Ngữ pháp và từ vựng tổng hợp ôn thi đại học TOEIC và IELTS

NGỮ PHÁP VÀ TỪ VỰNG TỔNG HỢP ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC, TOEIC VÀ IELTS NGỮ PHÁP VÀ TỪ VỰNG TỔNG HỢP ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC, TOEIC VÀ IELTS NGỮ PHÁP VÀ TỪ VỰNG TỔNG HỢP ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC, TOEIC VÀ IELTS NGỮ PHÁP VÀ TỪ VỰNG TỔNG HỢP ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC, TOEIC VÀ IELTSNGỮ PHÁP VÀ TỪ VỰNG TỔNG HỢP ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC, TOEIC VÀ IELTSNGỮ PHÁP VÀ TỪ VỰNG TỔNG HỢP ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC, TOEIC VÀ IELTS

Tài li u này mình so n liên t c trong 2 tháng d a theo ki n th c c a b n thân, 1 s ngu n trên

m ng, các đ thi th , th t đ i h c và các đ ielts các n m g n đây Vì v y, n i dung trong tài li u s không đ c t ng t n hay đ y đ nh ng theo mình c ng khá n M c dù mình so n tài li u này ch y u

ph c v các b n ôn thi i h c hay IELTS là chính nh ng các b n ôn TOEIC n u có th i gian c ng nên tham kh o… Vì mình dành r t nhi u tâm huy t cho tài li u này nên hi v ng r ng m i ng i hãy trân

tr ng nó dù mình bi t ch c ch n nó còn có nhi u sai sót Th i gian này và s p t i mình đang và s so n và hoàn thành l i gi i chi ti t ph n LC 10 test c a TOEIC ECONOMY 4 và s g i đ n m i ng i ngay sau khi hoàn thành

N i dung tài li u mình chia làm 17 TOPIC v i 226 trang bao g m: s hòa h p gi a ch ng và v

ng ; danh t danh t ghép; t , thành ng và c u trúc ti ng anh h ng ngay; câu ch đ ng/b đ ng; m nh đ quan h và rút g n; câu gián ti p/tr c ti p; câu nh n m nh; bàng thái cách; t và c u trúc ch l ng, s

l ng; m o t ; c u trúc v kh n ng – s ph ng đoán; câu đi u ki n; tr ng âm và phát âm; c u trúc so sánh; c m phân t và đ ng tính t ; c u trúc giao ti p và cu i cùng là t ,phrasal verb có phiên âm đ c

s p x p theo ch cái t A - Z

M t l n n a c m n t t c m i ng i và chúc m i ng i h c t t, đ t đ c s đi m thi i h c, IELTS, TOEIC nh mong mu n !!!!

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Facebook: Ki u Th y Trung

( https://www.facebook.com/kieuthuy.trung.950 )

TOPIC 1: SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

Each of them / us / you / Nxác đ nh (V/be)s ít

They / We / You / Nxác đ nh + each (V/be)s nhi u

- Either :

+ Either Ns ít: Ch cái này hay cái kia trong 2 cái

Eg : You can park on either side of the street (Adj)

Translate : B n có th đ c 2 bên đ ng

Eg : I've bought two cakes - you can have either (Pro)

Translate : Tôi v a mua 2 cái bánh, b n có th l y c 2

Eg : I left it either on the table or in the drawer

Translate : Tôi đã đ nó trên cái bàn ho c trong ng n kéo

- Every N s ít (V/be)s ít

(Nh c l i Every Ns ítph i dùng They)

Eg : Everyone is in the room, they are watching TV

- Majority (V/be)s ít

Majority of Ns nhi u (V/be)s nhi u

The majority of Ns nhi u (V/be)s ít: Ph n l n, đa s

The majority (V/be)s ít/nhi u

Eg: The majority of the customers are happy

- Many a Ns ít (V/be)s ít: H n 1, nhi u

Eg : Many a time : Nhi u l n

Many a man thinks so : Nhi u ng i ngh v y

- Many of Ns nhi u (V/be)s nhi u

Much of Nkhông đ m đ c (V/be)s ít

Most of N (V/be)s ít/ nhi u

- Minority of Ns nh i u (V/be)s ít/nhi u

- Most + Nnhi u = Not every + Nít

- N1 không đ m đ c and N2 không đ m đ c (V/be)s nhi u

N1 không đ m đ c and N2 không đ m đ c (V/be)s ít N3 không đ m đ c (N3ch a N1 và N2)

Eg : Sugar and milk is very good food

- N1N2 : N1s ít (Eg : A θ quart pressure cooker, a 17 year old girl)

sports + N (Eg : A sports car)

- Neither Ns ít (V/be)s ít

Neither of them / us / you / Ns nhi u, xác đ nh (V/be)s ít/nhi u(S nhi u ph bi n h n)

- None of Ns nhi u (V/be)s ít/nhi u(S ít ph bi n h n) :

Không ai, ch ng 1 ai, không ng i nào, không v t gì

Eg : None of the students has / have a car

- Other Ns nhi u = Others

Eg : Our earth has 2 poles, this pole is the north and the other is the south

- The army / The police (V/be)s nhi u

The navy (V/be)s ít/nhi u

Family / Government / Staff / Commitee / Audience / Team (V/be)s ít/nhi u

N u là Nxác đ nh => (V/be)s ít

Eg : The US government, my family

TOPIC 2: INVERSION

- Among Ns nhi u / NPs nhi u / Pronoun ( i t : those / these / what )

Chú ý : Lo i b some of / one of / most of / all of

Eg : Janet is one of the best students in our class

= > Among the best students in our class is Janet

Adj

+ as / though S

(be) (Vtri giác)

, SV : M c dù

though S (be), SV

Eg : Although he was tired, he still went to school

= > Tired as he was, he still went to school

Eg : By no means does he intend to criticize your idea

Eg : Tom comes there on Mondays => There comes Tom on Mondays

- In no way MV SV : Không sao có th

- In such a situation MV SV : trong tình hu ng nh v y

- Many a time MV SV : Nhi u l n, th ng xuyên (Vs ít)

- S MV neither V1 nor V2

S MV V neither O1 nor O2

Không c ng không

( bài ph i d ng ph đ nh)

Eg : He doesn't learn English and French

= > He does neither learn English nor French

He didn't solve that problem and he didn't ask anyone to help him

= > He did neither solve that problem nor ask anyone to help him

- Never again MV SV : Không bao gi n a

- Never (before) MV SV : Ch a bao gi

- No matter how / However Adj / Adv S , SV : Dù th nào đi n a thì

Eg : Although he is intelligent, he can't do this exercise

= > No matter how intelligent he is, he can't do this exercise

(No sooner did SV than QK G ch dùng v i 2 hành đ ng x y ra liên ti p, n u không

ph i dùng No sooner had S P2 than QK G)

Eg : My teacher gave me a lot of exercises as soon as she came in

(Hành đ ng "give excersises" x y ra sau hành đ ng "come in", không liên ti p nhau nên dùng tr ng h p 3)

= > No sooner had my teacher come in than she gave me a lot of exercises

Not only MV S V, but S also (V) Not only does Billy Joel sing, but he also plays

the piano and writes his own songs Not only S1 but also S2 MV S3 V

(S1 + S2 = S3)

Tom speaks English well, so does Peter

=> Not only Tom but also Peter do they speak English well

Not only S1 but also S2 (be) S3

Tom is a good student, so is Peter

=> Not only Tom but also Peter are good students Not only (be) S1 , but S2 (be) also English is both interesting and attractive

Not only (be) S , but also (S1 = S2) => Not only is English interesting, but (it is) also

attractive

- Nothing except for sth/Ving MV SV : Không có gì tr thì m i

- On no account MV SV : dù lí do gì c ng không

= not on any account = not for any reason

Eg : You don't touch into this pan on any account

=> On no account do you touch into this pan

- Only apart from

Only aside from

Only except for

sb/sth/Ving MV SV Ngoài ra, tr ra

Eg : Everyone in our class likes watching cartoons on TV apart from Paul

= > Only apart from Paul does everyone in our class like watching cartoons on TV

- Only after SV / N / NP MV SV : Ch sau khi thì m i

- Only if SV, MV SV

SV only if SV Ch v i đi u ki n thì

- Only in this way MV SV : ch b ng cách này thì m i

- Only now MV SV : ch bây gi thì m i

- Only when SV / Advn i ch n, MV SV : Ch khi thì

- Pre (Vn i / be) S

Eg : The birds fly in the bushes => In the bushes fly the birds

Pre S (Vn i) (S là I / You / He / She / We / They)

(Vn i : lie, stand, sit, cry, go, come, dive )

B t th ng

Eg : Rare / Uncommon / Unusual are they who are spared by the famine

(Hi m khi n n đói ch a m t ai)

- Rarely

- So that : So Adj (be) S that SV

So Adv MV SV that SV

So Adj MV SVtri giác that SV

So SV that SV

ng CN : So Adj, SV

Eg : The film is so interesting that we have seen it twice

= > So interesting is the film that we have seen it twice

- Such (be) N/NP that SV

N/NP (be) such that SV

Eg : It is such an interesting book that we have seen it twice

=> Such is an interesting book that we have seen it twice

=> An interesting book is such that we have seen it twice

- That SVO (be)

Eg : That I could do such a thing is unbelievable!

Translate : Vi c tôi có th làm đ c 1 vi c nh v y th t không th tin đ c!

- What (V) (be)

Trong đó (V) : ng t đ bài

(be) : Chia theo th i đ bài

Eg : Her knowledge of world history was particularly impressed me

=> What particularly impressed me was her knowledge of world history

Why ever (be) S T i sao

Chú ý : Khi dùng Why ever ph i lo i b các thông tin tr c Why

Eg : I don't understand why you were so lazy

=> Why ever were you so lazy

TOPIC 3: NOUNS AND COMPOUND NOUNS

- N1 N2 : N1có ý ngh a phân bi t N2

Eg : A glass factory, a bike factory

- Ving N : Ving ch m c đích c a N

Eg : A reading table (in the library), a sleeping lamp (in the bedroom)

- N Ving : T o ra DT ghép ch công vi c, ngh nghi p

Eg : A baby watching, a taxi driving

- N Ving N : Phân bi t ho c ch m c đích

Eg : Vietnam is a rice exporting country

- N's N : Tr ng h p dùng d u s h u

+ V i các DT ch ng i, tên ng i, thú v t

Eg : John's car, my friend's shirt, the cat's tail

+ V i các DT ch châu l c, qu c gia, thành ph , ki n trúc, công trình

Eg : Asia's future, London's water supply

+ V i các DT ch ph ng ti n

Eg : The ship's name, the plane's wings

+ V i các DT ch th i gian, đ n v đo l ng, ti n b c, kho ng cách

Eg : A week's holiday, 2 hours' walk

The blind's country (Sai)

* Không dùng v i Women / Men + N :

Eg : Women-teachers : Nh ng n giáo vi

TOPIC 4: EXPRESSION & EVERYDAY ENGLISH

A : L i chúc m ng - B : It's nice / kind of you to say so

a bad patch : th i k khó kh n

a feat of arms : chi n công

a hair's breath : trong đ ng t k tóc, 1 li, 1 tí

a pieces at a time

a sheer drop : d c th ng đ ng

a vivid / fertile imagination : trí t ng t ng phong phú

a wise man changes his mind sometimes, a fool never :

Ng i d i b o th , ng i khôn th c th i

above all : quan tr ng h n h t th y, đ c bi t

all at once = suddenly : đ t ng t, b t thình lình

all the better : t t h n h t

an enormous work load : m t kh i l ng công vi c kh ng l

an only child = a unique son : con m t

as old as the hills : r t c , c x a

as pleased as Punch : r t hài lòng

as timid as a rabbit : nhát nh th đ

at a glance : ch thoáng nhìn 1 cái

at a time : k ti p nhau, riêng bi t

at first-hand : tr c ti p

at one time : m i th cùng 1 lúc, cùng th i đi m

at the drop of a hat : ngay l p t c, ngay t c kh c

back on the wrong horse : l a ch n sai l m

bad news travel fast : tin d đ n xa

bag of bones : g y gi x ng, g y còm

(be) on one's toes : c g ng

(be) on the go : b n r n ho t đ ng, đang xu ng d c, đang suy thoái

(be) packed inside like sardines : b ép nh cá mòi

(be) part and parcel of sth = (be) a necessary feature of sth : là đ c đi m c n thi t

(be) under a cloud : lâm vào hoàn c nh đáng bu n, b th t th , b tù t i

(be) under the weather : h i m t, c m th y không kho , c m th y chán n n

beat the clock : v t m c

beginning is the difficulty : v n s kh i đ u nan

better late than never : mu n còn h n không

better safe than sorry : c n t c vô áy náy

Between the cup and the lip a morsel may slip :

Mi ng n đ n mi ng r i v n có th m t

beyond the scope : v t ngoài ph m vi

birds of a feather flock together : ng u t m ng u mã t m mã

blue moon : hi m khi

(break) one's journey = (make) a short stop on a journey : ng ng ngh (trong 1 th i gian

ng n)

by far : r t nhi u, h n xa

by leaps and bounds : r t nhanh

(call) it a day = (stop) Ving

care killed the cat : lo b c râu, s u b c tóc

common ground : đi m chung

(cover) a lot of ground : bao trùm lên t t c các m t

cross-section of society : t ng l p xã h i

cry for the moon : đ ng có m

deaf as a post / a stone : đi c đ c

diamond cuts diamond : k c p g p bà già

Don't quote me! : ng nêu tôi ra

(draw) to an end / a close = (hear) an end : đi đ n h i k t thúc

(eye) sb up and down : quan sát t đ u đ n chân

fair and square = honest : trung th c, trong s ch

(fall) on evil days = (be) unfortunate : không may, xui x o

few and far between : b t th ng

for good = forever : mãi mãi, v nh vi n

for the time being : trong th i gian này

free of duty : mi n thu

(give) a dog a bad name :

tr m n m bia đá thì mòn, nghìn n m bia mi ng v n còn tr tr

go ahead : c t nhiên

Hardly a day goes by / passes without Ving : Không ngày nào trôi qua mà không

(have) a frog in one's throat : b khan ti ng

Here, there and everywhere : kh p n i

(hit) the spot : tho mãn đi u thèm mu n

I don't care if I do : tôi s n sàng làm vi c đó

ill at ease : không tho i mái

In a calm sea everyman is a pilot : l a th vàng, gian nan th s c

in a spot : trong hoàn c nh x u, khó kh n

in deep detail : đ n t ng chi ti t nh

index finger : ngón tay tr

in former times : thu x a

in one fell swoop : cùng th i đi m

In the end : cu i cùng thì

in the long run : cu i cùng thì

It did not matter any : i u đó hoàn toàn không đáng k

It is sheer waste : th t là phí công

It's dogged that does it : c kiên trì là s thành công

life to the full : đ i s ng vui v

(make) an enlargement for sb : phóng 1 b c nh cho ai

(make) an iota of difference : t o s khác bi t r t nh

Many happy returns (of the day) : chúc m ng sinh nh t

(meet) the required standard of sth : đ t đ c tiêu chu n c a cái gì

naked eye = unaided eye : m t th ng

Necessity is the mother of invention : cái khó ló cái khôn

neither here nor there : không quan tr ng

not a jot : không m t chút nào h t

not that SV : không ph i r ng, không ph i là

ocean travel : s đi l i đ i d ng

of all people : (trong) t t c m i ng i

off the record : không chính th c, không đ c ghi nh n

on the dot : đúng gi

on the ground : trong dân chúng

on the scene : có m t, hi n di n

on the spot : l p t c, ngay t i ch , ngay t i hi n tr ng = at once = immediately

out of hand : ngay l p t c, không ch m tr , không chu n b tr c, tu h ng, không n m

đ c, không ki m soát đ c

out of sight, out of mind : xa m t cách lòng

out of the question : không th bàn đ n, không th đ c

rain cats and dogs : m a t m tã

red-letter-day : ngày vui, ngày đáng nh vì có chuy n t t lành

Right from the start SV : ngay t lúc b t đ u

(send) sb to a warm climate : đ ai yên

sense of community : c m giác g n g i nhau

sense of touch : c m giác ch m vào

sighted person : ng i sáng m t

(suffer) in sharpness : m t đi s s c nét

(take) kindly to sb/sth : s n sàng ch p nh n ai / cái gì

(take) the rough with the smooth : đón nh n đi u khó kh n v i s bình th n

the fashion : nh ng ng i sang tr ng

the generation gap : s khác bi t v th h

the masses : qu n chúng nhân dân

the milk of human kindness : nhân chi s tính b n thi n

the millenium : th i hoàng kim

the narrowest of margins : sát nút, suýt soát

the proof of the pudding is in the eating : qua th thách m i bi t d hay

till the cow comes home = forever : mãi mãi

time-honoured : đã đi vào truy n th ng

To all intents and purposes : th c t là

walks of life : các t ng l p xã h i = levels of society

What of it? = So what? = What does it matter? : Thì sao nào?

"What time do you expect ?" - "S should V "

Will do : Câu tr l i ch s khu t ph c

(Eg : A : "Give me money or I'll kill you" - B : "Will do")

Would you be so kind as to V ?

Would you be kind enough to V? B n vui lòng , b n làm n

TOPIC 5: PASSIVE SENTENCE

S (Vtri giác) O V

S (Vtri giác) O Ving

O (be) P2tri giác to V

O (be) P2tri giác Ving

Ti ng Anh hi n đ i cho phép s

d ng Ving b t k đ bài là V hay

Ving (Vtri giác) : see / hear / watch / notice / taste / smell

By whom (be) O P2 ?

Eg : Who looked after the children for you? => By whom were the children looked after for you?

CN th t : S (be) P2 to V(HT G, TL G) B đ ng quan đi m :

Eg : They declared that she won the competition

=> She was declared to win the competition

S (V) O1 to V O2

(V) : advise / beg / order /

urge / recommend

S (V) O2 should be P2 (by O1)

(V) : want / hope / wish /

desire / would like / would

love / would prefer

Eg : The girl was determined

to repair the broken car before the rain started => The girl was determined that the broken car should be repaired before the rain started

It (be) Adj (for sb/sth) to V

sb/sth

It (be) Adj for sb/sth to be

P2 (by sb/sth)

Eg : It is simple for him to

solve the problem => It is

simple for the problem to be

solved (by him)

Sb (need) to V sth Sth (need) to be P2 / Ving

(by sb)

Eg : He needs to repair his bike => His bike needs to be repaired / repairing

Sb need / needn't V O O need / needn't be P2 (by

S)

Eg : He need repair his bike

=> His bike need be repaired

S (V) O to V O

(cùng tân ng ) O (be) P2 to be P2 (by S)

Eg : You must repair that machine and take it to the factory => That machine must be repaired and to be taken to the factory

Eg : We enjoyed writing letters => We enjoyed letters being written

S (continue) to V O

S (continue) Ving O

O (continue) to be P2 (by S)

O (continue) being P2 (by S)

S (V) preposition (pre) O

Eg : They giave up the research after three hours

=> The research was given

up after three hours

V O

Let O be P2

O should be P2

O must be P2

Eg : Write your name here

=> Let your name be written here

Eg : Do not insult the weak

=> Let not the weak be insulted

insulted

Vn i (run / go / fly / sit /

stand / swim / cry / jump /

enter )

You are requested to Vn i

Eg : Enter by this door

=> You are requested to enter by this door

=> Let them be told about it

S (let) O Vinf

O (be) let Vinf

O (be) allowed to V

Eg : They let her go

=> She was let go

S (let) O1 V O2

(S = O2)

S (let) O2 be P2 (by O1) (O2chuy n sang TPT)

Eg : He let people cheat him

=> He let himself be cheated by people

con ng i => i "by" thành "with"

Eg : The roof is being covered with snow at the moment

=> O (be) started to be P2 (by S)

Eg : Supermarket started to sell fresh pasta only in 1990s => Fresh pasta started to be sold

=> Sb (be) expected to V sth

=> Sth (be) expected to be P2 (by sb)

=> The government is expected to propose changes to the taxation system

=> Changes to the taxation system is expected

to be proposed by the government

S (V) sth being P2 (by sb) (V) : enjoy, stop, fancy, admit, consider, miss, finish, mind, imagine, deny, involve, delay, suggest, regret, avoid, practice, risk

TOPIC 6: RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative Pronouns

- Nng i

who + (V/be) whom + S whose + N

+ i (V) => Ving, (be) => being (Th i HTTD v n coi là V)

Eg : The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle

=> The man sitting next to you is my uncle

- D ng b đ ng : QHT + (be) P2

+ Lo i QHT, (be)

+ Gi l i P2

Eg : The house which is being built now belongs to Mr.Pike

=> The house built now belongs to Mr.Pike

- D ng ch m c đích : QHT + S + Vkhuy t thi u + (V/be)

+ Lo i b QHT, Vkhuy t thi u

+ i S thành "for O" (Có th b S n u S là I / We)

+ i (V) => to V, (be) => to be

Eg : There is a zoo where we can see animals

=> There is a zoo (for us) to see animals

- D ng ch m c đích b đ ng : QHT + Vkhuy t thi u + (be) P2 (by S)

+ Lo i b QHT, Vkhuy t thi u

+ i "by S" thành "for O" (n u có)

+ i (be) P2 => to be P2

Eg : There is a lot of work which has to be done (by us)

=> There is a lot of work (for us) to be done

* Lo i b QHT Which / Whom khi vai trò tân ng :

Eg : The boy is standing next to the headmaster We have ever met him

=> The boy (whom) we have ever met is standing next to the headmaster

- What = that which + S

Chú ý : Tr c 2 t này không dùng danh t

Eg : She thanked me for what / that which I had done for her

Translate : Cô y c m n tôi vì nh ng gì tôi đã làm cho cô y

- Why = for which + S

Eg : She explained the reason why / for which she hadn't come on time

Translate : Cô y gi i thích lý do vì sao cô y không đ n đúng gi

- Whoever = Any body who + (V/be) : B t c ai ng i mà

S (V/be) whoever

Eg : You're responsible to whoever is in charge of sales

Translate : B n ph i ch u trách nhi m cho b t c ai ph trách vi c bán hàng

- S (V/be) such Nnhi uas SV : Nh ng ng i / v t mà

Eg : You should meet such people as you like

(B n nên g p nh ng ng i mà b n thích)

- Whomever / The man whom + S : Nh ng ng i ng i mà

- Pre + whom / which + S / (be) / (V)

* Không dùng "that" sau gi i t và d u ph y

TOPIC 7: INDIRECT SPEECH

Th i hi n t i : (V)đi u khi n HT/TL

- Không lùi th i

- Không chuy n đ i Adj/Adv

(This => This, These => These )

Statement (Tr n thu t) :

S (V)đi u khi n that SV

(V)đi u khi n : say, explain, report, tell

Eg : He says : "We will open a new shop next Monday" => He says that they will open a

new shop next Monday

me to open the door

Question (Câu h i) :

(V)đi u khi n : ask, wonder, want to know

Chú ý : Sau (wonder) và (want) to know ch

đ c đ t if/whether/WH, sau (ask) có th đ t sb

Eg : "Shall I ever see them again?", he wondered

=> He wondered if he would ever see them again

ôi khi đ bài cho sai (V)đi u khi n, ta ph i tìm v d ng đúng

Eg : "When did we have to take the exam?", say the chidren

=> The children ask me when they had to take the exam

N u đ bài có 2 m nh đ

Trong đó có m nh đ gi i thích lí do,

nguyên nhân, ta n i 2 m nh đ b ng

as/because

Eg : She says : "I must get up early, I want

to catch the train" => She says that she must

get up early because she wants to catch the

train

Không có m nh đ gi i thích lí do, nguyên

nhân, ta dùng (V)đi u khi n phù h p m i

m nh đ

Eg : She asks : "I know this place clearly and can you walk with me?" => She says that she knows this place clearly and asks

if I can walk with her

N u đ bài có các liên t when / if / unless / while , ta ph i đ t "that" tr c các t trên,

n u không ph i đ i v m nh đ

Eg : She says : "If you are free, I will take you to the zoo"

=> She says that if I am free, she will take me to the zoo

=> She says she will take me to the zoo if I am free

Chân lý, s th c không lùi th i Eg : "An hour has 60 minutes" he

explained

=> He explained that an hour has 60 minutes

Had better / Might / Ought to / Must / Should

(advise) sb to V (warn) sb not to V (urge) sb to V

Eg : "If I were you I'd not wait",

I said to Mary => I advised Mary not to wait

K Zero : "I

should/would be (ask) sb to V

Eg : "I should be very grateful if

=> He explained he knew that place well because he used to live there

Khi Sđi u khi n và

Eg : Tom said : "He came in through the window" => Tom said that the man had come in through the window

Eg : He said : "I bought this pearl for my mother" => He said that he had bought that/the pearl for his mother

t )

This => it/It These => them/They

Eg : He said : "We will discuss this tomorrow"

=> He said that they would discuss it the following day

This/These (Th

hi n s l a ch n,

phân bi t)

This => The one near

These => The ones near

S (point) to / (show) / (touch) the one / the ones S (want)

Eg : "I'll have this", he said to

me => He said to me that he would have the one near him /

He pointed to the one he wanted

"Shall I/We V ?"

"Would you like

me/us to V ?"

(offer) to V (offer) sb sth

Eg : "Shall I bring you some tea?", asked the waiter => The waiter offered to bring me some tea

Khi các hành đ ng nói v s vi c không thay đ i đ c ho c r t khó thay đ i, chuy n sang gián ti p ta gi nguyên th i

Eg : He said : "I didn't buy the house because it was on a main road"

=> He said that he hadn't bought the house because it was on a main road

(Ngôi nhà ch có th đ ng cái, khó mà chuy n ngôi nhà đó sang m t v trí khác nên

gi nguyên th i)

"If SV + Command"

"Command if SV"

(tell) sb to V if SV (ask) sb to V if SV (V) (sb) that if SV I/We (be) to V

(be) trong tr ng h p này d ch là

c n / nên / ph i

Eg : He said : "If you are free wash your clothes"

=> He said to me that if I were ( K 2) free I was

Câu c m :

What (a/an) Adj N!

How Adj S (be)!

How Adv S (V)!

S (V/be) such (a/an) Adj N!

(remark) / (exclaim) that SV

Eg : He said : "What a beautiful city!"

=> He exclaimed that it was a beautiful city / He exclaimed that the city was beautiful

ho c không đ m

đ c)

Eg : He said : "Good luck!" =>

He wished us good luck

(Không có "a" vì "luck"

không đ m đ c)

"Let's not" dùng m t mình trong câu tr l i Eg : "Let's sell the house" said Tom "Let's

thì dùng các c m t : (oppose) the idea /

(be) against / (object)

not" said Ann => Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was against

"WH shall I V ?" Tell me WH to V Eg : "What shall I do with it?"

=> Tell me what to do with it

N : pleasure, satisfaction, happiness

Mustn't

Gi nguyên m nh đ

(not be) to V (tell) sb not to V

Eg : He said to her : "You mustn't tell anyone"

=> He said that she mustn't tell anyone

He said that she wasn't to tell anyone

He told her not to tell anyone

Trong l i yêu c u, đ ngh (ask) sb to V

Tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening gi nguyên

TOPIC 8: CÂU NH N M NH

- Nh n m nh S, O : t TPT sau S, O

Eg : She herself learns English everyday

I love you yourself

Chú ý : S = O => Thay O b ng TPT

Eg : He loves himself ( úng ra là He loves him himself nh ng He và him trùng nhau nên

lo i b him và thay vào b ng himself là TPT)

- Nh n m nh (V) : Dùng MV : S do / does / did + Vinf

Eg : I do like watching TV

Chú ý : V i câu m nh l nh kh ng đ nh : V => Do V / Be => Do be

Eg : Open your books => Do open your books

V i câu m nh l nh ph đ nh : Don't V => Don't you V

Eg : Don't use this computer after 4.30

=> Don't you use this computer after 4.30

- Nh n m nh th i gian :

It (take) (sb/sth) TIME to V

Sb (spend) TIME Ving

It (take) TIME (for sb/sth) to V

Sth (pass) (sb/sth) TIME to V

Sth (take) sb TIME to V

- Nh n m nh "that" (Câu ch ) : It (be) that : Chính là mà

+ Nh n m nh S : It (be) S that (V/be)

(be) có khuynh h ng v "is" trong các th i hi n t i và "was" trong các th i quá kh

Eg : Mark broke the window last week

=> It was Mark that broke the window last week

+ Nh n m nh O : It (be) O that S (V/be) => Passive : It (be) O that (be) P2 (by S)

Eg : It was the window that Mark broke last week

=> Passive : It was the window that was broken by Mark last week

+ Nh n m nh Advth i gian, n i ch n : It (be) Adv that

Eg : It was last week that Mark broke the window

+ Nh n m nh 2S : It (be) S1 not S2 that (V/be)S1 (Vì có "not S2" nên chia theo S1)

Eg : Tom attended the meeting Jerry didn't attend the meeting

=> It was Tom not Jerry that attended the meeting

+ Nh n m nh 2O : It (be) O1 not O2 that S (V/be)

=> Passive : It (be) O1 not O2 that (be) P2 (by S)

Eg : Tom repaired the table, he didn't repair the chair

=> It was the table not the chair that Tom repaired / was repaired by Tom

TOPIC 9: BÀNG THÁI CÁCH

- Bàng thái ch ng th t :

S (V)bàng thái that S Vinf => S (V)bàng thái that O be P2

S (V)bàng thái that S should Vinf => S (V)bàng thái that O should be P2

(V)bàng thái : suggest, demand, order, wish, insist, request, require, recommend, urge,

propose, advise, ask, discover, beg, prefer, consider, command, decree (ra l nh), move (đ ngh ), instruct (ch d n), petition (ki n ngh , c u xin), expect (mong đ i, đòi h i),

(give) / (issue) an order / instructions

Eg : They suggested that he come back soon

- Bàng thái ch ng gi :

It (be) P2bàng thái that S Vinf => It (be) P2bàng thái that O be P2

It (be) P2bàng thái that S should Vinf => It (be) P2bàng thái that O should be P2

Eg : It was suggested that he come back soon

- Bàng thái danh t :

It (be) Nbàng thái that

There (be) Nbàng thái that

Nbàng thái : suggestion, demand, discovery, wish, requirement, proposal

Eg : It was their suggestion that he come back soon

- Bàng thái tính t :

It (be) Adjbàng thái that

Adjbàng thái : vital, important, imperative = exigent = pressing (c p bách), necessary, essential, indispensable (c c k c n thi t), urgent (kh n c p), surprising, amusing,

- Many Ns nhi u, không xác đ nh

Many of Ns nhi u, xác đ nh

A great many / A good many / Very many + N : R t nhi u

The many : Không đ t danh t sau "the many" n u "the many" mang

ngh a là đa s

The many people / things : Nh ng ng i, nh ng th

Eg : We should thank the many people who have written to us offering

Too much Adj N (Eg : There is too much bad news on TV tonight)

Much too Adj/Adv

Many và Much

ch dùng trong câu ph đ nh

ho c nghi v n

- A little Nkhông đ m đ c, không xác đ nh: = Some

Little Nkhông đ m đ c, không xác đ nh : Thi u = Not much

A little of Nkhông đ m đ c, xác đ nh : 1 chút, 1 ít

Just a little = Very little = Only a little : ch 1 chút thôi

- A few Ns nhi u, không xác đ nh: = Several

Few Ns nhi u, không xác đ nh : Thi u = Not many

A few of Ns nhi u, xác đ nh : vài

The few : Thi u s (Không có N sau t này)

Just a few = Very few = Only a few

- A lot of = Lots of + Ns nhi u/không đ m đ c

- Plenty of Ns nhi u/không đ m đ c: Nhi u đ n m c d th a

- S (V) a lot (Eg : I love you a lot)

- A great / good deal of + Nkhông đ m đ c

- A / The number of + Ns nhi u

T t c nh ng t trong m c này đ u đi cùng v i Nkhông xác

đ nh và ch dùng trong câu

kh ng đ nh

TOPIC 11: ARTICLE

- M o t không xác đ nh : A/An đ t tr c Ns ít

+ Theo quy t c : A + Ph âm, An + Nguyên âm

+ B t quy t c : A + Nguyên âm, An + Ph âm

Eg : An MP (Military Police : quân c nh

Mounted Police : c nh sát hoàng gia

+ t tr c các danh t đ c coi là duy nh t

Eg : The earth / sun / moon / stars / equator (xích đ o)

* Earth / Sun / Moon / Mars / Jupiter vi t hoa là tên hành tinh, v tinh, ngôi sao, không

đ c đ t The tr c t này

+ t tr c s th t : The first / second / third / last / only

+ Dùng trong so sánh nh t : The Adj/Adv + est, The most Adj/Adv

+ Dùng trong so sánh kép : The + So sánh h n, The + So sánh h n

+ t tr c Adj/P2 đ t o ra Nnhómmang s nhi u

Eg : The rich = Rich people

+ t tr c tên dòng sông (The Nile River), ng n núi (The Everest), bi n (The Black Sea), đ i d ng (The Atlantic), c c (The North Pole), h ng (The east/west ), qu n đ o (The Spratly Islands), con tàu (The Titanic), t báo (The Times), sa m c (The Sahara),

nh c c (The guitar)

+ t tr c danh t ch tên riêng khi danh t đó có "s" và mang ý ngh a gia đình

Eg : The Mr.Browns = Mr.Brown's family

+ t tr c danh t mà tr c đó danh t này đã dùng a/an

* Không dùng The tr c danh t ch tên riêng, tên môn h c, môn th thao

* Không dùng A/An tr c danh t ch b a n (tr tr ng h p b a n đó đ c t ch c, k

ni m đ chào m ng ai)

Eg : I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador

* Không dùng A/An/The trong nh ng câu ch c m xúc đ c bi t (S ng, ch t, yêu, ghét)

Eg : Men fear death

TOPIC 12: KH N NG – PH NG OÁN

It (be) possible

impossible

(for sb) to V for sb/sth to be P2 => S can / can't V : có th

There (be) possibility that SV / of Ving

no little much

likelihood chance

Eg : It is likely that you will need an operation

=> You are likely to need an operation

be Ving(HTTD)

have been Ving

(HTHTTD,QKTD,QKHTTD)

=> Passive O may/might

be P2(HT G, TL G)have been P2(HTHT,QK G,QKHT)

be being P2(HTTD)

have been being P2

(HTHTTD,QKTD,QKHTTD)

S (be) capable / incapable of Ving

Eg : It seems probable / possible (Adj) that he will arrive before dusk

=> He seems to arrive before dusk

TOPIC 13: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

S will / shall V if S will / shall V

= But for sb/sth/Ving, S'd V

N u không có, t i, b i vì thì

(V)th ng Were S to V, S'd V

=> Were I to learn it, I'd know it

If it were not for the bad weather, we'd go camping

If S were Ving, S wouldn't be Ving

Eg : If I weren't working for an accounting

firm, I would be working in a bank

Translate : N u tôi không làm vi c cho 1 công ty k toán, tôi s làm vi c cho ngân

hàng

Ch ng th t If S had P2, S'd have P2 Had S P2, S'd have S'd have P2 had S P2

Eg : If he had been encouraged, he would have worked harder

=> (When) encouraged, he would have worked harder

Có th dùng QKHTTD

Eg : If you hadn't been studying, I would

have brought my friends over to your house

this evening to watch TV

If S had been Ving, S'd have P2

Translate : N u b n không b n h c, tôi có

th đ a vài ng i b n c a tôi t i nhà b n đ xem tivi t i nay

i u ki n Without : Without sb/sth/Ving

S'll V ( K 1) S'd V ( K 2) S'd have P2 ( K 3)

QK G Otherwise, S'd have P2 ( K 3) N u không thì

TOPIC 14: STRESS & PRONUNCIATION

- Các t mà âm ti t 1 có các nguyên âm A - E - I - O - U đ c thành Tr ng âm 2

- a s các t t n cùng là : ance, enc, ant, ian, ience, ient, iar, ior, ic, ical, eous, ious, ous,

ity, ory, ury, ular, ive, cial, tial, cion, sion, tion, cious, xious, is, ition, ation, cation, ary,

ial, ible => Tr ng âm tr c các đuôi này

L u ý : Tr ng âm tr c đuôi "ant" nh ng ch v i tính t

Các t có đuôi "ary" gi m 1 âm ti t

- Các danh t ch môn h c : Tr ng âm tr c âm ti t cu i cùng 1 âm ti t

- Danh t t n cùng là : ate, ite, ude, ute => Tr ng âm cách âm ti t cu i 1 âm ti t

- Tính t t n cùng là : ary, ative, ate, ite

+ N u có 4 âm ti t : Tr ng âm 2

+ N u có 3 âm ti t : Tr ng âm 1

+ N u có 2 âm ti t : Tr ng âm 2

- ng t t n cùng là : ate, ude, fy, ply, ize, ise : Tr ng âm cách âm ti t cu i 1 âm ti t

- a s các đ ng t có 2 âm ti t t n cùng là : en, er, ern, ie, ish, ow, y : Tr ng âm 1

- a s các đ ng t có 2 âm ti t n u không r i vào các tr ng h p trên : Tr ng âm 2

- a s các d ng t có 2 âm ti t b t đ u b ng nh ng ti p đ u ng nh : ad, ac, af, an, ar,

as, at, bi, co, col, con, de, dis, ex, ef, in, en, im, mis, ob, oc, of, op, per, pro, sub, suc, suf,

sug, sup, sus, sur, trans, un, out : Tr ng âm 2

- Nh ng h u t không làm thay đ i cách đánh tr ng âm c a t g c :

N + es, ist, ship, dom, hood, y, ly, less, ous, ious, al, ish, like, en

V + ment, ance, er, or, ar, al, y, age, ing, son, able, ible

Adj + ness

- Adj t n cùng là "t" => N t n cùng là "cy", "ce"

Eg : urgent => urgency, patient => patience

- N => Adj + en, ize, fy

Eg : length => lengthen, beauty => beautify

- a s các t có đuôi sau đây thì tr ng âm vào chính đuôi đó : ese, ade, ee, ere, ese, oo-,

ette, self, esque, cur, dict, ect, fer, mit, pel, press, rupt, sist, tain, test, tract, vent, vert, ine

Khi t cu i là d ng c cho t đ u : a soup spoon, a paper tree, a school bus

Khi t đ u xác đ nh t cu i : a mango tree, an apple tree, a mustard apple

Khi t cu i là danh t t n cùng b ng : er, or, ar : a bookseller, a shopkeeper

+ Tr ng âm vào t sau n u t tr c ch v t li u ch t o ra t sau :

Eg : a nylon shirt, a paper bag, a brick house

+ Ving + N : Tr ng âm vào Ving

- ng t kép :

+ V + pre : Tr ng âm 2 : cool off, warm up, see off, take off

+ Pre + V : Tr ng âm vào V : outdo, overdo, overweight, underline, understand

- Tính t kép : Th ng có tr ng âm vào t đ u, nh t là t ghép v i gi i t (nhi u khi tr ng

âm c 2 t )

- Tr ng t ghép :

Pre + N (indoor) Pre + Pre (within, without) Tr ng âm vào âm ti t cu i

- Nguyên t c đ c đuôi "ed" :

+ Phát âm là "d" sau các ph âm h u thanh : b, g, m, n, l, v, z, ð, , d , và t t c các

nguyên âm : a, e, i, o, u

+ Phát âm là "t" sau các ph âm vô thanh : , p, f, s, ∫, t∫, k

+ Phát âm là "id" sau : d, t

Chú ý các t : wicked ['wikid] (đ c ác), naked ['neikid] (kho thân), crabbed ['kræbid] (hay càu nhàu), crooked ['krukid] (cong, o n), learned ['l :nid] (thông thái, uyên bác),

unmatched [ n'mæt∫tid] (không th sánh k p)

- Nguyên t c đ c đuôi "s" / "es" :

+ Phát âm là "iz" khi "es" đ ng sau các N t n cùng b ng các âm xuýt : s, z, ∫, t∫, , d , ks

+ Phát âm là "s" khi "s" đ ng sau các N t n cùng b ng các âm vô thanh : p, f, t, k,

+ Phát âm là "z" khi "s" đ ng sau các N t n cùng b ng nguyên âm : a, e, i, o, u và các

ph âm h u thanh còn l i : b, v, ð, d, g, l, m, n, , r, ou, ei, e

Adj-er Adv-er more Adj more Adv

+ V i N :

Eg : She has many / far more

documents for studying than us

much many far

Eg : My sister has twice as many books in

her bookcase as my brother does

S l n :

half twice

* Các t đ c bi t :

- only as Adj/Adv as : Ch b ng

- far more than

far the most

TOPIC 16 : PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Eg : The doll costs so much, it

is still on the shelf

=> Costing so much, the doll is still on the shelf

Eg : Since opening his new

working 16 hours a day

- Không đ ng ch

Eg : Weather permitting, we will start tomorrow