Several epidemiological characteristics and interventional efficiency for acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years-old at Cho Moi district in Bac Kan pr

The iinterventional measure has a horizontal impact and depth: Width: The health education communication for mothers with children under 5 years old or caregivers for detection, classifi

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

AM THI TUYET

SOME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

AND INTERVENTION EFFECIENCY FOR

RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS

AT CHO MOI DISTRICTS IN BAC KAN PROVINCE

Specialty: Social Hygiene and Health Organization

Code: 62.72.73.15

SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS

Thai Nguyen - Year 2010

The work was completed in:

Medico-Pharmaceutical University - Thai Nguyen University

Advisors:

1 Assoc Prof.,PhD Nguyen Thanh Trung

2 Prof.,PhD Tr ong Viet Dung

Opponent 1:

Opponent 2:

Opponent 3:

The thesis will be protected in Thesis Committee in National Level held in Thai Nguyen Medico-Pharmaceutical University At in ., , 20

The information from this thesis can be found at:

- National Library

- Learning Resource Center - Thai Nguyen University

- Library of Thai Nguyen Medico-Pharmaceutical University

INTRODUCTION

Acute respiratory infections are very common diseases with the

highest morbidity and mortality in children, especially pneumonia

among under-five children in developing countries

In Viet Nam, every year about 32 - 40 million episodes of

children suffer from acute respiratory infections and about 22 –

24,000 children have died from pneumonia In disadvantaged, remote

areas, pneumonia is still a cause of a leading death in children Now,

acute respiratory infections in children accounts for approximately

39.7% in the community In general, main causes of acute respiratory

infections are due to viruses, bacteria, pulmonary tuberculosis in

children and fungus In addition, owing to the impact of risk factors

such as environmental pollutions, cramped housing, smoke of the

cooking, tobacco smoke, low birth weight, malnourished children,

diarrhea and climate changes Mother’s early recognition of signs of

respiratory infections as well as how to care for children with

respiratory infections is still limited, especially mothers living in the

mountainous, remote areas

So, well done to prevent acute respiratory infections in children

will reduce the morbidity and mortality in children, particularly

children under 5 years old and since that it will reduce funding to pay

for drugs, medical services in hospitals, reduce the overload by

children with acute respiratory infections treated in the hospital,

reducing time of mothers to leave work to care for sick children

Therefore, we conducted the theme: “Several epidemiological

characteristics and interventional efficiency for acute respiratory

infections in children under 5 years old at Cho Moi district in

Bac Kan province”aiming at:

1 Describe several epidemiological characteristics and

interventional efficiency for acute respiratory infections in children

under 5 years old at Cho Moi district in Bac Kan province

2 Identify several risk factors related to acute lower

respiratory infections

3 Evaluate effectiveness of interventional measures for acute

respiratory infections in the community

NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS

The thesis has identified a situation of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years old in Cho Moi District, Bac Kan province remaining high

The study was carried out in mountainous areas, highlands, disadvantaged areas, ethnic minorities In there, people’s living conditions remained poor, backward and less access to information, and their awareness was slow, but if intervened by the health education communication with appropriate methods such as oral propaganda in ethnic minority languages combining with posters, leaflets, video tapes, local simple terms, easily to understand would bring results and attract the community to participate

The intervention measure has mobilized local human resources, attracted the participation of the community, close coordination between the commune health centers, village health workers and people, easily to mobilize, possible to work at all time, any where

The iinterventional measure has a horizontal impact and depth: Width: The health education communication for mothers with children under 5 years old or caregivers for detection, classification, treatment, care , acute respiratory infection control in children

Depth: Medical care at Home: Children were followed up in the households to detect and classify a disease and thus children were cared for at home, then referred to the commune health center to exam and treat if a severe disease Educating knowledge, attitude, practice for mothers aimed a change of mother’s behaviors in the respiratory infection control among children

The immune - enhancing drugs (Broncho-Vaxom) was firstly used for acute respiratory infection control among children in the mountainous community, highlands and ethnic minorities

STRUCTURE OF THESIS

The thesis includes 107 pages, 45 tables, 8 figures, 2 photos, 3 diagrams and 147 references in which 76 are in Vietnamese and 71 are in English Key parts of thesis: Introduction: 02 pages, Chapter 1 Literature review: 18 pages, Chapter 2 Subjects and method: 19 pages, Chapter 3 Results: 37 pages, Chapter 4 Discussion : 28 pages Conclusions and recommendations : 03 pages

CHAPTER 1:

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Current status of acute respiratory infections

Currently, in developing countries, respiratory tract infectious

diseases are still a cause of a leading mortality and morbidity in

children under 5 years old, mainly due to pneumonia According to

the World Health Organization (WHO), every year, each child suffers

from acute respiratory infections from 4-9 times Estimating globally,

each year about 2 billion episodes of children suffer from respiratory

infections, accounting for 19-20% of deaths in children under 5 years

old worldwide

According to a research by Ruan I (2005), estimating the

incidence of pneumonia episodes in children under 5 years on a

global scale showed that the incidence of pneumonia episodes in

developing countries was 0.29 episode per year per child In

developed countries, this rate was 0.026 episode per year per child

and over 95% of pneumonia episodes in children in the world

occurred in developing countries

In 2003, a study on a situation and some main risk factors

related to respiratory infections in children under 5 years old at Thuy

Duong - Huong Thuy, Thua Thien Hue conducted by Nguyen Van

Thieu and Nguyen Huu Ky States showed that the prevalence of

acute respiratory infections in the community was still high (39.7%)

In 2007, the Central Tuberculosis and Lung Hospital and

Project of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children held a workshop

on “Deployment of project activity plan of acute respiratory

infections in children in key provinces in 2007 and the 2007-2010

period” and reported that the highest prevalence of acute respiratory

infections in recent years was in the mountainous provinces, followed

by Central Coast and Plains

1.2 Causes and risk factors related to acute respiratory

infections

1.2.1 Causes of acute respiratory infections

Viruses were the most common causes resulting in acute lower

respiratory infections in children under 5 years old and was the

leading cause of hospitalization and death in children The common

viruses included: respiratory syncytium virus (RSV), influenza virus,

para influenza and adenovirus and in which RSV was the most

important pathogenic agent for lower respiratory infection In developing countries, bacteria played an important role in resulting in

acute respiratory infections and mainly bacteria were pneumococcus

and H influenzae

1.2.2 Risk factors related to acute respiratory infections

Risk factors related to acute respiratory infections in children were: Socio-natural environment, health systems, mother’s knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) and biological factors But in the mountainous area, these risk factors are little considered and this is

an issue that we need to think

1.3 Several intervention measures against respiratory infections done in the world and Vietnam

- The group of intervention : Impact on knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers or caregivers

- The group impacting on child care health systems

- The group impacting on the socio-natural environment

- The group impacting on biological factors

Chapter 2 SUBJECTS AND METHODS 2.1 Study subjects

- Children under 5 years (from 60 months old or younger)

- Mothers with children under 5 years old or caregivers

- Leaders of the community: Leaders of the commune, head of Health Department

- Commune health workers, village health workers

2.2 Study setting and duration

2.2.1 Setting: Cho Moi District, Bac Kan Province 2.2.2 Duration: The study was carried out from December 2006 to

January 2009

2.3 Methodology

2.3.1 Study Design

- Descriptive study: A study conducted by a cross-sectional survey to describe a real situation of acute respiratory infections and

at the same time to analyze to determine factors associated with acute

lower respiratory infections

- Intervention study: Before - after intervention design with a

control group

2.3.2 Sampling method

* Sample size for a descriptive study: Calculated by the

following formula:

2

2

1

2 ( )

p q

p

α

ε

n = 1038 children

The minimum sample size was 1038 children for the

descriptive study In fact, we investigated 1152 children

* Sample size for a intervention study: Calculated by the

following formula:

2

=

−

α β

Changing data into the formula, we have: the intervention

sample size for mothers: n = 554 mothers

The intervention sample size for children : n= 455 children

Thus, to make sure of ethics in research, we would conduct the

intervention in all mothers with children under 5 years and all

children aged 5 years in 4 intervened communes

2.3.3 Study indicators

̊ Indicators on current status of acute respiratory infections

in under-five children in study settings before intervention: Clinical

examination

practices and acute lower respiratory infections: Interviewing and

observing mother’s practices

̊ Indicators on risk factors related to acute lower

respiratory infections: Interviewing and observing a housing

conditions and hygiene

̊ Classification of related factors according to model of

logistic regression

̊ Intervention efficiency index in research

¬ Output index: Percentage of mothers with KAP changes after intervention

¬ Impact index:

* Longitudinal follow-up index in the community:

- Incidence density by year, episodes of acute respiratory infections by season, morbidity rate after using Broncho -Vaxom during intervention

- Morbidity of acute respiratory infections after using Broncho- Vaxom

- Rate of children using antibiotics after using Broncho- Vaxom

* Evaluation index after intervention in a intervention group and a control group: The prevelence of acute respiratory infections after intervention (Compared with the prevalance before intervention)

̊ Intervention efficiency index in qualitative research to

evaluate an acceptance of the community:

̊ In-depth interviews, group discussions: Leaders of the community, mothers, village health workers, commune health workers

to evaluate an acceptability of the community for intervention measures

2.4 Intervention contents

Arragement of the community, deployment of health education communication, longitudinal follow-up of acute respiratory infections in children in the community, preventive intervention by immune- enhancing drugs, evaluation after intervention

2.5 Data processing and analyzing

Data were entered and processed and analyzed by using SPSS16.0 , Epidata, EPI-INFO, EXCEL

Chapter 3 STUDY RESULTS

3.2 Some epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory

infections in children under 5 years old at the study sites

- The prevalence rate of acute respiratory infections in children

before intervention was 43.9%, acute upper respiratory infections

(36.1%), acute lower respiratory infections (7.8%) The prevalence of

acute upper respiratory infections (AURI) in a group of children aged

36-60 months was highest (41.0%), higher than a group of children

aged 2 - <12 months (27.1%), with p <0.01 The prevalence of acute

lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in a group of children aged 2 -

<12 months was highest (11.0%), higher than a group of children

36-60 months (4.7%), with p <0.01

- The prevalence of acute lower respiratory infections in the

the Dao ethnic minority children (9.9%), the Nung (9.6%), the Tay

(7.0% ) and the Kinh majority children was the lowest (6.7%) The

Tay and the Kinh was statistically significant, with p<0.01 (Table 3.6)

3.3.2 Factors related to acute lower respiratory infections

- A type of temporary house and a desolate, damp condition of

house, indoor stoves, animal sheds near the house, indoor smoking

were factors associated with acute lower respiratory infections in

children A group of children living in conditions of above –

mentioned poor housing hygiene had a higher risk of respiratory

infections from 2.28 times to 3.44 times, with p <0.05 (Table 3.12)

- The time of weaned children closely related to the situation of

acute lower respiratory infections A group of children weaned early

(<12 months) had a risk of respiratory infections to be 7.82 times

higher than a weaned group of children (>18 months), with p<0.01

Immunization status was also closely related to the situation of acute

lower respiratory infections in children Children who were not fully

vaccinated or were fully vaccinated but an incorrect schedule had a

risk of acute lower respiratory infections to be 8.24 times higher than

the children who were fully vaccinated and according to a correct

schedule, with p <0.01 (Table 3.13)

- Mother’s knowledge on child care was closely related to acute lower respiratory infections Children of mothers with poor knowledge had a risk of acute lower respiratory infections to be 3.69 times higher than children of mothers with a good and average knowledge , with p <0.01 (Table 3.14)

- Mother’s child care practices were closely related to acute lower respiratory infections in children Children of mothers with poor practices had a risk of acute lower respiratory infections to be 5.18 times higher than children of mothers with a very good and average practices, with p <0.01 (Table 3.15)

Table 3.16 Assessing related factors according to models of logistic

regression Related factors included in

regression models

Crude OR ( 95% CI)

Adjusted OR ( 95%CI)

p (adjusted)

Not fully vaccinated or fully but incorrect schedule

8.24 {4.34-15.66}

10.8

Early weaned < 12 months old

7.82 {3.06-17.97}

4.39

{2.06-13.01}

4.61

{1.58-8.65}

3.38

{1.03-11.42}

1.47

{1.94-4.89}

1.85

{1.46-4.32}

2.0

Mother’s education

1.43

{1.34-4.40}

3.29

{1.46-3.57}

1.75

Table 3.16 showed that the leading related factor was

children’s vaccination (adjusted OR = 10.80), the second was the

child care practice (adjusted OR = 4.61), the third was time of

weaned children (adjusted OR = 4.39), followed by knowledge

(adjusted OR = 3.38) A family with smokers, animal sheds near the

house, damp conditions of the house, indoor stoves, mother's

education and a housing type were confounding factors

3.4 Intervention effectiveness for acute respiratory infection

control in children

3.4.2 Effectiveness of intervention model

3.4.2.1 Output results of intervention

Results of intervention for mother’s KAP change :

* Impact of intervention for mother’s knowledge change

Table 3.23 Efficiency of intervention for mother’s knowledge change

Before

interventi

on (1)

(n = 593)

After interventi

on (2) (n = 627)

First Survey (3) (n = 456)

Final survey (4) (n = 450)

Site

Score

scale

n % n % n % n %

p

Poor 514 86.7 40 6.4 376 82.5 349 77.6

p1&2< 0.01

p3&4> 0.05

p2&4< 0.01

Interventio n: 92.61 Control:

5.94

86.67

Average 79 13.3 356 56.8 80 17.5 99 22.0

p1&2< 0.01

p3&4> 0.05

p2&4< 0.01

Interventio n: 327.06 Control:

25,71

301.35

Fair,

well 0 0 231 36.8 0 0 2 0.4

p1&2< 0.01

p3&4> 0.05

p2&4< 0.01

Interventio n: 36.8 Control:

0.4

36.40

Table 3.23 showed that :

After 2 years of intervention, mother’s knowledge on acute respiratory infections was markedly improved:

Poor knowledge in a intervention group decreased to 6.4% (after intervention) from 86.7% ( before intervention) , 77,6% (in the control), efficiency of intervention was 86.67%, with p < 0.01

An average and good knowledge in the intervention group was increased as compared to before intervention and a control group Effectiveness of intervention for the average knowledge was 301.35% and for the fair and good knowledge was 36.40%, with p < 0.01

* Impact of intervention for mother’s child care at home

Table 3.25 Results to change mother’s healthcare service

Before interventi

on (1) (n = 593)

After interventi

on (2) (n = 627)

First survey (3) (n = 456)

Final survey (4) (n= 450)

Study site Indicator

n % n % n % n %

p

Untreated at home 17 2.9 7 1.1 13 2.9 12 2.6

p1 & 2 < 0.05

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 > 0.05 Self- buy medicines

and self- treated

at home

87 14.7 22 3.3 49 10.7 51 11.3

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.01

To see healers 10 1.7 1 0.2 9 2.0 8 1.8

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.05

To see village health workers 1 0.2 300 47.8 5 1.1 4 0.9

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.01

To commune health center (CHC)

407 68.6 532 84.8 312 68.4 316 70.2

p1 &2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.01 Worship 210 35.4 101 16.1 160 35.1 163 36.2

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p < 0.01

The Table 3.25.revealed that:

After intervention, the use of health services for mother’s

children had changed markedly: The rate of mothers in the

intervention group took their children to village health staffs more:

from 0.2% (before intervention) up to 47.8% (after intervention) and

0.9% (in the control) Taking children to commune health centers

also increased: from 68.6% (before intervention) up to 84.8% (after

intervention) and 70.2% (in the control) Worship also reduced more

: from 35.4% (before intervention) to 16.1% (after intervention) and

36.2% (in the control)

Table 3.28 Effectiveness of intervention for mother’s child

care practice

Before

interventi

on ( 3)

(n=593)

After interventi

on (4) (n=627)

First survey (1) (n=456)

Final survey (2) (n=450)

Time

period

Level

n % n % n % n %

p

Poor 482 81.3 91 14.5 350 76.8 343 76.2

p1 & 2 <0.01

p3&4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 <0.05

CT:82,16 C: 0,78 81.38

Average 73 12.3 139 22.2 71 15.6 76 16.9

p1 & 2 <0.01

p3&4 >0.05

p2 & 4 <0.05

CT:80,49 C:8,33 72.16

Fair ,

well 38 6.4 397 63.3 35 7.7 31 6.9

p1& 2 <0.01

p3&4 >0.05

p2 & 4 <0.01

CT:889,06 C:10,39 878.67

The table 3.28 found that:

After 2 years of intervention, mother’s child care practices on

ARI were improved considerably:

Poor practices in the intervention group dropped from 81.3%

(before intervention) 14.5% (after intervention), 76,2% (in the

control) with p < 0.01, efficiency of intervention was 81.38%, with

p < 0.01

The average and good practices after intervention were increased as compared to before intervention and the control, efficiency of intervention was 81.38%, 72.16% and 878.67%, respectively, with p < 0.01

3.4.2.2 Impact results

¬ Results of longitudinal follow-up for acute respiratory

infections in children at households by village health staff during intervention in the intervention group :No child died in the community

* Incidence density of acute respiratory infections in intervened areas

Table 3.29 Incidence density of acute respiratory infections episode

by year

No pneumonia: Cough

or cold

Pneumonia; Severe pneumonia Indicator

Year

Sum of person-year at

(Year)

Incidence /1000 Child- years

Episode Incidence

(Year)

Incidence/

1000 Child- years

Efficiency

The Table 3.29 point out that:

- The incidence density according to episodes of no

pneumonia: Cough or cold in 2008 (3.51 episodes/year/child, equivalent to 3510 episodes/1000 child- years) was lower than that in

2007 (5.43 episodes/year per child, equivalent to the 5430 episodes/1000 child- years), efficiency index reached 35.36% Thus, episodes of disease in 2008 decreased as compared to episodes in

2007 was 35.36%

- The incidence density according to episodes of pneumonia; severe pneumonia in 2008 (0.31 episode per year per child, equivalent to 310 episodes /1000 child - years) was lower than that in

2007 (0.70 episode per year child, equivalent to 700 episodes/1000 child - years , efficiency index reached 55.71% Thus, episodes of disease in 2008 decreased as compared to episodes in 2007 to be 55.71%

Resuls of longiuidinal follow-up for children who had a

recurrent acute respiratory infections many times in the intervention

group were taken Broncho- Vaxom done by village health staff

Table 3.33 Intervention results to the average number of diseased –

child times before and after medication Time period

Indicator

Before intervention

(n = 52)

After intervention (n = 52)

p

Decreased as compared to before intervention

Overall ARI

(Episode) 12.46 ± 3.60 3.54 ± 2.38 <0.01 8.92 ± 3.97

AURI (Episode) 8.15 ± 3.71 2.56 ± 2.12 <0.01 5.59 ± 4.03

ALRI (Episode) 4.31 ± 1.05 0.98 ± 0.77 <0.01 3.33 ± 0.90

Average day with ARI 6.40 ± 2.32 2.79 ± 1.71 <0.01 3.61 ± 2.69

The table 3.33 showed that:

- For children using Broncho- Vaxom, the average number of

episodes of ARI, acute upper respiratory infections, acute lower

respiratory infections were dropped For ARI : After intervention

(3.54 ± 2.38), before intervention(12.46 ± 3.60), decreased more as

compared to before intervention of 8.92 ± 3.97, with p <0.01

- For the average duration of ARI in children: After

intervention (2.79 ± 1.71 days), before intervention (6.40 ± 2.32

days), decreased more as compared to before intervention of 3.61 ±

2.69 days, with p < 0.01

Table 3.36 Impact of intervention for using antibiotics in children

before and after taking Broncho- Vaxom

Time period

Indicator

Before intervention

(n = 52)

After intervention (n = 52)

p

Decreased

as compared

to before intervention

Number of antibiotic

episodes used 4.15 ± 1.22 1.04 ± 0.81 < 0.01 3.12 ± 1.25

Antibiotics used 52 (100 %) 35 (67.3 %) < 0.01 32.7 (%)

The Table 3.36 revealed that:

For children using Broncho-Vaxom, the use of antibiotics in children with ARI was dropped as compared to before using Broncho-Vaxom :

- The average episode of using antibiotics in children after intervention (1.04 ± 0.81), before intervention (4.15 ± 1.22), decreased as compared before intervention of (3.12 ± 1.25), with p < 0.01

- The percentage of children using antibiotics after intervention (67.3 %), before intervention (100%), decreased as compared to before intervention of 32,7%, with p<0.01

¬ Assessing a situation of acute respiratory infections in

children after intervention

Table 3.40 Efficiency of intervention for status of ARI in children

Intervention

Before intervent ion (1) (n= 654)

After intervent ion (2) (n= 684)

First survey (3) (n= 498)

Final survey (4) (n= 468)

Site Level

n % n % n % n %

p

General ARI 276 42.2 166 24.3 230 46.2 214 45.7

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4> 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.01

Intervention: 42.42 Control:

1.08

41.34

AURI 221 33.8 152 22.2 195 39.2 182 38.9

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.01

Intervention: 34.32 Control:

0.77

33.55

ALRI 55 8.4 14 2.0 35 7.0 32 6.8

p1 & 2 < 0.01

p3 & 4 > 0.05

p2 & 4 < 0.01

Intervention: 76.19 Control:

2.86

73.33

The Table 3.40 showed that : After 2 years of intervention, the

situation of ARI in children was markedly improved:

ARI in the intervention group decreased from 42.2% (before intervention) to 24.3% (after intervention) and in the control was 45.7%,

with p <0.01 Effectiveness of intervention was 41.34% Thus, due to

intervention, the prevalence of ARI decreased by 41.34%

Evaluation of the community acceptance for intervention

measures in the qualitative research

Ending the intervention stage, the researchers conducted

in-depth interviews, focus group discussions of mothers or caregivers,

village health staff, commune health workers, community leaders in

order to: assessing the community acceptance with the intervention

measures was implemented locally, the intervention measures were

accepted by the community The practical efficiencies: Mother’s

knowledge and practice were improved, reducing the incidence, the

recurrence rate and the level of disease and from that it had promoted

the community to accept and to take part actively

Chapter 4:

DISCUSSION

4.1 Current status of acute respiratory infections in children

under 5 years old at Cho Moi district, Bac Kan province

4.1.1 General situation of acute respiratory infections

The prevalence of acute upper respiratory infections in children

was 36.1%, the prevalence of acute lower respiratory infections in

children was 7.8% The overall prevalence of acute respiratory

infections in children in this area was 43.9% The above results

demonstrated that acute respiratory infections in children under 5

years old in the community remained high Cho Moi - a mountainous

district of Bac Kan province was still difficult in socio-economic,

cultural life 80% of populations were ethnic minorities People’s

living conditions in here still faced up with many difficulties,

mothers were lacking in knowledge and child care practices Our

study results was much higher than the study results conducted by

Prietsch S O (2008) in the city of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil, by

Nguyen Van Thieu and Nguyen Huu Ky (2003) in Huong Thuy -

Thua Thien Hue However, our study results were relatively

consistent with a study conducted by Nizami S Q in the outskirts of Karachi city, Parkistan (2006)

* The prevalence of acute respiratory infections in children by ethnic group

In our study area, there were many ethnic minorities such as Tay, Nung, Dao, H'mong, Hoa, San Chi, San Diu, Cao Lan, Muong Results showed that the prevalence of acute lower respiratory infections among ethnic children was very different This rate in Tay children was 7.0% and in Kinh was 6.7%, in Nung was 9.6%, in Dao was 9.9%, and in H'mong was 26.3% The rate of acute lower respiratory infections in H'mong children was higher than that in Kinh children and other minorities children (p <0.01) Why was the rate of acute lower respiratory infections in H'mong children 3 times higher than this rate in other ethnic children It could be possible that

contacted with other ethnic groups in the same area, they lived in separate villages, mainly cultivating in burnt – over lands, stoves between house, animal shed near the house, H'mong mother’s child care knowledge and living habits were poorer than the Kinh and Tay mothers Therefore, social factors such as child care knowledge and habits were the problems that needed to be paid a special attention to

in acute respiratory infection control

4.2 Factors related to acute lower respiratory infection

* Association between mother’s knowledge, practice and acute

lower respiratory infections

Results demonstrated that mother’s knowledge and practice were closely related to acute lower respiratory infections Children in

a group of mothers with poor knowledge were at risk of acute lower respiratory infections, 3.69 times higher than children in a group of mothers with an average and good knowledge, with p <0.01 When analyzing factors of mother’s child care practices with ARI program also obtained similar results, acute lower respiratory infections in children was closely related to mother’s child care practices Children

in a group of mothers with poor practices were at risk of acute lower

respiratory infections, 5.18 times higher than children in a group of

mothers with the average and good practices, with p <0.01 This was

appropriate because the area where we conducted the study was the

mountainous area, highlands, mainly the ethnic minorities, difficulties in

traveling, backward customs, inhabitant’s life mainly relying on

cultivating in burnt-over lands Therefore, they less accessed to

information This problem was also referred to in a study in Bac

Giang, Ha Tinh, Quang Tri by Han Trung Dien and by G Chan C et

al (2006) in Malaysia

4.3 Effectiveness of community intervention in prevention

and control of acute respiratory infections in children

¬ Impact of intervention for changing mother’s knowledge

and practices

After 2 years of intervention, mother’s knowledge and

practices for acute respiratory infections in the intervention group

were markedly improved Mother’s knowledge level after

intervention presented in Table 3.23 showed that the mothers with a

poor knowledge decreased from 86.7% (before intervention) to 6.4%

(after intervention) Mother’s average and fair, good knowledge was

increased in the intervention group as compared to before

intervention and the control Mothers when they had knowledge, they

needed to apply it in child care in reality: After intervention, mother’s

child care practices at home were clearly improved Mother’s poor

practice in the intervention group decreased from 81.3% (before

intervention) to 14.5% (after intervention), 76.2% (in the control)

with p < 0.01 Effectiveness of intervention was 81.38%

The results of our study were consistent with studies done by

several authors in the country and in the world: Study on acute

respiratory infections in children under 1 year in the community and

impact of health education communication in some communes in Bac

Giang, Ha Tinh, Quang Tri provinces by Han Trung ien (2002 and

study on mother’s KAP for respiratory infections in Kenya by Simiyu

D E (2003)

4.3.2 Effectiveness of intervention in prevention and control of acute respiratory infections

4.3.2.1 Evaluation of situation of acute respiratory infections through longitudinal follow-up at household

¬ The incidence density of acute respiratory infections at

intervened communes

In order to evaluate the incidence of acute respiratory infections, we conducted a longitudinal follow-up of children in 2 years of intervention The Table 3.29 showed that the incidence of episodes: No pneumonia, cough or cold in 2008 (3.51 episodes/ year /child, equivalent to 3510 episodes/1000 child - years) was lower than that in 2007 (5.43 episodes/year/child, equivalent to 5430 episodes/1000 child - years) The incidence of episodes: Pneumonia; severe pneumonia in 2008 (0.31 episode/year/child, equivalent to 310 episodes/1000 child - years) was lower than that in 2007 (0.70 episode/year/child, equivalent to 700 episodes/1000 child - years) In the first year, the intervention contents included the health education communication, follow-up and treatment at home, at commune health centers if severe, patients were referred to high levels In the second year, we also conducted above –mentioned measures and using Broncho- Vaxom for children who were relapsed several times That helped the mothers understand what they needed to do to solve health problems and diseases of their children by their efforts and the support from outside Since then the mothers had decided to make the most appropriate action to protect and to improve health for themselves, their families and the community in general and for children in particular The incidence of acute respiratory infections in children in the second year had decreased as compared to that in the first year Our study results in the first year were higher than results done by Ruan I (2005): A global estimate of the rate of pneumonia

in children under 5 years showed that: The incidence of pneumonia episodes in developing countries was 0.29 episode/year/child Ending the second year of intervention, the incidence of pneumonia episodes

in our study as compared to the study result by Ruan I was