De tim hieu van hda My tif sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai chiing ta can p h i i quan tam de'n nufdc My hien nay vdi nhiing van de xa hdi, kinh te cua nd, bdi nhutng van de nay la cd
Trang 1VAN HOA - LiCH SU
MOT SO V A N DE TAO IMEN VAN HOA MY
• •
C ho de'n nay, da dufdc 518 nam
ke tuf khi Colombo dat chan
len My (nam 1492), va vufa
trdn 234 nam nufdc My ra ddi (nam
1776) Thdi gian tuy khdng p h i i la dii
so vdi lich suf ciia mdt qud'c gia nhifng
d My da cd mdt suf thay ddi ghe gdm
tren t&'t c i cic mat trong mdt tien
trinh van hda Sau khi "The he mat
mit", "The he bi d i n h bai" va cic
"Phong trao p h i n chie'n" (chd'ng chien
tranh xam lufdc Viet Nam), "Phong
t r i o Hippies", "Cich mang tinh due"
giiia the ky XX la phong t r i o "Giac
md My" ra ddi co vii tang Idp thanh
nien My v i nhiing ngufdi lad ddng
hufdng tdi mdt tufdng lai diy hy vqng
Dd la chufa tinh de'n trufdng hdp nufdc
My ngup lan trong cudc chien tranh
xam lufdc Viet Nam, rdi ca khi "Hdi
chufng Viet Nam" lam cho My p h i i
nhan thufc lai van hda cua minh
Sau nam 1945, Chie'n tranh the
gidi thuf hai ke't thiic, nufdc My tie'p tuc
hoan thien bien gidi qud'c gia cua
minh De'n nay la mdt nufdc My difdc
the hien d Qud'c ky vdi 13 vach ngang
tifdng trufng cho 13 bang khi thanh
lap nifdc My va 50 ngdi sao tifdng
trifng cho 50 bang hien tai, vdi dien
tich 9.692.091 km^ va d i n so 297
trieu ngufdi Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi
thuf hai, nufdc My trd thanh mdt nufdc
cd i n h hufdng nha't tren the gidi khdng
P G S TS Le D i n h Cue
Tap chi KHXH Viet Nam
chi la kinh te, quan suf, khoa hoc ky thuat m i cdn la van hda
De tim hieu van hda My tif sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai chiing ta can p h i i quan tam de'n nufdc My hien nay vdi nhiing van de xa hdi, kinh te cua nd, bdi nhutng van de nay la cd sd, ddng lufc va muc tieu cua van hda My
Cd le van de Idn nha't, tic ddng ldn nha't vao van hda My la hda binh va chien tranh: Chie'n tranh Lanh, ddi dau triic tie'p vdi Lien Xd va phe xa bdi chu nghia; chien tranh Trieu Tien; chie'n tranh Viet Nam; sau chien tranh xam lufdc Viet Nam la chien tranh Iraq, Afghanistan vdi Chu nghia khiing bd' va Bin Laden; va khiing hoang, suy thoii kinh te'(2008)
Trufdc he't, ta de cap de'n nhufng van
de k h i c cd t i c ddng va tao nen van hda My Dd la van de thien nhien va mdi trufdng ca the gidi quan tam nhifng My thi thd d, lan tranh mqi trich nhiem Dac biet Ii thdi gian trifdc ngay 11/9/2001 khi Trung tam Thifdng mai the gidi d New York bi bon khiing bd' tan cdng Nhiing nam cudi the ky XX, bao, lut, Id'c xoiy, tuyet Id da nhieu l i n gay tham hoa cho nufdc My T h i n g 4/2001, Id'c xoiy d Mississippi v i Arkansas da gay ra thiet hai Idn 300 ngdi nha bi p h i buy, gan chuc ngufdi che't T h i n g 9/1999,
cdn bad Floyd do vio Bang Florida
Trang 2lim cho 2 trieu ngufdi d i n My p h i i sd
t i n - cudc sd t i n ldn nha't trong lich
suf nufdc My Nhieu ngufdi da thiet
mang, nhieu nha cufa va cdng trinh
xay dufng da bi p h i hiiy, thiet hai len
de'n 6 ty USD "
La mdt qud'c gia giau cd va rdng ldn
nhifng tai nguyen ciing la van de da
dat ra cho nifdc My Tai nguyen giau
cd nhufng khdng p h i i l i vd tan My da
khai thac rat nhieu nhdm, ddng, chi,
than da Ngay ca kim loai ddng My
tieu thu rat nhieu, khai t h i c vdi quy
md ldn nhufng d c i khu cdng nghiep
ldn la md ddng Bingham Canyon,
Utah van khai t h i c thu cdng
Nifdc My chie'm 5% dan so' the gidi,
nhifng dang suf dung 40% s i n pham
nhien lieu hda thach cua c i the gidi
Cudi the ky XX, nifdc khd kiet, thuy
dien d My khdng cd vai trd quan trqng
ma p h i i diing nang lifdng than da (chi
sau Trung Qud'c) Vdi 1.800 md than
d i difdc khai t h i c va ngay sau khi cic
md than Id thien difdc khai t h i c ngufdi
ta da trdng ngay cay xanh de hdi sinh
thien nhien
Nang lufdng hat nhan ciing dufdc
ngifdi My quan tam Hdn 20% nang
lifdng dien cua My (nam 2005) l i do
cac Id hat nhan lam ra
Ngoii khi dd't va hat nhan, nang
lifdng chii ye'u dufdc suf dung la d i u md
Ciing cd them cic ngudn nang lifdng
t i i sinh k h i c nhif dia nhiet, sdng,
nang lufdng sinh hoc, mat trdi va gid
My l i nufdc cd trii lufdng d i u md
dufng thii 12 tren the gidi, mdi ngay
s i n xua't ra 5,7 trieu thung d i u thd
nhifng ciing chi d i p ufng 43% nhu cau
tieu dung, sd' cdn lai p h i i nhap tuf
nhieu nifdc 26%) lufdng d i u the gidi l i
do My suf dung Do dd, van de nang
lufdng va nha't la dau md da chi phdi
nhieu nhiing chinh sach cua My d
tren the gidi Van de Trung Ddng,
Palestine, Israel, van de Iraq, Iran, van de Pakistan, Afghanistan ciing lien quan de'n dau md
Vi tri dia ly cua nufdc My rdng ldn, van hda cua ngufdi My da tao ra tam
ly di chuyen, lien tuc di chuyen cila thuyet Bien cufdng (Frontier) ciia Tunner an sau vao ngufdi My Do dd, d
td l i phifdng tien giao thdng dufdc Ufa chudng nha't d day Van de nhien lieu, chat thai cua d td dang dat ra cho chinh phu My nhieu van de Ngoai ra, giao thdng va van hda giao thdng d
My ciing la mdt van de quan trqng trong ddi sd'ng van hda My
De de'n Los Angeles, neu tuf thu dd New York phai qua 4000 km Nginh giao thdng van t i i he't siic quan trqng ddi vdi nifdc My Hang nam giao thdng van tai My ddng gdp hdn 300 ty USD va GDP va tao cdng an viec lam cho hang chuc van ngufdi
Nganh giao thdng difdng sat cd lich suf lau ddi, khdng cdn giii vi tri quan trqng nha't nhufng v i n la nganh giao thdng quan trqng T i u hda cao tdc d
My chay vdi td'e do 240km/h vdi mang lufdi dufdng sat rdng k h i p nufdc My, chi rieng hang Union Pacific Railroad da van chuyen toan bd quang sat, than
d i , gd v i hang hda phuc vu cho 23 bang nufdc My
Nufdc My cd hdn 5000 san bay, mdi nam m i y bay My chuyen chd hang chuc trieu lufdt hanh k h i c h b i n g dufdng hang khdng n h a n h va tien ldi hdn nhufng hien nay van de an ninh hang khdng la va'n de khd khan, phufc tap va nguy hiem vi lo sd hi khiing bd' Giao thdng chu ye'u la dufdng bo Mdi nam cd g i n 150 trieu xe d td va
92 trieu xe van tai chay ngang doc nifdc My Cd le My la nufdc cd he thd'ng difdng cao tdc lien bang va lien thanh phd'td't nha't the gidi Suf dung d
td c i nhan qua nhieu lam nay sinh
Trang 3van de d nhiem khdng khi va urn t i c
giao thdng, t i c nghen difdng phd'
Nhieu thanh phd' d My da suf dung he
thd'ng difdng cao td'e tuf ddng hda dufdc
kiem soit bang m i y tinh, cho phep
dieu khien mat do va thdi gian xe
chay tren difdng de t r i n h urn t i c
Vdi viec sii dung qua nhieu d td c i
nhan, nhieu nha may xi nghiep va
p h i t trien cdng nghiep d at cumg vdi
viec ddi sd'ng va mufc sd'ng vao hang
cao nha't the gidi, ngifdi My da suf
dung mdt khdi lifdng chiem 40% nang
lufdng the gidi va ciing thai ra mdt
khdi lifdng khdng Id chat t h i i va r i c
thai lam cho mdi trifdng bi de doa
nghiem trqng Hdn the nuta, chat t h i i
va khi cacbon cua My gdp phan quye't
dinh tao nen hieu ufng nha kinh, khien
nhiet do t r i i da't tang nhanh, bang tan
d Nam Cufc, Bac Cufc, mufc nufdc bien
dang cao de doa nhan chim nhieu khu
vufc luc dia cua t r i i da't Cic loai khi ga
tif nhieu dd thi ldn da x i vao khdng
kbi tao ra nhutng cdn mufa axit, thufc te
nhieu sdng hd d My da va dang bi axit
hda Vumg Appalachian va New Jersey
la mdt VI du
0 nhiem khdng khi trd thanh cap
bich cua tat ci thanh phd tren nifdc My:
Sifdng bui mil trdi xuat hien ngay c i ban
ngay d Los Angeles, Grand Canyon
Nhieu khu vufc dang d i n d i n can
kiet, sinh vat nhieu sdng hd d My da bi
giim vdi sd'lufdng Idn cac loai ci, tdm
De khic phuc hau qua cua d nhiem
mdi trifdng, nam 1983 chinh phii My
da ban hanh hiep ufdc Vinh
Chesapeake n h i m muc dich phuc hdi
ddi sd'ng hoang da cua nhieu vung v i
phuc hdi mdi trifdng hi p h i buy Trong
dd cd viec cam suf dung nhutng chat tay
cd ngudn gd'c tuf phd't-phit v i cam suf
dung phan hda hoc q u i quy dinh
Ngifdi dan My dufdc giao due van de
bao ve mdi trifdng rat chu dio Chifdng
trinh giio due nay dufdc phd cap d he thd'ng giio due tren toan nifdc My, y thufc bio ve mdi trufdng dufdc de cao Cdng dan My cd y thiic va trach nhiem cao trong viec bio ve va bio tdn cho the he tufdng lai nhutng phong cinh dep d cic cdng vien qud'c gia (xua't hien
d My d i u tien tren the gidi)
Ngoai trach nhiem cua Nha nifdc la cic td chufc phi cbinh phu, tap the va
ca nhan tut nguyen Cd nhieu td chifc bao ve mdi trufdng vdi quy md khac nhau: Qudc gia va dia phufdng 0 quy
md dia phufdng, tai Hdi nghi Thufdng dinh Rio 1992 vdi khau hieu "Suy nghi toan cau, hanh ddng dia phifdng"
cd nhieu nhdm td chufc thu gom rac
t h i i , dqn ve sinh dufdng phd', de lam sach mdi trufdng Vi du d Califdrnia cd tdi 6000 nhdm lam nhiem vu trdng nom, thu nhat, quet sach bio ve 9000
km difdng khdi nan r i c t h i i Viec t i i che r i c t h i i ciing difdc chii
y dac biet, thung r i c cd khap mqi ndi, nhieu vumg dan cuf phan loai r i c de
t i i che, suf dung lai
Ciing chinh nhutng viec lam dd tao cho ngufdi My n i n g cao van hda trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi My v i tif dd Ian tda ra nhieu nufdc
De bio ve mdi trufdng, chd'ng khi
t h i i ddc hai, ngifdi My khdng ngin ngai ban che viec suf dung d td ca nhan, vd'n la mdt p h i n ddi sd'ng cua
hq tif nhieu the he Difdng phd va difdng cao td'e d My da trd nen chat chdi vi d td ca nhan qua nhieu, t h i i ra khi ddc hai q u i nhieu Hien tai, d My ngifdi ta da ban che' viec nay bing cich phan loai ludng difdng chd xe chay Cic cen dufdng d td cd mdt lin danh rieng cho xe chd hai ngifdi trd len, de khuye'n khich ngufdi di chung tren mdt xe ddng hdn, ban che xe chd mdt ngifdi Thufc te cho tha'y, lan difdng nay It hi un t i c hdn, di nhanh
Trang 4hdn, sd' xe d td It hdn va giim d nhiem
mdi trufdng
Ngufdi dan My rat chii y de'n mdi
trufdng t r i i da't nhufng chinh phu My
thi v i n thd d Nam 1998 My da ky
Nghi dinh thuf Kyoto va ddng y giim
t h i i lUdng khi gay hieu iing n h i kinh
5% vao nam 2010, nhufng t h i n g
6/2001, Tdng thd'ng Bush riit khdi
Nghi dinh nay vi dng cho rang se i n h
hifdng de'n kinh te My De'n Hdi nghi
Qud'c te d Cdpenhagen (Dan Mach)
nam 2009, chinh phu My van khdng
tich cufc tham gia vdi cdng ddng Qud'c
te trong viec chd'ng bie'n ddi khi hau
toan ciu, ngay ca khi da xay ra vu
khiing bd' ngay 11/9/2001 d Trung tam
thufdng mai The gidi va Lau Nam gdc
My da p h i i keu goi va dufa vio Lien
minh Qud'c te de chd'ng lai bqn khiing
bd' qud'c te khdng chi d nufdc My ma d
khap ndi tren the gidi
Tren ta't c i nhutng van de da neu,
ddi tufdng cbinh tad nen nen van hda
My l i ngufdi My, cdng dan My thdi ky
sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai
Vdi nhieu ddt di dan tii nhieu qud'c
gia de'n My, dan so' nufdc My thufdng
xuyen thay ddi, theo chieu hifdng tang
nhanh D i n sd' My, tinh de'n nam
2004 la 279 trieu ngufdi va la ngudn
t a i nguyen vd gii cua nufdc My Dd l i
ngudn n h i n lufc to ldn xay dufng nifdc
My Theo dieu tra dan sd' nam 2000,
nufdc My cd 75% la ngufdi da t r i n g ,
12% la ngufdi da den, ngufdi My b i n
dia chie'm 1%, ngufdi da v i n g chau A
l i 4%, cic chiing tdc k h i c la 6% Nifdc
My la "Mdt qud'c gia ciia d i n nhap cif"
(Ldi ciia John Kenedy) Ta dufng lai d
dan nhap cuf Mexice se tha'y,-nufdc My
la "Thien difdng" cua ngufdi dan l i n g
gieng Mexicd nen hq tran sang My de
tim cudc sd'ng kha gii sung tiic hdn
Nam 2003, thu nhap GNI cua Mexico
la 6.230 USD thi d My la 37.610 USD
Con sd' t h a t nghiep d My khoang 5% (va cd lifdng tha't nghiep) thi d Mexico
la 40%
Di cif sang My, ngufdi Mexico difdc thue lam cdng nhan ndng nghiep theo miia vu rdi hq d lai dinh cuf va thanh ngifdi My Den nam 2000, cd khoang
21 trieu ngufdi Mexico sd'ng d My, chie'm 8% dan so' nufdc My Dd la chifa
ke hang nam cd de'n 4 trieu ngufdi Mexico vao My bat hdp phap Con sdng bien gidi ciia My va Mexico nam d giuta bang Texas va Mexico la Rio Grande Iiic n i o ciing cd ngifdi Mexico bdi qua
de vao My, tim viec lam, de dufdc cham sdc sufc khde va giio due, hq lam mqi viec nang nhqc va it lufdng hdn ngifdi
My Hq sd'ng d My nhufng van glut ban sac van hda cua hq, hq ndi tie'ng Mexico, tufc la tie'ng Tay Ban Nha Nam 2000, d nhiing bang California va Texas sd' ngufdi ndi tie'ng Tay Ban Nha nhieu hdn ngufdi ndi tie'ng Anh Tuf day ngufdi Mexico Ian tda k h i p cic bang nifdc My, tim cd hdi viec lam, It canh tranh nghe nghiep Hq len ca Alaska
de khai khoang va danh ca, anh hifdng van hda cua hq thay d k h i p cac dufdng phd' My Le hdi, t r a n g phuc, cufa hang thufc pham theo phong each Tay Ban Nha vdi cic dieu miia, lan dan ca Mexico van hang ngay truyen di tren cic lan sdng dien
Dan nhap cuf lam cho van hda My phong phii va da dang hdn, nhieu mau sac hdn la van de quan trqng nha't ciia nifdc My trong lich suf ciing nhuf tif sau Chie'n t r a n h the gidi thuf hai Tuf do nhap cif, chqn Iqc dan nhap cuf nhufng khdng mau t h u i n vdi dieu khoan tuf do cua Hien p h i p My Tif sau nam 1945 de'n nay, cd nhieu ddt dan cuf d at de'n My Ngifdi ta den My vdi nhieu ly do Ly do kie'm sd'ng, ly do chlnh tri, y thufc he va tdn giao Binh thufdng hang nam van cd hang nghin
Trang 5ngufdi k h i p the gidi do ve nufdc My tao
nen suf tang trufdng dan sd' My Nam
1940, dan so My la 131.669.275 ngifdi,
de'n nam 2009 len den g i n
300.000.000 ngudi '• '
Nam
1940
1960
;, 1980
• '' 1990
2009
Dan so' 131.669.275 179.323.175 226.504.825 250.000.000 Gan 300.000.000 Nguon: J McGregor Burns, J.W Peltason
and T.E Coronin "Government by the People"
De tim kie'm cd hdi (sd'ng, giio due,
lam giau ) hang nam cd de'n 18%
dan My chuyen nha va 25% dan My
chuyen de'n cic bang k h i c sinh sd'ng
Vdi b i n tinh nang ddng, giau nghi lufc
v i y chi, hien nay ngifdi My v i n cd xu
hifdng xdng pha vao nhutng khu vufc
cdn xa la
Nufa dau the ky XX, dan sd mien
Tay nufdc My (gdm cic bang
California, Oregon, Washington,
Arizona) da tang len 500% Tuf nam
1980 de'n 1985, dan sd' My tang 12
trieu ngufdi, thi cac bang vung Sunbelt
tang 90% ciia con sd'nay
Ty le tang dan sd' k h i ldn d bang
Alaska - ndi thdi tie't k h i c nghiet
bang gia quanh nam la 29,7%,
Arizona (17,2%), Nevada (16,9%),
Texas (15%), Utah (12,6%), Colorado
(11,8%) Nhieu bang k h i c bi giam vdi
sd lifdng ldn, nhuf Michigan, Ohid,
Iowa, Pennsylvania, Virgina
Sii linh ddng dd ve dan so', keo theo
nhieu sii thay ddi ve van hda va xa
hdi nufdc My
Chiing ta thuf tap trung nghien cufu
ve chiing tdc - ngufdi^ da den hoac
ngifdi da m i u d My de tha'y suf thay
ddi de'n ngac nhien Ngifdi da den
chie'm 12% dan sd' My Nhutng the he trifdc ciia hq tren da't My la nhiing ngufdi nd le, bi mua tif chau Phi ve tuf the ky XVII Hq bi ddi xuf tan te, bi bdc lot va khdng difdc cif xii nhif vdi
con ngifdi Hq bi mua, b i n nhU do vat,
nhuf siic vat "Tiip leu cua Bac Tdm" cua H.B Stove, "Ngufdi yeu da'u" cua Toni Morison, thd ciia Langston Hugher la nhutng bang chufng cho sd' phan bi t h i m ciia ngifdi nd le Che' do chie'm hutu nd le d c i thdi hien dai tif the ky XIX de'n giuta the ky XX, n h i m khdng cho ngifdi da den cd cd hdi tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri va xa hdi d My Hq cuf la nd le sudt tif the he nay sang the he khic, dii tifdng t h i n Nut than Tuf do d New York cuf gid cad ngqn dude chdi Iqi tuf do s i t ngay bd Dai Tay Dufdng
The nhufng sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai, vi tri va vai trd ciia ngufdi
da den da khic, rat khic, de'n bat ngd
v i la liing, v i ciing chi cd the xiy ra d nufdc My
Cudc dau tranh giinh quyen sd'ng
va tuf do cua ngufdi da den da keo dai
200 nam nay nhuf tudi ciia nifdc My nhifng chufa bao gid hq cd cd hdi dat dufdc Cii md'c 1980, nam d i u tien d
My cd nhieu ngufdi dufdc bau vad cic vi tri trong bd m i y chinh quyen My va tif dd tang dan
De'n nam 1991, da cd 7445 ngifdi da den giii vai trd k h i c nhau trong bd miy nha nufdc My Trufdc dd nam 1970
cd 1474 ngufdi, 1980 cd 4963 ngifdi, nam 1984 cd 6056 ngufdi Rd rang cang ve sau vi tri va vai trd cua ngifdi
da den d My cang difdc k h i n g dinh Trong cudc chay dua vao ghe cic thdng dd'c bang t h i n g 11/1989, l i n dau tien trong lich suf cd mdt ngifdi da den triing cuf Dd I i Douglas Wilden, vd'n cd ngudn gd'c la nd le da den da trd thanh Thd'ng dd'c bang Virginia
Trang 6De'n nam 1992 trong ky hop Qud'c hdi
lan thuf 103 da cd 38 ha nghi si la
ngifdi da den Ba Carol Mosoley
Brown la ngifdi phu nut da den d i u
tien trd thanh thufdng nghi si Dd l i
chufa ke den ra't nhieu thi trufdng
t h i n h phd' l i ngufdi da den Thi trifdng
da den d i u tien l i dng David Dinkins
da d i n h bai nghi si Ed Koch, ngifdi
ciia d i n g Dan chu de trd t h i n h thi
trifdng New York nam 1989 difdc cdi
nbq sii kien lich sii liic dd
Nhifng, ddi sd'ng nifdc My cdn cho
tha'y nhiing nhan vat lich suf ngifdi da
den (va da mau) xuat hien ngay cang
nhieu Nhutng Theodore Dreiser (Nha
van), Richard Wright (Nha van),
Langston Hugher ( N h i thd), Du
Boire, Luther King ( N h i cbinh tri,
boat ddng tdn giio), Toni Morison
(Nha van), Michael Jackson (Vua
nhac Pop) de'n cac chlnh k h i c h nhif C
Rice (Ngoai trufdng), Powel (Bd trufdng
Qud'c phdng)
Va ngiy 20/1/2009, Barack Hussein
Obama, mdt ngufdi da mau, sinh ngay
4 t h i n g 8 nam 1961 tai Honolulu, da
trd thanh Tong thd'ng thuf 44 cua Hdp
chiing qud'c Hoa Ky Ong ddng dac doc
Dien van nham chiic vao ngay
21/1/2009: "Tinh tdi thdi diem hien
tai, 44 ngifdi My da dqc ldi tuyen the
nham chufc Cic ldi le da difdc xadng
len trong nhiing ddt thuy trieu dang
trao cua sut thinh vufdng v i mat nufdc
tinh lang hao binh Tuy nhien, thufdng
thi ldi tuyen the nham chiic dufdc thufc
hien trong Iiic nhiing d i m may q u i n
tu va cac cdn bao dien cudng Vao
nhiing giay phiit nay, nufdc My dang
tie'n bufdc khdng chi bdi vi ki nang va
t i m nhin cua nhufng ngufdi c i m quyen
cad nha't ma vi chiing ta, ngufdi dan,
v i n trung thanh vdi cac tuf tufdng cua
cic bac tien bdi va tdn trqng cic van
b i n da ban h i n h cua chiing ta
Mqi viec da diin ra nhuf vay Va chiing se phai nhuf vay trong the he nay cua ngufdi dan My
Chiing ta van la mdt dat nifdc non tre, nhufng theo Kinh thanh, thdi gian
da tdi de loai bd nhutng thuf ngay ngd Thdi gian da tdi de tai xac nhan mdt
l i n nuta tinh t h i n n h a n nai cua chiing ta; de lufa chqn cho chiing ta lich suf td't dep hdn; chuyen giao mdn qua quy gii dd, y tufdng d i n g k h i m phuc dd, vd'n dufdc truyen lai tif the he n i y sang the he k h i c : Ldi cam ket ciia Chiia rang t a t ca deu binh dang, tat
ca deu tuf do va ta't ca deu xufng ding
cd cd hdi dufdc thee dudi tieu chuan toan dien cua hq ve h a n h phiic"
Nhin lai nhutng nam tuf sau Chien tranh the gidi thuf hai de'n nay, qua thdi gian cua Chie'n t r a n h Lanh, 10 nam d i u the ky XXI d i y bie'n ddng ngufdi da mau d My da tao nen mdt bufc tranh van hda dac s i c cua hq Trufdc suf phan biet va ddi xii chiing tdc do lich suf de lai, bang mqi cich ngan chan va han che quyen tham gia
xa hdi ciia ngufdi da mau, nam 1965 Dad luat ve quyen b i u cuf ra ddi da tao dieu kien cho hang trieu ngufdi da den tham gia bau cuf va tao dieu kien viec tranh cuf Tdng thd'ng Quyen ldi chinh tri ciia ngufdi da den dufdc bao dim Sd' lufdng cic nha quan ly, nghe si, chuyen gia ky thuat va tri thufc da den da tang len 52% Thu nhap thufc te ciia ngufdi
da den tang len dang ke Ke't thiic the
ky XX, khi Chie'n t r a n h Lanh ke't thiic, thu nhap cua ngifdi da den trung lifu d
My da len den 35.000 USD/nam, tuy van cdn tdn tai te n a n nghien hiit ma tiiy, that nghiep, bao lufc, vi pham
p h i p luat, nan nhan AIDS p h i n ldn tap trung vao 1/4 dan so' da den d cic gia dinh song d ngoai d cac thanh phd' Cumg vdi ngifdi da den, cac nhdm ngufdi thieu so' khac d My ciing cd
Trang 7nhutng thay ddi dang ke trong vdng 60
nam qua Vdi hdn 3 trieu ngifdi
Hispanic (ngifdi My gd'c Mexico, Cuba,
Puerto Rico va Dominica), khoing
42% trong sd' nay la nhap cuf khdng
hdp p h i p nhifng la liic lufdng lad ddng
ding ke d My Tudi trung binh chi la
23, hq chie'm tdi 12%) tdng so' dan cif
My De lufc lufdng dan cuf nay cd dieu
kien tham gia vao ddi sd'ng xa hdi My,
luat va quyen bau cuf My cho phep sii
dung phie'u b i u khdng chi bang tieng
Anh ma bang nhieu thif tieng khac
Cd ndi suf dung den b i y thuf ngdn ngii
khic nhau tren phieu b i u cii Nhd
vay, nam 1993 da cd 4.000 ngifdi
Hispanic dufdc bau vao cic vi tri khic
nhau trong bd m i y cbinh quyen nha
nifdc va cd 19 ngufdi la nghi si qud'c hdi
khda 103
Ve mat khdng gian sinh sd'ng ciia
ngifdi My tuf sau Chie'n tranh the gidi
thif hai van tie'p tuc suf van ddng va
thay ddi theo da cua nd nhif lich suf
hdn 200 nam ciia nufdc My
Nhutng nam d i u the ky XXI sii
thay ddi ve cd ca'u dan cuf la suf di
chuyen tif khu viic ndng thdn de'n
thanh phd' v i thanh thi hda ndng
thdn Cic trung tam dd thi d nufdc My
nhanh chdng md rdng pham vi va dan
cif chuyen d i n tif trung tam ra vimg
ngoai d sinh sd'ng
Ne'u d i u the ky XX (nam 1900) dan
cif d ndng thdn My chie'm 60% va
thanh thi chie'm 40%, tbi cudi the' ky
XX (nam 1980) cd de'n 75% dan cif
sd'ng d thanh thi va 25% sd'ng d ndng
thdn Ndng thdn da difdc thanh thi
hda, khdng cdn ndng d i n nuta m i la
cdng nhan ndng nghiep Dd thi nufdc
My nhutng nam g i n day chii y p h i t
trien nhanh chdng d mien Nam va
mien Tay, dd la chufa ke nhutng dd thi
sieu dai (megalepohs) nhuf khu vufc dd
thi khdng id tuf Boston xud'ng
Washington DC (tufc la khu Boswash) gdm 5 thanh phd' ldn ndi lien nhau la Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore va Washington DC
Trong suf van ddng v i thay ddi cd ca'u khdng gian sinh sd'ng cua dan cuf
My ta tha'y suf dd thi hda d My la dang kinh ngac Trifdng hdp thanh phd' Los Angeles l i mdt vi du, khdi d i u la mdt viing ndng thdn, dan cuf ndng nghiep
p h i n ldn, cac c i n h ddng trang trai ngiit ngan la chanh, cam, bifdi va cac rau q u i The ky XX vdi sii phat trien cua cdng nghiep va dich vu, Los Angeles cd ngudn thu nhap rat ldn tif cdng nghiep d i u lufa va vii tru, cimg vdi cdng nghiep giii tri, nha't la dien
i n h , ngifdi khap ndi dd ve Va dan sd'
la 3.789.981 ngifdi'"
"Thanh phd' cd bac" Las Vegas ciing
la thanh phd' thay ddi ghe gdm vao nam 1990 t h e k y trifdc, thanh phd'nay mdi cd 285.000 ngifdi, 10 nam sau dan sd'da len de'n 517.000 ngifdi
Nhieu nha nghien cufu van hda My
da de cap den tinh nang ddng cua van hda My Tinh nang ddng la mdt trong nhiing dac diem ndi trdi cua van hda
My ben canh chu nghia ca n h i n la cdt ldi va chu nghia thufc dung la dien hinh cua van hda My Hqn bao gid he't, nufa cudi the ky XX nufdc My nhif
ta da bie't cung vdi suf van ddng va thay ddi ldn lao, he't sufc nhanh chdng cua the gidi tren ta't c i cac mat cua ddi sd'ng chinh tri, van hda, kinh te, khoa hqc ky thuat va xa hdi ciia the gidi Van hda My vdi tinh nang ddng
da tao dieu kien dufa nufdc My nhanh chdng thich nghi, p h i t trien de giQ vutng vai trd la mdt qud'c gia dufng d i u the gidi
Tien trinh van hda My cho thay, suf
ra ddi cua dan tdc My va nxidc My la
mdt p h i n ufng vdi i p bufc bdc lot cua cifdng quyen v i bao liic tif chau Au
Trang 8gia cdi, tif phong kie'n quy tdc ldi thdi,
tuf tdn giio k b i t khe, khd cufng thdi
Trung cd ciia chau Au Suf p h i n k h i n g
cua nhutng the he tie'p thee, xa lia que
hufdng ban q u i n di tim da't mdi cua
nhiing ngufdi giau nghi lufc, giiu quye't
t i m va cd chiit phieu lufu, mao hiem
da bun diic ren luyen va tao nen tinh
cich nang ddng cua ngufdi My, lao vao
cudc sd'ng mdi d ndi mdi, each xa mqi
rang budc va cdi re ciia cic quan he
truyen thd'ng c i trong thdi gian va
khdng gian, mdi c i nhan p h i i tuf minh
khang dinh minh, p h i i ddc lap va tuf
lam nen Dac tinh nang ddng ciia dan
tdc My la mdt tdng the cua mdi c i
nhan tif mqi phifdng trdi tap hdp lai
vdi nhau, vifa diia vao nhau, chum
vao nhau mdi tdn tai dufdc d ndi xa la
nhifng lai phai canh tranh vdi nhau
mdi vufdn len dufdc Rd rang, dan tdc
My la ke't qua cua suf chay trd'n lich
sii, chay trd'n chau Au va sau nay la
nhieu ngufdi chay trd'n khdi ngheo ddi,
xung dot xa hdi, tdn giio, y thufc he,
chinh tri Viec hufdng tdi tifdng lai
b i n g nghe thuat linh boat, de thich
nghi va ludn ludn thay ddi theo yeu
ciu van ddng k h i c h quan cua chu
nghia thufc diing da dufa nufdc My ludn
trong tuf the vufdn len
Xet ve lich suf, de de'n nam 1776
nufdc My ddc lap thi trifdc dd khi
nhiing ngufdi chau Au d i u tien de'n
sinh cd lap nghiep d m i n h da't nay
van l i nhutng nhdm ngufdi tif nhieu
qud'c gia k h i c nhau nhufng cd mdt
diem chung la kie'm sd'ng tren mdt
m i n h da't chifa khai p h i , cdn hoang
sd De'n nam 1776, tiic sau ba the ky
ke tif khi Colombo dat chan de'n chau
My (nam 1492), ngufdi My mdi thoat ly
khdi suf bio trd, trong dd la bao trd
van hda ciia chau Au va ldn nha't la suf
bio trd cua ngifdi Anh Ngifdi nhap cU
de'n nufdc My tuyet dai da sd' la b i t
budc, la trd'n chay khdi que hufdng cho nen chang may ai quyen luyen q u i khuf v i lich suf ngan ddi cua que cha da't td Hq phai ddi mat vdi gian khd,
t h i c h thufc cua mien da't mdi hoang sd,
hq khdng cd thdi gian de nhd ve q u i khuf ma hq da trd'n chay Do dd, hq hi
b i t budc chap nhan hien tai va nghi de'n tufdng lai Vdi chu nghia thufc dung
hq ciing chi can tufdng lai gin Bdi ndi cho cumg, tufdng lai la cai gi mdng lung huf i o khdng phai la thufc te thi nghi tdi nd lam gi Chinh vi vay, ciing rat cd
ly khi cd ngufdi cho r i n g "Nifdc My bifdc tif nguyen thuy thang de'n hien dai khdng qua van minh " Lich suf lam gi cd d nufdc My Tien suf, sd suf vdi nhutng dd d i , do ddng, dd sat dan tdc
My lam gi cd Thdi Trung Co, Phuc Hifng la cua cic nufdc khic Ngufdi My
cd thdi bao tap v i each mang nhufng chi la mat van hda ciia the ky XVII chif dau p h i i la lich suf Vi vay, hq khdng cd dieu gi de ma quan tam de'n lich suf Hq chi cd hien tai va ao at tie'n len b i n g suf nang ddng ciia dan tdc va tufng c i the tao nen
Chinh vi dac diem dan tdc la suf pha trdn, lai ghep giuta cic ddng m i u
k h i c nhau, que hufdng khac nhau nen huyet thd'ng cua ngifdi My la hdn hdp Cdn cai bie't va gan bd vdi cha me nhifng vdi dng ba thi Idng leo va vdi cu
ki thi da xa xdi lam Va t h a m chi lam
gi bie't cac cu ddi thuf tuf trd ve trufdc la
ai, ngifdi d xuf nao khi me l i ngufdi My bang Kansas cha la ngufdi Kenya chau Phi lai sinh ra d Hawai, tudi thd qua tan ben Indonesia (chau A) nhif Tdng thd'ng Obama Hq hang t h a n thie't ciing khdng cd, khdng bie't la ai Vay thi lam gi cd qua khuf, cd que hifdng,
cd que cha da't td ma nhd Moi lien he mau mu, ddng tdc la Idng leo de'n mufc khdng cdn de rang budc niu glut Hoan canh ay dat ra cho ngufdi My la tuf b i n
Trang 9than c i nhan p h i i tdn tai ddc lap,
p h i i vifdn tdi mdi tdn tai dufdc Ngudn
gd'c xua't than la sang hay la hen
khdng quan trqng, quy tdc hay nd le la
cila chau Au, con vua, con quan la ciia
cac qud'c gia phong kie'n, de "con vua
thi lai lam vua, con sai d chua thi
quet l i da" Khdng ai quan tam de'n
Sir hay De, de'n cdng, h i u , b i , tii, nam
hay dng hoang ba chiia ma chi quan
tam den suf thanh dat cua b i n than
minh Vdi van hda My, mdi c i nhan
ngufdi My, nhif nha van Mark Twain
viet "Khdng ai quan tam den ngudn
gd'c xua't than cua anh ma chi quan
tam de'n anh cd bao nhieu tien"
Ngufdi My chi cd the trd nen t h i n h
dat b i n g viec tuf minh vufdn len nhuf
Ford, Carnegie, Mark Twain,
Theodore Dreiser (Nha van), Reagan,
Barack Obama, Buffet, Bill Gate,
Rockefeller v i ai ciing tin minh lam
difdc vi cd nhieu cd hdi
Nhuf ta tha'y, nufdc My, ngufdi My
khdng cd lich suf lai dufdc dat ngay vao
the gidi hien dai, the gidi thay ddi
chdng miat, the gidi ciia khoa hqc va
cdng nghe, cua kinh te tri thufc va
toan c i u hda
De d i p ufng tam ly hang hut ay
ngifdi My ciing cd liic, cd ngufdi mud'n
td ra cd day du mqi thuf cua van hda
nen cd' tao ra lich sii nhufng hq da that
bai, tuf dd hq quye't tam vufdn tdi tufdng
lai Vi vay, de ndi de'n tifdng lai, sich
bio, phim anh vien tifdng la s i n
pham chu ye'u tuf My Nhutng "King
Kong", "Chie'n tranh giufa cac vi sao",
"Ngufdi ddi", "Cdng vien Ky Zura",
"Cufdp bien vimg Caribbean" va mdi
nha't la "Avatar" la nhutng tac pham
dien anh ndi tieng, an k h i c h va doat
nhieu giai Oscar
Va ngufdi My tuf do hanh ddng, ngay
trong tam ly va tinh cam, khdng cd gi
niu keo, glut hq difdc Ngay ca nghe
nghiep de kie'm sd'ng, ai thich gi lam nay, khdng cd nghe sang hen Mdt ngufdi cd the lam rat nhieu nghe khac nhau Thay thud'c, viet van, luat sif, chan nudi, l i m vufdn trong mdt c i nhan deu dufdc, mien la lam td't cdng viec cua minh de nhan ddng tien xufng ding Chinh ngifdi gia dinh John Kenedy da tuyen bd' "Neu lam nghe mdc cdng thi gia dinh Kenedy ciing la nhutng ngifdi mdc cd'ng td't nha't nifdc My" Nhieu dien vien, ca si (xufdng ca
vd loai) da trd thanh tdng thd'ng, thd'ng dd'c bang d My Edison, nha khoa hqc nhufng ciing biet nhieu nghe Emerson, nha triet hqc, nha budn cd tai, kinh doanh sich bao Hemingway vufa la nha van, nha bio, van ddng vien the thao Harry Truman, Tdng thd'ng thuf 33 cua My ciing da tufng la nhan vien b i n hang, cdng chufc ngan hang, thd ciy, di linh rdi trd thanh sy quan, lam nhac cdng va tham phin Ciing bdi ngifdi My de'n viing da't nay vdi hai ban tay trang Ta't c i bat
d i u tuf b i t diu, p h i i dap ufng nhu cau cudc sd'ng b i n g tuf cung tuf cap Thie'u
gi phai tuf nghi ra va lam lay D i n d i n
ve sau mdi cd suf phan cdng va chuyen mdn hda (ngay cang sau) Do dd, ngufdi My cd y thufc tuf lufc, tut minh lam mqi viec khi tie'n ve phia Tay khai p h i lanh thd Thd san, thd xe (lam nha m i d), ndng dan trdng trqt, chan nudi, l i i may kee deu tii mdt ngifdi lam Va hq da truyen cho the he
ke tie'p k h i nang nay K h i nang van ddng va thich nghi trong mqi hoan cinh Chinh nhutng dac tinh dd quy dinh, ngay c i thdi dufdng dai, cd It ngufdi c i ddi chi lam mdt nghe du chuyen mdn hda ddi hdi nang lufc cao,
s i n xuat day chuyen ddi hdi ky nang cao Nhufng, Taylor - nha ly luan ve
q u i n ly cho bie't, mdi mdt ngifdi My, it nha't 3 l i n chuyen dd'i nghe nghiep
Trang 10trong ddi Cd ngifdi chuyen nghe de'n
9-10 lin Chd d thi p h i n trufdc ta da
ndi, ngay ca nhiing ngifdi cd chuyen
mdn, nghe nghiep dn dinh, d thanh
phd' ldn thi ciing cd den 25% chuyen
ndi d, hang nam cd hang chuc trieu
cdng dan My di ra nifdc ngoai Khdng
p h i i the ky trifdc ma ngay b i y gid cii
d td t i i cd rd-mooc van la ndi trii ngu
quen thudc cua cic gia dinh My O td
tai cd rd-mooc de di chuyen khap ndi
tren da't nufdc bao la vdi mang dufdng
bd cao tdc hoan hao nha't the gidi
Dufdng mdt chieu, khdng cd chd re cat
ngang, khdng cd nga ba, nga tuf, nga
nam de re ma chi cd vdng khuyen
chdng cheo de t r a n h nhau la s i n
pham ciia ngufdi My Difdng s i t xuyen
luc dia, van tdc 240 km/h la s i n pham
ciia ngufdi My
Hinh i n h ngdi n h i di ddng - Nhutng
chie'c d td tai chiia c i gia dinh di dqc
ngang nifdc My tuf lau da la hinh anh
quen thudc va rat dep trong phim anh
va van hqc My Chum nho uat ban
ciia John Steinbeck (Giai thufdng
Nobel van hqc 1962) la mdt trong sd'
dd Nufdc My rdng menh mdng, nhutng
nam sau Chie'n t r a n h the gidi thuf hai
ket thiic, khdng gian cua ngifdi My
cang rdng hdn bao gid bet Ngifdi My
cd mat rat ddng d ta't c i mqi ndi tren
the gidi Khdng chi lam cdng t i c ngoai
giao, budn b i n ma hang chuc, hang
tram nghin ngufdi My cd mat d cac dia
diem ddng quan ciia My va cic can cii
quan sii cua My Cd nhutng thdi diem
nhuf chie'n tranh Trieu Tien
(1950-1953) hay chie'n t r a n h xam lufdc Viet
Nam liic cao diem (1966-1973) da cd
c i trieu ngufdi My d chau A
Sau suf kien 11/9/2001, ngudi My cd
mat d Iraq va Afghanistan len de'n
30-40 van ngifdi, dd la chufa ke de'n cic
tau s i n bay, tau chie'n r i i rac k h i p
cac dai dufdng Ngifdi My di chuyen
lien tuc, k h i p ndi tuf ca n h a n de'n cdng ddng tao nen tinh linh hoat lien tuc trong ddi sd'ng Tinh van ddng khdng chi the hien d khdng gian sinh sd'ng,
di chuyen ndi d, ndi cdng t i e , nghe nghiep ma ngay ca d tuf the ngdi, dufng, an, ngu ciia mdi c i nhan Dd an nhanh, do ud'ng ddng hop la dap ufng nhu c i u vufa an udng, viia lam viec, vufa di, c i khi ngii ngufdi My ciing van ddng Ghe xich du, giifdng ga'p la san pham cua ngufdi My Ipod, Iphone, MP3, Walkman - m i y nghe nhac du kieu ciing do ngufdi My nghi ra Vufa
di, vifa an, vufa nghe nhac c i liic ngii van lac luf tren dem bdm khi va bat dau tuf linh hoat dia ly, tinh linh boat,
cd ddng tham sau vao cd che chinh tri
va boat ddng xa hdi Ngufdi My dat muc tieu hoat ddng cua minh trong tinh than ciia chu nghia thufc dung va ludn ludn la'y thiic te de kiem nghiem
Hq linh boat va ngay lap tufc dieu chinh cho phii hdp vdi suf van ddng
k h i c h quan tuy theo tufng thdi diem
v i hoan canh cu the
Nen tang boat ddng xa hdi ciia mdt da't nifdc la Hien p h i p Nhufng ca van kien nay ciing dufdc bd sung va sufa ddi cho phu hdp "Hien p h i p Hdp chiing qud'c Hoa Ky" Dieu V ghi rd: "Qud'c hdi, trong trufdng hdp khi hai p h i n ba sd' t h a n h vien ciia ca hai vien cho la
c i n thie't se de nghi cac tu chinh an cho ban Hien phap nay, hoac theo ldi yeu c i u cua cic cd quan lap phap cua hai p h i n ba cac tieu bang, se trieu tap mdt hdi nghi cac tu cbinh i n dd Trong trufdng hdp n i d ciing vay, cac tu chinh an dd se cd hieu lufc ve mqi phifdng dien, nhuf la mdt p h i n ciia Hien p h i p nay "
Va thufc te tuf khi ra ddi de'n ngay 15/12/1791, Hien phap Hoa Ky da dufdc sufa ddi de'n 10 l i n Tuf ngay 7/2/1795 de'n ngay 7/5/1992, da thay