The culture of Duong Yen village, Xuan Non commune, Dong Anh district, Ha Noi . The orientation of preservation and development = Văn hóa làng Đường Yên, xã Xuâ

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES ------- DAO THI VAN THE CULTURE OF DUONG YEN VILLAGE, XUAN NON COMMUNE DONG ANH DISTRI

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

 -

DAO THI VAN

THE CULTURE OF DUONG YEN VILLAGE, XUAN NON COMMUNE

DONG ANH DISTRICT, HA NOI

THE ORIENTATION OF PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT

MASTER’S THESIS

Major: Vietnamese studies

Ha Noi – 2013

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

 -

DAO THI VAN

THE CULTURE OF DUONG YEN VILLAGE, XUAN NON COMMUNE

DONG ANH DISTRICT, HA NOI

THE ORIENTATION OF PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Master thesis specified in : Vietnamese studies

Code: 60.22.01.13

Supervisor: Dr Pham Van Loi

Ha Noi - 2013

I would like to thank Dr.Pham Van Loi whose instruction and guidance help me complete this thesis I would like to thank Xuan Non commune, Duong Yen hamlet that helped me have material source Especially, the people of Duong Yen village helped me in survey process to complete the thesis I would like to express gratitude to your sincere guidance

COMMITMENT

The tittle of thesis: “The culture of Duong Yen village, Xuan Non

commune Dong Anh district, Ha Noi The orientation of preservation and development” is a study about culture of DuongYen village from establishment The material source of thesis consists of secondary material and primary material The primary materials are quoted with clear note ensuring the objective characters of material and copyright of authors This thesis is not coincident with any studies about Duong Yen village before Mentioned Scientific theoretical points and conclusions and collected materials in the thesis ensuring the true and objective characters I want to reflect the research object truly and objectively

Learner Dao Thi Van

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 11

1 Rationale 11

2 Literature review 12

3 The purpose of the research 12

4 Object of research 14

5 Scope of research 15

6 Research methods 15

7 The lay out of the thesis 16

Chapter 1: SOME FEATURES ABOUT NATURAL AND RESIDENT CONDITION 16

1.1 Natural condition 16

1.1.1 Geographical location 16

1.1.2 Terrain 17

1.1.3 Land 17

1.1.4 Climate 18

1.1.5 Hydrology 19

1.2 The history and resident 20

1.2.1 Some features The history of establishment of village and Revolutionary tradition 20

1.2.2 Resident 24

1.3 Economic activities 25

1.3.1 Agriculture 25

1.3.2 Industry, handicraft industry 26

1.3.3 The service , trade and tourism industry 27

1.4 Social Issues 27

1.4.1 Education 28

1.4.2 Health 29

1.4.3 Family, family 29

1.4.4.The social organization 30

Small conclusion 32

Chapter 2: MATERIAL CULTURE 32

2.1 Culinary culture 33

2.1.1 Eating 33

2.1.2 Drinks 41

2.1.3 Smoking, eating betel 42

2.2 Clothes 44

2.2.1 Clothes 44

2.2.2 Jewelry 51

2.3 Living culture 51

2.3.1 Civil Architecture 51

2.3.2 Religious Architecture 53

2.4 Vehicles and transport 55

2.4.1 Vehicles 55

2.4.2 Transport 55

Small conclusion Chapter 2 56

Chapter 3: SPIRITUAL CULTURE 57

3.1 Customs and practices relate to the human life cycle 57

3.1.1 Customs, and practices of child birth and raising children 57

3.1.2 Customs, practices of weddings 57

3.1.3Continue to aging 61

3.1.4 Customs and practices of funeral 62

3.2 Customs and practices relate to weather cycles 64

3.2.1 Lunar New Year 64

3.2.2 Full moon in January 64

3.2.3 Grave – visiting festival 65

3.2.4 Double five Festival or May 5 th 65

3.2.5 Vu Lan ceremony July fifteenth 66

3.2.6 Mid-Autumn Festival 66

3.3 Festival 66

3.3.1 The process of preparing 66

3.3.2 Rituals / The ceremony: 67

3.3.3 the opportunity 67

3.4 Belief and religion 71

3.4.1 Some traditional beliefs, religious 71

3.4.2 Modern belief and religion 78

3.3 Cultural activities 80

Small conclusion chapter 3 .81

Chapter 4: ORIENTATION OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 81

4.1 The view of conservation and development 81

4.1.1 the view of conservation 82

4.1.2 The view of development 82

4.1.3 Relationship between conservation and development 83

4.1.4 Relationship between conservation, development of culture and economics 85

4.2 Orientation of conservation and development of material cuture 87

4.2.1 With Culinary culture 87

4.2.3 With wearing culture 89

4.2.3 With living culture 90

4.2.4 Vehicles and transport 92

4.3 Orientation of conservation and development of spiritual cuture 92

4.3.1.Customs and practices relate to the human life cycle 92

4.2.2 Customs and practices relate to weather cycles 94

4.2.3 Festival 94

4.2.4 belief and religion 95

4.2.5.Cultural activities 96

Small conclusion chapter 4 96

CONCLUSION 97 REFERENCE MATERIAL 97 APPENDIX 102

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Culture is the organic system of material and spiritual values that create and accumulate over process of practical activities, in the interaction between human and natural environment and social environment If material culture provides humans all necessary means to cope with the natural and social environment, the spiritual culture to perform the function of community cohesion, social adjustment, orient the standards motivating the development

Vietnam's culture is the crystallization of the essence of distinct style of many communities In the history of building and defending the country, during production activities, every community in the different regions not only creates their own culture but also exchanges with each other which makes Vietnam’s of material and spiritual cultures of Vietnam diversified anđ copious Vietnam's cultural character has spiritual meaning It is soul of mountains and rivers , the expression of eternal of our race, the connection between the generations

Each cultural value is expressed in daily life, stored in memory, writing They exist in lifestyles, memories, consciousness of everybody The cultural values especially spiritual culture with communal sustainable activities but they are in danger of being got lost , especially when the life conditions are gradually being raise with the appeal of the modern forms of entertainment Hence the traditional cultural values have to be preserved, inherited and developed We need to make these values go into communal life in a natural way and becoming the lifestyle of every citizen

Village’s culture is fertile land for nurturing and developing moral values, emotions, communal lifestyle… And it also has potential ability to prevent and repel the negative cultural phenomena which has been impact strongly on all aspects of social life and cause significant changes

The downside of a market economy is likely to break the traditional cultural values National cultural character is sometimes abused by the tremendous power such as individualism, pragmatic lifestyle…Economic market

develops, village is not a calm place But local character, “the will of ruler must yield to the people's customs” in country rise up again This is the cause of the disorder relationships in the village, arise a range of issues of community unity consciousness, cultural aspects, political security and social security

Market mechanism is going into rural areas and able to break peacefulness of villages "Banyan trees, wells, courts of communual houses", typical image of Vietnam village is showing signs of deformation Social evils are appearing in rural Funerals, weddings tends to return to cumbersome, costly custom, mixed superstition,

Village’s culture is not only the result of human activities in the village but also the environment, motivation for each member of the village community to preserve the tradditional cultural values and continue to create advanced cultural values And, just when the new village culture actually confirmed role that contribute to adjusting the social relations of the market mechanism, as a motivation for development of rural areas today The orientation of preserving and developing the cultural values of the village to promote the positive aspects and the limit negative aspects is urgent which need the contribution of the whole society Awaring the importance and urgency of this in the current period,

I seclected topic “The culture of Duong Yen village, Xuan Non commune

Dong Anh district, Ha Noi The orientation of preservation and development” as my master thesis for Vietnamese studies

2 Literature review

Culture is a large field that many scientists in different fields research From the ancient Oriental, culture has been in language very early In the Western – Chinese Dynasty, Culture has been considered as a method to educate people To the Western, culture has been understood in two aspects: cultivation, adaptation to nature, natural exploitation and education to individuals or communities so that they are no longer wild animals and they have good qualifications…

There are many views about culture In Vietnam and in the world: “ Today, culture may be the general of distinncions of spirit and material, intelligence and motion which decide character of a society or a group of people

in society Culture includes arts and literature, lifestyles, the basic human rights, the system of values, practices and beliefs: Culture gives people the ability to consider about yourself It is through culture that human is self- expression, self-aware and know that he is unfinished, set out to examine the achievements, always search for new meanings and the create new works” by UNESCO or “Because of survival as well as the purpose of life, human invented language, writing, ethics, law, science, religion, literature, art, tools for daily life in terms of food, accommodation and the ways of They are culture” by Ho

Chi Minh Besides, there are may views about culture of scholars Howerver, culture is understood clearly and specifically at two aspects material culture and

spiritual culture as “Culture is an organic system of material and spiritual values that human has created and accumulated over the course of practical activities in the interaction between the natural environment and social” Associate professor Dr Tran Ngoc Them

About the village and cultural village in Vietnam, there are works which scientists have studied in depth, discussed about material culture and spiritual

culture of the village as “The cultural village in Vietnam” and “Traditional Cultural Village of Vietnam” by Professor Vu Ngoc Khanh Some works

mentioned village festival, lifestyle, customs, religion, folk, folk art as

“Vietnamsese villages- some economic-social issue” of Professor Phan Đại Doãn, “Some Vietnamese village issues” by Profesor Dr Nguyen Quang Ngoc,

“Journey to the ancient Vietnamese village” by Associate profesor Dr Bui

Xuan Đinh,… Some treatise not only comments on the heritage of the village,

on the economic – social aspect, culture, but also points out the positive points and the negative of these villages during construction and defending the country,

such as treatises “The changes of Vietnamese village today” and “The

transformation of Vietnamese villages in present-day at Red River Delta” by

Noi)– where the folk literature values are kept” by Le Thi Phuong –Cultural

Research Institute Or from the study of reality of that festival propose solutions

to develop in thesis of Nguyen Thi Phuong about “ The Reality and solutions to develop the finding son-in-law festival of Duong Yen village, Xuan Non commune, Dong Anh district, HaNoi”, and that festival was written in “Duong Yen village fastival ” by Nguyen Thi Hanh – Officer at Dong Anh culture

department- 1000 year-Thang Long-Ha Noi book However, there are not any systemtic reseaarchs about Duong Yn village, from material and spiritual culture

to give oriention to preserve and develop of Duong Yen culture in future

3 The purpose of the research

- The thesis aims to gather and systematize the study of resource Duong Yen, from the study of the geographical location, natural conditions to study the research on cultural traditions customs and festivals

- Thesis help us be more aware, more comprehensive system and culture

of the village street in the historic yen from the village formed so far

- It has been proposed a number of solutions to conservation and development of cultural Duong Yen village life today

4 Object of research

Objects of the thesis is the land and the Duong Yen - where material and spiritual cultures of the village are created and preserved However, However, people and culture of the Duong Yen village in history and current period are affected, influenced from the culture of the villages in the area , so sometimes the object of thesis has been expanded to some villages of Xuan commune, Dong Anh District, Hanoi

5 Scope of research

5.1 Scope of space

The thesis focuses on researching Duong Yen village, Xuan Non commune Dong Anh district, Ha Noi And relationship between the culture of Duong Yen and other villages in commune follows the trend of urbanization, modernization and industrialization and global integration

5.2 Scope of time

Topic focus on investigation, data collection, analysis and cultural studies

of Duong Yen village in the present moment, as well as the development and cultural change in the history of the village since establishment

5.3 Scope of topic:

Culture is a connotative concept with many different interpretations, relating to all aspects of physical and mental life of human Thesis topic only researchs a narrow aspect including salient features of the material culture (or culture to ensure life), such as food, clothing, housing, transport, cultural and spiritual culture as : the customs (related to the life cycle; weather cycles); festivals, religious beliefs, and some arts and cultural activities of the inhabitants of Duong Yen village in order to clarify the characteristics local culture

6 Research methods

Duong Yen village is an area with natural conditions , cultural factors affected individual through the other villages in the area and the cultural policy , subject to the trend driven by urbanization , modernization of the district , city and affected the trend of integration of the country in which that is characteristic values of social cultural space Combined with regional research methods course authors have used the same method at 2 study 2 become science as conducting field surveys, interviews, and general exchange of results essays collected into an objective to solve the problem of village culture Duong Yen Also in the essay, the author uses a number of specific research methods, such as learning methods( collection, processing and use of historical documents - the

history books , magazine articles, public text, ), the investigation and fieldwork( collecting materials in the field: observations, interviews: observation, recording, photography ,group discussions, in-depth interviews (including interviews retrospective question - ethnology - anthropology ), interview questionnaire ( sociology ), ; statistical methods( collecting statistics

on economic, cultural, social ), and the synthesis, analysis, comparison to essay writing

7 The lay out of the thesis

Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the content of the thesis is organized into four chapters:

Chapter 1: About the natural conditions and residential village Duogn Yen Chapter 2: Some elements of material culture The village of Duong Yen Chapter 3: A number of cultural and spiritual elements Duong Yen Village

Chapter 4: The Orientation of preservation and development of cultural villages Duong Yen

Chapter 1: SOME FEATURES ABOUT NATURAL AND RESIDENT CONDITION

1.1 Natural condition

1.1.1 Geographical location

Xuan Non commune in the northern districts adjacent to Xuan Thu, Dong Xuan Commune, Soc Son district with Ca Lo river as the boundary Dear trying rural commune south Uy N; Dao Thuc village east Thuy Lam commune, Nguyen Khe village west village Tien Hung Nguyen Khe commune, Dong Anh railways running through to Thai Nguyen Including rural Xuan Non commune: Duong Yen (Kim con), Luong Quy (Kim Lon), Nhan Tai and Xuan Non

The village is located south of Duong Yen Xuan Non commune, Phu Lo commune north with holes, Soc Son district, east of the commune of Thuy Lam

- Dong Anh district, west of the village of Luong Quy commune and the south society Uy No , Dong Anh district Duong Yen Xuan Non commune center 5km, 10km from the center of the district, Co Loa and 12km from the center of Hanoi 20km Duong Yen village location conducive to economic development and culture The village is located close to east-west arterial roads in the district, Luong Quy junction connecting to the Kinh Bac (Bac Ninh) and also on to the wrong path, a historic national culture, a central credit popular religion of the country, in association with the legend An Duong Vuong build Co Loa

1.1.2 Terrain

Generally Xuan Non commune is relatively high terrain, with tilting structure from north to south [3, page 29] The average height of the sea surface commune than 8m in the communal forest, with hills, with streams, rivers there

It is the village forest friends (Spring hats), Van Khe stream flowing from the slot (Nguyen Khe), guava vast forested park in Ong Thieu often called Dong De, forest grass chicken Nguyet Duc river extends Government needs to take the loss and Nguyet Duc river flows through winding around the north

The village is located in the center Duong Yen Xuan Non commune of high terrain and dry, in the middle of the village is inhabited, surrounded by fields Topography is a factor that should be considered when determining the structure of plants and animals Therefore, the focus should Duong Yen village vegetables, flowers, fruit trees and crops

1.1.3 Land

The total land area is naturally in line 88.2 hectares of agricultural land per capita for each worker is 501 m2 (75.1 ha / 1500 agricultural workers) This

is the land area is lower than the average of the Red River Delta (76.0 ha) Village land, including land, garden land and easement projects: kitchen, pigsty,

toilet, .) in the village in Duong Yen average residential land is "374m2 / family"

Agricultural land / farm in Duong Yen mostly gray soil of this land is cultivated floors , light mechanical components , discrete structures , keeping fertilizer , less water retention , nutrient-poor soils and not suitable for paddy

crops mainly History books also recorded " Duong Yen silver silver sugar land area of ancient primitive types not by natural accretion of form , soils soil creep , chuom little ponds , agricultural work very hard difficulty , more colors rice , a bird in the highest season 70 - 80kg of rice drought dry , discrete colors , people's lives miserable poverty lineDuong Yen " [ 3 , tr.33 ] In recent years the

trend of land use and village road cones Xuan Non Yen reducing the proportion

of agricultural land land for village road , neighbors and work to serve the people , in particular in 2010 the village of Duong Yen 36000m2 spent building cultural villages and preschool Duong Yen Therefore, the set requirements must be carefully studied in order to state land use planning for the rational development of agricultural villages during the Duong Yen

Background medium heat Duong Yen village located in the annual average temperature is 250C Dong Anh district The two hottest months of the year usually in June and July July is usually the month of January the average

temperature in the highest ( 37.50 C ) The two coldest months are January and February, the average temperature in January is 130C The average humidity of

84 percent in Dong Anh district, this humidity is also very little change over the months of the year, usually in the range of 80-87 percent

Mode of village Duong Yen rain in rain mode and general Xuan Non commune Dong Anh district with approximately 144 days of rain/ year and an average annual rainfall reaching 1600-1800 mm During the rainy season ( May

to October ) 85 percent concentrated rainfall throughout the year August usually has the highest rainfall in the year, an average of 300 -350 mm The early winter months of little rain, but the second half of the drizzly winter wet In winter, the district must also bear the northeast monsoon Weather in Dong Anh district in general and in particular the village of Duong Yen favorable for agricultural activities, particularly favorable for the development of food crops, flowers, vegetables and fruit But the round of thunderstorms, hurricanes of the summer monsoon and winter also cause certain obstacles to agricultural production and people's lives

Nguyet Duc river flows through winding around the north of Xuan Non commune and Phu Lo

Ca Lo river flows along the northern boundary of the commune, with large water flow and more stable, does not provide a significant amount of sediment, but the water supply to the villages north and east of the commune

Duong Yen dress and also a small pond with an area of about 10 samples have similar 36000m2 important role in the development of fish farming In addition to surface water sources (surface water) there are specific aquifer is

most people use wells for water activities, because of their relatively high terrain drilled deep 21 - 22m, the with water, the water is not filtered through the filter Groundwater has important implications for the provision of water for production and people's life in the village Groundwater in Duong Yen has always been added, providing rich water from the Song Hong (Red River)

1.2 The history and resident

1.2.1 Some features The history of establishment of village and Revolutionary tradition

1.2.1.1 Some features The history of establishment of village

The rural village of Xuan Non commune before the revolution of Co Loa( Duong Yen and Luong Quy), three villages of Nhan Tai, Kim Tien , Xuan Non commune, the five villages of Dong Ngan district, Tu Son Bac Ninh Founded in

1905, Dong Anh district Xuan Non of Dong Anh district Phuc Yen, Vinh Phuc

in 1950, from 1961 to now in the suburbs of Ha Noi Xuan Non are five villages thirthteen villages large and small, village Kim Tien has two known as flush Tuon Duoi and Tuon Tren; village Nhan Tai have two neighbors called Tren Lang, Duoi Duong; Luong Quy village has three neighbors called neighbor 1, neighbors 2 and neighbors 3; Xuan Non village neighborhood called Xom Dong, Xom Sau and Xom Nguoc Duong Yen has three small hamlet called Xom Giua, Xom Ngoai and Xom Dinh Feudal village called Trang, Cha, promiscuity and villages Colonial village called feudal society After 8-1945 society ( old village ) called Khu, 4-1946 called rural areas

Duong Yen and Luong Quy village inception Phuc Tien communes (Uy

No today) to three rural Nhan Tai, Xuan Non (Be) and Kim Tien of Dao Nguyen commune (Dao Nguyen commune includes five villages: Dao Thuc, Nhan Tai, Kim Tien, Xuan Non and Nguyen Khe) 1949 to establish a new cooperative society named Tu Do (Tu Do of the rural commune Nhan Tai, Xuan Non, Kim Tien Luong Quy, Duong Yen, Nguyen Khe, Can Khe, Khe Nu, Dai Bang, Son

Du and Lam Tien) Tháng 6-1955 society split into two, the western village of Phuc Thinh, five village Mien Dong (Nhan Tai, Kim Tien, Duong Yen, Luong

Quy and Xuan Non) is a cooperative society called Tu Do 1965 commune called Tu Do renamed Xuan Non

Duong Yen ancient village called Kim Con village The reason for the name is Kim Con village because of this established residential village, who are living in the village Kim Lon( Luong Quy - Xuan Non )( Kim Con village Kim Nho ) Duong Yen village, also known as Kim Hoa - a famous general of the Hai Ba Trung According to Duong Yen village genealogy spirit she named A

La is ( she was ) living at Lai Pha, Que Duong, Tu Son when their parents die, people get sick more often she sought out drugs allow you to save the rank list and become famous medical panacea After mourning, she went to the site Duong An, Dong Ngan, see the situation here, many people infected with the disease She then used the panacea for curing See page have known about Duong An rites and customs behind the net should she stay there This is also where she made in Hai Ba Trung troops to fight the enemy When finished cleaning her enemy a party invite parents of old, the people attending While eating, suddenly emerged winds of heaven and earth, with a cloud of yellow, red phase down from the sky before the palace, suddenly saw her flying clouds that fly Since then she has been crowned The Royal villagers

The village pagoda Duong Yen 1941 Youth National Salvation organizations launched by Mr Nguyen Van Ky, Duong Dinh Ket, Duong Dinh Tuong, Tran Van Toai, Nguyen Huu Song, Nguyen Huu Soan, Nguyen Van Hoan, Nguyen Van Luy Nguyen Du Bay by Mr Duong Dinh Ket the head of the team [24, tr.2]

On 22/08/1945 respond the call of the Vietnamese villagers Ming Duong Yen protesters, seize power, liberate the village At the end of 1945 when we won the famine, the government struck back Before the difficult situation of the country, President Ho Chi Minh has set out three urgent tasks such as fight against poverty, illiteracy and foreign invaders Kim Hoa temple despite tough but compassionate heart expand with rice, potato little to help his people in starvation The temple is also home to open people's popular classes, monks, nuns brought baskets - meters into bed table, taking calcium as chalk In the evening, the monks worried lantern, lit the study population

10.10.1946 On Duong Yen pagoda is great honor to witness a turning point in the movement of social revolution that Liberal Party members admit festival's first 3 villages including Mr Duong Dinh Ket, Nguyen Van Ky and Dao Van Phi On 02/12/1947, District Commissioner Dong Anh has decided to recognize Duong Yen This is a historic event and honor of Duong Yen Pagoda witnessed the elite members, the core of human liberation movements Xuan Non

10/1947 French open campaign enemy attacks on North Vietnam with Winter campaign history, an attempt to destroy our headquarters To coordinate with the Vietnam War North, branch Duong Yen meeting convened on 25.10.1947 at Temple Duong Yen Tran Van Toai appointed to coordinate with rural guerrilla Nguyen Khe blocked beat the French on the way Phu Lo - Vinh Yen The other comrades to strengthen the position trenches, prepare and mobilize people against raid, anti boots up, up neatly

To strengthen the fight earlier this month 5/1949 UBKC Phuc Yen province scaling decisions On 13/07/1949 comrade Nguyen Dien commune Memberships UBKC president of liberty (founded in 1949 consists of the village: Nhan Tai, Xuan Non, Kim Tien, Luong Quy, Duong Yen, Nguyen Khe, Can Khe, Khe Nu, Dai Bang, Son Du and Lam Tien) convened the meeting at 5 times the cost of the Duong Yen pagoda to discuss jobs Attending the meeting were Mr Nguyen Huu Mac commune Party secretary, Nguyen Dien Tuc

Memberships UBKC president chaired convey directives of their superiors to prevent the enemy hit dikes U.S Internal Ca Lo - Irrigation siege Duong Yen village of around Because this time the enemy had been sniffing the headquarters of the commune of Minh City Vietnam Tu Do temple located in Duong Yen village

Not unexpected of social TBVM, 4 am on 7/29/1949 the French stormed the village enclosure We at the start of each man tied a 3 wire, women and children were selected temple, put on the home team We hunt around the contact, pushing piles of straw down to find shelter After scrutiny over the village do not see, we pulled into the temple by the monk pulled out torture beaten, especially with a priest discourse, the monks and monks Browse We poured water into his mouth and took the lead leg Professor belly and they grabbed the first master blender add, tied monks protest in sheet and then pour water into the distribution, in the face, in the nose Despite being extremely cruel torture, brutal, but the monks did not know just shook his head

Do not exploit anything from them forced monks ordered troops to scour the temple After taking iron oblong discovered a secret tunnel behind the temple, they pulled two comrades shot dead on the spot Two comrades escape

by tunnel noise duckweed pond was also shot and killed them They continue to torture 3 extremely brutal monks, making monks risen from the dead several times, but we still do not receive a statement at all

In this unequal battle the French had shot dead 13 cadres, Party members, thrown down the temple pond, village wells [Appendix 1] Many people were beaten and most of their property was burned or stolen Also in this battle the enemy has captured some comrades officials and party members, such as: Duong Dinh The, Nguyen Van Luy, Nguyen Huu Song, Nguyen Van Thuan, Nguyen Van Lap and Nguyen Van Nho

1951, Dong Anh district election committee Tran Dinh Bich secretary instead of Nguyen Huu Muc( communes Secretary Liberal Party) branch meeting convened in the temple guard Tam Quan The meeting had

communicated further indication of TBVM names have warned against revolutionary expression, captured some of the names given to freedom probation From the rural revolutionary base line on a strong Duong Yen Pagoda is the place to go to meetings of the Vietnamese officials is home to convey many important resolutions of TBVM in the war against France 1953 ,

in response to the movement of TBVM aimed to measure the resistance of the enemy in the stomach to make it no foothold From the village temple that only

5 of the time, the two sub- blocks Village has two family sent out to look at the small temple preserved From there the shadow temple monks away, missing bell, gong prayer

1954 Duong Yen regained power Under the leadership of the Party and State, May 9/1955 full Xuan Non conduct land reform, tasks revolutionary peoples, Democratic, giving land to the peasants During this task, again Duong Yen pagoda was selected as the headquarters of the land reform It has witnessed the night cultural festival to celebrate the land reform

In the war against American imperialism, villages implement dy movement

" Women are three sure ", " rice is not a lack of balance, lack of troops is not " ; nearly 100 youth village in south fought, liberated the country, with 15 soldiers have died on the battle field [ caption data in Appendix 2 ]

In the flow of history lands in Duong Yen bold mark the historic character

of the people, the events associated with the history of the country With drinking water, remember its source ethically, rich in kindness dy villagers remain on public record the character 's history and culture Duong Yen village still indelibly marked by the historical period spent

1.2.2 Resident

Residents living in the area is the village of Duong Yen As of 2008, the population is 1,300 Duong Yen to 2012 of 1500 persons (793 males, 707 females who are), in which the number of working-age people in the labor is

983 people (412 women who ), number of children under 16 years of age is 243, the number of people over age 60 is 170 Through the above data shows that the

population of the village in Duong Yen working age is high mainly in agriculture in addition to large enterprise companies around Hanoi

Residents living in the village of mostly original here, partly separated from the village to the Luong Qui Number of households: 350 households Where: 291 agricultural households, 7 households industrial building with 3 households, businesses with 5 households, 3 households transport service has 18 households, 23 households are households

In recent years (2008 - 2012) as well as the population and family planning should significantly reduce the birth rate, each family only had two little children and families 3rd child With the implementation of the restructuring of the economy population Duong Yen village flourished, a growing number of rich households, the poverty rate down, remove hunger Living people increasingly improved

According to the statistics and the current survey shows households in Duong Yen generation living 1 155 households accounted for 44.3%, second generations are 110 households accounted for 31.4%; 3 generations with 70 households accounted for 20% and 4th generation 15 are accounted for 4.3% Looking at the data shows people living Duong Yen mainly three generations of grandparents, parents and children, very few cases of families with four generations living under one roof Also following the trend of social development, there is also a lot of young couples in particular, economic independence does not depend on the family Duong Yen people still keep traditional beauty of the family

So, from past to present, agriculture still is the main department Feudal- colonial, dominate class doesn’t focus on irrigation, building dikes,bridges so, Duong Yen’field “chớm mưa đã úng, chớm nắng đã hạn” moreover, the cultivation level of farmers is fogy, simple working tool is simple The labor productivity is very low Before 1945, every year only has a crop The way to grow is fogy Fortunately, a year has a good crop, usually loss of crop beacause

of dry In 1939, the crop is the best 1 “Saof” of northern only has from 60 to 65 kg; the other years doesn’t has 50 kg

After peace repeat in 1954, with the interest in party and state, agriculture

of village is improved “after a time from august of 1954 to april of 1955, people’life is stable, production go up, making over 100 hectarer, good summer crop More Potatoes, beans, peanuts…

From 2008 to present, with the investment to irrigation cultivation technichques and new breed take into production So, productivity is increasing, thhe average in year has 180- 200 kg/ perches of northern A part from rice, the main crop is patatoes, corn, bean… generally, the area of crop is changed to commodity production The farmers grow short- term industrial crops to stable income such as peanuts, soybean,etc the good crop develop quikly which is patatoes and onions, garlic Because the crops match land of this area Perennials, Especially, farmers focus on develop fruits such as grapefruit, litchi,etc to has large effectively Mr Nguyen Van Tuyen- the head of Duong Yen village say that the income of people in this village is 650 million vnd The activities of agriculture is gradual providing for crop and breed In addition, the forest economic develop About 10 years ago, the people of Duong Yen developed both cattle( buffalo, cow) and poutry (chiken, duck) Today, most of people only has cattle and poutry to serve every day life Some family in Duong Yen buy pond to feed kind of fish However, the area of pond in village

is very small, only having 10 perches of northern so, result is low The horticulture with the fish pond develop appreciably

1.3.2 Industry, handicraft industry

People in Duong Yen has some jobs such as crusting, bakery, as wheat, etc today, it has some new jobs : machine to make rice, or machine too make agriculture land The handicraft only has in family or the neighbors, and it doesn’t related to the other jobs In village has 5 family make crusting: making table, bed, window, 3 family make the machine to make rice for people in vilage, 2 households make solder to produce agriculture tools such as knife, sickle, moorhen, 2 households brick three balls and 1 households with agricultural machines a family has agrimotor.normally, people go to the family who has produc, buy the things you need The family supply job for some people in that village

1.3.3 The service , trade and tourism industry

Currently, the market mechanism socialist orientation have been developed across the country, services, trade, trade in the province of Duong Yen quite exciting activities The service development activities are quite diverse, rich, meet production demands and serve the people's life Mechanical services guaranteed to operate mechanized rice cultivation: the village has 7 versatile plowing, threshing machines 3 and 2 water pumps, irrigation service guarantee for all irrigated the area of arable land In addition, there are other villages in service delivery science and technology, providing seeds, fertilizers, plant protection products, has also contributed significantly to the growth of the agricultural activities of residents in the village

The Duong Yen market which has long ago,is located in the south of village It is met on the empty land Before market only meet twice times on 15th

in the morning and the first day of month There are a lot of things such as corns, vegetables, fruits ,etc today, market is repaired and meet all the day of the month with the many things rice, corn, vegetables, shrimp, crub,etc types of tools serve the productive labor (such as plows, hoes, and all kinds of family activities utensils (pots, dishes, assorted fabrics, medicines commonly used )

In addition, many households in the village also take advantage of home ground

for the development of business types such as groceries, restaurants and repair services of bicycles, motorcycles, agricultural machinery, internet

1.4 Social Issues

1.4.1 Education

Before the August Revolution in 1945, the people of Duong Yen has suffered heavy taxation, both suffer from bad practices troublesome, expensive, causing disease, famine, no conditions for learning Along with the stupid policies of the French people and feudalism has made 95% of the population illiterate in society [3, tr.34] After the August Revolution in 1945, Duong Yen pagoda Village is the place for people to open the popular classes, day and night echoes Education

Right after 1954, in parallel with other activities educational career of the village is always the interest of the authorities and the industry, increasing the quality of education is improved

Currently, under the provisions of the State , only one village preschool and always well organized to accommodate boarding for children helps parents peace of mind and the production workers Life is so much hardship but the villagers Duong Yen always aware of the importance of education People often tell each other dy" for silver money and children - not using the pen for academic research", "word for children than for the wealth" The family tries to create conditions for children to learn where to choose Parents are always encouraged and interested in their children's learning to trust after this life children will have a better future than me Besides, the village board has also established funds encouragement and rewards for those who achieve high academic achievements Academic year 2010 - 2011 100 percent of the rural high school graduation, including 5 children and 7 parking in University parking them in the College Academic year 2011 - 2012 has 7 children and 4 children University Park College Park, in addition to a couple of them due to difficult family to exercise and go to University employees in companies large enterprise

1.4.2 Health

Before 1945, under the feudal -colonial regime, people's health is not really Duong Yen is concerned, there is not a whole village health workers Today, the attention of the Department, Dong Anh district health department Health Station of Xuan Non 3 doctor, 5 nurses and 6 beds regime maintains permanent medical people 100 percent of mothers and children are vaccinated infectious diseases: tuberculosis, measles, hepatitis B Medical staff actively mobilize people to implement sanitation, hygiene and eating In 2012 in the whole population of more than 75 percent of households reached 3 sanitary works: dining room, bathroom and toilet Due implement population policies and family planning, the rate of natural population growth was on average 0:57 percent annual reduction rate of child malnutrition from 15.3 percent in 2005 to

8.9 percent in 2009 to the years, in the area do not have an epidemic occurs

1.4.3 Family, family

Duong Yen village is 6 family: Duong, Dao, Tran, Pham, Do, Nguyen In particular, the family has the largest population with more especially the Nguyen During the development of the village of Duong Yen, who passed the higher education, financing for business development, as officials tend to focus on external Nguyen family, Duong and Tran This is the number of lines they have larger demographic, economic status than those they left Even within each lineage differentiation also There are tribes that are economically well-off families, children achieve academic success, but also the cost to them, the family declined, poverty, children do not learn where to choose Over the long-term development process, the family in the village had infiltrated the other through relationships, marriage, inter-family( organization of a number of households living close links to) Therefore, the relationship between family solidarity in the village often, less conflict, dislike

Currently, the role of the family is still very important for every family, every individual in them The family often help the family, covering each other

in business, economic development and family social work in the neighborhood,

in the village The family also plays an important role in the overall work of organizations such as village festivals, organized and made life movement to build a new culture and build the village's general fund encouragement, reinforce Neighbourhood and connect families with family and between the family together

Each family has their head: they are responsible for the general administration of all of them, all meetings chaired, high winds, remodeling ancestral tombs At the same time the chief reward - their discipline, their deputy assistant to the chief operating them for common tasks, is responsible for supervising and scheduling for the Tet holiday Organizations visited shopping condolence gifts, funeral directing and funeral if someone dies in them, their secretary: recording and storing their records, recording the minutes of the meeting Their church was built on the campus of their heads and offered them all jobs are held here In addition to the altar of their church, family tree trunks still have merit, notebook offerings merit loaded when remote descendants to fund the construction and restoration of their church Every year, each family contributed 50-100000 promotion funds to build the school, encourage your child to encourage outstanding achievement in children's learning, such as University Park, College and gifted students during the school year

1.4.4.The social organization

In the village of former Duong Yen new born son is father to the ceremony to be immediately adjacent, this time it was known as early companies (from small to 18 years old) to 18 years old son to do for the village feast up or coated nails (nails = child, coated = healthy) Rule on heavy armor as weeding invite all the village elders, who are divided into armor when the village festival, is sitting on a certain slide in the session, to receive a portion of the field to plowing addition added a harvest of crops as well as to participate in the activities of the festival, cult Thus, many poor families can not afford to go

to the border

After the August Revolution , especially in the country's reforms from the

late 80's half of the twentieth century to the present, on a national scale, organizational structure villages / hamlets simple, but not less strict in operation, according to the general regulations of the state of the organization and administration of political, economic and rural society Similar to the villages / hamlets in the country, village leaders/ village Party Branch and the government Stand is fully Branch Secretary of the party, head of government is the village head, the chief of the village below Currently, the village Duong Yen divided into three neighbors: Xom Giua, Xom Ngoai and Xom Dinh The mass organizations in the village including farmers associations, women's associations, elderly associations, veterans associations, more youth, veterans clubs

The civil society has an important role in the overall operation of the rural/ village and locality Mr Nguyen Minh Tu, 75, council president's home village elders Duong Yen Association said today's elderly village 478 people,

197 males and 281 females Rural Elderly Association plays a key role in organizing the annual village festival as lead and guide the villagers in the festival activities Also the elderly in the village has established a Nursing student club, an entertaining team The Association's activities contribute to elderly strength training helps the elderly live happy Duong Yen, healthy, useful life Each elderly Duong Yen is an example for children to follow

Veterans Association Duong Yen village "with 45 people, including veterans against France (3), against the United States (16), the rest is very militant after 1975 war borders Laos and Cambodia battlefield 6 including former veterans are women "[PVS Nguyen Van Hai, 63, spent more prefect rural veterans Duong Yen] Veterans Association has always actively participated in all the social activities of the village, commune, help each other to produce economic development, fundraising donations help the poor veterans

At present organizational structure in the village of Duong Yen people passionate villages, local people contribute with The yen gained remarkable achievements in economic, social, cultural and improve material life and

spiritual local people

Small conclusion chapter 1

Duong Yen is a small village located in the outskirts of Hanoi along geographical location and natural conditions favorable to economic development, and is an ancient village has a long history and tradition of revolution With natural conditions and abundant population, the economy of the village there is a certain development in the dynamics created by specific cultures Duong Yen From here back in 1961, Duong Yen village is a village-level administrative divisions of Xuan Non commune, Dong Anh District, Hanoi's village development process associated with the development of the capital 50 years In the development process of the country, the capital of the district of Dong Anh, Xuan Non commune and innovation from the year 1986, the face of the growing village changes, and physical life and spirit of the people Duong Yen, Duong Yen was a bright spot in the movement to build a new culture of life Xuan Non today

Chapter 2: MATERIAL CULTURE

Rice is people’s daily common food in Duong Yen People here usually eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner However, due to the effects

of the market economy and lifestyle, breakfast is not respected as importantly as before, each member of the family can have breakfast outside or cooking tastes themselves Every family mainly have fish, meat, eggs, vegetables, etc in their daily meals Previously, in pooreconomic condition, they mainly have potatoes, cassava, or maize meal

In normal cooking way, rice is washed, treated by closely-scaled basket, poured in the pot with water, then it is sometimes stirred using chopsticks while firing up to advoid overcooked ricr, till there is no more water in the rice pot After the rice pot is kept warm in 15-20 minutes, it is ready for dining The rice cooking tools are mostly earthen pot, copper pot, cast iron pot Since the 1960s

up to now, aluminum pots have been used and recently they use steel pot and rice scooker

Previously, in the Duong Yen, agricultural residues such as straw, corn, sugarcane, wood branches, etc were the main firing of households In the city, the common firing types were wood, wood charcoal Delicious rice or alive, complicated, fire, decay, it depends mainly on the cook’s decision on temperature regulation and water level

In proverb, Vietnamese people say:

Husband cutting words mad wife Boiling rice simmer with complicated way

In 1960s – 1970s, coal mines began general firing of cooking in the North Since the 1990s, firewood, gas stoves, electric stoves have been widely used These useful housewares help rural women to cook easilier than before They also make the hygiene, food safety and environmental protection

Since the 1980s, electric cooker with automatical control system of temperature and time,which is used widely, helped human to cook much easier and simplier Today, rice which is cooked in clay pots and fired by wood is

"specialty"

Beside rice used to cook for daily meals, glutinous rice is used to cook steamed sticky rice The Duong Yen people often cooked white steamed sticky rice, steamed momordica sticky rice, steamed green beans sticky rice After soaking on several hours, Glutinous rice is washed, drained and mixed with a little salt and then poured into the mall part of steamer which is usually made of poking terracotta After that, they pour water into the big part of steamer pot at the bottom in such away that it do not the small pot above Then, sticky rice is cooked in a bain-marie untill it is well sticky Nowadays, housewives can also use rice cooker or steamed sticky rice pot to make the steamed food instead of traditionalsteamer pot Sticky Rice dishes are also indispensable for death anniversary, New Year's Day and weddings In addition, rice is also used as raw materials for Chung cakes It is the same as people in the North Delta, the majority of families in the village wrapped Chung cakes in Phrynium leaves or banana leaves with coconut leaves mould

In the past, Chung cake was only made on the occasion of the Lunar New Year However, at present, Chung cake is made to worship on the occasion of the first and the fifteenth of the month It also is made to sell as gift and use in the wedding party Chung Cake which is used on the occasion of the Lunar New Year is packed in large size, approximately 15cm x 15cm x 4cm Chung cake which is sold to gift is generally in small size, about 10cm x 10cm x 3cm

Daily meal: In the daily family’s meals, the ordinary rice is the main aliment In Duong Yen, people often say: "ordinary is genetrix" So, meal is always accompanied by the word "rice": rice for breakfast, lunch, dinner

During the meal, the whole family members sit around a tray placed dishes They often set only one tray though there are many people or few Mother, older sister, or sister-in-law often sit next to rice cooker to serve rice (rice tillers) for every members (called the pot sit) In the Duong Yen people’s meals, their dishes are typically simple and frugal, primarily food self-sufficiency and self-support The dishes in the daily meal are usually boiled vegetable, pickled, soup, or stir fry vegetable, and braised fish or meat Sometimes, vegetable soup is a bowl of boiled vegetable water Soup is boiled water of the Water morning glory added a litle of lemon juice, tamarind, carambola, or tomatoes to make sour Boiled cabbage water is added ginger

In the implementation of the mechanism of central planning bureaucracy, subsidized food shortages, most rural families had only two meals a day with rice: lunch and dinner Sometimes, they had rice in only one meal, and another was porridge There was not enough rice for them to eat, so they had to eat rice mixed with various cereals such as potatoes, corn, cassava, even mixed with sorts of dried spinach, green bananas Many families have only one meal In this case, it is called "meal cut" Dishes were fish sauce or soya sauce only and pickled egg-plant, pickled vegetable, braised soya curd, various seasonal vegetables were boiled, fried, and cooked Vegetables were grown by the themselves Fish, prawns, shrimps, crabs, snails, mussels, clams, etc were caught by themselves; soya sauce and fish sauce were also made by themselves Many families did not spend any money which was very scarce in the whole month Although they had a destitute life and meager diets, their family life was always united, respectable, funny and happy

Since the transition of the oriented socialist market economy, our country’s economy has been developing, people's lives are increasingly improved, food and food product are more adequate than before The meals of

the family has been significantly improved People have three meals a day Breakfast is a light meal, lunch and dinner are big meals with rice and dishes made from foods, vegetables and fruits In the daily tray, there are more dishes processed from meat and fish than before The cooking way is also attended much more than before The majority of households choose delicious rice to cook Food stuff ration is more than food Many families have been drinking beer, wine on meal

However, new threats appear While many families (including spouses and children) gathere to cook and join the dinner plate, a huge number of other families, especially young married couples, no longer attach importance to meals for family as before The purchase of processed food and out-door meal of the family are growing

2.1.1.2 Eating with guest

In the past, although the daily meals were very simple and frugal, a square meal was always prepared well when the guests came It is necessary to have a variety of high quality food like chicken, pork, beef, fish, etc If they do not have these, they had to buy or borrow In wealthier families, they invited guests dishes prepared picky and hearty Beside boiled dishes, stir-fried dishes and fried dishes, they also entertain guests to meat pies, or meat rolls The commoners usually invite guests drink bottled white wine in the bottle or jug with dried banana leaf stopper The wealthier families invite guests to drink herbs wine mixture or wine processed from special delicious sticky rice Wine imported from Western was rarely used in ancient times

When the guest visited, only men, almost father took a meal with the guest Children and women did not take a meal with the guest, they had to eat in other room in many families

Over ten years up to now, the hospitality has been changed In every family, all members are equal Spouses, children, grandparents, and parents live together and eat together, even when a guest come

2.1.1.3 Eating for special occasion

a/ In death anniversary

The death anniversary is to commemorate the dead people It is carried out every year on the day that person died, and usually held in the house of the head of the clan, the eldest son, or paternal grandson The first death anniversary

of the death is usually held more solemnly than the others of the next years

The children who are rich often held a lavish death anniversary with many trays and dishes The poor only cook rice and soup (usually cabbage soup cooked with tilapia) to worship death ancestors and parents Whether it is a small or big anniversary, it is necessary to make a double overlaped rice bolw, a boiled egg, a plate of white salt, glass of water (fresh water)

In the feast of the death anniversary, there are usually chicken, boiled pork, meat pie, Vietnamese meat rolls, stir-fries, cooking, etc Dog meat is never used to worship in such kind of anniversary In addition, there are steamed sticky rice, tea, sugar, fruits, and flowers Steamed glutinuos rice in the death anniversary is usually white, glutinuos rice cooked with peanut, green beans, or split peas Black beans are not used cook sticky rice, tea is also use as memorial offerings

Nowadays, in many families, children who live every places, busy at working have few opportunities to meet eachother, so anniversary parents, grandparents, people usually arrange for the winter at the same time enough for grandparents parents, as well as the opportunity to meet, review the family tradition

b/ Banquet

Formerly, when the rich, mandarin, and village authourities had the fun, happy event as gaining promotion, passing the exams, congratulating on one’s longevity, etc the hosts often gave a hearty party to feast neighbors, friends, higher mandarin, and inferior mandarin Happy event party is considered as the biggest and most expensive party with the most delicious dishes

At the happy feast, there are usually many dishes which are cooked carefully It is necessary to make the first four dishes such as meat-pie, meat

rolls, simmer, and meat balls The dishes without water are served in a bowl The number of plates are counted to clasify a big or small party

The dishes at the party were cooked carefully and presented beautifully The bowls and dishes used at the party had to be beautiful porcelain It is usually made from Jiangxi (China) Dishes were served on the cast copper plate In the big party, many dishes are presented in 2 or 3 parts

The first part: This included main dishes such as grilled chopped meat, spring rolls, simmer, salad for which were served for drinking wine

The second part includedthe fried, grilled, and braised dishes

The third part were served with as the course with water as: stewed, simmered, soup

Small party was usually confectionary or fruits such as oranges, bananas, persimmon Some families held a small party with various types of cake such as green bean cake, glutinous rice cake dyed black in a concoction of leaves, yellow-colored wedding pastry, Chung cake (or in other word Square cake), glutinous rice dumplings, pyramidal rice dumplings, sweet meat pie in lumps, steamed sticky rice, sweetened porridge After the wassail, a small sweet party was often added and the guests had some donations to take home for the elders and small children The donations are usually Chung cake (or in other word Square cake), glutinous rice dumplings, steamed sticky rice, orange, and banana

Many happy event party took place continuously on some days and nights Besides the lavish meals, the hosts offered comedians to sing Vietnamese popular opera or Vietnamese Gheisha house music, held card game using a deck

of 120 cards and played by five persons, other sort of card game using a deck of

100 cards and played by four persons, etc

Scince the North was liberated, promotion feast and other unsound customs have also been removed

c/ Eating in weddings

When making the marriage for children, the heads of the family often hold a party to invite their relationships, neighbors, and friends to the take part

in the wedding Depending on the economic conditions and social status of the owners, the big or small wedding party is held

In the wealthier families, the wedding party has enough of the first dishes taste It is really finiking There must be at least 50 to 70 trays, or approximately

100 trays In the poor families, their economy is scanty, the wedding was also held simply Homeowners prepare 3 to 5 trays with boiled chicken, cooked pork, braised bone with green banana, cassava, fresh bamboo shoots, steamed sticky rice, and ordinary rice, etc These plates are prepared to worship first Then paternal relatives are invited to celebrate the children and grandchildren

From the late 1950s, The Party and government at various levels had mobilized people to build a civilized lifestyle in the wedding ceremony in various ways In 1960s – 1970s, the wedding was held on a new way of life, there was not dinning and cash gifts The bride and groom registered for marriage in the commune People's Committees, The Youth Union arranged a small party with singing, drinking tea, having confectionery to congratulate the bride and groom At that time, this is the beauty of the local culture Since the 1990s, holding a lavish and expensive wedding with the sumptuous meals lasting many days has become popular, there has not been any measures to prevent

d/ Eating in the funeral

In many places, when someone decease, the family often hold the meal Funeral dinning is usually held on the deceased buried date Meat is principally used to cook, including dishes like boiled meat, cook with brine, fried, and slow-cooked The guests at a meal are usually mainly the descendants, relatives and those who come to pay their last respects to the deceased While the bereaved is perplexed, they still have to prepare quintals of pigs, some quintals of rice, liters

of wine, utensils, the place for cooking, place for sitting and dinning, etc

Over the past years, the Party and State had many guidelines, launched many campaigns about saving in the wedding and funeral, but the result had been still very limited

e / Eating for the village affairs, the hamlet affairs, the relatives affairs

In the past, whenever there were the village affairs in the village, the mandarins and village officials concentrated to discuss about the work After discussing, there were always dinning called village affairs dinning The village affairs dinning usually had dishes such as pig bowel, blood pudding, pork sliced into big pieces eating with sticky rice The village affairs is made simple, not gaudy

The hamlet (unit under the village in the feudal age) affairs, so as to the relatives affairs, after discussing about the work, they always had the dinning called the hamlet affairs dinning and relatives affairs dinning This type of meal usually had pork, chicken, sticky rice, white wine After eating, each guest at the meal had some things to take home Each tray has one bottle of white wine

After peace was restored in the north, the village affairs dinning and the hamlet affairs dinning was not existed

In the early 1960s, when new agricultural co-operatives were established, the harvest crop festival was often held in many places at the end of the year by the agricultural co-operatives This is the happiest party of the year Co-operative slaughtered buffalo and pig to divide the meat among members The heads of the household took part in the party on the ground of the co-operatives food storage yard The harvest crop festival party also had some dishes such as boiled, stir-fried, and slow cooked from pork, beef, and buffalo meat When the war of American imperialism destructive shelling out extended north, less co-operative held the harvest crop festival

Since 1980s, family activities tends to increase Many families have raised money to build the graves of forefathers and the family place of worship, to organize the death anniversary of their forefathers and grave-visiting festival The dinning trays usually have 6 dishes and 2 bowls with popular dishes such as boiled chicken, boiled lean pork meat, stir-fried lean pork meat, lean pork paste, pork pie, or papaya salad, bamboo shoots (or vermicelli) cooked, turnips or potatoes slow-cooked