MODEL AND SOLUTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE PERI-URBAN AREAS OF HA NOI INNER-CITY THROUGH 2030

******* LE CUONG MODEL AND SOLUTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE PERI-URBAN AREAS OF HANOI INNER-CITY THROUGH 2030 MAJOR: URBAN AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT... The nece

*******

LE CUONG

MODEL AND SOLUTION

OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN THE PERI-URBAN AREAS OF HANOI INNER-CITY THROUGH 2030

MAJOR: URBAN AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Dissertation Supervisors: 1 Hoang Van Hue, Prof., Ph.D

2 Cu Huy Dau, Assoc Prof., Ph.D

Referee 1: Nguyen Hong Tien, Assoc Prof., Ph.D

Referee 2: Nguyen Lan, Prof., Ph.D

Referee 3: Tran Thi Huong, Assoc Prof., Ph.D

The oral defense of this dissertation before the Doctorate Board was held:

At hour day month year 2015

The dissertation can be found at the National Library or at the Library of Hanoi Architectural University

INTRODUCTION

1 The necessity of the dissertation subject

Currently, Hanoi City generates about 6,500 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day, of which the amount of solid waste generated from 12 urban districts

of about 3800 tons, from the suburban area district (District 9) is about 1110 tons; The remaining solid waste is generated from the remaining districts [3], [73]

The process of urbanization, expansion and development of Hanoi City has a strong impact on the socio-economic conditions, infrastructure of peri-urban areas The creation of new districts, villages turned into wards and peri-urban areas fluctuate

by the urban management policies and administrative measures Poor infrastructure, solid waste management in peri-urban areas is inadequate; waste collection, transportation and disposal services of Urban Environment Company (URENCO) does not reach far areas

In many rural areas, the garbage collection model by self-governing citizens has formed However, only few models operate effectively In suburban areas, where the urbanization process developed rapidly, if the waste is not managed well cause

environmental pollution [22] Therefore the subject "Model and solution of municipal solid waste management in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030" is necessary

2 Purposes of the research

- Improving the efficiency of state management in the MSW collection, transportation and disposal services in peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city

- Building a model and solution of MSW management of in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city relevant to the planning of solid waste management of Hanoi through 2030

3 Object and scope of the research

3.1 Object of the research: Municipal solid waste; Industrial solid waste and trade villages belonging to other research

3.2 Scope of the research: 9 suburban districts which have the administrative boundaries adjacent to the urban districts of Hanoi as planned through 2030

4 Research method and approach

(1) Investigation method; (2) Synthesis and analysis methods used in Planning; (3) Inheritance method; (4) Comparison and control method; (5) Expert opinion method

This dissertation approaches in suburban areas which are in the "Moving" status,

always changing in the process of urbanization and expansion of the City

5 The science, practice significance and new contributions of the dissertation

5.1 The science and practice significance of the dissertation

a The science significance

Using scientific arguments, dissertation was to clarify the concept of peri-urban areas, building a theoretical and practical basis on which a model and solution of MSW management in peri-urban areas of Hanoi through 2030 is proposed

b The practice significance

Dissertation contributes to the implementation of the Solid waste disposal planning of Hanoi through 2030, with orientations toward 2050

5.2 New contributions of the dissertation

1 The dissertation was to clarify the concept of peri-urban areas, the difference between the peri-urban areas and suburb areas, factors affecting MSW management

in peri-urban areas

2 Propose a model of organizational structure of URENCO in districts, environment service cooperatives, self-governing sanitation teams; clarify the responsibilities and duties of the concerned organisations and individuals

3 Propose a general model of MSW disposal in nine suburban districts; determine the location, size, capacity and processing technology of solid waste treatment facilities in suburban areas for suburban districts planned with or without MSW disposal facilities

4 Propose three models of MSW management: (1) MSW is collected and sorted at the source and transported to the final disposal; (2) The MSW management model for residential areas in urbanization towns and communes; (3) The MSW management model for residential areas of agricultural communes; The process of collecting, sorting, transport and disposal of MSW in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030

5 Propose mechanisms and policies for socialization of MSW management services in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city

6 Some scientific concepts of solid waste and solid waste management

7 The structure of the dissertation

In addition to the appendix, references the content of the dissertation consists

of three main chapters with a total of 158 pages:

Prologue (9 pages);

Chapter 1 Overview of MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas (60 pages);

Chapter 2 Science and practice basis of the dissertation (37 pages);

Chapter 3 Proposed model and solution of solid waste management in the

peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030, with orientations toward 2050 (48

pages);

Conclusion and Recommendation (4 pages)

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF MSW MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS

1.1 Suburban areas and peri-urban areas

1.1.1 The concept of suburban and peri-urban areas

a Inner city and suburbs

Hanoi is the Capital City which has district-level administrative units including districts, towns The inner city consists of inner districts which include of wards The the suburbs consists of outer districts which include of communes and towns [5]

b Peri-urban areas

It can be seen that there are differences in interpretation and definition of urban areas But in the majority of cases, peri-urban areas are considered including all communes, towns territory near or even adjacent to the inner city area is specified via the administrative measures [30],[41]

peri-1.1.2 The difference between suburban and peri-urban areas

Peri-urban areas belong to the suburb and are close to the inner districts

1.2 The process of formation and development of peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city

1.2.1 The formation and development of the districts of Hanoi

* The period 1954-1994: Before 1995, Hanoi has only 4 inner districts

* So far: Hanoi has 12 inner districts, 01 towns and 17 outer districts

1.2.2 Peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030

a Peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030: All communes and towns

in nine districts (Dan Phuong, Hoai Duc, Thanh Oai, Thanh Tri, Thuong Tin, Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Chuong My and Me Linh) near or adjacent to the 12 inner districts

of Hanoi

Figure 1.1 Center urban and suburban areas of Hanoi city in the period

2014 – 2030 (the period of the inner city of Hanoi has

12 counties) [54] (photo

by the dissertation author)

b Peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city expected for the period 2030 – 2050

To determine the peri-urban areas should be based on time and planning stage Review and assessment: During the development and expansion of Hanoi City, along with the creation of new districts, Peri-urban areas will always be in “moving” status

1.3 The basic characteristics of the peri-urban areas - Classification of peri-urban residential areas

1.3 The basic characteristics of the peri-urban areas

- Economy: Unlike rural areas, peri-urban areas include a more comprehensive economic activity

- Social: In peri-urban area, population composition is inhomogeneous, educational level and awareness of people is higher than in rural areas Social relationships are more complex and more multidimensional The variability of the peri-urban area is very large, there are a lot of people moving from rural areas to urban and peri-urban areas Careers changing trends to services, handicraft, because of reduction of agricultural land

- Environment is polluted, infrastructure is overloaded and rapidly degraded 1.3.2 Classification of peri-urban residential areas

In the study area, there are 183 towns and 12 communes with a total of 733

residential areas: 462 agricultural residential areas; 180 service residential areas and

91 residential areas of trade village

1.4 Current status of MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas in some countries in the world

a Developed countries: Japan, Singapore

b Developing countries: Thailand, The Philippines

c Review and assessment:

In developed countries: The legal system is perfect and well-enforced; Synchronous infrastructure system, modern technology create favorable conditions for the collection and disposal of waste; The process of collection, transport and disposal

of MSW is reasonable; Sorting waste at sources is highly focused and well implemented, thereby promotes reuse thoroughly, reduces the volume of waste sent for processing; Share responsibilities and obligations between the State - Business - People; Reasonable service fee

In developing countries (Thailand, The Philippines, Malaysia): The collection, sorting at sources of MSW is well implemented; Recycling of MSW is well developed

1.5 Current status of MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas in some cities in Vietnam

1.5.1 MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas in Ho Chi Minh City

In addition to the formal system (CITENCO, other public service companis) that controls urban solid waste managemen, the non-formal system established by the residentials responsible for the collection of solid waste, including individuals, 30 enterprises and 05 cooperative unions The rate of collection and transportation of solid waste between the private sector and the state is 40% and 60%; MSW disposal is mainly undertake by private companies

1.5.2 MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas in Danang City

Currently, Danang Urban Environment Company collected an average of 574 tons of solid waste per day, nearly about 88% of the amount of waste generated

1.5.3 MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas in Haiphong City

Currently, most of the suburban districts of Haiphong City do not have concentrate waste disposal facilities (except for Gia Minh waste disposal area in Thuy Nguyen District)

1.5.4 Review and assessment

According to statistics of the Department of Infrastructure, Ministry of

Construction, as of April 2012, the total amount of MSW generated in the whole country is over 61,500 tons per day, of which urban MSW accounts for over 50%, rural areas of less than 50% In Vietnam, solid waste in urban and peri-urban areas have yet to be sorted at source; The proportion of solid waste collection in urban areas

is 83%, in rural areas is 30% Landfill is still MSW disposal forms (accounting for 83% of MSW), secondary compost products (7%), the recovery and recycling of waste in the private facilities (10-12%) There have not yet been a synchronous system of collection, transportation and disposal of waste, still lack of waste disposal facilities at the locals, rural districts

80-1.6 Current status of MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city

1.6.1 Current status of MSW management in Hanoi City

- Sorting: Only a few of wards, commues develop 3R project

- Collection and transport: In addition to the Urban Environment Company of Hanoi City (URENCO) there are (1) URENCOs of Dong Anh, Gia Lam, Soc Son and Thanh Tri districts; (2) Private enterprises (Thang Long Environment JSC, Thanh Cong Cooperative, Green Environment); (3) Ha Dong Environment Public Service JSC, SonTay Urban Construction And Environment JSC …

- The current status of MSW disposal: landfill, composting, recycling

1.6.2 Current status of MSW management in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city

MSW management in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city is fully insufficient in sorting, collection, transport and disposal

1.6.3 Management mechanisms and policies of MSW of Hanoi City

Management mechanisms and policies of MSW are still some shortcomings need to be adjusted in the near future Also, some additional legislation on socialization of MSW management is needed in order to attracting the private sector

to the collection, transportation and disposal of MSW

1.7 Some models of socialization of MSW management in Vietnam and in Hanoi City

1.7.1 Some models of socialization of MSW management in Vietnam [47] Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh are the two leading cities in socialization of MSW management In other localities, there are private enterprises such as Kien An municipal Administration Compamy, Do Son Public Service Company (Haiphong City), Cam Pha Industry JSC, An Lac Vien Limited Company (Quang Ning Province), Huy Hoang Limited Company (Lang Son Province)… In solid waste

disposal, there is also the participation of private sector, for exemple SERAPHIN Company, Tam Sinh Nghia Company In the whole country, there are 274 environment service co-operatives, of which 154 specialized in environment Many enterprises work very effectively, for exemple Thanh Cong Co-operative …

1.7.2 Some models of socialization of MSW management in Hanoi City

In Hanoi, in addition to the Hanoi URENCO, there are a number of private companies: Thang Long JSC, Tay Do JSC, Green JSC, Thanh Cong Co-operative…; self-governing teams in Thanh Tri District, Xuan Mai Environment Service Limited Company, model in Lai Xa hamlet (Kim Chung commune, Hoai Duc district), model

of solid waste of Van Dinh town (Van Dinh district)…

1.7.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of the MSW management socialization model The dissertation summarized and used matrix to evaluate the effectiveness of MSW management socialization models in some localities such as: waste collection self-governing teams in Yen Lang commune (Vu Thu district, Thai Binh province), in Nam Cuong commune (Yen Bai city, Yen Bai province) and in Cua Lo Town, Nghe

An province…

1.8 Overview of the related researches

1.8.1 Criteria for selecting the subjects, thesis, dissertations: subjects, new researches published recently and directly related to the dissertation

1.8.2 Assess the related scientific researches has been published: The dissertation presents the results of the study, the problems need for further research

1.8.3 Comment and assessment: It can be seen, in Vietnam, the research subjects of the first group are mainly related to technique and technology of solid waste management; the research subjects of the second and the third groups is mainly related to the planning of solid waste area or solid waste landfills There has been no overall and comprehensive research on MSW management in urban and peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city before the impact of the process of urbanization so far

1.9 The problems need for further research

- Clarifying the concept of peri-urban areas, suburbs

- Determine the size, capacity and processing technology of solid waste treatment areas, solid waste transfer station in peri-urban areas as planned

- Model and solution of MSW management in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030, with orientations toward 2050

- Research on the model of management structure and organisation of district URENCO, environmental service co-operatives and self-government sanitation

groups/teams; organic relationship between the units

- Mechanisms and policies for socialization of MSW management services and other related problems

Chapter 1 conclusion

Chapter 2 SCIENCE AND PRACTICE BASIS OF THE OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE PERI-URBAN AREAS OF HANOI INNER-CITY THROUGH 2030

2.1 The scientific methodology of solid waste management system

2.1.1 The solid waste management system: is the set of elements or components that interact with each other in order to protect environment and for sustainable development

2.1.2 Type of solid waste management systems in peri-urban areas: district URENCOs (state-owned of JSC); environmental service co-operatives (if exist); self-government sanitation groups/teams in communes, towns

2.1.3 The basic characteristics of solid waste management systems [35]: The system has boundary, lines between the boundary and the external environment; the systems change over time (moving status); the systems have hierarchy structure; the system have dominant

2.1.4 Structure and organisation of the solid waste management systems There are three points need to be noticed when considering the structure of the systems: The target of system must be taken as the standard; Management must be associated with people in the system When analyzing the organizational structure of the solid waste management system should note two levels: Individuals - units, of which responsibility must be taken as a standards to distinguish; Determine the formal structure of the systems

2.1.5 Organizational structure types of solid waste management systems

Organizational structure of functional type; Organizational structure of management subdivision type; Organizational structure of matrix type

2.1.6 Limit and responsibility of solid waste management

Thesis determined management limits and responsibilities for the district and inter-district, the communes and inter-communes which objects managed by whom

2.1.7 The tools for MSW management

Legislation tools, economic tools, scientific and technology tools; ISO management, method of integrated management of solid waste in combination with

3R, 4R

2.2 Factors influence the model and solution of MSWmanagement in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city

2.2.1 The natural, socio-economic and environmental conditions

- The natural conditions in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi is the natural conditions of Hanoi

- Awareness of the people on environmental protection is not high enough, the backlog and perenniality of waste cause of environmental pollution; The gathering and disposal areas are temporary

- Infrastructure systems of the districts in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi are weak and inadequate; narrow road network makes it difficult for the collection and transportation of MSW [59]

2.2.2 Science, technique and technology keep an important role in the management, but the application of it in management is limited

2.2.3 The impact from the mechanism conversion from centralized and administrative - subsidiary economic system to market economic system

Old management method does not meet market mechanisms [78]

2.2.4 MSW management service socialization: MSW management in general and MSW in peri-urban areas in particular, require the participation of the private economic sector and mobilization of community participation in the management of MSW

2.2.5 Relationship factors between subjects, objects and objectives of the MSW management

Balance harmoniously the interests, rights of the parties in the MSW management

2.2.6 Cooperation in management : Ensuring social welfare, harmonious interests; Autonomy in coordination with state agencies, units and specialized organizations

2.3 The legal basis

2.3.1 The current legislation on the MSW management

Currently, the legal system of MSW management is relatively full and complete: Law on Environmental Protection of Vietnam 2014, Decree of Government 59/2007/NĐ-CP dated April 09, 2007 on solid waste management, Decision 2149/QD-TTg dated december 17, 2009 of the Prime Minister approving the national strategy for integrated management of solid waste up to 2025

2.3.2 Sustainable development strategy for Vietnam for the period 2011 –

- 04 important goals to the year 2015, 2020 and 2025: (1) Prevention of solid waste generated; (2) Reduction of solid waste generated; (3) Promote the classification of solid waste at the sources; (4) Promote the collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste

2.3.4 The socialization policy of environmental protection: The MSW management service is needed to be socialized; promote socialization - preferential policies for solid waste management socialization

2.3.5 Overall planning of socio-economic development of Hanoi through 2020, with orientations toward 2030 (by Decision 1081/QD-TTg dated Jully 06, 2011 of the Prime Minister approving the master plan on socio-economic development of Hanoi city through 2020, with orientations toward 2030): Economic restructuring towards service

2.3.6 General construction planning of Hanoi through 2030, with orientations toward 2050 [54]

The center urban will be expanded to the West and to the South to ring road No.4 and to the North: Me Linh, Dong Anh districts; to the East: Gia Lam and Long Bien districts

2.3.7 Orient planning of solid waste management of Hanoi through 2030

As planned, the MSW gathering and disposal system of Hanoi is divided into three areas, 6 transfer stations (10 ha) and 17 solid waste treatment facilities (430,15 ha)

2.4 The forecast amount of generated MSW in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi through 2030

By 2030, the population of the nine districts in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city will be 2,592,605 people, the total amount of MSW generated will be about 2177.8 tons per day, nearly 2 times the total amount of MSW generated in the peri-urban areas today

Table 2.2 The forecast amount of MSW generated in the peri-urban areas through

2030

Districts

Population (people)

W0(Kg/peopl

e /day)

Amount

of MSW (T/day)

Population (people)

W0(Kg/people/day)

Amount

of MSW (T/day)

3.1 The views, goals and principles of solid waste management

3.1.1 The views: Integrated management of MSW in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city is the responsibility of the whole society; is one of the priorities of environmental protection in the suburb areas of Hanoi

3.1.2 Target to build models: (1) The socio-economic objective; (2) technical objective; (3) The environmental protection objective

3.1.3 The principle of building models: In accordance with the spatial development planning, general planning of solid waste management of the City In accordance with the present technical infrastructure conditions and with that in the future In accordance with the socio-economic conditions of the localities

3.2 The model of organizational structure of MSW management in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city through 2030

3.2.1 The organizational structure of district URENCO

In total nine districts in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi inner-city, only three