Cau chuyen ve tdi ac chi ed the thUc sU dUde tai hien thdng qua cau chuyen thfl hai - cau chuyen ve "dieu tra tdi ac", day la mdt cau chuyen thflc sfl hien dien, nhflng nd lai la cau chu
Trang 1VAN HOA - LiCH SU
Dec TRtfNQ TRUYEN
TRINH THfiM HQU HIEN D^l TRONG
TIEU THUYET TIN TdfC VE MOT VCI BfiT COC
Cdfi QfiBRIEL GfiRCIfi MfiRQaEZ
H \:
"Noi cho cung, cdu hoi cua triet hoc
(ciing nhlt cua phdn tdm hoc) cdng
gidng nhlt cdu hoi cua truyen trinh
thdm: ai Id ke co tgi'? vd mgt sit dieu
tra sit that phdi ehdng thitc Id: Nhitng
ke CO tgi Id chung ta" (Umberto Eco)
1 Sfl v a n d o n g ciia truyen
trinh t h a m tfl h i e n dai d e n hau
hien dai
Truyen trinh tham ra ddi vad
khoang gifla the ky XIX, tfl nhflng
tien than la truyen phieu lflu, truyen
truyen ky Cd the lay diem md'e 1841
lam nam ghi nhan eho sfl ra ddi cua
truyen trinh tham hien dai, day ehinh
la nam Edgar Poe - ngfldi dfldc gidi ly
luan danh gia da ed cdng khai sinh ra
truyen trinh tham hien dai, viet tac
pham trinh tham d i u tien eiia minh
vdi tfla de Vu giet ngitdi d pho'Morgue
(The murders in the rue Morgue)
Theo Todorov trong Logi hinh cda
tieu thuyet trinh thdm [6,7], truyen
trinh tham hien dai chu yeu phat
trien qua ba hinh thflc ed ban
Thd nhdt, "tieu thuyet an ngfl", day
la loai tieu thuyet trinh tham mang
tinh chat "nhi nguyen" vdi bai eau
chuyen song hanh Mdt cau chuyen
thflc sii da dien ra, dd la eau chuyen
Phan Tua'n Anh
Dai hgc Hue
ve "tdi ac", nhUng day la mot cau chuyen "khiem dien", bdi nd da dUde ket thuc ngay khi tae pham b i t diu Cau chuyen ve tdi ac chi ed the thUc
sU dUde tai hien thdng qua cau chuyen thfl hai - cau chuyen ve "dieu tra tdi ac", day la mdt cau chuyen thflc sfl hien dien, nhflng nd lai la cau chuyen mang tinh chat "he qua", khdng thflc sfl tdn tai ma ddng vai trd kep, vfla dien ngdn cho chinh nd, vfla
t r i n t h u a t lai eau chuyen thfl nhat
(cau chuyen ve tdi ac) s:; i '>
Thd hai, "tieu thuyet den", day la
mdt loai truyen trinh tham vdi ket cau
"nhat nguyen" Thdng qua viee ehu trong va de cao cau chuyen thfl hai (cau chuyen ve dieu tra tdi ac), lue nay, tdi ac va dieu tra tdi ac dfldng nhfl xay ra song hanh nhau chfl khdng can
ke tue ve mat thdi gian nhfl loai "tieu thuyet an ngfl" Thdi gian t r i n thuat cua tieu thuyet den ludn la thi hien tai, va nhiem vu chu yeu eua ngUdi
t r i n thuat la mieu ta hanh ddng, hdn
la ke phan tich ddng ed
Tha ba, "tieu thuyet phan van hdi
hop", ve ed ban day la sU ket hdp ea hai loai di trUde, vfla gifl lai ket ca'u
"nhi nguyen truyen ke" nhfl tieu thuyet an ngfl, mat khac lai de cao
Trang 2t r u y e n thfl h a i ( t r u y e n ve dieu t r a tdi
ac), dfla nd len h a n g t r u n g t a m t r o n g
cau true t r u y e n ke Sfl v a n ddng cua
ca hai cau c h u y e n e u n g dfldc lien tuc
thuc day n h a u t i e n ve phia trfldc, ca
hai cau chuyen vfla la n g u y e n n h a n ,
vfla la h a u q u a cua n h a u t r o n g qua
t r i n h v a n ddng
Truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u h i e n dai
dfldc r a ddi vao nhflng t h a p nien cudi
cflng cua t h e ky XX cho de'n d a u t h e
ky XXI, vdi mdt loat nhflng cay b u t
dang luu y nhU Stef Penney, D a n
Brow, U m b e r t o Eco, F r e d V a r g a s , L
Castellani, R Walsch, A Bioy
Casares, Carpentier, m a dac biet la
Louis Borges va P a u l A u s t e r Ve cd
ban, t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai
la mdt t h e t a i n i m c h u n g t r o n g t r a o
lUu van hoc h a u h i e n dai d a n g ngay
mdt phd bien va trd t h a n h k h d n g gian
va k h a t i n h cua n e n v a n hda dUdng
dai Mdt sd dac diem chinh yeu ciia
truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai ed t h e
ke de'n nbU:
- Tdi ac ldn n h a t va ke p h a m tdi ldn
n h a t trong nhUng cau chuyen t r i n h
t h a m h a u h i e n dai k h d n g p h a i la mdt
h u n g thii eu t h e (mdt ea n h a n bay
mdt b a n g nhdm), m a t h u d n g la mdt
khai niem, mdt v a n de ciia xa hdi, mot
quan niem ve tdn t a i va n h a n sinh,
ma thdng thUdng vao cud'i cau chuyen,
ke t h u ac lai c h i n h la "chung ta" - ca
tac gia va b a n doc Hoae theo d u n g vdi
n h a n dinh eua S t e p h e n Schiff: "Chang
may chd'e, ddc gia se dfldc t h a vao
nhflng do cao ehdng m a t cua gia tfldng
sieu hinh, ndi cau hdi "Ai la t h u
pham?" da bien t h a n h "Ai d a n g hdi
the?" va "Rd't cudc t h i cau hdi ai la t h u
p h a m cd n g h i a la gi?" [1, bia 4]
- Nguyen n h a n va ddng ed didn r a
tqi ac k h d n g ddn t h u a n la sfl chiem
doat tai s i n h a y t r a thfl ca n h a n bdi
nhflng thdi t h u e ve t i e n bac h a y ai
t i n h n h u t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m hien dai,
ma x u a t p h a t tfl nhflng nguyen n h a n ndi tai cua n e n v a n minh Cd the la bdi "sfl d a m me dien cudng vdi tri
thflc" n h u t r o n g Ten cua doa hong
(U.Eco), t h a m vong sd hflu nhflng bi
an va tri t u e cd xfla n h a m xay dflng
mdt t r a t tfl t h e gidi mdi trong Bieu
titgng thdt truyen (Dan Brow), sfl t r u y
tim b a n nga dich thflc trong Thdnh
phd thuy tinh (Paul A u s t e r ) Nhin
chung, t r o n g t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai, v a n de cd't ldi k h d n g phai la
k h a m p h a tdi ac m a la thdng hieu tdi
ac, k h d n g p h a i t r u y diet h u n g t h u ma
la t r u y tim con ngfldi, khdng p h a i
k h i c phuc h a u qua m a la canh t i n h tfldng lai hoae c i t n g h i a thflc tai
- C h u t h e ciia cau chuyen thfl hai (cau chuyen ve dieu tra) khdng n h a t
t h i e t p h a i la ngfldi t h a m tii chuyen nghiep, day la mdt dac trflng d a n g chu y bdi t r o n g r a t n h i e u t r u y e n t r i n h
t h a m h a u hien dai, chinh n a n n h a n hoac nhflng t h a n n h a n cua nhflng vu
an p h a i tfl m i n h t r u y tim lay t h u
p h a m Cac tac p h a m t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai k h d n g cd cdng xay dflng nhflng h i n h tfldng ngfldi t h a m tii toan
n a n g va t a i hoa nhfl Sherlock Holmes, Dupin, Hercule Poirot, Philo Vance
ma la nhflng t h a m tuf b a t d i e di, t h a m tuf u budn Ngfldi p h a a n t r o n g t r u y e n
t r i n h t h a m h a u h i e n dai vfla la n a n
n h a n , vfla la ke t r u y tim sfl t h a t ,
t h a m chi la ca h u n g t h u , bq vfla la ke
t r u y dudi, vfla la ke hi t r u y dudi Sfl
d a n h t r a o cac vai gifla n a n n h a n
-h u n g t -h u ; t -h a m tii - tdi p -h a m ; ngfldi bao ve cdng ly - ke gay r a tdi ac da
t h e h i e n cho t i n h da tri trong q u a n niem ve con ngfldi
- Cd't t r u y e n cua t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m
h a u hien dai n h i n c h u n g v i n gifl dfldc
t i n h gap gap, n h i e u bfldc ngoat va nhflng sfl kien gay b a t ngd nhfl yeu
Trang 3ciu ciia the tai Tuy nhien, so vdi
truyen trinh tham bien dai, ro rang
truyen trinh tham hau hien dai da di
sau hdn vao ndi tam nhan vat, dae
biet la ndi tam ngfldi pha an {Nhitng
cdnh riing vinh citu), hoac nan nhan
{Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc), tham ehi
la ca hung thu {Bieu titgng thdt
truyen) Td'e do t r i n thuat thfldng bi
keo dan theo nhip suy tU ndi tam cua
nhan vat Tham ehi, trong mdt sd'
truyen trinh tham bau hien dai, cd't
truyen - yeu td' d i u tien va ed ban
nhat cua the tai trinh tham da hi xda
nbda, dae biet la trong nhflng sang
tae cua Paul Auster va Marquez
Nhan vat pha an va hung thu la
nhflng nhan vat suy nghiem hdn la
nhflng nhan vat hanh ddng
- Nghe t h u a t t r i n thuat trong
truyen trinh tham hau hien dai khdng
dien tien theo sfl phat trien ciia qua
trinh pha an hoac qua trinh tfldng
thuat lai tqi ac ma chu yeu tuan theo
ba nguyen tac: me Id, cflc han va
manh doan Nguyen tac t r i n thuat
me Id (maze) nham trinh bay vu an
theo mdt hfldng phi logic, phi duy ly,
ban than mdi truyen trinh tham hau
hien dai cd hai me Id, me Id nhflng
kha nang giai ma va truy t i m tdi ac
va me Id cua tfl sfl Tac gia cd the xay
dflng nhieu tuye'n t r i n thuat khac
nhau, dfldi nhflng diem nhin va ngdi
t r i n thuat khac nhau nhfl trong Sit
hien hba ciia soi (Stef Penney) n h i m
tao ra mot vdng xoay vd ban dinh gifla
ke truy dudi va ngfldi hi truy dudi
Tinh me Id trong truyen trinh tham
hau hien dai cdn the hien trong cd't
truyen, ndi dien bien eua eac sfl kien
bi xda nbda {Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt
coc), hdac ban than cae nhan vat phai
vat- ldn trong mdt me eung thflc sii
ciia cae hfldng di va hfldng kham pha
vu an {Ten cua doa hong) Dung vdi
nhan dinh eiia Stephen Shiff ve truyen trinh tham cua Paul Auster:
"Khi bien ddi ban chat eiia cac d i u md'i tfl hflu hinh sang sieu hinh, dng
da kiem soat dfldc eai tinh than tim kiem eiia ddc gia trinh tham, dan nd ddi hfldng tfl viee truy tim thu pham binh thfldng sang con dfldng truy tim ban nga hie'm hoi hdn" [1, bia 4]
Tinh cflc ban (minimalism) trong truyen trinh tham hau hien dai the hien d chd ddn nen den td'i thieu sfl dien giai ve nguyen nhan va ddng ed tdi ac Tac gia ban che de'n td'i da viec xay dflng cac t h u phap hfl eau, kha nang bao quat va kha nang dien giai, tham ehi chd'i tfl viec xay dflng mot cd't truyen cd nhieu tinh tiet giat gan, mdt van phong gap gap, mach lac va nhflng hinh tfldng ea tinh Tinh eiie ban trong truyen trinh tham hau hien dai dfldc the hien b i n g mdt thii phap nghe t h u a t rieng, dd la hoan du va quan he ngau nhien thay vi phfldng thflc bieu hien b i n g an du hay quan
he nhan qua trong truyen trinh tham truyen thd'ng Nhin chung, truyen trinh tham hau hien dai viet theo loi cflc ban lay ket ca'u song song lam phfldng thflc trien khai tinh hud'ng, khac vdi each xay dflng theo Id'i tfldng phan trong truyen trinh tham truyen thd'ng Tinh m a n h vd (fragment) trong truyen trinh tham h a u hien dai dfldc bieu hien thdng qua xu hfldng suf dung cae chu de va motip dat canh nhau, tuy nhien cac chu de va motip
dd khdng hfldng de'n sfl thd'ng nhat trong viec truy nguyen mdt y nghia nao dd ed' dinh, ma n h i m hfldng de'n
nhieu y nghia khac nhau {The New
York Trilogy, Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc) Mqi thudc tinh va gia tri ehi la
nhflng manh vd khac nhau cua cudc sd'ng, nha van h a u hien dai khdng cd cdng l i p ghep hoae tai tao eho chung
Trang 4mdt trat tfl, ma tu di tim y nghia
rieng trong tflng manh vd dd
- Nhieu tac gia viet trinh tham hau
hien dai khdng phai la nhflng cay bflt
chuyen biet ve the tai nay, tfl
Umberto Eco cho den Gabriel Garcia
Marquez, tfl Paul Auster cho den
Louis Borges Trfl mot so'it ngfldi nhfl
Dan Brow, Fred Vargas, hay Nelson
Demilie, cae tac gia viet trinh tham
hau hien dai chi xem the tai nay nhfl
mot qua trinh trai nghiem cam quan
hau bien dai cua minh theo mdt
hfldng khac Chinh vi vay, khdng
hiem nhflng tac pham trinh tham hau
hien dai xuat sic la nhflng tac pham
trinh tham duy nhat hoac hiem hoi
cua chinh tac gia Hien tfldng nay
cung gid'ng nhfl cae tac gia ldn tren
the gidi thdi hien dai deu thfl nghiem
ngdi but cua minh vdi truyen ky ao
Tren mot phfldng dien khac,
truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai do
chiu anh hfldng cua nam dac trflng
ke tren da khdng cdn hoan chinh la
mdt cau chuyen ve vu an va pha an
nhfl quan niem ed dien ma chung ta
van biet, ma thfldng chflng kien sfl
nguyen bdp gifla truyen t r i n h t h a m
vdi cac he hinh ly t h u y e t van hoc
mdi nhfl Ten cua doa hong (truyen
trinh tham vdi ly t h u y e t ki hieu
hoc) Mat md Da Vinci (gifla truyen
trinh t h a m vdi bieu tfldng hqc),
Nhitng cdnh riing vinh ciiu (gifla
truyen t r i n h t h a m vdi ly thuyet
tam ly hoc mdi) Tdm lai, dd'i vdi
truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai,
viec mieu ta tdi ac va qua t r i n h pha
an ddi khi ehi la mdt "hinh thflc"
nghe t h u a t ben ngoai, cau chuyen
thflc chat ma cae tac gia de cap dd
la nhflng nd Iflc k h a m pha con
ngfldi va the gidi mdi dfldi cai nhin
va cam quan h a u hien dai
2 Tieu thuyet Tin tiic ve mgt vu bdt coc ciia Marquez
Trong sU nghiep cua Marquez - nha van vi dai cua van hqc My Latinh trong the ky XX vdi giai Nobel van hoc nam 1982, cud'n tieu thuyet trinh
tham dam chat phdng sfl Tin tiic ve
mgt vu bdt cdc {Notica de un secuestro) la mdt dda hoa nd mudn
Khdng phai ngau nhien, khi vao chang cud'i sfl nghiep lay Iflng cua minh (nam 1996), sau 3 nam vat ldn, Marquez lai ebon the tai trinh tham nham bieu dat quan niem nghe thuat mdi va each c i t nghia the gidi rieng
eua minh Nhfl vay, ban nhien Tin tdc
ve mgt vu bdt coc vfla cd vai trd la sfl
ket tinh eua ngdi bflt va tam hdn Marquez trong hdn 49 nam cim but (tfl tac pham dau tien de'n tac pham mdi nhat), vfla la mdt bfldc ngoat ddi mdi nghe thuat khdng the bd qua, khi tac gia the nghiem tac pham ciia minh trong the tai mdi, vdi phong each nghe thuat mdi Tac pham ma theo Marquez la: "mdt nhiem vu cud'i mfla thu, mdt cdng viec khd nhqc va budn nhat ddi tdi", tai bien lai mdt each nghe thuat sfl kien 262 ngay bat cdc lien tuc mfldi yeu nhan tren dat nfldc Colombia, nham ngan sfl thdng qua mdt dao luat dan do tdi ma tuy pham sang My
2.1 Cdt truyen vd ket cdu trdn thuat me 16
Cd't truyen ciia Tin tiic ve mgt vu
bdt coc vfla rat ddn gian lai vfla cflc ky
phflc tap Ddn gian d chd h i u nhfl nhflng ehi tiet hanh ddng (gay an va pha an) xuat hien it, cd xu hfldng chi tap trung vao d i u tae pham, sfl dau tranh triet tieu nhau gifla hai phia (gay an va pha an) la khdng rd rang, tham ehi, ranh gidi xac dinh ai la ke gay an thflc sfl va ai la ke pha an thflc
Trang 5sfl cflng h i u nhu khdng the xac dinh deu la nhflng ngfldi cd quan he, vi the Nhin chung, xet theo ly thuyet "hai ehinh tri dac biet quan trqng trong xa cau chuyen song hanh" trong mdt tae hdi Mae du ed chung xuat than va pham trinh tham ma nha ly luan M t i n g ldp xa hdi, nhflng thai do va each
Burton de xua't thi Tin tdc ve mgt vu flng xuf eua cac nhan vat trong hoan
bdt coc la mdt tac pham khdng rd cd't eanh hi b i t cdc lai hoan toan khac
truyen Sfl phflc tap de'n tfl viec tae gia nhau: Beatriz dufng dflng, Marina
da trien khai tac pham cua minh theo Montoya phuc tflng, Maruja cfl tuyet
"ket ca'u me Id" va "tfl sfl da ehu the" va phan khang Chinh ba trang thai [thuat ngfl ciia Le Huy Bic] Y dd xay diing dflng, phuc tung va phan khang diing mdt me Id t r i n thuat va me Id cd't la ba each flng xfl dae thu ndi bat cua truyen da dfldc tae gia thflc hien mdt con ngfldi dd'i vdi eac thiet ehe trong each xuat sic, khi tat ca nhflng thdng thdi hau hien dai
tin cung cap eho ban doe chu yeu den Ky t h u a t me Id trong viec xay tfl hai phia: tam trang eac nan nhan dflng cd't truyen cua tac pham cdn de'n
va nhflng tin ddn xung quanh vu an ^^ viee Marquez da dfla vao nhflng sfl
Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la tae pham ki?n cd that trong thflc tai, dae biet la
ke ve sd' phan va tam trang cac con tin vdi hinh tfldng ten trflm ma tuy P
bi b i t cde, tfl khi bi b i t cho den nhflng Escobar, ket hdp vdi nhflng hinh ngay giam gifl va ket cue la bi giet tfldng va sfl kien mang tinh hfl eau hoae dfldc phdng thich Cd the chia cae phdng dai rat dac trflng treng but nan nhan hi b i t ede theo ba tuyen phap cua tae gia Nam 1995, mdt sfl ehinh nhfl sau (cd sd phan tuye'n la kien ky la da xay ra, khi Marquez vfla
dfla vao ndi giam gifl chung eua nan viet xong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc,
nhan, ndi bq dfldc phep giao tiep va thi ea Colombia nin thd theo ddi tin bay td cam xuc vdi nhau): tflc ve vu b i t cdc J Carlos Gaviria
Tuyen cua h a i chi em dau Maruja em trai Tdng thd'ng dfldng nhiem Bon
va Beatriz cflng Marina Montoya bat cdc ddi dieu kien la chinh
- Tuye'n cua Diana Turbay, Marquez phai len lam tdng thdng, va Azueena, Hero Buss, R Beccera, 0 ong da ehdi tfl dflt khoat, khdng de Acevedo, J Vitta minh trd t h a n h mdt con rd'i chinh tri
- Tuyen cua Francisco Santoa va tuyen truyen eua bon tdi pham Ve
Toan bd tieu thuyet Tin titc ve mgt thvfc chat Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la
vu bdt coc xoay quanh sd' phan va tam tieu thuyet trinh tham g i n vdi but
trang cua ba tuyen nan nhan nay phap phdng sfl, dfla tren cd sd h i u het Trong dd, tac gia dac biet ehu trqng nhflng vu b i t cde ed that, vdi nhflng den viec mieu ta tam ly con tin cung nan nhan t h a t va ddng cd chinh tri ro nhfl nhflng tin ddn xung quanh vu an rang trong viee gay ra tdi ac Khi tiep Nhflng boat ddng giai cflu va yeu can tac pham, ban doc h i u nhfl hi dat sach, muc dieh that suf cua phe b i t cdc giiia mdt me cung cua nhflng dfl lieu dfldc phu dfldi mdt bien phap "nhidu cd that, dfl lieu hfl ca'u va dfl lieu
"hda" dac trflng: tat ca ehi la nhflng phdng dai Dae biet hdn, nhflng dfl kha nang thdng qua nhflng tin ddn lieu phdng dai va dfl lieu hfl cau lai
hoae yeu sach gia Dae trflng chung dMOc trinh bay "y n h u that" vdi thii
eiia nhdm eon tin n i m d hai diem: ho phap quen thudc eiia tac gia: trinh deu la nhflng nha bao ndi tieng va ho bay nhflng hU cau va phdng dai ciia
Trang 6minh vdi nhflng con so, nhflng sfl kien
rd r a n g va chinh xac Ky t h u a t nay
tiep tuc dfldc tac gia sii d u n g trong Tin
tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, d a t biet la vdi sfl
phdng dai nhflng vu d a n h bom b a n g
thud'c nd (2600 kg) tfl phia phe k h u n g
bd cua Escobar Con so 2600 kg thud'c
nd rd r a n g la mdt t h u p h a p nghe
thuat, nhflng h a u nhfl ai cflng de dang
tin dd la sfl t h a t bdi nd q u a cbinb xac
va rd rang M a r q u e z da xay dflng tac
pham cua m i n h dfla t r e n vd so' cae chi
tiet cd thflc t r o n g lich sii Colombia,
day cung la dac diem quen thude trong
the gidi nghe t h u a t theo chu nghia
hien thflc h u y e n ao ciia tac gia
Trong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc,
binh tfldng chinh la Pablo Escobar,
mot n h a n v a t cd t h a t va la ngfldi da
viet nen lich sU tdi ac d a m m a u d
Colombia t r o n g t h e ky XX P Escobar
(1949-1993) la mdt t r o n g nhUng t r u m
ma tuy k h e t t i e n g n h a t t r o n g lich sii
tqi p h a m t h e gidi Viec P Escobar cd
mdt ghe t r o n g Qud'c hdi n a m 1982,
xay dflng h a n g t r a m ngdi n h a cho
ngfldi ngheo, dfldc m e n h d a n h la
Robin Hood cua My L a t i n h , a m sat Bd
trfldng Tfl p h a p Rodrigo L a r a Bonilla,
danh bom t r u sd c a n h s a t m a t vdi hdn
70 ngfldi t h i e t m a n g , la tac gia cua
nhieu vu a m s a t c b i n b tri va ca n h a n ,
tflng trd'n t h o a t khdi n h a tfl dfldc xay
dflng rieng n a m 1991, la nhflng sfl
kien cd t h a t da dfldc M a r q u e z dfla vao
tac p h a m Ngoai ra, cac td chflc da
gay ra n h i e u eude x u n g dot va ndi
chien d a m m a u x u y e n sud't lieh suf
Colombia dfldc de cap t r o n g tae p h a m
cung la nhflng Ifle lfldng ed t h a t : M19
(Phong t r a o each m a n g 19 t h a n g 4);
FARC ( F u e r z a s A r m a d a s
Revolueionarios de Colombia - Lflc
lfldng vu t r a n g each m a n g Colombia),
ELN (Quan ddi giai p h d n g qud'c gia),
Cac lflc lfldng n a y k h d n g chi cd vai trd
va da'u an q u a n t r q n g trong lich sii
x u n g dot vu t r a n g d Colombia, ma cdn dai dien cho nhflng n h d m chinh tri, nhdm xa hdi t h u d n g xuyen da'u t r a n h
va x u n g dot vdi chinh quyen t r u n g Udng, tao n e n dien mao tU tudng va y thUc he phong phu, lai t a p va m a u
t h u i n thfldng xuyen cua Colombia trong t h e ky XX
Cd't t r u y e n me Id t r o n g tac p h a m
k h d n g chi la r a n h gidi n h d e md gifla sfl t h a t va hfl cau, m a cdn la sfl k e t hdp cua n h i e u t u y e n t r u y e n ke, cac
t u y e n n a y k h d n g ngflng xen c i t ,
t h u c day hoac k i m h a m n h a u p h a t
t r i e n Cd bdn tuye'n t r u y e n ke c h i n h nhfl s a u :
- T u y e n t r u y e n ke ve cam xfle va nhflng h a n h ddng cua t h a n n h a n cac con tin;
- T u y e n t r u y e n ke ve cudc sd'ng va cam xfle cua eac con tin;
- Tuye'n t r u y e n ke ve sd' p h a n ,
t u y e n bd' va yeu sach cua nhflng ke
b a t gifl con tin;
- T u y e n t r u y e n ke ve nhflng p h a t ngdn va nd lflc eiia c h i n h quyen va cac
td chflc
Trong cac t u y e n t r u y e n ke chinh
t r e n , cdn cd t h e p h a n dinh r a vd so cac
t u y e n p h u , gan lien vdi cac nhdm
n h a n v a t k h a c n h a u Trong tuye'n thfl nha't (ve t h a n n h a n ) bao gdm nhflng
nd lflc k h a c n h a u cua Nydia - me Diana, eua Alberto Villamizar (ehdng Maruja), cua cflu Tdng thd'ng T u r b a y (cha D i a n a ) ; T u y e n thfl h a i (ve cac con tin) bao gdm t u y e n ciia Diana,
t u y e n cua Maruja, t u y e n cua Santoa;
T u y e n thfl ba (ve nhflng ke b i t cdc) gdm t u y e n ke ve Escobar, ve sd p h a n nhflng t e n gac, ve M19, FARC, ELN ; T u y e n thfl tfl (ve cac nd lflc giai cflu cua chinh quyen va td chflc
h e n quan) bao gdm cae t u y e n ke ve bao ehi, eac ngdi sao, Tong thd'ng
Trang 7dfldng nhiem Gaviria, cac nghi si,
tudng Hnh quan ddi va eanh sat, Giao
hoang va cac linh muc Tat ca lam
nen mdt chinh the me Id cUc ky phflc
tap trong cd't truyen va nghe thuat
t r i n thuat
Mdi quan he gifla cac tuyen truyen
ke nay la cflc ky phflc tap, tfldng tac
khdng ngflng len nhau theo mdt me
eung quan he Vi du, tuyen truyen ke
ve cudc sd'ng va cam xuc cua con tin
thfldng xuyen mau thuan vdi tuyen
truyen ke ve sd' phan, tuyen bd' ciia
nhflng ke bat ede con tin Trong khi
tam trang va sflc khde eiia cac con tin
thflc sfl tdi te, va nhflng ke b i t gifl
khdng ed y dinh phdng thieh bq, thi
dfldng nhien, nhflng ke bat gifl eon tin
mdt mat phai tuyen bd' trfldc cdng
luan la cae eon tin dang khde manh,
mat khac lai phai hfla hen sap den
ngay dfldc giai thoat vdi cae con tin
(de chd'ng lai tuyet thflc hoac am mflu
trd'n chay) Tam trang va nhflng hanh
ddng eua cac than nhan con tin cung
thfldng mau thuan vdi cac phat ngdn
va nd lflc cua ehinh phu Mdt ben la
nhflng tuyen bd' sudng, nang ve giai
quyet b i n g bao lflc vfl trang (chinh
phu), mdt ben la nhflng nd lflc trong
tuyet vong, nang ve thfldng thuyet
chinh tri (nhflng than nhan) Cflng
mdt sfl kien, mdt hanh vi, mdt phat
ngdn, nhflng tuy theo tuyen truyen
ke, vdi quan diem khac nhau, thi ban
chat sfl viec dfldc dien giai hoan toan
khac biet Dieu quan trqng nhat la,
chung ta khdng the nao thflc sfl biet
dau la sfl thflc, dau la nhflng phat
ngdn nguy tao Cflng mdt sfl viee, hien
tfldng, nhflng tfly thee diin ngdn khac
nhau ciia cac chu the t r a n thuat khac
nhau, ban chat lai dfldc thay ddi theo
mdt hfldng khac, phu hdp vdi y do cua
chu the t r i n thuat Ngay ea bon b i t
cde va tdi pham cflng ed rieng nhflng
ed quan ngdn luan va ngfldi phat ngdn, bien hd cho nhflng chinh sach
va hanh ddng eua chung Tinh tfl do ngdn luan va da tri trong quan niem
ve tin tflc eiia thdi h a u hien dai da dfldc the hien rd trong each xay dflng
ve me Id thdng tin eua Marquez Thdng tin khdng edn la thdng tin mdt chieu, va gia tri ciia thdng tin khdng cdn bi dat trong md'i quan he vdi thflc tai, ma dfldc cap y nghia bdi chu the phat ra thdng tin dd Vi du ve nguyen nhan eai chet cung nhfl ddng cd cudc dung do vu trang giai cflu Diana Turbay gifla ba ben phat ngdn la hoan toan khac biet:
Phe thdn nhdn: "Day la mdt cai
chet, lich suf mdt eai chet da dfldc bao trfldc" Ba (Nydia me cua Diana -PTA) tin chic r i n g , "Diana la nan nhan cua mdt boat ddng vu trang theo lenh cua Bogota - theo nhflng tin tflc
ma ba dfldc thdng bao tfl Medellin" (trang 212) [Mqi trich d i n trong tac pham tfl day ve sau chung tdi chon ban dieh eua Doan Dinh Ca, Nha xua't ban Van nghe, nam 2001]
Phe chinh phu: "Tfldng Gomez
Padilla goi dien bao cho dng biet
r i n g dd la mdt cudc cham t r a n bat ngd vdi Ddi dac nhiem trong qua trinh h a n h quan t r u y lung Escobar Nhflng ddn vi t h a m gia cudc hanh quan khdng he cd tin tflc gi ve viec nhflng ngfldi hi b i t cde dang hi giam gifl tai dd" (trang 210)
Phe bdt coc: "Theo Escobar, canh
sat tie'n h a n h cudc h a n h quan vi biet tin nhflng ngfldi hi b i t cdc dang hi giam gifl tai do H i n ndi r i n g Diana hi chet do canh sat khi ba chay trd'n va da dUdc giai thoat khdi tay bon b i t cdc Cud'i cung Escobar ndi r i n g trong cudc cham sung da lam ba ndng dan vd tdi bi chef, ma eanh sat da gidi thieu vdi bao chi
Trang 8nhu nhflng ke giet thue da chet
trong chien dau" (trang 216)
Cud'i cflng, dieu xac thflc duy nhat
ma chung ta dfldc biet trong me cung
cac phat ngdn cua cac chu the t r i n
thuat: dd la Diana Turbay da chet, va
nguyen nhan chet la do mdt vien dan
dfldc b i n tfl phia sau, lam xfldng chau
bi vd Cdn ai da b i n , va nguyen nhan
cua cudc cham tran thflc sfl thi
Marquez khdng de cap den trong tae
pham Tat ea nhflng diin ngdn ciia
cac ben khac nhau lai cd nhflng each
ly giai hoan toan dd'i lap Day chinh la
nghe thuat t r i n thuat da chu the rat
dac trflng trong but phap nghe thuat
ciia Marquez, dac biet la trong truyen
ngin Cu gid co doi cdnh khong 16
Nghe thuat tran thuat me Id trong
tac pham khdng chi xay dUng dfla
tren thu phap xen c i t cae tuyen ke va
t r i n thuat da ehu the, ma cdn dfldc ap
dung mdt each linh boat va phflc hdp
cac dang thflc van ban t r i n thuat
khac nhau, gdm eac dang chinh:
- Ldi t r i n thuat mang tinh "khach
quan" ciia ngfldi ke chuyen ngdi thfl ba
- Nhflng bai bao ehi hoac tin tflc
tren truyen hinh dfla tin ve vu an
- Nhat ky, bflc thfl cua nhflng nan
nhan va ngfldi than (Diana, Azueena,
Nydia )
Ca ba loai van ban tren ed mat do
xuat hien khac nhau trong tac pham,
nhflng mdi loai van ban cd mot y
nghia rieng, dac biet la hai loai van
ban tin tflc bao ehi va nhat ky ciia cac
con tin Neu nhfl thdng tin bao chi cd
vai trd cap nhat ve tin tflc va cac hanh
dong cua cae ben thi cae hdi ky, nhat
ky lai cd vai trd cap nhat ve tam trang
va cam xuc Neu nhfl thdng tin tren
bao chi la thdng tin ed muc dich ehinh
tri hoac ddng ed eu the ben trong thi
thdng tin nhat ky lai chan thflc nha't
vdi suy nghi eua nhan vat Neu thdng
tin bao chi gdp p h i n thflc diy nhanh qua trinh dien bien vu an thi thdng tin nhat ky lai lam tram lang hda qua trinh dien bien dd Tuy nhien, cac loai van ban nay dfldc dat trong md'i quan
he hai hda, tfldng tac va khdng the tach rdi tren phfldng dien ca'u trflc van ban lan phfldng dien ddng hien ndi dung Nghe thuat mieu ta tam trang nan nhan mdt each rd net va sau sac, vfla dam bao tinh chu quan, vfla mang tinh khach quan trong but phap xay dflng truyen trinh tham la mdt cd'ng hien cua Marquez Khach quan la bdi tac gia khdng tu suy dien tam trang ciia nhan vat (thdng qua ngfldi ke chuyen), ehu quan la bdi nhan vat v i n Ifla chon dfldc hinh thflc phat ngdn chan thflc va rd rang nhat (bflc thfl, nhat ky) Neu truyen trinh tham hien dai chu yeu di sau phan tich tam ly ngfldi pha an hoac thu pham, thi truyen trinh tham hau hien dai da di sau vao mdt chu the phan tich tam ly mdi: nhflng nan nhan
2.2 Cam quan da tri vd Carnaval hoa
Mdt trong nhflng dinh nghia ve thdi hau hien dai phd bien va cd anh hfldng nhat dd la quan niem cua J.F Lyotard ve sfl mat niem tin vao cac dai tfl sfl (Grand-narrative): "Ndi mdt each that ddn gian, "hau hien dai" la sfl hoai nghi dd'i vdi eac sieu tfl sfl" [5,54.] Mat niem tin vao eac dai tfl sfl
da mang lai cam quan hau hien dai (Postmodern sensibihty) vd'n xem trqng sfl bat tin nhan thflc (Epistemological), trong nghe thuat hau hien dai dfldc goi la cam quan da tri Cam quan da tri lam cho van hqc hau hien dai dfldc phep dat canh nhau nhflng he hinh gia tri vd'n di dd'i lap, tfldng phan, n h i m xda nhda ranh
gidi cao thap gifla chung Trong Tin
tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, Marquez da
Trang 9xem Chua ehe chd cho ca P Escobar
va ca tfldng Maza Marquez: "Nhflng
nhd sfl che chd cua Thanh Hai ddng
nen dng (Maza Marquez - PTA) deu
thoat nan Cung nhd chinh sfl ehe
chd ciia Thanh Hai ddng ma Escobar
khdng bi tfldng Maza Marquez ha sat"
(trang 30) Lieh sii Colombia da chflng
minh cd nhieu ngfldi chan dat eon
chien va la sfl gia ciia Chua (linh
muc), lai ddng thdi la thu linh phien
quan chd'ng ehinh phu Sfl nghiep liy
Iflng va dam mau eua linh mue
Manuel Perez Martinez (1943 1998)
-thu linh phien quan ELN trong hdn
ba thap ky la mdt minh chflng
Ngoai ra, viec hinh tfldng "linh
muc" va tham chi giao hoang (Joan
Pao de nhi) thudng xuyen dUde n h i c
den trong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc
ndi rieng va cae sang tae cua
Marquez ndi chung n h i m the hien
cai nhin giai thieng va da tri cua tae
gia ve nhUng nhdm ngUdi dai dien
eho dao dflc va cdng ly trong xa hdi
Tinh da tri dfldc the hien trong niem
tin ve tdn giao, ea bon bat ede lan con
tin va nhflng ngfldi c i m quyen deu
tin vao Chua, nhflng dao dflc tdn giao
khdng he may may anh hfldng de'n
hanh vi eua bq Ca Escobar cung la
mdt eon chien ciia Chua, bon b i t cdc
cung thfldng xuyen c i u nguyen,
nhflng vdi chung Giao hoang ehi la
mdt ke pha rd'i khi ngai keu goi tra tfl
do cho eac nan nhan: "Mdt trong
nhflng ten gac da thd't len: "Tai sao
cai lao Giao hoang chd de nay lai can
thiep vao cdng viee ciia chung ta"
(trang 81) Trong tae pham cua minh,
Marquez tap trung xay dflng hinh
tfldng cha ed' Garcia Herreros - vi
linh muc vdi nhflng "nd liie khdng
met mdi" n h i m giai cflu cac con tin
G Herreros la n h a n vat trung gian
hda giai, thUdng lUdng gifla Escobar
vdi ehinh phii, nhflng ban t h a n h a n h ddng cua dng ta lai mang tinh chat mdt trd he bdi tinh hen n h a t va dam
me gai dep Sfl gia t r a va hen nhat ciia cha G Herreros da dfldc Id ro trong cudc gap gd trflc tie'p vdi P Escobar Khi cha t h a n nhien ban phfldc lanh eho dng t r u m ma tuy bang chiec me day bang vang ma cha van thfldng deo d cd, cflng quy gdi cau nguyen vdi bon budn ma tuy, va dinh diem la h a n h ddng: "Cha yeu cau phai cd Idng khoan dung vdi Escobar
"Neu khdng chung ta se t h a t bai, dng
ta trd t h a n h ngfldi k i e n t a o hoa
b i n h " - cha ndi Va trong rflng micro c h i n g chit, khdng mdt chut do dfl, cha tuyen bd': E s c o b a r la m o t ngifdri t o t " (trang 363) But phap gieu nhai (pastique) ciia Marquez da the hien rd tinh " k h o i h a i p h e
p h a n a n n g a m " khi vach mat nhan vat khdng phai b i n g nhflng nhan dinh, nhflng cau cam than, ma de cho nhan vat tfl to' cao minh qua nhflng phat ngdn va h a n h ddng Tac gia ludn ban che td'i da viee de Id thai do chu quan eua minh thdng qua ldi ngfldi t r i n t h u a t , day cung ehinh la dac trflng cua but phap viet theo chii nghia cflc b a n (minimalism)
Cam quan da tri cua tac gia edn dfldc the hien khdng chi qua sfl vach mat cae dd'i tfldng dao mao trong xa hdi nhu cac cha ed' dao dflc gia, vi tdng thd'ng lanh dam va thd d, ma edn tap trung phac thao xay dflng nhflng ten
tdi pham, vd'n la nhflng ke do te sd'ng
ngoai vdng phap luat mot each khach quan, d i y tinh nhan van nhflng cung dam tinh hien thflc Ten tdi pham Monje (eanh gifl Marina Montoya, Beatriz va Maruja) da bat khde, bd an khi nghe tin Marina da hi giet chet Nhflng ten canh gifl khac thi than nhien nhd eon tin (Beatriz) cam hd
Trang 10minh khau sflng, ten canh gifl
Lamparon thi cdn tang Beatriz ca mot
Iq nfldc hoa: "De ngfldi ba luc nao cung
thdm phflc, ddn nhan mdt trieu eai hdn
trong ngay dfldc tra lai tfl do" (trang
162) Tham chi, gia dinh giam gifl
Maruja edn td chflc ca mdt tiec sinh
nhat cho ba vdi banh ngqt, rfldu sam
banh va ddng thanh hat bai Happy
Birthday "khien Maruja nay sinh sfl
mau thuan ve tinh cam" (trang 151)
Nhdm canh gifl Hero Buss thi quyen
tien mua qua tang eho anh trfldc trao
tra tfl do, nhflng mdn tien mfldn H
Buss cung dfldc tra diy dii vao ngay
cud'i cung giam gifl Nhflng ke b i t
cdc, ben canh ban chat lieu linh,
nghiem khac, manh ddng dac trflng,
da dfldc tae gia phac boa nhfl nhflng
con ngfldi binh thfldng, ed Idng nhan
ai, cd sfl ddng cam, cd tinh chung thuy
va chan that trong tinh cam
Tren mdt phfldng dien khac, cam
quan da tri edn tap trung vao viee
mieu ta cam xuc "lfldng phan" cua
cac nhan vat Dd'i vdi cac con tin, mdi
khi ngfldi ban cflng hi giam gifl ciia
minh dfldc tha thi bq lai bi dat trong
mot mau thuan, gifla mdt ben la vui
mflng hanh phue vi ban ciia minh
dfldc tra tfl do, vdi mdt ben la sfl lo
ling cho sd' phan ea nhan eua minh
Bdi vi, nhflng ngfldi dfldc tha d i u tien
thfldng la nhflng ngfldi it quan trqng
trong van bai ma bon tdi pham dang
mac ca vdi chinh phii Trong khi dd,
giam gifl cang lau, than phan cang
quan trqng, thi kha nang bi sat hai lai
cang cao, mdt khi yeu sach ciia bon tdi
pham khdng dfldc dap flng Sfl sd'ng
ciia ngfldi nay lai la nguy cd cai chet
cua ke kia, the gidi khdng cd du hanh
phuc va may man eho ta't ea mqi
ngfldi Ngay ca dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi
than cua cac con tin eung chiu chung
trang thai cam xuc lfldng phan dq:
"Villamizar thet len vi vui mflng Niem vui cua dng la chan thanh, nhflng lien sau dd dng nhan ra ring, mdt kbi Pacho va Diana dfldc giai thoat, tbi ngudi duy nhat cdn lai cd the se bi banh quye't la Maruja va Beatriz vi hai ngUdi nay cdn d trong tay Escobar" (trang 208) Cam xuc nude ddi cdn quy dinh tam trang cua nhflng con tin khi dfldc mang di tha tfl do Nhflng ke tdi pham thudng khdng bao trUdc nhflng vu hanh quyet, do dd, nhflng cudc dan do con tin ra di thfldng mang lai bai ket cue: hanh quyet hoac trao tra tfl do Chinh
vi vay, cudc dan do Marina Montoya
la mdt cudc hanh quye't, cudc dan do Beatriz va Maruja cflng nhdm nha bao Hero Buss la cudc trao tra tfl do, cudc dan do Diana Turbay lai mang den ket cue la cai chet do dung do dac nhiem tat ea deu dfldc thflc thi vdi cflng mdt nghi thflc: cae eon tin bi bit
m i t va chd di tren nhflng chuyen xe
bi mat Cflng mdt nghi thflc nhflng so' phan va ket cue lai hoan toan khac nhau, do do, cae nhan vat ludn dflng trfldc thfl thach tinh than khdc liet mdi khi dfldc dan do
Ngay ea nhflng nha chflc trach, eac tfldng linh va tdng thd'ng eung dflng gifla van bai lfldng phan nan giai cua rieng bq, hoae giai cflu bang vfl trang, hoac giai cflu bang dam phan va nhan nhfldng cae yeu sach cua bon tdi pham Hoat ddng vu trang ludn de dang nhat vdi nha cim quyen song lai nguy hiem nhat dd'i vdi nhflng con tin Nhan nhfldng theo yeu sach bon tdi pham thi con tin an toan song se vi pham hien phap cung nhfl mat long nfldc My (la nfldc chi tai trd ldn n h i m dfla ra bd luat d i n do tdi pham ma tuy) Su an nguy eua nhflng con tin lai lien quan den sd' phan ciia nhflng gia dinh cd quyen lflc ehinh tri ldn tai