ap dat mot each may moc mo hinh van hoa cua xa hoi cong' nghiep vao xa hoi nong nghiep, van hoa t h i dan vao nong dan Hdn nila, nhilng sinh hoat van hoa cua ngifdi dan nong thon con tuan theo tinh chat miia vu, ma nhQng hoat dong van hoa cua cac loai hinh thiet che van hoa mdi lai mang tinh chat sil dung thdi gian roi cua nhip song do t h i Chinh v i vay, cac hoat dong cua cac loai hinh thiet che van hoa mdi ehiia thilc sil tham nhap vao cuoc song cua ngildi nong dan

I I T r i n h do van hoa trong san xuat kinh doanh

2.1 Trinh do van hoa trong san xuat nong nghiep

Ke t i l sau Dai hoi V I cua Dang, mot loat cac chu

trUdng, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha n\Xdc difde ban hanh da tao dieu kien cho nong thon dong hkng song

Hong t i m ra hiJOng di phu hop tren nguyen tac phat

trien on dinh va ben vufng Nhieu dia phiidng tif cho doc

canh cay lua da chuyen sang tham canh, xen canh, tang

nang suat cay trong, vat nuoi, manh dan dau t u von va

ap dung cac tien bo ky thuat mdi V i vay, the thuan nong

dan bi pha v6 Cd cau kinh te chu dao cua k h u v\ic nong

thon dong bang song Hong hien nay la: nong nghiep ket

hop v6i tieu t h u cong nghiep va dich vu, thifdng mai

Thii t\i \iu tien va ty trong cua moi nganh nghe dUdc quy

dinh bdi t r i n h do phat trien chung cua dia ban t a i moi

thoi diem cu the va c6 thay doi Nhifng xu hudng van

dong chung la ty trong nong nghiep ngay mot giam, tieu

thu cong nghiep va dich vu ngay mot tang trong tong gia

t r i tao ra d nong thon

C d c a u ho trong lang nghe,

vu chuyen

Ho 2964 5833

+So v6i tong so' % 13,814,3 +0,5

4 - Ho san xuat nong nghiep kiem tieu t h u cong nghiep

Ho 10523 21341

+So vdi tong so' % 49,4 51 + 1,6

Tren thUc te, nhiing dia phifdng c6 kinh te phat trien chinh la nhiing ndi ma c6 so' ho nong nghiep va phi nong nghiep chiem ty le cao, so' ho thuan nong thap Boi

vi Idi ich kinh te cua cac nganh nghe phi nong nghiep hdn han loi ich kinh te cua nganh nong nghiep D u nang suat lua dat cao nhU hien nay (10 tan/ha) t h i viec trong lua mdi chi dap ling difdc nhu cau lifdng thUc cua ngifdi dan, chifa mang lai nhuEng Idi ich kinh te khac V i vay, cac ho thuan nong thUdng chi la cac ho du an, kho c6 cd hoi trd thanh ho giau

NhQng bien dong cua cd cau kinh te vCing nong thon dong bang song Hong cho thay ngiidi dan nhan thiic diidc kha nang phat trien cua cac nganh nghe

Nhung trong thxic te, ca nhiing ho buon ban dich vu hoac

lam nghe tieu t h u cong nghiep v&n duy t r i lam nong

nghiep, mac du hieu qua kinh te ciia nganh nay mang

lai khong cao Tinh trang nay xuat phat tH nhieu

nguyen nhan Thijt nhat la nhiing ly do ve mat tinh cam

Ho duy tri mot viec lam c6 tinh chat truyen thong, mot

thoi quen Thxi hai la ho muon bao dam an ninh liiOng

thuc cho gia dinh, de phong nhijtng rui ro trong cac

nganh nghe khac Thxi ba la tan dung sijfc lao dong trong

gia dinh D6i v6i nhieu ho thuan nong, sd di ho v&n tiep

tuc nghe truyen thong vi do khong c6 von va cd hoi de

tien hanh chuyen dich cd cau kinh te ho gia dinh

Tuy nhien, mot dieu dang mijfng la cf mot so dia

phu'dng da thu diidc nhQng thanh cong hiidc dau tiJf

chinh nganh nong nghiep Su Itfa chon mot cd cau cay,

con thich hdp v6i dia phudng chinh la nguyen nhan can

ban din den thanh cong nay Cac gio'ng lua m6i c6 nang

suat cao difdc dUa vao cac vung san xuat on dinh Doi v6i

nhufng dien tich canh tac xau hoac bai b6i thi dvfdc cai

tao va tim ra giong cay trong thich hdp Vi du nhii quat

Hifng Yen, hoa Me Linh (Vinh Phuc) da tim diidc cho

dijfng tren thi trUdng Ha Noi Cay difdc lieu, cay cong

nghiep Cling diidc difa vao tham canh Cd cau cay trong

vung nong thon dong bang song Hong nhiJng nam gan

day trd nen da dang hdn Ben canh trong trot, nganh

chan nuoi cung da budc dau tim kiem nhQng hudng di

mdi Viec ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat vao chan nuoi gop

phan lam tang nang suat vat nuoi tii nhiJng con dai tra

(Idn, ca ) tdi nhijfng con dac san (ba ba, ech, rua ) Dac

biet, mot dien tich 16n dat triing, ao ho da dUdc cac dia phUdng dau tu tha ca, thu Idi nhuan cao, dung nhu dan

gian da tong ket "thii nhat canh tri, thd nhi canh vien"

Viec thay doi cd cau cay trong, vat nuoi cung v6i viec tim kiem dau ra cho cac nong pham da gop phan

xoa doi giam ngheo cho ngUdi nong dan, hvLa hen nhiJng

tiem nang phat trien cua vung nong thon dong b^ng song Hong Khi san xuat nong nghiep hu6ng tdi muc tieu san xuat hang hoa tiic la da tim ra Idi giai cho bai

toan phat trien nong thon Neu nhin vao lich sii nganh

nong nghiep Viet Nam c6 the nhan thay ro trinh do tham canh, tang nang suat cay trong vat nuoi cua ngUdi nong dan dong bang song Hong ngay nay da c6 bu6c phat trig'n hdn h^n Neu nhU trUcic day, ngUdi nong dan chu yeu dUa vao kinh nghiem de canh tac, chan nuoi thi gid day, viec ap dung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat da trd nen pho bien va mang lai nang suat cao cho nganh nong nghiep

Cac giong lua lai thich dng vdi cac loai thdi tiet vCing

dong bang song Hong cung v6i cac giong cay con khac cho nang suat cao da c6 mat khdp cac dia phUdng Tuy nhien, viec cd gidi hoa san xuat nong nghiep van con gap nhieu kho khan Do mat do dan so dong, dien tich dat canh tac tren dau ngUdi vung dong b&ng song Hong thap nen cac thiia ruong dUdc chia qua nho, khong the tien hanh sU dung may moc trong khau lam dat, ma chu yeu la diang

sHc ngUdi v6i sU trd giup cua siic keo trau, bo

Mac du tieu t h u cong nghiep dich vu la nhQng

nganh nghe mang lai Idi nhuan kinh te cao nhUng nong

nghiep van diiOc cac dia phUdng quan tarn hang dau

Cac ho dan cif nong thon van gifl lay nghe nong nhvf mot

nghe chu yeu mac du trong thUc te, t h u nhap cua ho

phan Idn lai nhd vao dich vu buon ban hoac san xuat

hang t h i i cong my nghe Quan niem "di nong v i ban" van

tiep tuc con gia t r i V i vay, c6 the noi rSng trong thdi

gian tdi, nong nghiep v i n la nganh phat trien trong

diem ciia k h u vifc nong thon dong bang song Hong va

van hoa san xuat trong nong nghiep van la van de can

phai diidc quan tam

2.2 Nghe vd Idng nghe - Van hoa trong

san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep

Nong thon dong bang song Hong von la manh dat

sinh thanh cvia nhieu lang nghe t h u cong Tu: nhieu the

ky triidc, nhiing san pham t h u cong Viet Nam nhif: gom

Bat Trang, gom Chu Dau, due dong Ngii Xa, lua Van

Phiic, do go cham kham Chuyen My da c6 mat d nhieu

-Dong A u tan ra cung c6 anh hifdng nhat dinh tdi san

xuat cua cac nganh nghe t h u cong Sau mot thdi gian

chi3ng lai va t i m kiem nhiJng hifdng di mdi, hien nay

nghe t h u cong truyen thong vung nong thon dong bang

song Hong lai tiep tuc phat trien manh Day la hiidng di

dung din trong qua trinh chuyen dich cd cau kinh te

nong thon dong bang song Hong

46

Viec to chiic lai san xuat, t i m kiem t h i triidng, chu

trong nang cao chat lifdng, da dang hoa mku ma san

pham da dem lai cho cac lang nghe truyen thong nhiing

cd hoi phat trien mdi Dieu dang noi d day la ngUdi nong dan da bifdc dau tham gia vao nen kinh te t h i trUdng, hiidng tdi san xuat hang hoa (doi vdi da so' nong dan, viec san xuat nong nghiep vdi tif each la san xuat hang hoa la dieu het siic mdi me) Chinh v i sU phu hdp cua hUdng phat trien nay vdi quy luat kinh te khach quan •

nen da mang lai hieu ich kinh te - xa hoi cao

6 lang nghe truyen thong nhif Bat Trang, Ninh Hiep, Dong Ky ddi song cua ngiJdi dan diidc cai thien

ro ret Mot so' ho giau len nhanh chong Viec phat trien

lang nghe da giai quyet cong an viec lam cho luc liidng

lao dong tai dia phifdng (tham chi ca ngUdi gia va tre em

cong t\i cac vung Ian can

Chinh bdi thay ro tam quan trong cCia viec phat trien lang nghe trong chien lifdc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi nong thon ma d nhieu dia phiidng, cac cap lanh dao

da tap trung chi dao van de nay Phat trien lang nghe tren cd sd khoi phuc nganh nghe truyen thong, nhan cay nghe mdi, dda nghe den vdi nhiing xa thuan nong, viing sau, vung xa, la mot giai phap chien lifdc, cap bach trong noi dung cong nghiep h6a nong thon bdi lang nghe la

diem dan cii diidc tap trung nhieu loai hinh san pham

47

vdi quy mo viia va nho, each thiic to chijfc cua no da

dang, phong phu Dieu cot I6i cua lang nghe chinh la no

gan bo vdi nong thon, svL dung nguyen lieu tai ch6, giai

quyet viec lam cho so' liidng Idn lao dong xa hoi, han che

tinh trang di dan ra thanh thi Lang nghe da va dang

gop phan lam chuyen dich cd cau kinh te nong thon, pha

vd the thuan nong, tang them thu nhap cua dong dao bo

phan dan cif Nhd c6 lang nghe, bo mat cua nong thon

doi mdi, vay lang nghe la mot noi dung Idn de cong

nghiep hoa nong thon

Mot so cd che kinh te cdi md vdi nhiJng chinh sach

phu hdp da thUc stf tao da cho cac lang nghe phat trien,

giup cac ho nong dan huy dong von va nhan \\ic de lam

giau Phat trien nganh nghe thu cong la mot trong

nhQng con dxibng thoat khoi doi ngheo mot each nhanh

chong Qua khao sat thue te, eo the thay nhiJng ich Idi

cua viec phat trien lang nghe mang lai:

Lang Man De xa Nam Trung, Nam Sach, Hai

Difdng lam nghe che bien hanh toi difdc du nhap t\i ben

ngoai Triidc day la mot lang thuan nong, trong qua

trinh giao iMu kinh te mot so ngUdi buon ban nhd ciia

lang Man De den huyen Viet Yen tinh Bfic Giang hoc

difdc nghe chien, say hanh tdi difa ve dia phifdng lam

thxi. San xuat lue dau vdi so lUdng nho le, tieu thu d cac

chd nong thon Ian can, nhifng c6 hieu qua so vdi ban san

pham tho, hdn nijfa, quy trinh san xuat ddn gian, dau t u

khong can nhieu von, lai c6 ndi bao tieu san pham da thu hut nhieu ho trong lang viia san xuat, viia xay 16 de say hanh tdi tvtdi san xuat tren dat vu dong cua gia dinh Den nay, nghe che bien hanh, tdi trd thanh nghe chinh cua lang, 100% dien tich dat vu dong cua lang da ehuyen sang trong hanh tdi

Lang nghe trong hoa Tay Tvfu: trifde day Tay Tiiu chuyen san xuat lua va rau xanh vu dong, thu nhap thap Khi t h i trUdng Ha Noi c6 nhu cau tieu thu hoa tiidi tang len Dang uy, Uy ban nhan dan xa Tay Tiiu da chu trddng chuyen dien tich dat liia sang trong hoa Nam

1994, xa chi dao lam t h i diem d mot thon, da thu dufdc ket qua cao, den nay, toan xa (ba thon) da chuyen 100% dien tich dat canh tac sang trong hoa va Tay Tdu trd thanh lang hoa mdi

Lang nghe mdi xuat hien, san pham lam ra phong phu hdn, dap ling nhu cau tieu thu cua nhieu nhom

ngiJdi CO thu nhap cao, nhat la tCf k h i bifdc vao thdi ky

md CVLSL, hoi nhap Mot so nhdm san pham ciia lang nghe c6 trinh do ky, my thuat cao, trd thanh nhu cau tieu diing cua nhieu ndi, nhieu nUdc, doi hoi phat trien lang nghe mdi, md rong quy mo lang nghe, tiep tuc nang cao

chat Iddng va cai tien mku ma san pham, hang hoa, nhhm dap iJfng thi trifdng tieu thu rong Idn hdn"\

" ' Van de phat huy vai tro cua nghe va lang nghd nhu mot yeu to van hoa truyen thong chiing toi se trinh bay sau han a chucmg I V

I I I Mot so linh virc v a n hoa - x a hoi k h a c

3.1 ThUc trqng siic khoe, sink sdn, moi tritbng

So v6i cac vung mien trong ca niidc, dong bang song

Hong la k h u vUc c6 cO sd ha tang tot: 100% cac xa c6

tram y te va trung binh cd tren 7.000 ngiidi dan t h i c6

mot tram y te xa Ty suat trung tarn y te cd sd tren so'

dan nhif vay tiidng dUdng v6i Thai Lan, la niidc c6 miic

thu nhap cao gap 4 lan Viet Nam Thvic hien Nghi quyet

cua Hoi nghi lan thii tif Ban chap hanh Trung ifdng

Dang khoa V H ve "Nhflng van de cap bach ciia svf nghiep

cham soc va bao ve siic khoe nhan dan", nhCfng nam gan

day, cd cau can bo y te tai tuyen xa diidc bo' t r i can do'i

hdn, so' lUdng can bo qua dao tao cd ban tang Tai k h u

viic dong bang song Hong, nhieu t r a m y te xa da c6 bac

SI ve cong tac Nhd he thong y te pho cap, tuoi tho trung

binh cua nhan dan hien nay cao hdn khoang 11 tuoi so

vdi cac nifdc c6 cung miic t h u nhap quo'c dan Cong tac ve

sinh, phong dich diidc trien khai rong khap Cac chiidng

t r i n h y te quo'c gia nhu phong cho'ng sot ret, bao ve siic

khoe ba me va tre em, ke hoach hoa gia dinh, tiem

chung md rong dUdc thuc hien tot nhd he tho'ng y te

tuyen xa

Nhiing dong gop cua he thong y te cd sd la khong the

phii nhan Tuy nhien chat liidng hdat dong ciia cac tram

y te xa nhin chung con thap, thiet bi kham chQa benh

50

ngheo nan, doi ngu y bac si thieu va yeu ve chuyen mon, nghiep vu VSn con hdn 70% so' ngifdi khong tiep can v6i cac dich vu y te k h i o'm dau, phai t u chiia chay lay ma

khong CO sU tham gia ciia nhan vien y te Ngay trong so'

nhiing ngUdi den cac cd sd y te cong hoac t i i de chiJa benh

thi chi CO 50% triidng hdp la den kham chQa benh d tram

y te xa Chinh vi he thd'ng y te xa chufa dap \ing diidc yeu cau kham chufa benh cua nhan dan nen d dong bang song Hong, he tho'ng y te t u nhan kha phat trien Dich vu y te' tif nhan gia ca hdp ly, chat lUdng kham chiia benh tifdng doi kha quan nen thu hut dUdc nhieu ngiidi s\ dung (Dieu nay khac biet vdi giao due, triidng dan lap chie'm ty

le thap d khu vUc nong thon dong bang song Hong) Nhiing sU phan biet y te cong cong va y te tU nhan d vung nong thon chi la tifdng do'i V i nhiing ngiidi hoat dong y te tii nhan doi k h i lai chinh la cac nhan vien y te cong, ho kham chiia benh ngoai gid (doi k h i ca trong gid hanh chinh va sii dung thiet bi cua tram y te xa) Gop mat trong he tho'ng y te t i i nhan d nong thon la cac thay lang,

ba dd viidn, ho chiia benh bang thuoc nam, bac va kinh nghiem co truyen Cac hieu ban thuoc tan diidc cung dang

md ra d k h u vUc nSng thon

Hien nay, cac cd sd y te t a i xa chi dap ling mot phan nhu cau kham chiia benh cua ngiidi dan, tat nhien chi la nhiing benh thong thiidng Theo ifdc tinh ciia cac nha khoa hoc, 3/4 so' ngudi trong nhom 1/5 dan so' ngheo

51

nhat chu yeu dang sinh song d nong thon Viec chi tra

cho cac dich v u y te do'i vdi ho la dieu viidt qua kha nang

Chi CO dxidi 10% dan so' nong thon c6 cd hoi difdc y bac

si-chQa benh, con 70% ngiidi ngheo t u chi3a benh k h i dau

o'm Tai t r d cho dich vu y te cd ban ma ngifdi dan ngheo d'

nong thon c6 the tiep can difdc la qua i t 6i Chi c6 3%

ngan qui y te d\i phong va 2% dau tuf cho cac cd sd y te

nong thon Co the nhan thay sii phan hoa giau ngheo

trong viec \\ia chon dich vu y te d khu viJc nong thon

Cac ho kha gia va giau c6 thudng liia chon benh vien

tuyen tren de c6 dieu kien kham chiJa benh tot hdn; con

cac ho gia dinh kinh te eo hep t h i sii dung dich vu y te xa ,

hoac t\i chQa t r i

K h i khao sat van de cham soc siic khoe cua cif dan

nong thon dong hhng song Hong c6 the nhan thay vai tro

to Idn cua Nha nxidc trong viec giam bdt khoang each

giau ngheo trong viec sii dung dich vu y te NhiJng nam

gan day, Chinh phii, nganh y te ca nxidc da c6 nhieu no

life nham cai thien t i n h hinh siic khoe ba me va tre sd

sinh difdc dac biet quan tam Cac chiidng t r i n h tiem

chung md rong, uong vitamin, chong suy dinh dUdng d

tre dvfdc trien khai rong khap t6i cac thon, xom Dac

biet, chiidng t r i n h bao hiem y te cho ngifdi ngheo la mot

hinh thiifc thiet thuc mang lai s\i binh dang trong xa hoi,

tao dieu kien de ngifdi c6 t h u nhap thap dude cham soc

sifc khoe t a i cac cd sd y te c6 chuyen mon

Ty le tang dan so' txl nhien d k h u vifc dong b^ng

song Hong thdi gian gan day khong cao Hau het cac gia dinh nong thon da nhan thay tac hai cua viec sinh nhieu con M a t khae, mot so dia phifdng da t h i hanh nhQng

bien phap tUdng do'i eifng rkn nhkm han che tinh trang

sinh con thiJt ba Song thifc te quan niem trong nam khinh niJ v i n ton tai trong xa hoi nong thon V i the cho nen con nhieu gia dinh sinh con thii ba Viec sii dung cac

bien phap tranh thai do'i vdi ngifdi dan nong thon chUa

pho bien eiang la mot nguyen nhan dan tdi tinh trang gia tang dan so'

Ve moi trifdng, neu sd sanh v6i cac khu do t h i hau het da bi 6 nhiem nhif hien nay t h i dia ban nong thon c6 difdc an toan hdn Tuy nhien, nhOng nguy cd de doa tdi moi trifdng khu vife nay dang xuat hien Trifdc het la van de sif dung tran Ian thuo'c bao ve thife vat Theo tai lieu cua Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon, trifdc

1985, m6i nam ca nifdc chi sii dung chifng 6.500-9.000 tan thuoc bao ve thifc vat nhifng tif 1991 den nay, moi nam nifdc ta sii dung khoang 20.000-30.000 tan Do trinh do dan t r i thap, mai chay theo Idi ich kinh te trifdc

mit, nhieu ngifdi dan ndng thon da diing thuoc bao ve thUc vat khong theo dung quy trinh d i n tdi viec gay ngo doc doi vdi chinh ban than ho va nhiing ngifdi tieu dung san pham nong nghiep cua ho Gan day, cac phifdng tien thong t i n dai chung lien tiep canh bao ve tinh trang nay Ben canh viec gay nguy hiem tdi siic khoe cua con ngifdi

qua lam dung thuo'c bao ve thUc vat trong nong nghiep

con lam phUdng hai t6i ddi song ciia nhieu 16p sinh vat

von rat da dang d cac vung dong que, cac loai torn, cua,

6c, ech tvi nhien trd nen khan hiem O mot so' vung, dac

biet la ndi ma lang nghe phat trien, chat thai trong cac

khau san xuat cung la mot nguyen nhan lam 6 n h i l m

nguon nifdc, 6 nhiem bau khong k h i Mat khac, nhieu

vung nong thon dang bi bien thanh ndi chiia rac cua cac

khu do thi Ma cong nghe xii ly rac thai sinh boat va rac

thai cong nghiep cua ta con qua tho sd V i the, rac thai

difa ve khu vdc nong thon hau nhu chxia qua x U ly T\X

nhiing nguyen nhan chvi quan va khach quan tren,

chung ta nhan thay rang van de moi trifdng nong thon

cung dang dan trd nen bCfc xuc Neu khong b&t dau nhin

nhan va giai quyet ngay tii horn nay t h i kha nang 6

nhiem moi triidng k h u vUc nay se trd thanh hien thUc

3.2 Anh hudng cua xu thetodn cdu hoa vd tdc

dong cua cac do thi

Toan cau hoa va k h u vUc hoa la nhiing xu the van

dong, phat trien tat yeu cua lich Kho c6 mot quoc gia,

mot dan toe nao c6 the diing ngoai qua t r i n h do Cac xu

the tren anh hiidng t6i tat ca cac linh vUc ciia ddi song

xa hoi Nhung nhin chung, doi v6i k h u vifc nong thon,

anh hifdng cua toan cau hoa, khu viJc hoa khong ro ret

nhif d cac thanh pho', cac khu do t h i Nong thon, dac biet

la nong thon dong bang song Hong v6i mot he thong to

54

chiic xa hoi va nhiing gia t r i tUdng doi ben vQng con kha

xa la v6i nhiJng t r i thiic, cong nghe va loi song hien dai Tuy nhien, anh hifdng cua cac do t h i 16n nhU Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh vcii khu viic nong thon

dong bang song Hong t h i kha ro net Day la s U anh

hifdng mang tinh hai mat: mot mat, no viia tao ra nhijing thuan Idi de kich thich kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi nong thon phat trien, mat khac, no cung du nhap vao nong thon nhiJng phan van hoa, nhijtng nguy cd pha vd cac gia

t r i truyen thong tot dep

Lo'i song do t h i v6i ca nhiing mat trai cua no da du nhap vao mot bo phan dan cii nong thon, dac biet la Idp tre d nhiing vung can thanh, can t h i Bieu hien ro net cua lo'i song do t h i d bo phan dan cif nay la ho thich lam giau nhiing ngai chan lam tay bun, hiidng tdi cuoc song hiidng thu, coi nhe nhiing quan he, nhiing ling xv( truyen thong

Luong di dan t i i khu viic nong thon ra cac do t h i 16n tiep tuc gia tang Phan Idn ho ra thanh t h i vdi mong muo'n t i m kiem viec lam de cai thien thu nhap ciia gia dinh Day la nhiing lao dong dii thuta d khu vUc nong thon hoac tranh thii liic nong nhan de ra thanh pho" kiem tien Ho thiidng lam nhiing cong viec gian ddn nhii: buon ban nho, chay xe 6m, lam thue cho cac gia dinh thanh thi Dac biet c6 mot bo phan phu n i i va tre em n6ng th6n hien dang tham gia vao luong di dan ra thanh

pho' Day la nhCtng doi tUdng xa hoi ft c6 kha nang t\i bao

ve, d§ hi xam hai Bien phap hijtu hieu nhat de han che

sd di dan ra thanh pho" la tao viec lam tai cho cho ngifdi

nong dan Day la kinh nghiem cua mot so' nvi6c phat

trien vi du nha Han Quoc Han Quoc da giai quyet tot

van de nay den noi ma ngifdi dan khu vUc nong thon

cam thay ho difdc lam viec, diidc hiidng cac phuc Idi, cac

dich vu xa hoi tot khong thua kem gi khu y\ic thanh thi,

khi do nhu cau ra thanh pho' ta nhien khong ton tai nQa

Tat nhien, d mot nxidc ma stf chenh lech miic song giiia

nong thon va thanh thi con qua 16n nhii d Viet Nam, thi

giai quyet van de di dan ra thanh pho' khong he ddn

gian Van de trif6c tien c6 the lam la de han che phan

nao sii bung no luong di dan nay la nghien ciiu, ban

hanh cac chinh sach khuyen khich phat trien cac nganh

nghe d khu vvfc nong thon, hay noi each khac la phat huy

nguon liJc noi sinh cua chinh khu viic nay Mat khac,

Chinh phu can tiep tuc keu goi dau tif ODA cho khu viic

nong thon Cac d\i an phuc Idi cho khu vxic nong thon

Cling can nhan difdc svf Uu tien Mot he thong chinh sach

dong bo cho khu viic nong thon difdc thiet lap la sd can

thiet de thuc day qua trinh cong nghiep hoa nong thon

Cac khu do thi 16n ciing phat huy anh hifdng cua no

doi vdi nhiing tinh Ian can, tao ra nhQng tien de nhat

dinh thuc day cac tinh ve tinh xung quanh phat trien

Vdi Idi the n&m ke cac do thi, thuan Idi giao thong, cac

tinh nhu Bkc Ninh, Hifng Yen, Hai Diidng da biet nim

bat thdi cd, xac dinh cac nganh mQi nhon, khai thac trifdng cac khu do thi de phat trien

thi-VQa qua Hoi nghi hdp tac thifdng mai giiJa Ha Noi

va cac tinh thuoc khu v\ic dong bang song Hong Ian dau tien diidc to chiic (8/2004) Dai bieu ve tham du Hoi nghi deu nhat tri rang, viec hdp tac kinh te' giiJa cac tinh la

het siic can thiet, tao cd hoi day manh san xuat, lifu thong hang hoa, tim kie'm ban hang va tao diing thi triidng on dinh, gop phan xay dUng va phat trien thifdng mai viing kinh te trong diem Bac Bo

IV Nhfing yeu to chinh ciia van hoa cd truyen tac dong tieu cue den qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa

Cac Mac da tting viet: "Truyen thong cua tat cd cac

the he da, qua de nang len dau 6c nhiing ngi/di dang song"''^\c chi ra nhCng yeu to tieu cUc ciia van hoa co truyen tac dong vao qua trinh phat trien kinh te- xa hoi nong thon la het siic can thiet tren cd sd do ma de nhiing giai phap tich ciJc, chii dong han che nhiing anh hiidng tieu ciJc cua chung Tuy nhien, ciing can phai lifu y rSng, truyen tho'ng c6 tinh lifdng dien, nhin tu" goc do nay, do

la mat tich cUc, nhin t\i goc do khac, do lai la net tieu

cUc Trong phan nay, chiing toi chi tap trung xem xet

"* C.Mac: Nga\ thciiig Sircriig iiii) ciia Lit-i Bd-na-pcic Nha xua't ban Sir thai,

H.1986.tr 13

n h Q n g tac dong t i e u cxic cua v a n hoa t r u y e n t h o n g doi

v6i qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - xa h o i n o n g t h o n , n o n g

n g h i e p dong b a n g song H o n g

4.1 Tinh cong dong - tu tri - cue ho

K h i n g h i e n c i l u ve b a n sSc v a n hoa d a n toe, eae hoc

gia d i i a r a n h i e u y k i e n khae n h a u ve cac gia t r i v a n hoa

V i e t N a m t r u y e n t h o n g N h i i n g c6 m o t gia t r i v a n hoa

m a ho deu t h o n g n h a t v6i n h a u e h i n h l a t i n h cong dong

T i n h cong dong difOc h i e u n h a l a m o i q u a n he gfin k e t

giijta cac t h a n h v i e n t r o n g m o t cong dong Co t h e noi,

t i n h cong dong difdc k h a i s i n h tiif n e n v a n m i n h l u a nK6c,

n d i CO m o t t h i e t che k n i h te - xa hoi l a n g t u y nho be ma

ben chSc g&n k e t giufa eae t h a n h v i e n t r o n g m o t l a n g ,

m o t v u n g , r o n g hOn la ca nifdc da tao n e n siic m a n h to

Icin C h i n h boi vay, t r e n m a t t r a n chong ngoai x a m , cha

ong t a da l i e n tuc day l u i s i i x a m I a n cua p h o n g k i e n

phUdng Bac va eae the luc t h u dich khac T r e n m a t t r a n

lao dong san x u a t , cha ong t a v6i t i n h t h a n doan k e t

cong dong da tijfng bifdc c h i n h phuc t h i e n n h i e n t h e h i e n

d nhQng cong t r i n h v a t chat to 16n, t i e u b i e u la he t h o n g

de dieu V i e t N a m T r o n g suot chieu d a i d a u t r a n h difng

nif6c va giiJ niidc cua dan toe, t i n h cong dong da phat h u y

dUdc chan gia t r i cua m i n h , nhifng ben canh do, no cung hoc

16 nhutng h a n che nhat dinh

Qua de cao cong dong d ^ n den t h i i c h u n g h i a b i n h

q u a n , cao b^ng, dong t h d i l a m nay s i n h t h o i dvfa d a m , y

n h a n q u a n t r o n g d ^ n t d i t i n h t r a n g k h u n g hoang mo

h i n h hdp tac xa m i e n Bae t r o n g suot 20 n a m (ke ttf sau

1959 - k h i mo h i n h hdp tac xa dUdc n h a n r o n g - den n a m 1980) la do t a p the hoa n o n g nghiep nong voi, go ep,

t r o n g k h i l a i thUe h i e n cd che q u a n l y tap t r u n g q u a n

l i e u va che do p h a n p h o i b i n h q u a n t r o n g cac hdp tac xa, cho n e n d a n h t h i i c t a m ly dUa d i m y l a i cua n g i i d i nong dan Che do l a m c h i i t a p the d a n t r d t h a n h k h o n g c6 ai

l a m c h u "cha c h u n g k h o n g a i khoc" R u o n g dat, t r a u bo

k h i con l a t a i san r i e n g cua n g i i d i nong d a n t h i diidc

c h a m s6c c h u dao, k h i diia vao hdp tac xa t h i t r d nen v6

c h u N e u n h i i trifdc k h i c6 hop tac xa, ngUdi nong dan thijtc k h u y a day sdm k h o n g q u a n mot nSng h a i sUdng de

l a m l u n g t r e n dong r u o n g ciia m i n h t h i k h i t r d t h a n h xa

59

vien, ho lam theo "keng" Che do phan phoi binh quan

khong trd thanh dong liic thoi thiic ngiidi nong dan lao

dong Thtfc trang do doi hoi phai c6 sd dieu chinh lai cd

cau kinh te - xa hoi nong nghiep nong thon Chinh vi

vay, khoan 10, tiep do la khoan 100 ra ddi, quyen sii

dung dat dUdc giao cho cac ho nong dan

CQng giong nhii tinh cong dong, tinh t i i t r i da giii

mot vi t r i nhat dinh trong bang gia t r i van hoa truyen

thong, song ban than no ciing boo 16 nhiing tieu c\ic Neu

qua xem trong tinh t\i t r i se dan den tinh trang cue bo

dia phiidng, chia be keo canh, anh hiidng den khoi doan

ket trong cong dong

Thdi gian gan day, mot so' moi quan he truyen

thong diidc phuc hoi trd lai Do la moi quan he dong ho,

than toe Cung v6i no la hien tifdng ganh dua khong

lanh manh gii][a cac dong ho ve dia v i , ngoi thii Ong X

thuoc ho Y la Bi thu! t h i ong A thuoc ho B phai gianh

difdc chiic Chu tich K h i c6 cuoc bau ban gi, moi thanh

vien trong dong ho dong vai tro la mot la phieu de ung

ho cho ngUdi cung dong ho v6i minh ma khong tinh den

Idi ich cua tap the ciing nhii tai nang, diic do cua nhiing

ngiidi khac dong ho Ca biet c6 ndi con ton tai "chi uy cua

dong ho", "dang uy cua lang" NhiJng ngifdi cung dong ho

khong chi tap trung ung ho nhau trong viec cung co dia vi

v6i y thiic "mot ngUdi lam quan ca ho dxiOc nhd" ma cdn bao

che cho nhau, doi khi ca nhiing viec lam phi phap

Nhieu khi mau thuSn ca nhan bi kich dong, thoi phong len trd thanh mau thuan giiia cac dong ho, mau

thu&n giiia cac lang, gay mat trat t\i an ninh dia

phUdng, anh hifdng den ddi song, den san xuat ctia ngiidi dan Co nhieu dong ho con ton tai nhiing Idi nguyen,

nhiing mdi thCi diide truyen t\i ddi nay qua ddi khac, lam

phiidng hai tdi tinh doan ket lang xom Tinh cue bo dia phiidng khong chi ton tai trong suy nghi cua nhiing ngiicii 16n tuoi ma ngay ca Idp tre ciing chiu nhieu anh hiidng Bao chi thUdng phe phan hien tiidng thanh nien nhieu lang que do tinh ich ky da ngan can, khong cho con trai lang khac den t i m hieu con gai lang minh, co trifdng hdp x6 xat d^n den an mang

Tinh cue bo dia phifdng con the hien d sii phan biet

dan chinh cU va dan ngu c\i Nhiing ngiidi d ndi khac mdi

chuyen den sinh song thiidng diidc ngiidi dan dia phUdng don nhan vdi mot thai do de dat Tham chi, nhieu lang que, dae biet la nhiing lang que ci dong bang song Hong, ndi CO mot lich sii lau ddi, trong hiidng lidc lang c6 ghi ro'

nhiing phan biet doi xxi vdi dan ngu cii Dan ngu cii phai

song d lang tdi ba ddi thi mdi diidc doi xa binh d^ng nhii nhiing dan chinh eif ciia lang Va diidng nhien, ho hau nhuJ khong co cd hoi tham gia vao bo may chinh quyen

va quyet dinh cac cong viec ciia lang xa

Tat ca nhiing bieu hien tren ciia tinh t i i t r i dan tdi tinh trang mat dan chii cd set, khd co the thiic hien

nguyen tic tap trung dan chii neu cac thanh vien trong

cong dong chi lo cho Idi ich ciia dong ho, cua lang minh

Dan gian c6 cau: phep vua thua le lang Tinh trang

nay ton tai d nhieu dia phiidng Mac du quy xXdc ngay

nay lap ra v6i muc dich la duy tri thuan phong my tuc,

trat tu ky cUdng lang xom, nhifng khong phai noi dung

nao trong quy xidc cung dong nhat vdi luat phap nha

nifdc Xin ddn cvi: theo quy che phat hanh chinh hien

hanh thi cap xa chi dUdc phat miic toi da la 50.000'',

trong khi c6 lang de ra miic phat cao nhat tdi mot ta thoc

tUdng dUdng 230.000-250.000'' Hoac nhxi quy \idc lang

Phu Thi (Hiing Yen) cam moi ngifdi trong lang di lai tii

23'' den 4^ sang^" NhQng quy dinh nay khong phu hdp

v6i ddi song xa hoi hien nay, neu khong muoh noi la vi

pham phap luat Trong mot chuyen di khao sat thuc te

tai xa Chi Lang Nam, huyen Thanh Mien, tinh Hai

Difdng, chung toi dUdc can bo xa cho biet: quy ifdc xa quy

dinh dam cudi khong difdc to chiic tiec man linh dinh, da

CO gia dinh bo phi 30 mam c6 bdi dan lang phai tuan thu

quy lidc khong di an c6 man Thiet nghi, hien nay, nha

nxidc cung mdi chi diing lai d mufc khuyen khich nhan

dan thuc hien cii6i xin, ma chay theo nep song mcii, tiet

kiem, lanh manh, phu hdp vdi dieu kien tiing gia dinh

Quy \i6c cua dia phUdng tren c6 phan qua khe khSt,

''' Dan theo Bui Xuan Dinh: Hifcmg uac va qudn l\ xa, Nh^ xuat ban Khoa

hpcxahoi H.1998 tr 178

chifa dam bao dUdc yeu to "thau tinh, dat ly" NgUdi dan

que von hieu biet ve phap luat ban che, trong khi ho lai

rat am tiJdng hUdng vf6c Vi the, neu qua lam dung

hifdng vfdc trong viec quan ly lang xa se hinh thanh thoi

quen song theo le lang, coi thUdng phap luat, dan den

tinh trang "phep vua thua le lang"

Nhijtng ban che cua tinh cong dong, ta tri cue bo dang boc 16 kha ro trong ddi song nong thon hien nay

No niu giuf bii6c chan va tarn mit cua ngifdi nong dan

trong luy tre lang chat hep No ban che sU sang tao ca nhan, tao ra nhieu thoi quen xau: thoi diia dim y lai, 6c

be phai, thieu t6n trong phap luat do chinh la nhijfng trd lac cho qua trinh cong nghiep h6a, hien dai h6a n6ng th6n n6ng nghiep vvmg dong bang s6ng Hong

4.2 Tinh tieu nong, tit duy kinh nghiem

Kinh te tieu n6ng, hay con goi la kinh te cua nhi3ng ngifdi san xuat nho nong th6n la mot thanh phan kinh te kh6ng dai dien cho mot phiJdng thiic san xuat nao trong

5 phiidng thiic san xuat ma C.Mac da chi ra, nhifng no lai ton tai trong cac phUdng thijfc san xuat Tii khi c6ng

xa thi toe bat dau tan ra chuyen sang c6ng xa n6ng th6n

da c6 sU hien dien cua kinh te tieu n6ng ngifdi tieu n6ng vdi tii each la ngUdi sd hQu nho dau tien Trong xa hoi phong kien, kinh te tieu n6ng ton tai song song vdi kinh

te dia chu T6i thai ky thuoc dia niia phong kien d niidc

ta, kinh te tieu nong vin chiem ty le cao trong nen kinh

te cua x a h o i ay N g a y nay, k m h te t i e u nong tiep tuc t o n

t a i t r o n g t h d i k y qua do len c h u n g h i a xa hoi N h i n vao

lich s i i d a n toe, c6 the t h a y ro k i n h te t i e u nong da c6 ca

m o t qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n l a u d a i va t r a i qua n h i e u b i e n

dong V d i t r u y e n t h o n g canh tac nong nghiep tho sd, v d i

m o t cd sd v a t chat k y t h u a t n h u h i e n nay, s i i t o n t a i cua

n h i i n g n g i i d i sd hHu nho ve r u o n g dat con i t n h i e u p h u

hdp va p h a t h u y ditdc h i e u qua N h U n g ben canh do,

k i n h te t i e u nong cung de l a i nhiJng d i san t i e u cvfc

N g i i d i n o n g dan V i e t N a m c6 t h o i quen song t u cap

t i i tuc N g o a i m o t so l a n g xa gan do t h i c6 s\i giao l u u

k i n h te v d i t h i trxidng, cuoc song cua ngUdi nong d a n c6

n h i e u t h a y doi, con l a i d n h i e u v u n g , k h i difdc giao q u y e n

sd hvLu r u o n g dat t i f d n g doi l a u dai, ngUdi nong d a n l a i

t r d ve v6i nep song t u cap, t\l tuc D a n so k h o n g ngCfng

gia t a n g , r u o n g dat dUdc chia b i n h q u a n theo n h a n k h a u ,

bdi vay dien t i c h dat canh tac t r e n dau ngifdi ngay cang

t h u hep, dac biet la v u n g nong t h o n dong bfing song

H o n g V a t r e n mot dien t i c h dat chat hep ay, ngifdi t i e u

nong t r o n g t r o t d u m o i thijf cay, r a u m a u de phuc n h u

cau ve thUc p h a m h a n g ngay ciia gia d i n h Cach thijfc

canh tac t a n m a n n h i i vay t h i t a t yeu n a n g suat cay

t r o n g v a t n u o i k h o n g cao, Idi ich k i n h te t h a p Do c h i n h

la m o t t r o n g nhQng n g u y e n n h a n d i n t d i t i n h t r a n g doi

ngheo T r o n g k h i p h a n loai cac n h o m ho l a m nong

nghiep, n h a n g h i e n c i i u H a N h i f da dua r a m o t so dac

diem c h u n g cua cac ho doi ngheo nhif sau: "dac d i e m cd

ban)nh&'t cuaitinh ti-ang doi ngheo d nong thon Viet Nam

tiia v a tii.cung t i i cap, thieu viec lam nghiem trong va

mec 'lam kem: hieu qua, t h u nhap thap, khong c6 kha

g^ng tich luy detail san xuat"^\^jrit oeiv sno-rt ahf^ snwtt

uefri fP6iig>fi^ kifift^^ti^tlii^tRiSrti; qtian he cung - ckn bien dong nhanh chong, ma cac ho nong dan dong hkng

gi^g Hong, do dien tich dat canh tac tren dau ngiidi

th^c Idc k i n h te yeu, dOiV^y, kho c6 kha nang canh tranh

fefgn t h i triidng Q u a mot ddt khao sat thUc te tai huyen

Kim)Thanh, t i n h Hai Difdng (nam 2001) chiing toi nhan

th0i c d l a m &n.; Cung l a trong hoa qua^rau mau cung cap

Idi nh.u^n eao.-Gaef hOmong dan khac cung wkn gr^Qg cay, a>,! ykmi <80n;jaVjinh;iing n h u c^u t h i trvidng da b&0 hoa hoac cung W n h d n g a w d i n t 6 i hieu qua kinh te

$ M p v M u o n tien hanh t a i $an ?iu;at, ngUdi nong dan phai trao doi hang hoa Song phiidng thiic trap d o l h a n g hoa hien thdi qua lac hau lam cho gia thanh trao doi va gia

tai|, n^n^^lac dm gia hang hoa cua ,cac ho noxig dan

t h e n o n g p h a m t h i f d n g b i ep gia, chap n h a n s i i quyet

d i n h ciia g i a n t h i i d n g N e u n h u cac ho n o n g d a n to chtfc

l a i vdi n h a u , b i e n h f d n g t r a o doi h a n g hoa n h o t h a n h

lUdng t r a o doi h a n g hoa 16n, tijtc la t r a n h dUdc k h a u

t r u n g g i a n t r o n g viec t r a o doi h a n g hoa, dong t h d i t a n g

con m o t g i a i cap l a n o n g d a n t a p the N h U n g l i c h s\i v o n

k h o n g p h a t t r i e n giong m o t phep cong g i a n ddn n h i f vay

N g a y nay, t u y ngUdi t a k h o n g d u n g n h i i n g d a n h tii n h i i

b a n nong p h u n o n g n i i a n h i i n g t h i i c te, n o n g t h o n

V i e t N a m c6 sU p h a n hoa g i a u ngheo k h a ro N h i i n g ho

n o n g d a n g i a u c6 t h e d i i n g r a t h u e n h a n cong, m u a l u a

non, cho vay l a i n a n g h i n h t h a n h m o t t a n g 16p dia c h u

m 6 i d n o n g t h o n 'uhJ gaburiq g n o d B Q I I g n s d i6b OBii

L a ngifdi san x u a t nho, t i i h i i u nho, n g i i d i t i e u n o n g

c a n h tac diia vao t\i d u y k i n h n g h i e m la c h i n h (xem t r d i ,

x e m d a t de gieo t r o n g ) theo k i e u "lao n o n g t r i d i e n " P h a i

thCfa n h a n n h i e u k i n h n g h i e m d a n g i a n ve san x u a t

n o n g nghiep la r a t quy, song do m 6 i c h i l a d i e u k i e n c^n

n h a n g chifa d u de p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a h o i n o n g t h o n

66

h i e n nay Viec qua coi t r o n g t i i d u y k i r i h h g h i e m dkn den

t h a i do t h d d vdi k h o a hoc k y t h u a t , v d i giao due T h i i c te cho t h a y , vdi dieu k i e n dien t i c h dat c a n h tac n h i i h i e n nay, n e u c h i doc c a n h cay l u a , t h i c i i d a n n o n g nghiep dong b a n g song H o n g k h o c6 t h e l a m g i a u difdc Viec ap

d u n g t i e n bo k y t h u a t , t h a y doi cd cau cay t r o n g v a t

n u o i p h u hdp diidc x e m la n h i i n g g i a i p h a p h i i u h i e u de

p h a t t r i e n n o n g t h o n N e u c h i d i i a vao n h i i n g k i n h

n g h i e m t r u y e n t i i ddi n a y q u a ddi khac t h i k h o c6 the

t h a y doi difdc t i n h t r a n g h i e n t a i D u a t r i t h i i c k h o a hoc vao cuoc song t h o n g qua con d i i d n g cd b a n n h a t la giao due V i e t N a m dutdc x e m l a niidc c6 t y le ngifdi biet doc biet v i e t cao t r o n g k h u viic (88%) n h i f n g n g u y cd t a i m u

cha l a i d a n g gia t a n g Cuoc each m a n g khoa hoe cong

nghe va t h o n g t i n l a m b i e n doi sau sac cd cau k i n h te, cd cau lao dong xa h o i va p h a n cong lao dong N g u o n life lao dong d n o n g t h o n t i i d n g c h i i n g doi dao song l a i dang l a m vao k h i i n g h o a n g chat iKdng V i the, so lao dong doi t h i i a

d n o n g t h o n k h o n g the k i e m n o i viec l a m t r o n g k h i t h i

t r U d n g lao dong v&n r a t can n h a n cong >n fob

B e n c a n h do, do t r i n h do d a n t r i t h a p , t h i e u k i e n thiie k h o a hoe k y t h u a t n e n ngUdi san x u a t nho c h i t h a y diidc cai Idi t r i i d e m d t m a k h o n g t i n h den cai h a i l a u dai

P h o n g t r a o n u o i oc bifdu v a n g m a y n a m trifdc la mot v i

d u T h a y oe s i n h san n h a n h , n g i i d i n o n g d a n dua n h a u

n u o i oe m a k h o n g t i n h den viec oe b i i d u v a n g p h a hoai

I l i a m a u qe o B i - ^ r m ^ l q ? * (5o t t i

neb i4.3 Tdmly bdo thu, Iqe hdur:) B u p ooiV vfin neirf

^'i ojjrrr :)ub o x s r a i&v , : t r , u r l J v>I o o r i B o r l ^ i&v D b r i J 6b i c r l J

16pc9;npng,pcM^,,v^.,9^c,^9,i^§n^J

pay la i^py ,tvh)Lio^,4i,|j;i # i pg^po^,i)|j^ng,];^g^i,nppg,j(^p

hien.nay,,cp; trqng tay t u lieii ^h^^^v^Kiiv^g^^%\^^iit\^hm

chi ca site kea trau bo) DieVd^ cacijghiala-ho v l n e6f^

hoi d l thDatikho.i,ci|iQC.is6'ng kh6ikh3linijneu b sv(;d)t^3ajg

hieu qUa t q lieu sanbcuat cuaimiinh I h e i nta!ngotam;i^

thu dong G i i a ngifbi sd hiiu nho d a t a o neln miotsVioiy 16n;

ho k h o n g d a m viidt thoat khoi-c^i bongdtia'Chfiih'MHhlb

u r n I B J b ' ) 7 ; j ) ^ n 3 3 r i ' i ; f { a (o\°88) oLrv ur[>I grioiJ O B O isiv feid

Snoo^^" ^^^^ 4^^,tf?n,ly, t u ) i f i ^ nl^q.l^ ^^ s^^jpa^, ^

thbi.ic% ,ky.;jNgj^qi,iaim,an, nhq,,thqqng, RQ ^t^[X^m

han hep,.,fih^lo,ch^i^ ph^fr.jdlif'p,-il^;4cl>,(^4;>nh4fl|, Jff? igjti|

mot thaiidq bapg quanK;^hqiqi:iY6j;tgi3.jth4oii|ih^B<gtikh

dw^ig chamitcii m;qt chuit ttji j^hiiej^aMnathftiB^ li^iJ^'ngay

lap ttJc phan ling rat d f l i i d o i i J i b ^ ' f c i t h l i p doll^ idttjlau

dai cvia ca cong d6qg/.Gacfi^(uia6'!x!at!tranh(gi'&nh.da^

thj :trq0ng,i,tamjly„t,a, ^#;*iPhiMi9ft?^.j^A.^9-.,lff§i ,^

manh me Nhi,eu.,;yupg,j n ^ i q q d ^ ]t^y;,d^t,.^'jiin(ffpdqq^

giao thong/vaxaM I djJngrfiaCfiQpngtri ipa^^c^ d^, f5a;?p;.,^c(

den bu thda d^ng,cho-.d.^n,,th$<?.gift t?qqng,©h¥flg van

C O m o t so ngqdi Jih6iig<ehap nh&nyldiifa ^ra lihiinig! yeuicau

v6 ly, C O k h i ca lang tap trung tao ap luc vdii chmH

'(^y%ti, yt(f(i da(codbwlvi<Jhi tMfe<cab'd6rtg!'tt1nh d6 t h f i m

i ^iim^'trmtih (ifi'tndia dghifeti/kid ft^uflw'ccftt t r o n ^ th§tti it^$% v&i-fcar^'htfeffti^vi (^U6lth§miiii§n)b#i«htf^Hg.oGf -od*'

B V ok 'A driiHo i j a i b r i i b b o o i v ^ j i o o i b v § n i j doirfJ o b riaido

that bai trong lam an, dau o^^,i.^p^}jqiit£|^l^i ^J|;o r^^Qg^Cf

la do ma quy, than thanh xui khien Kieu suy nghi "dau i*ft&i'la%ifhlJi^ri^dihh'' raft'ijh#bien troilg n h ^ dan a'MmTvSbildd^tihM ihg^idifth'd^^^.'Mbc bc6ch cQng xua€-

b i i n nhi^d'-v^bKqUyfWiiSfftg^y e&ifig feii: Khong p h i i nh§ri id5Ua'!'fttetiiM>nfe h ^ t 't^a^ ii6a»c^^''Xir dan hong'inghigp,' iifeiaijig trbi*^ dieUJkign ddi 96ftg cua ngucti nong dan cbri 'IIhieu'kh6fkhaW44hw4yieriinkyi' yigc xay dang, t u b6', cong teehb' dlrt>ieh^k daiquiri toft'Jk^itti(Trong k h i do dang c6n! («Hilti'^cdrig3ti<iAhi66!ft[g#ftg'khafc'd rat c i h dlfd^ siia' sang nhii: triidng hoc, tram xa, nha tre thi l$i'b'i *2lb

nhang, , , - - ,

Wgii&if'ndiig'fd&h «hQtig"eadhi<tYghil%h'Qhg = th6'i quengSy

bt 'tiM'^iK) bSftitMirtlhbit4*brig fiatHqi^idri dai Do dac t h u

daiiifcdtHl!' tHJf'dc^Y^>'itnat'^6 giaat)itg'U n&yida>ttitE(i niqt he

qua la ngUdi n o n g d a n c6 t h o i q u e n le me va t u y t i e n ve

m a t t h d i gian, no doi lap vdi tac p h o n g cong nghiep V i

the, lao dong n o n g nghiep r a t k h o k h a n t r o n g viec d i e u

c h i n h de t h i c h i l n g vdi cong viec doi h o i c h i n h xac va

k h o a hoc ve t h d i gian Cong nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa dat

nude t h u c chat la cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa n o n g

nghiep, n o n g t h o n N h a n to' con ngifdi la k h a u t h e n chot

t r o n g c h i e n lifdc p h a t t h e n nay N h K n g tac p h o n g c h a m

chap v o n c6 cua lao dong n o n g nghiep c u n g la m o t trci liic

Idn can s5m dUdc khic phuc "^^^

uiiij iAga w&umA -.miM i m i rfnarfJ m a m oh^i§I

B e n c a n h do, t i n h d u y c a m c u n g c h i p h o i r a t n h i e u

t 6 i n h Q n g q u a n he, l i n g x i i cvia ngUdi n o n g dan T r u y e n

t h o n g t o n t r o n g t i n h cam c6 n h i e u m a t t o t dep T u y

n h i e n , n e u d u y cam m o t each t h a i qua se d i n den t i n h

t r a n g t h u dong, b u o n g x u o i theo k i e u " d i hoa v i quy",

d a n t h U d n g c6 t h a i do t i e u cUc t r o n g viec chap n h a n t h i i c

t a i : c a m c h i u ngheo k h o v6i q u a n n i e m "cdm ba bat, ao

ba m a n h " , coi thUdng k i n h doanh, b u o n b a n Theo dieu

t r a xa h o i cua V i e n X a h o i hoc (thuoc T r u n g t a m K H X H

va N V Quoc gia), t h i da so ngUdi n o n g d a n deu n h a n

70

t h a y b u o n b a n , dich v u l a nghe c6 k h a n a n g l a m g i a u

n h a t , tiep do l a p h a t t r i e n n g a n h nghe t i e u t h u cong nghiep va t h i i ba la c h a n n u o i The n h U n g b a n t h a n ho

vln I l i a chon nghe n o n g l a m n g a n h nghe c h i n h M o t

t r o n g nhQng l y do d&n t 6 i sU chon l i i a nay la do ngiJdi

n o n g d a n k h o n g m u o n t h a y doi each t h i i c l a m a n von r a t quen thuoc, "cha t r u y e n con n o i " cua m i n h , tilc la x u a t

p h a t tijf l y do t i n h cam N g a y ca n h f l n g ho d a n cU m a t h u

n h a p c h u yeu n h d k i n h doanh b u o n b a n hbac l a m nghe

t i e u t h u cong nghiep c i i n g vkn gifl r u o n g de canh tac Ho

q u a n n i e m nghe n o n g l a goc, " d i nong v i b a n " , v i the

k h o n g t h e bo r u o n g de theo d u o i n g a n h nghe khac m o t each t r i e t de diidc

T h o i gia trUdng, s i i b a t b i n h dang n a m nii t r o n g xa

h o i n o n g t h o n v l n tiep tuc t o n t a i No bieu h i e n d nhufng

k h i a c a n h cu t h e n h U : Ty le t r e em gai p h a i n g h i hoc de

p h u g i i i p gia d i n h l a m k i n h te n h i e u h d n t y le tre n a m

Ty le nii m u chfl n h i e u h d n n a m gi6i T r u y e n t h o n g

" t r o n g n a m k h i n h n i i " d&n den t i n h t r a n g s i n h de k h o n g

ke hoach, dac biet d nhiJng gia d i n h chi s i n h con m o t be

la gai N a n bao h a n h , doi x i i t h o bao v6i p h u nii vkn t o n

t a i d nhijfng gia d i n h n a n g t h o i gia trUdng

Cong nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa nong nghiep nong

t h o n CO nghia la qua t r i n h p h i i n h a n mot each bien

c h i i n g xa h o i c6 t r u y e n nong dan - nong t h o n - nong

-XT'

n g h i e p d e t i e n tdi x a h o i h i e n d a i cong n g h i e p hoa, hi $ n

d a i hoa D a y l a inuc t i e u chien: lUdc ciia d a t midc t r o n g

t h d i k y q u a do l e n chu' n g h i a x a h o i Xet.tiK goc 4&ri/iain

hoa, can! p h a i p h u n h a n cac y e u to' feieu c\iG» l a c h a u : va

p h a t h t i y n h i J n g y e i i to' t i c h cUc cmal: v a n hoa doi v6i q u a

t r i n h p h a t t r i e n k i n h te>- x a hoi n o n g t h o n nong n g h i e p

niidc t a y u J f f n i ^ n fiU3 " i o n n o o n'syuiJ udo" , o o u r i t n s u p

wdi fitn ij'j riAb o f [ gxiSQrin BO yes^M mho dnii ob y l Ihdq

iniijn ffinl ofioVl and noud dunob da'rA bdn u 9 v ijdo q c r i r i

9 H QfiJ.dnn'i 'jb i^nom ii'r^ rihv g n £ r o qSidgn gnoo udi ubii

orb I V ,"nr.d iv ^ n o n l b " ,oo§ c l §a6n ed^n m a i n n B u p

' iom 'yiulA ' o r i i i n dnKj?n ioub oedi eh g n o u T 6d 9 d ; t gnoriji

:.:/ ^ i U M j U i ; i i a i j - i u i l i i i i u u - ; - i i b l f i i G i g l o d T

3it&rin 6 rigid u o i d 6V1 I B J n6:t o u i qeiJ nBv ri6xl:t g n o n i o d

-'9b o y d i d g n ieriq i / i g mo 9 i i 51 y T : ' u d n ' g r i i uo d n B O B t r i i l

.fiuui 9 i i '0 fi'^'rf u o i d n 9cf dni:?l mi^l ririib B i g q u i g u r i q

sji-odi n'gyu'fT iCng m B n n b d u ' g i d n l u d o ijm f i n §1 y T

g ( i o d > l 9 b dni;^ g n r r i i d n i J nob neb "isn d n i r i d mBn g n o i J "

9 d :r6m noo dnia i r i o d n i b B i g g n i u r i n 6 i f r d ohb d o B o d '9>1

noi n'v/ u f i i f d q i&v u n d 6di iix f o b ,dmid O B d H B M ( B g B I

T r o n g q u a t r i n h doi m d i , cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i

hoa d a t nUdc, D a n g Cong san V i e t N a m da k h S n g d i n h

v a i t r o to 16n cua v a n hoa: "Van hoa la nen tang tinh

than cua xd hoi, viCa la muc tieu, vita la dong li/c thuc

day sj/ phat trien kinh te - xd hoi " ( N g h i quyet T r u n g

l i d n g n a m k h o a V I I I ) V a n hoa l a n g x a c6 v a i t r o gi t r o n g

sU n g h i e p x a y dvfng d d i song k i n h te - x a h o i n o n g t h o n

t r o n g qua t r i n h cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa, dac biet d

v i i n g dong bSng song H o n g (mot v i i n g v a n hoa l a n g xa

m a n g t i n h t i e u b i e u cho v a n hoa l a n g x a ca niidc) De

p h a t h u y v a i t r o cua v a n hoa l a n g x a v i i n g dong bSng

song H o n g t r o n g sU n g h i e p p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a h o i

c h i i n g t a can t i m h i e u dac t r i f n g , b a n sac cua v a n hoa

l a n g x a d day

I V a n hoa lang va ban sSc van hoa lang viing dong

bang song Hong

1.1 N h i n txi goc do chu the van hoa, ngifoi ta chia

van hoa thanh van hoa ca nhan va van hoa cong dong

Van hoa ca nhan la toan bo von hieu biet, kinh nghiem,

phifdng thijfc ling xxi va cac gia t r i ca nhan tich luy difOc

trong qua t r i n h hoc tap va hoat dong thiic tien cua no

Van hoa cong dong la van hoa chung cua mot nhom xa

hoi v i mo va vi mo da chung song v6i nhau lau dai tren

mot nen canh lich svL chung Van hoa cong dong khong

phai la tong so' van hoa cua cac thanh vien trong nhom

cong lai, ma la tong the song dong cua cac gia t r i , chuan

mac, cac phifdng thiic ling xh difdc cong dong thufa nhan

va chap nhan mot each t\l nguyen

Cong dong la mot tap hdp ngitdi (nhom xa hoi) eo

quan he mat thiet v6i nhau ve vat chat va t i n h than

Cong dong ngifdi dufdc hinh thanh tijf nhieu cap do txi vi

mo den vi mo nhif: gia dinh, ho toe, xom ngo, toe ngUdi,

dan toe, giai cap va nhan loai Lang xa la hinh thiic

cong dong trung gian giiJa cap do v i mo va v i mo

Trong ddi song xa hoi Viet Nam eo truyen, lang xa

CO v i t r i het sijfe dae biet : lang la ddn v i ed ban hinh

thanh quoc gia dan toe Na6c (quoc gia) ehi la tong so, la

ket qua eiia sii lien ket cac lang xa , la "lien lang", "sieu

lang" Lang xa c6 vai tro gin ket: ca nhan gia dinh

-lang xa - To quoc Lang la nhan to' giQ vai tro quyet dinh

d i l n t r i n h lich s\i phat trien cua van hoa dan toe No

luon luon bao ton, giii gin ban sac van hoa dan toe, nuoi diidng siie song triidng ton cua van hoa dan toe

Van hoa lang xa la gi ? Nht( tren da t r i n h bay, van hoa lang xa la van hoa eiia mot cong dong (nhom xa h o i ) difdc goi la lang Theo nha nghien ciiu Hoang Anh Nhan trong cuon sach "Van hoa lang va lang van hoa" t h i : Van

hoa lang c6 the hieu mot each khai quat nhat la ban skc

rieng cua lang, la toan bo cuoe so'ng cua lang v6i nhutng

dae diem mang t i n h truyen thong t\i an, d, di lai, moi hoat dong, each to chiic, nhiJng quy if6c, loi ling x\i,

nhflng phong tue, tap quan, ton giao, t i n ngufdng cho den

ca tam ly cua moi thanh vien trong lang v6i nhiing dae triing rieng eua no

K h i diJa ra quan niem ve van hoa lang khong the khong khang dinh t i n h truyen thong cua no Cho nen, nha nghien cijfu Hoang Anh Nhan da nhan manh:

"Trong noi dung van hoa lang, chung toi rat liiu tam den

tinh chat truyen tho'ng Noi truyen tho'ng h day, khong

nen hieu ddn gian la nhQng cai thuoc ve qua khijf, xa xlia, va do do di den cho cho rSng no t r d nen lac hau, loi thdi, khong con phCi hdp v6i hien tai ma ehinh la

35

nhQng cai da dvfdc thvf thach qua thdi gian, la chuan

muc cai toan the cong dong da l\ia chon, bao Ixiu, giQ gin

va phat trien no Moi s\ van dong bao gid cung tuan theo

quy luat Ma k h i noi den quy luat, tiic la phai c6 sii lap

di lap lai Khong phai xUa kia con ngUdi can phai c6

nhan nghia, phai "ud'ng nUdc nh6 nguon" con bay gid

chung ta khong can nhQng t h i i do nfla N h i i vay, t i n h

truyen thong tiic la nhiJng gia t r i c6 tinh on dinh, nhQng

'cai thuoc quy luat, xifa cung nhii nay, can diidc bao ve va

trach nhiem la phai phat huy no, lam cho no ngay mot

da dang va phong phu tot dep hdn"

Moi quan he giiia van hoa lang va van hoa dan toe

ciang difde ong phan tich mot each thau dao: "Ciing nhuf

van hoa Viet Nam la ban sSc cua Viet Nam (c6 nghia la

ban sic van hoa Viet Nam chinh la ban sSc cua dan toe

Viet Nam), khong the la ban skc cua Trung Quoc, cua A n

Do Song van hoa, nhxi chung ta biet, viifa mang dac

diem chung vvfa mang dac diem rieng V i vay, noi den van

hoa lang khong chi noi den ban skc rieng ma eon noi den

nhiing dac diem chung giiia eac lang, khong chi giiJa lang

v6i lang ciing nghe, ma eon gii3a eac lang c6 nhCng nghe

khac nhau, tham chi giijfa lang v6i nii6c Thiie ra, xet cho

cung, de eo the neu difde nhiing dac diem rieng, khong

the khong biet den nhiing dac diem chung, cang khong

the khong diia tren sii so sanh, doi chieu

Co rat nhieu nha nghien ciiu van hoa Viet Nam,

dua ra nhieu quan niem khac nhau ve ban sac van hoa

Viet Nam va ban sac van hoa lang xa Viet Nam, (chii yeu ho tap trung nghien ciiu van hoa lang xa viing dong

bang song Hong) Bxia tren nhiing ket qua nghien eiiu

cua ho chung ta c6 the khai quat lai thanh mot he thong eac yeu to "doc dao", "dac s^c" nhii sau:

T h i i nhat, ban sac van hoa lang xa vung dong bSng song Hong la van hoa cua vung nong nghiep trong lua

nifdc Do dieu kien t\i nhien sinh thai hoc dong bfing song Hong nkm trong viing Dong Nam chau A, vCing

nhiet d6i gio miia nong am thich hdp v6i viee trong liia nif6c Viet Nam la mot trung tam trong cay lua niidc dau tien cua nhan loai, nhii nhieu nha khoa hoc da ehiing minh Dong bang song Hong la cai noi hinh thanh nen van minh liia nu:6e cua Viet Nam, dieu nay ciing da diidc eac nha nghien ciiu lich sii, khao co, nong hoc va van hoa hoc khang dinh

Thijf hai, ban sac van hoa lang xa vCing dong bang song Hong bieu hien tinh g&n ket (tinh eo' ket) cong dong

sau sac tH trong gia dinh, lang xa den vung, mien va ca

na6c ciia eon ngUdi Viet Nam ^ ^

Do san xuat nong nghiep, ngiidi ta phai dinh c\i de

cham bon, thu hoaeh cay Ma, de cai tao dat dai t i i vu nay qua vu khac, tii nam nay qua nam khae, t i i do hinh thanh

nen cong dong lang xa va svf gin ket cae thanh vien trong

cong dong dap iing yeu cau ciia sii san xuat va ddi song cua cong dong

Sii gSn ket ca nhan vdi gia dinh, gia dinh nhif mot

ddn v i san xuat, moi ca nhan thUc hien mot cong viec

cua nghe nong trong cay lua nu6c, nhieu khau, nhieu

viec nhiing can c6 sU phan cong va sU hdp tac chat che:

"Tren dong can dUdi dong sdu, Chong cay vd cay, con trdu di biia"

(Ca dao) Ti'nh thdi v u trong nong nghiep rat khan trifdng,

doi hoi cac gia dinh phai lien ket lai v6i nhau, moi quan

he gia dinh md rong thanh moi quan he gia toe, ho hang

Ca nhan khong chi gan vdi gia dinh ma con gan vdi ho

toe "xay cha con chu", "xay me bu di" "thiia cua bo vao

ho, tiing thieu nhd den ho" v.v

De chong thien t a i dieh hoa (lu l u t , han han, giae

eudp) cac gia dinh, ho toe trong mot vung lien ket thanh

lang xa:

"NiCdc lut thi lut cd Idng Dap de chohg lut thie'p chdng ciing lo"

(Ca dao)

Co nhieu lang la ddn vi quan cU cua mot ho - tan du

cua che do cong xa t h i toe da ton t a i hang ngan nam

trong lieh sv( (Liiu Xa, D6 Xa, Pham Xa, N g u y i n Xa ) do

vay, quan he gia dinh - dong ho - lang xa trd thanh moi

quan he mat thiet d nong thon Viet Nam - va nong thon

vung dong bang song Hong noi rieng

78

Cac lang xa trudc yeu eau thich iing vdi t u nhien, chong lai svt khac nghiet cua t u nhien: (bao to', ban ban, lut loi ) dac biet la sU khai thac vung dong b i n g song Hong da lien ket lai vdi nhau thanh quoc gia dan toe Nude "la do mo'i quan he giQa cae lang tao nen" "Lang -Nude", "Nude" la "hen lang", la "sieu lang" Nhd do trong mo'i quan he eong dong gia dinh - ho hang - lang xa eo them mot yeu to ni3a la: "Nude" hay "To quoe" Quan he

ca nhan - gia dinh - ho hang - lang xa - To quoc (Nvfdc) la mo'i quan he cd ban mang t m h cong dong cua ngifdi nong dan Viet Nam - chu nhan eua van boa Viet Nam

Do dieu kien lieh s^, niidc ta nam tren nga ba eua con difdng thong thUdng quoc te (B&c xuohg Nam, Dong sang Tay, bien vao lue dia), nSm ben canh mot de quoc hung manh thdi co - trung - dai (Trung Quoc), nSm giiJa hai nen van hda Idn (Hoa - A n ) nam 117 (TCN) den nam 938 (SCN) da chien dau suo't 1117 nam eho'ng lai sii dong hda eua de quoc phifdng Bac (Han - Tuy - Difdng)

Sau k h i gianh quyen doc lap - t\i chu (X - XVHI) ehung

ta phai nhieu Ian chong lai svf xam lifde cua bon de quoc hung ac: Tong, Nguyen - Mong, M i n h , Thanh Thdi can hien dai ehung ta phai chien dau vdi bon de quoc mdi tan bao: Phap, Nhat, My De ton tai dan toe ta phai doan ket, anh dung by sinh, nang eao long yeu nifde, y chi tU cUdng dan toe mdi vvfdt thoat khdi nan dong hda, ach do

ho cua thdi BSc thuoe, M i n h thuoe va Phap thuoc r

79

N h Q n g dieu k i e n t r e n da tao n e n nhufng dac d i e m ,

nhi3ng t i n h chat "doc dao", "dac sic" cua v a n hoa V i e t

N a m T i n h t h a n c6' k e t cong dong, t i n h t h a n yeu nxidc,

t i n h t h a n a n h d i i n g , bat k h u a t trci t h a n h "le song",

"dao l y " cua d a n toe C h u n g t h a n g hoa t r o n g t a m h o n ,

t a m h n h ngUdi n o n g d a n V i e t N a m , t h a n h siic m a n h

t h i e n g h e n g " h o n t h i e n g song n u i " , "con t i e n c h a u rong",

"dong bao cot nhuc" " m a u chay r u o t m e m " D a t nu6c

k h o n g c h i la n d i s i n h song m a t h a n h To Quoc, t h a n h que

hUdng n d i "iSng hon n u i song" Iftng dong mo h o i , x i i d n g

m a u , tinh thUdng va trach nhiem l a m ngUdi cua biet bao

the he C h i i n g h i a yeu nxXdc, t r a c h n h i e m cong dong da

t r d t h a n h c h u a n mxic, gia t r i d a n h gia con n g i i d i : d u n g

-sai, t o t - x a u , n e n - c h a n g t r o n g q u a n he xing xvL ca n h a n

v6i ca n h a n , ca n h a n v6i cong dong

Thijf ba, g^n v6i v a i t r o cua l a n g xa t r o n g ddi song

xa h o i la t m h chat dan c h u va t i n h t\i c h u cua l a n g xa

Cong dong l a n g x a bao l i f u nhQng dac diem cua cong

dong t h i toe t r o n g do c6 t i n h chat d a n c h u cua xa h o i

n g u y e n t h u y va p h a t t r i e n l e n t h a n h t i n h chat d a n c h u

l a n g xa V a i t r o cua ca n h a n t r o n g l a n g xa i t n h i e u difdc

c h u y va c u n g cd do dieu k i e n k i n h te (difdc chia r u p n g

d a t cong) do dieu k i e n xa h o i (nghia v u , dong gop, k i n h

n g h i e m , t u o i tac, dia v i gia d i n h , dong ho) L a n g xa n h i f

nhQng "Nudc cong hoa t U t r i " ( D u me) No t h a y m a t cho

cac "cong d a n cua m i n h " l i e n he v6i N h a nxidc D o n g t h d i

no t h a y m a t cho N h a nifdc de to chiic ddi song cong dong

ve m o i m a t : k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa, xa hoi T i n h txi

c h u cua l a n g xa the h i e n t r o n g v a n hoa l a cac t h e che

"le l a n g " (phep v u a t h u a le lang), la l u a t tuc " h i i d n g ii6c"

cua l a n g , la cac p h o n g tuc, t a p q u a n , cac t h i e t che va

hoat dong v a n hoa r i e n g cua l a n g T i n h tii c h u cua l a n g

xa ve k i n h te la viec no tvf d i n h doat cac p h i i d n g thvic

p h a n chia r u d n g dat, cac n g h i a v u dong gop k i n h te cua

cac t h a n h v i e n cong dong va to chiic san x u a t , dich v u

phuc v u san x u a t cua cong dong (chd que, b u o n b a n , t r a o doi va cac nghe t i e u t h u cong phuc v u san x u a t n o n g

nghiep) N h i n txi goc do v a n hoa t h i n e n k i n h te l a n g xa

m a n g t i n h t o n g hdp, h d n d u n g g i i i a cac n g a n h , nghe san

x u a t n o n g nghiep, dich v u , t h i i d n g nghiep, san x u a t , t h u cong nghiep

TU s\i p h a n t i c h t r e n , c6 the k h a i quat b a n s^c v a n

hoa l a n g xa V i e t N a m , t r o n g do c6 l a n g xa v i i n g dong

b a n g song H o n g l a : m a n g dac diem nong nghiep l u a

nMdc, t i n h t h a n cong dong, t i n h t h a n d a n c h u tvf c h u

l a n g xa gkn k e t v6i t i n h yeu que hifdng, dat nitdc N g d a i

r a CO t h e con cac dac diem khac n h i i : t i n h t h a n sang tao (trong san x u a t , chien dau), t i n h tU chu, hon d u n g v a n hoa, t i n h can cu, t i n h te, H n h hoat t r o n g l i n g xtf v6i tU

n h i e n va xa h o i , l o i song g i a n d i , chat phac

B a n sac v a n hoa l a n g xa V i e t N a m la yeu to cd b a n

cua b a n skc v a n hoa V i e t N a m m a coi r l l a v a n hoa l a n g

xa V i a n g dong hhng song H o n g Hoc gia Dao D u y A n h

t r o n g " V i e t N a m v a n hoa sii cifdng" da c6 l y , k h i ong cho