Hướng dẫn viết bài luận tiếng Anh chuẩn xác từ đầu đến cuối

Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question vou are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that de

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HOW TO WRITE A PARAGRAPH

What is the topic sentence?

The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph

What does it do?

It introduces the main idea of the paragraph

How do I write one?

Summarize the main idea of your paragraph /ndicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about

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Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As

a result, Canada is a desirable place to live

2 Supporting Details

What are supporting sentences?

They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph What do they do?

They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph How do I write them?

You should give supporting facts, details, and examples

Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live

3 Closing Sentence

What is the closing sentence?

The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph

What does it do?

It restates the main idea of your paragraph

How do I write one?

Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words

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Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is

a desirable place to live

PART 2: How to Write a Paragraph

1 Prewriting Paragraphs

What is the prewriting stage?

The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing

Six Prewriting Steps:

1 Think carefully about what you are going to write Ask yourself:

o What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay?

o Howcan I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer?

o What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence?

o DolIneed more facts on this topic?

o Where can I find more facts on this topic?

2 Open your notebook Write out your answers to the above questions You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph

or essay

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3 Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question vou are going to answer in your paragraph or essay

4, Write down your own ideas Ask yoursel!:

oO What else dol want to say about this topic?

oO Why should people be interested in this topic?

oO Why is this topic important?

5 Pind the main idea of your paragraph or essay Choose the most irmportant point you are gomg to present If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to u throughout your paragraph or essay

6 Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea, Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph

or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it Look at the facts you have written Look at your own ideas on the topic Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay

2 Writing Paragraphs

What is the writing stage?

The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences

Five Writing Steps:

| Open your notebook and word processor

ho Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence

tạo Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning

+ Focus on the main idea of your paragraph

th" Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas,

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3 Editing Paragraphs

What is the editing stage?

The editing stage is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them

Grammar and Spelling

[ Check your spelling

ho Check your grammar

Ca Read your essay agai

in, +, Make sure each sentence has a subject

CAL .oee Hf your subjects and verbs agree with cach other

œ® Check the verb tenses of each sentence

— Make sure that each sentence makes sense

Sivle and Organization

— Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence

ho Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea

3, Make sure you have a closing sentence

in, + Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea,

5 See if your paragraph is interesting

4 Publishine Paragraphs

What is the publishing stage?

The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your paragraph to hand in

Three Publishing Steps:

| Make a paper copy of your paragraph

2 ohow your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents

3 Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing

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PART 3: Kimds of Paragraphs

1 Definition Paragraph

When writing a defimtion paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what H 1s,

Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest

The following words can help you to write a good defimition paragraph:

1 Gs defined as"

Example: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property

2 "is a kind of"

Example: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops,

fy pes

G belongs ta Coal belongs tothe category of non-renewable FESOUICES

O 3s a part of Coalis a part ofthe category of non-renewable resources

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o is grouped with Coal is

resources

grouped with non-renewable

o is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources

Oo is associated with Coal is associated with other non-renewable

resources

3 Description Paragraph

In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place,

Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located

near north/east/south/west Properties

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Near

Example: Many companies are located near Toronto

north / east / south / west

Example: Ontario is west of Quebec

4 Compare and Contrast Paragraph

In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas Example: Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax

The following words can help you to write a good compare and contrast paragraph:

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Om the other hand

Example: On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax

In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events

or a process in some sort of order Usually, this order is based on time Example: Write a paragraph outhning how a person becomes the prime rminister

The following words can help you to write a good sequence paragraph

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first, second, third, etc recently

First, second, third, etc

Example: First, you need to become a leader of a_ political party Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons Third, your party must have a majority of seats

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Example: Write a paragraph stating whether you would preter to play hockey or lacrosse

The following words can help you to write a good choice paragraph:

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causes and effects of certain events

Example: Write a paragraph explaining why so many Europeans moved to Canada during the nineteenth century

The following words can help you to write a good explanation

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Is due to / was due to

Example: The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures in Europe

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Example: Write a paragraph evaluating whether pesticides should be used on farms

The following words can help you to write a good evaluation paragraph:

Criteria for Evaluation Recommendation

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Một đoạn văn là một loạt câu phát triển, ứng hộ, chứng mình một ý nào

đó, và ý này thường là cầu chủ dé (lopic sentence) cla đoạn vần, Các cau con lai (supporting sentences) phat trién, giai thich, minh hoa cho clu ché dé Cau két Indn ( concluding sentence) cua doan van la cau khang định lại câu chú điểm, tóm tắt lại các ý chính của đoạn văn

i Topic sentence

o Introduces the topic im the paragraph

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©

Is the most general sentence in the paragraph

Contains controlling ideas that the following sentences in the paragraph will explain/ define/ clarify/ illustrate

* A controlling idea is a word or phrase that the reader can ask questions about: How? Why? In what ways? What does that mean? Ex: The conical leaf hat is one of the typical features of the Vietnamese

Topic: conical leaf hat

Controlling ideas: What is it? (typical feature of the Vietnamese culture), In what way is it typical?

Signals the end of the paragraph

Summarizes the main points of the paragraph/ restates the topic sentence without copying exactly

Gives a final comment on the topic

Vậy trước khi viết một đoạn văn, HS hãy theo các bước sau:

đê đó

Doc chu đê cho săn, rôi chọn việt một câu chu dé Gach chan câu chủ đê này đê nhăc các em về trọng tâm của đoạn van Việt ra các ý giải thích và làm rõ câu chủ đê

Với môi ý lớn, hãy việt ra các ví dụ, sô liệu dùng đê minh họa

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o_ Nghĩ cách kết thúc đoạn văn và viết nó ra

Sau khi đã làm dàn ý như trên, hãy bắt đầu viết và bám sát dàn ý đã

vạch ra

Đề đoạn văn có thể liên kết với nhau và thống nhất trong một mạch chảy của bài việt, HŠ phải biệt cách sử dụng các từ nôi câu cho hợp lý Sau đây là bảng các từ/ cụm từ nôi

Useful expressions

Sequencing/ Listing First of all, First(ly), Initially, To begin

with; Second(ly); Third(ly); Next; Then; After that (this); Following this (that); Finally; The first reason is / The second is ; Last but not least

Adding to what you have, Also, Furthermore, In addition,

well as, Similarly, not only but also , even beside this/ that

Contrasting In contrast to this, On the contrary, In

contrast, Conversely, On the other hand, While, Whereas, However, Despite/ In spite of, Although, Even though, Otherwise, Nonetheless

particular, Particularly, That is to say, Namely, Such as

Restating In other words, That is to say, To put it

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Inferring In other words, In that case, or else,

Otherwise

Summarizing In summary, To sum up, To conclude, To recapitulate, In conclusion, In

short, In brief, In a nutshell, Lastly, Finally

Writing an essay

Một bài luận là một bài viết dài hơn và thường gồm nhiều đoạn và mỗi

đoạn văn thường theo cầu trúc đoạn văn trình bảy trên Tuy nhiên, cách viết đoạn mở đầu (introductory paragraph) va doan két (concluding paragraph) dac tht nhu sau:

1 The introductory paragraph

¢ The attention getter

- a sentence that gets the reader interested

¢ The main idea

- the topic or thesis of the essay

¢ The guide/ thesis statement (the last sentence of the introductory paragraph)

- a list of the points that will be discussed, thus showing the organization of the composition

Ex: There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls The hat is very special because of its physical features and its use

- Attention getter: There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture

- Topic/ thesis: Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls

- The guide/ thesis statement: The hat is very special because of its physical features and its use

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2 Body

Các đoạn tiếp theo sau đoạn mở đầu sẽ phát triển tương ứng các ý được

đề cập trong câu chủ để của bài luận, và cách viết tuần thủ theo cách viết đoạn văn đã được đề cập trên Ví dụ, đôi với phân mở bài trên, phần thân bài sẽ có 2 doan: Paragraph 1: physical features & Paragraph 2: its use

3 The conchiding paragraph

Là đoạn cuối của bài luận, Thường có 3 cách để viết đoạn kết,

® Á SUHHHATV repeafs the mại points of the essay

» A prediction discusses what will happen in the future

* An evaluation compares the main ports and states what is best

Tome lai:

Structure of the Paragraph and the Essay

» Main idea (opic sentence or thesis)

« Support for the mam idea (a number of supporting details im a paragraph or a number of paragraphs in an essay)

* Conclusion (summary of the main points of support for the matin idea} The writing process for the Paragraph and the Hssay

° First steps

o understanding the assignment

o determining the writing context

o formulating a main idea

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Thể loại viết tranh luận cũng theo cầu trúc cơ bản của một bài luận, từ đoạn mở đầu, các đoạn thân bài, cũng như kết luận Tuy nhiên, viết một bài tranh luận thường yêu cầu một kỹ năng việt riêng: đó là ngôn ngữ sử dụng để tranh luận, chứng mình hay biện giải cho quan điểm đựa ra Sau đây là một số ngôn ngữ hữu dụng cần khi viết thể loại này,

i introducing arguments

° First of all

® CHì the other hand,

° Ht is worth remembering that

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Others feel that

Nevertheless/ However? Nonetheless

That may be true, but

in my opinion, if is true to say

Personally, | believe/ { do not believe that

Having said that, it is important to remember that

At the same time, | feel that

Although some people feel

Perhaps the most important pomt, however, is

Another important consideration is that

One of the main arguments against is

Several objections to may be raised

All things considered/ On balance, it is fair to say that

{tis inevitable/ undeniable that

While I appreciate the importance of.,., [ still think that

Most people would argue that

On the whole/ Overall,

Many people would disagree with the assertion/ idea that The fact that does not mean

it may be true that bat

However, it is doubthul/ | doubt whether

Use double negative to give emphasis to an unexpected

While it is net unusual/ uncommon/ impossible for sb/ sth to do sth, it is quite usual/ common/ possible that

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nate peat ‘ete? bees oF pet re ví „ tim khuẩn tươi

ưu trẻ pore kee Pee, bie pag ee ve? on ty ae k2 „ tp be PD ? là wn

Having looked at/ discussed a number of problems/ benefits, we should now consider

Given the problems/ factors which have been outlined, we can now turn to the question of / we need to ask / we have to examine the case

{n the last analysis,

On balance, I would say that

Tithe and author

Lype of book/ film

Characters

Events in the film/ book

Your opinion of the film/ book

Personal recommendation

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2 How to write

Tiêu đề phim/ sách thường được gạch dưới hoặc ¡in nghiêng Từ quan trọng thường được viết hoa, trong khi các từ chức năng như and, in, a thường được viêt thường trừ phi chúng là từ đâu tiên của tiêu đê

Ex: Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands

©_ Type of book/ film: a detective story/ film; a romantic novel; a love story film; an adventure story; a science fiction novel; a historical novel; a humorous story; a thriller

© Adjectives to describe film/ book: funny; hilarious; horrifying = frightening; interesting; gripping; exciting; fascinating; entertaining; brilliant; realistic; sad; tragic; imaginative; touching = moving; action-packed; well-written; well-directed; well/beautifully-filmed; wonderfully-acted

o Adjectives to describe author/ director: great; skilled; observant; gifted = talented; perceptive; entertaining

C Cau trúc

o M6 ta: It’s called ; Ifs by ; It was (written/ directed/ produced/ published/ designed) by/ in ; It’s by the same (writer/ director) as ; It’s his/ her first/ second (book/ film); It’s about/ tells the story of ; It stars ; It’s set in ; It’s based on ; It’s adapted from ; It lasts about hour(s); The story is very simple/ complicated

o Bay to y kién cd nhan: The (acting/ story/ graphics) is/ are brilliant/ terrible.; The best/ worst thing(s) about it is/ are ; 18 really boring/ annoying/ exciting.; Another thing I really liked/ hated was ; One weak point was ; It’s well worth seeing.; I’?d recommend it to anyone who likes ; I wouldn't recommend it to anyone

o_ Thì V: dùng simple present để mô tả phim/ sách dù là kể lại các

sự kiện xảy ra trong quá khứ

o_ Dùng ngữ đồng vị:

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Ex: Titanic, a tragic love story film, is about a couple on a sinking ship

Where: It is located/ situated in the west/ southern/ centre of ;

It is near the border with ; It is on the river X.; It is famous for ; It is about/ approximately km from

Main attractions: an industrial area; beautiful scenery nearby; an underground system or trams; sandy beaches; docks or a habour; spectacular views; shopping malls or street markets; a carnival/ festival or other events

VI Writing an announcement about a sports event

Writing an announcement co ban 1a viét mét ban tin dé thong bao mét

sự kiện nào đó Vì thế, ngôn ngữ thông báo thường ngắn gọn, rõ ràng và

dễ hiểu Thông thường để thu hút sự chú ý của người đọc, các nội dung

chính thường được 1n đậm, gạch dưới, hoặc viết in hoa

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Tips

Ngoài ra, các chữ viết tắt đôi lúc cũng sử dụng, mạo từ, giới từ cũng được bỏ đi

HỌ CHI MINH COMMUNIST YOUTH UNION

In celebration of the International Workers’ Day

Friendly Football Match

Cantho Youth Union vs Local Sports Club

[| Who that announcer is

What the event is

The purpose of the event

When and where the event will take place

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Vi dụ về một đoạn văn viết bằng tiếng Anh:

Your school organizes a competition for students to write about The world in which I would like to live in the year 2020

Below is an essay by one of the studens

My ideal world would be a peaceful one There are no wars or conflicts between nations People won't have to live under the threat of terrorism but all live together in harmony Everyone has a job to do, and there is a good healthy standard of living for all I would also wish to live in a clean healthy environment with less noise and less pollution There are more and larger parks where children can play and wildlife can be protected But my main desire is to see people less materialistic, less selfish, less violent and more loving than they are now (Trang 89 - 90 SGK Tiéng Anh 12)

Bản dịch tiếng Việt:

Thể giới lý tưởng của tôi là một thế giới hòa bình ( Thế giới đó) Không

có chiến tranh hoặc mâu thuân giña các quốc gia Nguoi dan sé khong phải sống dưới nỗi sợ khủng bố mà tất cả mọi người Cùng chung sông hòa thuận I1 cũng có công ăn việc làm và mọi người đều có mức sống tốt đẹp Tôi cũng muôn sông trong một môi trường trong sạch, lành mạnh có i tiếng ôn và it bi 6 nhiém Nhưng khát vọng của tôi là được nhìn thấy mọi người bớt tôn sùng vat chất, bót ích kỷ, bớt bạo lực và thương yêu nhau nhiêu hơn.)

Trong doan van trén, cdu dau tién (My ideal world would be a peaceful one.) la cau chu dé, trong do topic la My ideal world va controlling idea

la a peaceful one (hiéu la a peaceful world)

Các câu văn còn lại là supporting sentences

Tac giả sắp xếp supporting sentences theo trật tự từ chỉ tiết ít quan trọng nhât đên quan trọng nhât

Dé thi ban c6 thé gp: Write about the ideal world in which you would like to live in the year 2020 (Trang 90 SGK Tiéng Anh 12)

Như vậy, trong ky thi THPT Quốc gia, đề bài yêu cầu viết một đoạn văn, các em cân bình tĩnh thực hiện các bước sau:

1/ Viết câu chủ đề (cần triệt để lợi dụng đề bài để viết thành câu chủ đề.)

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2/ Kiém tra lại câu chủ đề để biết chắc trong câu chủ để có topic và controlling idea

3/ Tìm ý để chứng minh/diễn giải ý chính băng cách đặt các câu hỏi mở đầu bằng từ nghi vẫn Lưu ý: do độ dài của đoạn văn bị không chế nên các em chỉ cần đặt khoảng 5 câu hỏi là được Nhớ răng các câu hồi phải liên quan đến câu chủ đề

4/ Ráp các câu trả lời cho các câu hỏi (supporting sentences) lại thành một đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh Cân nhớ mâu chôt ở bước này là phải biệt chăc mình đang sử dụng trật tự nào đê ráp nôi supporting sentences

5/ Cân nhắc có nên viết câu kết hay không Nếu không chắc chăn thì bỏ

qua bước này

6/ Kiếm tra lại các lỗi chính tả, lỗi ngữ pháp có thể có trong từng câu viết của bạn Lưu ý: cũng như phần viết thư, các em chỉ nên dùng những loại câu đơn giản như câu đơn, câu kép, câu phức Nói chung, từ

ngữ, cách diễn đạt càng rõ ràng, càng đơn giản càng tốt

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Topic 1: writing a letter of job application

Dear Sir or Madam

- t 2m writing to apply for the post of kitchen helper at Lenny’s

> t consider myself to be reliable, hard-working and enthusiastic

ziso from a teacher at my school

= I would be very grateful for the opportunity to visit the

~staurant and discuss my application with you in person I

sm available for interview any day after school or on Saturdays

om 25 July, immediately after my exams

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Topic 2: Writing TOPIC 2 - A MAGAZINE ARTICLE

‘Look at the photo, What sport is it, do you think?

Family and early years

~ First experience of sport

Jesse Owens

A Jesse Owens was born in 1913 in Alabama His family

was poor, and Jesse worked in his spare time to

support his family

B Jesse was a fast runner and so he joined the school

athletics team He set a new schoolboys’ world record

for the 100-yard sprint,

C While at university Jesse had to work to pay for his

studies, He also faced racial discrimination and wasn't:

allowed to live with white students, On 25th May,

1935, he broke four world records within 45 minutes:

the 100-yard sprint, the 20-yard sprint, the long j ump

D At the 1936 Olympic Games Jesse won the 100-metre

sprint, the 200-metre sprint, the long jump and the

400-metre relay, He also broke three Olympic records It

3 Answer the questions

1 When and where was jesse Owens born?

2 Why did Jesse have to work in his spare time?

3 In which event did Jesse break the world record while he

was still at school?

4 In what ways was university life difficult for Jesse?

5 How many world records did Jesse set on 25th May, 1935,

and how long did it take him?

6 How many gold medals did Jesse win at the 1936

Olympics, and In which events?

4 Find words in the text that mean:

time when you are not working

a measure of length, used in Britain and the USA:

91 centimetres

a short, fast race treating people badly because they are a different colour

@ race in which the runners have to jump over small fences

a race between teams of runners, swimmers, etc

Whiting tip: using paragraphs

When you are preparing to write an article, divide the

information into different topics, Put all the information

about each topic into a separate paragraph

Jesse had nine brothers and sisters

When he travelled with fellow students he had to stay in

‘blacks only’ hotels

family early years and education first experience of sport early successes greatest achievements why you admire him/her

C¿t(Á your w0/Á

Have you

|_| divided your article into paragraphs, each with its own

H putthe Hài in a logical order?

_| checked your spelling and grammar?

| written 130-150 words?

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Topic 3: DESCRIBING PLACES OF INTEREST

| Read the writing task and the two leaflets Which place

would you prefer to visit?

Writing task

Write a tourist leaflet (70-80 words) abot oi att

or interesting places in your country Include: — -

information about interesting things to see and places fl

England There are miles of sandy beaches,

where you can swim, surf, dive or windsurf

Or just relax on the sand with a good book

If you like walking, cycling or horse-riding,

spend some time on Dartmoor, with its vast

stretches of open moorland, Devon has got lots

of interesting historic buildings Visit Castle

Drogo or the atmospheric castle at Totnes

2 short ‘bullet points’?

Which is more effective in your opinion?

Divide leaflet A into three bullet points, Which grammatical structure does each bullet point in leaflet B begin with?

Find adjectives in the leaflets that mean:

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TOPIC 4—- A REVIEW OF A FILM

Do you recognise the actor in the photo? Do you know

the film?

~ Read the first and last paragraphs of the review Answer the

questions

1 Whatis the name of the film?

2 Did the reviewer enjoy it?

| recently went to see War of the Worlds, Ii's a science

fiction film starring Tom Cruise

The film is based on a book written over 100 years ago,

although it is set in modern times, The story is very

S gripping It’s about alien machines from space which land

on Earth, Nevertheless, the film has a happy ending

The: acting is very good Tom Cruise, who plays a father

who is looking for his family, is excellent, a6 usual

However, | didn't think Dakota Fanning was very

convincing as his daughter The special effects were

incredible ~ the machines looked terrifying, and there

were some very scary moments which | didn't enjoy

violent, and full of action, In spite of the fact that it

4 was a bit scary, overall { really enjoyed it, Go and

1 What kind of film is War of the Worlds?

2 When was the original book written?

3 What aspects of the film did the reviewer like?

4 What two things didn’t the reviewer like?

% Find words or phrases in the review that mean:

with Tom Cruise as the most important actor (line 2)

uses the same story as (line 3)

acts the part of (line 7)

very typical; one of the best (line 13)

generally; when | think of everything (line 15)

Writing tip: expressing contrast

We use however and nevertheless to express contrast between two sentences We put a comma after them,

We use although and in spite of the fact that to express contrast between two pieces of information in the same sentence

6 Complete the sentences Use words or phrases from the Writing tip above Sometimes two answers are possible

| didn't like the acting,

most of my friends

| really enjoyed the film

thought it wasn't very good

The special effects were very unconvincing spent millions of dollars on them,

| don’t think Sylvester Stallone is a very good actor _ he’s very good in the Rocky films

The film wasn’t at all funny it was supposed to

8 the acting was excellent, overall | didn’t enjoy it,

it was quite thought-

Paragraph 3

Other aspects of the film: the acting, the screenplay, the

music, the special effects, the stunts, the location, etc Paragraph 4

Your overall opinion

Have you

a followed the writing plan?

checked your spelling and grammar?

\_| written 130-150 words?

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| Read Cathy's essay Which global issues does she mention?

If 1 ruled the world, the first thing I'd do is

prevent famine and disease in the developing

world In my opinion, that’s one of the most

serious problems we face I'd make sure that

poor farmers could sell their food to the rest

of the world I'd also make more medicines

available to people in poor countries I believe

we could save millions of lives by vaccinating

children, so I'd make drugs companies do

that,

The next thing I'd do is make governments

invest in wind, water and solar power In my

view, we need to stop global warming, so I'd

also make petrol-driven cars illegal

There are some less serious things I'd do too

I'd ban rap music because I think it’s terrible

and Td reduce the number of sports

programmes on television Finally, I'd make

my brother change his socks every day

1 How would Cathy help farmers in the developing world?

2 What would she make drugs companies do?

3 Why would she make petrol-driven cars illegal?

4 What would she ban?

5 What kind of TV programme doesn't she like?

6 What would she make her brother do?

TOPIC 5 — AN ESSAY ON A GLOBE ISSUE

3 Read the writing tip How many of the phrases can you find

in the essay? Underline them Translate all the phrases,

We can use these phrases for expressing opinions:

| believe (that) I don't believe (that)

Find examples of these structures in the essay,

1 make somebody do something

2 make somebody/something + adjective

3 make sure that

Complete the sentences with the verbs and adjectives in the box

smaller stop was:

1 I'd make all drugs

every homeless person

produce

everyone in the world

6 Do this writing task Include some serious and some less serious ideas, and use some of the phrases and structures in exercises 3 and 4 Follow the writing plan below Write an essay about what you'd do if you ruled the world Write 130-150 words

I'dalso

¢ The next thing I'd dois

* There are some less serious things I'd do too

Check your work

_ divided your essay into paragraphs?

| used phrases for expressing opinions?

L used expressions with make correctly?

written 130-150 words?

(checked your spelling, punctuation and grammar?

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TOPIC 6 -— A STORY DESCRIBING A CRIME

| Read the story quickly Why did Jeremy want to buy a sat nav

system (satellite navigation system)?

The careless thief

One evening last week, Jeremy Watkins was trying to buy 2

second-hand sat nav $ system for his car from an online

auction site

Two weeks earlier, a thief had stolen the sat nav system from

Jeremy's car Unfortunately, since the car wasn't locked, the

insurance company had refused to replace the system

After a while Jeremy found some sat nav systerns for sale, As he

a5 loki ng at them, he was astonished to sez his own system

for sale Jeremy immediately bought it and e-mailed the seller

to say that he would come round to his house the following day

to collect it Then he phoned the: police

The next day, a police officer called at the man’s house He

pretended to be Jeremy As soon as the man gave him the

sat nav system, the police officer arrested him So in the end

2 Put the events in the correct order,

| Jeremy got his old sat nav system back

A police officer went to the thief’s house and

arrested him

A thief stole Jeremy's sat nav system,

Jeremy rang the police

Jeremy left his car unlocked

The insurance company refused to pay for a new sat nav

system,

Jeremy found an auction site that had sat nav systems

for sale

Jeremy sent an e-mail to the thief

3 Find ten of these time expressions in the story and underline

them, Translate all of them

Time expressions

inthe end afterawhile atfirst immediately soon

then one (evening) last (week) (two weeks) earlier

the following (day) the next (day) assoonas as while

4 Choose the correct time expressions

1 There's a fire — please leave the building in the

end / immediately

The police arrested her because a week earlier / the

following week she'd stolen a mobile phone

Somebody attacked him as / as soon as he was walking

through the park,

At first / After a while | thought he was innocent, but

immediately / in the end | realised he was lying

The witness identified the criminal as soon as / while she

Use time expressions to order the events in a story,

5 Cover the story and exercise 2 Use the pictures to retell the story

Do this writing task First make notes, using the ideas below

to help you

Write a crime story Write 130-150 words

¢ What was the crime?

¢ What did they do?

¢ Who was the victim?

Have you

L] used some time expressions to order the events?

|_| thought of a good title for your story?

| written 130-150 words?

ID checked your spelling, punctuation and grammar?

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TOPIC 7 —- A BOOK REVIEW

| Read the book review In which paragraph does Joanna:

1 give her opinion of the book?

2 describe what happens in the book?

3 give brief information about the book and its author?

A book review

by Joanna

is Northern Lights by Philip | number of reasons The

Pullman, It's a fantasy story | author has created an

woman called Mrs Coulter

Roger The ending is very

exciting, with an interesting

twist, but | won't give it

1 Northern Lights was written by Philip Pullman

2 The story is set in London,

3 The main characteris a girl

4 Joanna didn’t like the book

5 Joanna thinks it’s better than Harry Potter,

3 How many phrases from the box can you find in the review?

Talking about stories

| identified with (@ character) It’s the story of

| liked the book because — Itwas made into a film

4 Complete the text about The Lord of the Rings Use phrases

from the box in exercise 3

called Frodo °

ring, *

Did you see it

headings, but include any other information that you think

is important

* Paragraph 1: General information

Title, author and type of book

¢ Paragraph 2: Story and characters

Where is it set? Who are the main characters?

What happens?

* Paragraph 3: Your opinion Why did you like it? For example:

It's funny/moving/exciting/gripping/interesting

It contains lots of interesting characters

| really wanted to know what was going to happen,

There are lots of surprises

6 Read the writing tip and do this writing task Use your notes

from exercise 5

Remember to use the present simple to summarise the plot

of a story ora film

Write a review of a book you enjoyed Write 130-150 words

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TOPIC 8 — A NARRATIVE TELLING THE STORY OF AN EVENT

#zad the story Which of these things did Joe not do?

¿z0 out with two school friends

have a fairly quiet evening

have dinner in a restaurant

meet some girls

buy cinema tickets

Last year, | went out to celebrate my birthday with

two other boys from my class We were planning

2 fairly quiet evening ~ a quick pizza followed by

2film at the cinema, However, the evening turned

Sut to be much more exciting than we expected!

While we were eating our dinner, @ group of three

_ girls came into the restaurant and sat down at

the next table We started chatting and found out

that one of them = Anna - was celebrating her

birthday that evening too She suggested going

out together - all six of us - after our meal They

seemed really nice, so we agreed We decided not

10 go the cinema, even though we already had

1:kets for the film Instead, we set off towards the

town centre where there's a night club that plays

really good music, We turned up just as a live

band was starting to play! We danced for hours

and had a great time with our new friends

At the end of the night, Anna gave me her mobile

phone number and talked about meeting up

again Unfortunately, | couldn't call her because

‘lost the number | think I threw it away by

mistake,

' still think about that evening quite often It’s a

shame that | lost Anna‘s number, but maybe I'll

Dump into her and her friends one evening and

2 Complete the paragraph plan Use phrases in the box

description of the events how you feel about it now

setting the scene what happened afterwards

Paragraph 3 — Follow-up:

Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from the story

Let’s go for dinner tonight

Sit - I've got some amazing news!

The CD was broken so | threw it

a Vocabulary Builder 2.5: Phrasal verbs: p 130

Wiiting Fip: CONUNEEIONS

We can often join short sentences together by using a conjunction The simplest conjunction is and

| left school | walked home

I left school and walked home

Try to use these other conjunctions as well, to join short

sentences and improve the style of your writing:

as because but eventhough since so though

whereas while

2 I'm not going to the night club

it’s too expensive,

3 My dad gave me a present _ | passed my exam,

You are going to write a narrative called ‘A terrible night out’

In pairs, think of all the things that could possibly go wrong during a night out Make a list

Plan your narrative Make notes using ideas from exercise 6 and following the paragraph plan in exercise 2

Write your narrative using your notes from exercise 7 Remember to use conjunctions to improve the style of your writing.

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TOPIC 9 — PRESENTING OPINION FOR OR AGAINST STATEMENT

_ ‘Read the task below and the essay Does the writer generally ¢ 1 Anintroduction to the main issues

paragraph is the writer’s opinion clearly stated? from the writer's opinion

3 Evidence to support the writer's own opinion

4 A summary of the writer's opinion

| think + won't does not sound natural in English

It's better to use / don’t think + will

1 The modern world is changing faster than at

TM, This is creating problems for

-eeportunities Twenty years from now, which will 4 Write sentences expressing your own ideas of the future in

‘make the most difference othe opportunites? That isthe hay avon to our lives ~ the problems fifty years Use / think or / don’t think + will

3 Read the Look out! box Find an example of | don't think + will in the essay In exercise 1

1 robots / replace factory workers

2 doctors / be able to cure most diseases

3 new diseases / appear

4 ordinary people / be much richer

5 computers / be much cheaper

38 It is true that global warming and [ po 5 on hi ve 7 scientists / invent new forms of transport

‘beth increased rapidly during the Ki years If 8 children / spend a lot of time playing outside

On 0e dh là, there fry readone 0 be Use ideas from exercise 4 to help you

optimistic about the future During the next twenty

_years, there will be important advances in medicine _

290 technology Our lives will be healthier and more

2 1 An introduction to the main issues

2 Evidence to support the writer's own opinion

4 A summary of the writer's opinion

7 Read the writing tip Then write an essay of 200-250 words

2 An introduction to the main issues

3 Evidence to support the opposite side of the argument

from the writer's opinion

4 Evidence to support the writer's own opinion.

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TOPIC 10 — DISCUSSING A THEORETICAL ISSUE

JBMRIDIUNBANTN0HĐNG 9U It is not necessary to write full sentences in an essay plan

A-good job often means a high setery-

Art does not just refer to paintings in a museum

There are many different kinds of art Advertising good job = $$$

and architecture are both kinds of art too, in my

opinion, and they both have an effect on our lives 2 Read the writing tip Then find abbreviations and symbols in Even people who are not interested in going to art the essay plan in exercise 1 which mean:

galleries are still affected by these other kinds of art _- equals, is the same as

Posters and other forms of advertisements are 2 and other similar things

all around us, especially in towns and cities, and 3 advertisements

we cannot help seeing them If they are successful 4 for example

advertisements, they affect our opinions and 5 cause, lead to

behaviour, they make us want to buy certain 6 somebody

products In addition, adverts often make the streets 7 and

building makes people fee! more optimistic,

She needs a new job

To sum up, | believe that different forms of art

are all around us and have a big effect on our 3 Read the Learn this! box Find an example of a what clause in

everyday lives, Unfortunately, most cities and towns the essay in exercise 1

have parts which are ugly and depressing, What

they need are beautiful buildings and colourful 4 Rewrite the sentences using nominal subject clauses

1 | prefer unusual clothes

5 It shows how important art can be

make us want to buy

colourful, attractive

3 architecture = affects how we feel 5 Read the essay question below, Make a plan using

€-g- bright buildings —* optimism ugly buildings Remember to use abbreviations and symbols

4 fashion - not just “designer’ clothes - also entertainment {earn about the world _ historical films

Clothes affect how we judge sb ideas of the future (sci-fi) music in films:

eg unusual clothes -* interesting perton 6 Write an essay using your plan from exercise 5, Write

5 sum up - ugly cities need beautiful buildings 200-250 words and remember to check your work for

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_ MORE EXERCISES

Exercise 1:

Imagine you are an American student volunteer, who stayed in Mrs Mai’s house during your one-month volunteer campaign in a remote villagw Now you have just returned home Write a letter to thank her for her special help and care to you and your friends during the time you stayed there

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