Cultural movements of Thang Long - Hanoi trade villages from the past to the present (A case study of Hang Dong street) = Sự biến đổi văn hóa phố nghề Thăng Lon

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES --- NGUYEN HA ANH CULTURAL MOVEMENTS OF THANG LONG –HANOI TRADE VILLAGES FROM THE PAST TO

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN HA ANH

CULTURAL MOVEMENTS OF THANG LONG –HANOI

TRADE VILLAGES FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT (A CASE STUDY OF HANG DONG STREET)

MASTER THESIS Major : Vietnamese Studies

HANOI – 2013

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN HA ANH

CULTURAL MOVEMENTS OF THANG LONG – HANOI TRADE VILLAGES FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT

(A CASE STUDY OF HANG DONG STREET)

Master thesis of Vietnamese Studies

Thesis supervisor: ASSOC.PROF.DR VU VAN QUAN

HANOI – 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMMITMENTS

INTRODUCTIONS……….1

1 Reason for choosing topic……… 1

2 Story of research the topic ……… 2

3 Research objectives……….7

4 Subjects and research scope……… 7

5 Research method……….9

6 Contribution of the thesis……….12

7 Structure of the theisis……… 13

Chapter 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND OVERVIEW OF HANGDONG STREET……… 14

1.1 Theoretical frame work……….14

1.1.1 Craft village and trade village……… 14

1.1.2 Culture change of trade village ……… 21

1.2 Overview of Hang Dong ………26

1.2.1.Geographical location ……… 26

1.2.2 Population components and process of inhabitance………27

Chapter 2: CHANGE OF ELEMENTS IN CULTURE OF HANG DONG TRADE VILLAGE FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT……… 40

2.1 Community relationship………40

2.1.1 Limited theory of definition………40

2.1.2 Indication……… 40

2.2 Architecture space……… 47

2.2.1 Formation of production and business architecture space of the old quarters……… 48

2.2.2 Changes to architecture spaces in production and business in Hang Dong Street……… 51

2.3 Lanscape……….64

2.3.1 Prior to 1986……… 64

2.3.2 Since 1986 to now………64

2.4 Production activities ………68

2.4.1 Production and labor structure………68

2.4.2 Products……… 69

2.5 Business activities……… 75

2.5.1 General business activities………75

2.5.2 Business activities of traditional copper products………79

Chapter 3: SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE OF HANG DONG STREET……… 84

3.1 The significance of reservation of culture in trade village……….84

3 2 Foundation of recommendations……….84

3.2.1 Theoretical foundation………84

3.2.2 Assessment of Hang Dong street face………86

3.3 Some specific recommendations………88

3.3.1 Development of products……… 88

3.3.2 Human resources development……….90

3.3.3 Recovery of copper craft village in Hang Dong street……….92

3.3.4 Combination of tourism through street: From trade village to caft village……… 92

CONCLUSION……… 98

REFERENCES……….104 APPENDIXES

INTRODUCTION

1 Reason for choosing topic

1.1 The context of market economy has led to the change in cultural elements of handicraft village and trade village

The market economy has made deep changes in every aspect of cultural and social life Especially, trade village which has been under the influence of the policies of the Party and the State has continuously changed, led to the change in elements of trade village Many craft villages and trade villages are in the risk of falling into oblivion because of the negligible need of a handful of customers The artisans in craft villages and trade villages must change some steps of production process, type of products, models, function to adjust to the market‟s need and the development of socialist-oriented market economy for survival As a result, the culture of craft village and trade village also has transformed with the various scale and speed depending on the economic conditions of every village or street This transformation happens following two ways: adjusting or conservation

1.2 Thang Long trade village – Hanoi is in the orbit of the deep and strong cultural transformation

For hundreds of years now, Thang Long - Hanoi craft village and trade village has been our pride with significant contribution to the development of the Capital During development history, Thang Long - Hanoi craft village and trade village have made significant contributions economic development of the Capital Thanks to the trade villages that both produced and traded, they fostered the growth of economy in Thang Long especially the commodity economy This economic development in Thang Long was the basis of house and street planning at that time Nowadays,

craft village and trade village of Hanoi have been becoming an important part of the Capital that have the deep significance not only in the economy but also in culture, contributing to job solutions, economic structure transformation, tourism development, enhancement of living standards both

in rural and urban areas, stabilizing and developing new countryside

In the context of strong transformation in economy, politics, culture and society today, the research of craft village and trade village becomes more and more imperative in order to conserve and bring into play the traditional values of Thang Long - Ke Cho region

1.3 Research about Hang Dong street ( in Thang Long – Hanoi trade village) indicates that new surface is associated with the context The way

of approach of the cultural transformation connected to the features of trade village is a practical research way

Hang Dong street is in Hanoi Old Quarters As one of six remaining trade villages of former Ke Cho region, Hang Dong street has traded copper products for years Now, there are only some families involved in copper hammering that is a scarce industry that still bears the features of former Ke Cho region Here was the residence of people of Dai Bai copper hammering and carving village, in Gia Binh district, Bac Ninh province and the traders of copper products of Cau Nom village, Khoai Chau district, Hung Yen province as well as other immigrants from some else areas The copper industry has strongly changed over time Because of the change of this trade village, cultural managers need to research, find out and draw up specific policies to preserve and conserve nice traditional values of trade village

2 History of research the topic

When studying documents related to topic “The cultural transformationof Thang Long – Hanoi trade village since 1986 to now (research about Hang Dong street case)”, we divide previous research works into three groups:

2.1 Research works about Thang Long – Hanoi craft village and trade village

2.1.1 Current situation of craft village, trade village

The surface of craft village and trade village may not be a new issue Until now, there have been plenty of research works about this issue The

work “Thang Long - Hanoi craft village and trade village in the

developing path” [47] is typical This work edited by Vu Quoc

Tuan generalized chronologically the development of craft village and trade village , from the feudal period (1010-1858), going through the French domination period and the resistance against the French colonialists (1858-1954), from the period of liberated Hanoi to the national unity period (1955-1975), after great victory in spring 1975 to 1986 and from the innovation period of 1986 and later to the expansion of Hanoi‟s area During all that time, Thang Long – Ha Noi craft village and trade village constantly grew through many stages, particularly in the years when our Party defined the policies of innovation to bring a new lease of life to the conservation and development work of craft village and trade village The handicrafts of craft village and trade village not only play an important role

in economy such as meeting the domestic need and exporting but also bear the traditional values of culture that have been kept through many generations of artisans, as well as have been developed by modern technology in present international integration time” [47; 7] In current stage, the author mostly focuses on achievements and shortcomings of current craft village and trade village From that point, the author forecasts

the trend of development of Hanoi craft village and trade village “Going into new industrialization - modernization and international integration stage of the capital with many opportunities as well as challenges, the duty

of conservation and development of craft village and trade village struggles with numerous difficulties and needs to be promptly solved A lot of difficulties with which the craft villages are dealing with are: unexpanded market, tough competition, not-innovative models, scanty land for producing and trading, polluted environment, slowly improved skills of labor force, poor management skill of owners, bad treatment to artisans, limitation in application of science-technology to production of craft village,… Overcoming those obstacles and weaknesses involves a deeper awareness of great values of craft village together with an actual change in direction of all levels of capital authorities including apparatus and officials ” [47; 213-214]

In the same approach, the work “Thang Long – Hanoi craft village,

trade village” of authors Tran Quoc Vuong and Do Thi Hao [49] summed

up the surface of Thang Long – Hanoi craft village, trade village Notably, this work listed all the industries of craft villages and trade villages in Thang Long, Hanoi In particular, there are seven craft villages: Bat Trang pottery village, Dinh Cong gold and silver village, Thiet Ung wood sculpture village, Ngu Xa copper cast village, Trieu Khuc embroidery village, Linh Buoi waving village, Yen Hoa and Ke Buoi paper villages and six trade villages: Hang Trong painting street (or Hang Tranh – Painting Street) and Hang Trong painting collection, Hang Theu street and Quat Dong embroidery, Tho Tien street and lathing in Nhi Khe , Hang Khay street and Chuyen My nacre inlaying, Hang Bua street with Hoe Thi forge, Hang Dong street and Dai Bai copper hammering

2.1.2 In terms of craft village, trade village management, we can

mention the work “Craft village in national development” of Vu Quoc

Tuan [46] This work focused on the way to manage craft village, consisting of selected articles about craft village in many writings and topics that were published or stated in recent seminars of author and the articles related to economic regulation and administrative reform such as

“Modeling of handicrafts to craft village” [46; 123-132], “Association to exist and develop” [46; 133-136] or “Co-operative with improvement of cooperative relationship in craft village” [46; 137-142] In the direction of craft village growth, the author wrote a whole chapter for “building up skilled labor force” [46; 171-234] and “innovating institution and policies

of management” [46; 241-374]

2.2 Research works about the transformation in culture of craft village, trade village

As regard to research of transformation in culture of craft village,

trade village, we could refer to following typical works: Cultural

transformation in Red River delta from 1986 to the present (By surveying some cases in certain villages: Son Dong (Ha Tay), Bat Trang (Hanoi), Dong Xam (Thai Binh)) of author Vu Dieu Trung [43]

This dissertation researched comprehensively and completely about the cultural transformation of craft village and focused on researching three craft villages including Son Dong (Ha Tay), Bat Trang (Hanoi), Dong Xam (Thai Binh) and extra research of 61 craft villages in three districts including Hoai Duc, Gia Lam, Kien Xuong to indicate general cultural transformation in craft villages In terms of cultural transformation, the author chose to research from 1986 attached to the Sixth Assembly of Vietnamese Communist Party [43] The author analyzed elements of transformation such as: transformation of space, landscape and relics;

transformation of production organization mode and production technique; transformation of knowhow; transformation of social relationship and conception; transformation of beliefs, festivals, habits and customs In the process of adapting to market economy, mode of production, technology of manipulation and products of craft village have been modified to adjust to market‟s need The new guilds with new functions have appeared instead

of handmade guilds Craftsmen have applied machines to production and associated with others to establish production groups or companies…” [43; 112]

2.3 Research works about Hang Dong street and Dai Bai copper hammering village

Hang Dong street and Dai Bai copper hammering village is a rather new subject Up to now, there has been only one work that did research on

Dai Bai copper hammering village, it is the book Dai Bai copper

hammering village, Do Thi Hao, Vietnam Folk Art Performance Association, 1987 [13] and the book Thang Long – Hanoi craft village, trade village, Vietnam Folk Art Performance Association, Tran Quoc Vuong, Do Thi Hao [49] The appendix at pages 429-430 only recorded

the title conferment to progenitor Nguyen Cong Truyen in the 7th Duy Tan period (1913)

Dai Bai copper hammering village is probably the only work that

studied Dai Bai copper hammering This work includes 93 pages involved the appendix, generalized the surface of Dai Bai village, from location, formation history to the preserved cultural traditions in localities [13; 7-37] Especially, the author spent almost the book to describe the copper hammering tradition by the stories about the progenitor, materials, production process [13; 39-67] From page 67 to page 93 of this work, the

author added an appendix to describe the copper hammering industry This

is the important documentation for the thesis to draw on it

Up to now, there has never been any work that studied Hang Dong street The only reference material is on the internet but not much

Therefore, the topic “Cultural transformation of Thang Long – Hanoi trade village From 1986 to the present” (the case study of Hang Dong street) has still not been referred to by any work before In the face of many problems such as the less passionate artisans as well as the imported products from China or Thailand, we need to learn and outline the surface

of transformation, then propose the solutions to preserve and promote value

of unique products of trade village As a result, the implementation of this topic is not only theoretic but also practical

3 Research objectives

Carrying out this topic, the author aims at following objectives:

Firstly, to outline the surface of Hang Dong street from location, population components and origin to economic life of the trade village Secondly, to indicate typical transformation of each element in trade village, thence show how features of trade village lead to clear transformation This is the crucial objective of the topic From this transformation, the thesis explains, evaluates and proposes solutions to the re-planning of the street in such a way that the living, production and trading activities could develop under the most favorable conditions

4 Subjects and research scope

4.1 Subject

The thesis concentrates research about clutural movements of Hang Dong street, from the past to the present

4.2 Research scope

Research space:

The scope of research is Hang Dong street including 48 households The interviewed people are selected randomly from the age of 23 to 83 They are almost married and has been living and trading here They are illiterate or university graduates They are from all walks of life: farmer, worker, teacher, officer, small trader, retiree or freelancer… and have lived both inside and outside of Hang Dong street

Research duration

The landmark of research of transformation is 1986 The reason is that prior to 1986, Vietnam economy was subsidized by the government from central level to local level The economic system which was based on administrative subsidies had been lasted too long and was not suitable to the period from 1986 when Vietnam began to effectuate the innovation policies from centrally-planned economy to market economy, develop the multi-sector economy in which individual economy sector played a more and more important role, proactively and effectively integrated national economy into regional and world economy in accordance with real conditions of Vietnam From 1986 and later, owing to the policies of open economy and stimulating trade, Hang Dong street in particular and Hanoi

in general have developed strongly trading activities The massive immigration from contiguous provinces to Hanoi, the appearance of shops and the diversification of mode of trading have made the clear change of the surface of Hang Dong street

There is one more important event in 1986 That is the change of State policy in worshipping products After national unity period from 1975

to 1986, the Party put forward the policy to abolish superstitions Therefore, the production of worshipping products was considered as direct supporting activities for superstitions During 10 years, the craft villages and trade villages which produced worshipping products had no consuming market As a result, the production was discontinued, led to the decrease in income of handicraft families After 1986, the change in policy of the Party was really a stimulation to strong development again in scale of Hang Dong trade village

From 1986 to the present, we emphasize the research landmark since

2000 The reason is from 2000 to now, the urbanization with deep transformation in economy, culture and society has impacted this trade village Urbanization process has had both positive and negative effects on every aspect of economic, cultural and social life Urbanization has caused the growth of population, brought about the increase of need and benefits towards the relic area This increase has both positive and negative indications

In terms of need, urbanization enhances living standard of people

Thishas brought about the increase in inevitable need of housing and living Besides, the need of trading has made people to extend space for business These needs have led to rapid increase of invasion to public space for business purposes

In terms of benefits, urbanization makes change in people‟s mind

Immediate benefits make some people absorbed in trading but forget to protect this important relic This causes serious consequences like damaged landscape

5.2 In-depth interview method

This is main method used in the topic Subjects of the interview include citizens in Hang Dong street and Dai Bai village with questions as follow

5.2.1 Hang Dong street

(1) Residential group leader of Hang Dong street, Hang Bo ward, Hoan Kiem district – Mr Phung Manh Tuong, living in No.36 Hang Dong street

- Management of population according to family records in the street

- Difficulties in management of households

- Name, native village of householder

- History of formation and development of the street

- Change of landscape and architecture over time

- What to propose for street space planning for the sustainable development of trade village

(2) Hanoi natives living in Hang Dong street: Mr Tran Thien Can, No 38 Hang Dong street, his family of four generations living in the old quarters

- Family annals include name, birthplace, career of husband, wife and children

- Habits and custom of the family

- General activities of the street

- Divergences in family and street? Their causes

- Thought on people from other place living, doing business and permanent settling there

- Proposal to street landscape planning for living and trading

(3) Native people in Dai Bai, Bac Ninh is living in Hang Dong and Dai Bai

*Mr Tran Dai Nghia, free merchant in No 27 in Hang Dong

- Family annals include name, birthplace, career of husband, wife and children

- General activities of the street

- Habits and customs of family

- Festival: Do they come back to participate? How is there contribution? What do they think about festival?

- The divergences in family and street? Their causes

- Thoughts on living, doing business and permanent settling in the street

- Proposal to street landscape planning for living and trading

* Mrs Ho Thi Duc, No.10 – Thanh Loc shop

- The number of generations in her family working in handicraft

- Comparison of manufacturing and business activities at home to those in Hang Dong

- The advantages and difficulties in developing the production and business activities

- How many employees her family have, How much is their salary

- Vocational orientation for children

- Environmental pollution in Hang Dong street due to production

- Needs and tastes of customers

5.2.2 Dai Bai village

(1) Nguyen Van Chien, Nhung Chien shop, Son hamlet, Dai Bai village, Gia Binh district, Bac Ninh province

- The number of generations in her family working in handicraft

- Comparison of manufacturing and business activities at home to those in Hang Dong

- The advantages and difficulties in developing the production and business activities

- How many employees her family have, How much is their salary

- Vocational orientation for children

- Environmental pollution in Hang Dong street due to production

- Needs and tastes of customers

(2) Mr Nguyen Van An - vice manager of Dai Bai relics management board

Mr Nguyen Van Tinh – staff of Dai Bai relics management board

- The migration from the Dai Bai village to Hang Dong street

- Awareness and participation of Dai Bai people living in Hang Dong street in the activities and festivities of Thanh (saint) and anniversary of casting ancestor

Documents about Hang Dong street before 1986 are explored by collecting old sources and especially interviewing with retrospective documentary

This method aims to study the characteristics of the research subjects, objectively identify the contributions and limitations of the subjects and then take the most scientific and effective measures for problem solving (Form is presented in Appendix)

5.3 Method of questionnaire, survey

This method is used to collect the most updated data on the economic, cultural, social situations and especially those related to the community, such as population, occupation, income and current education

level, etc In terms of investigation method, we gave the form “Survey

sheet of culture life in Hang Dong street” to the residential groups leaders

in Hang Dong street In terms of survey method, we conducted a survey of landscape space and activities of business and sales of the old town to find out what the general features of this street are

Besides, in order to better assess the changes in the business

activities, we did a survey form “Survey of copper business activities in

Hang Dong street” and gave randomly to 30 people manufacturing and

trading copper (Form is presented in Appendix)

5.4 Method of studying documents, method of collecting and classifying documents

We carried out research and overview statistics of documents on such subject However, being a fairly narrow subject, the data source of this street is pretty little, mostly overviews about Thang Long – Ha Noi

6 Contribution of the thesis

Conducting this topic, the thesis contributes on the following aspects Firstly, it outlines the looks of Hang Dong street from location, composition and population origin to the economic life of trade village These are important documents in the process of management of trade village for managers

Secondly, it indicates the changes in characteristics of each element

in trade village, indicating how the nature of “trade village” clearly defines the changes This is the greatest result of the topic

Thirdly, Hang Dong street planning aims to associate economic development with traditional crafts, travel from Hang Dong trade village to Dai Bai craft village

7 Structure of the thesis

Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion and Appendixes, the content of the thesis consists of three chapters

Chapter 1 Theoretical foundation and overview of Hang Dong street

Chapter 2 Change of elements in culture of Hang Dong trade village from the past to the present

Chapter 3 Reservation and development of culture of Hang Dong street

Chapter 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND OVERVIEW OF HANG DONG STREET

[46;10-12]

From this concept, we can see that a job is considered traditional handicraft must include three elements: 1) Technical skills and experience

of craftsmen and skilled workforce 2) Traditional tools 3) Processing of

natural available materials on-site

According to authors Vu Quoc Tuan for the formation of traditional handicraft, Vietnam traditional handicrafts are generally determined based

on the following factors: 1) Formation, existence and development in our country for a long time 2) Concentrated production that forms the craft village and trade village 3) With several generations of talented artisans and a team of skilled craftsmen 4) With stable traditional techniques and technologies 5) Use of local materials mainly in the country 6) Typical

unique, economic products with high cultural value 7) As a profession that feeds and supports a part of or whole community of one or several villages, communes, population groups, trade villages

In the Convention for the Safeguarding of the In- tangible Cultural Heritage published in 2003, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) clearly stated that “The traditional handicraft is one kind of the intangible culture” It is the skills and knowledge necessary to serve the continuous production of handicraft of all kinds, along with teaching skills and knowledge from skilled workers to others and making the fine art handicrafts and many other products [46; 10-12]

1.1.1.2 Village and street

a Village

“Village”, as many scholars confirmed, is absolutely Vietnamese word Unlikely, commune and village are Chinese – Vietnamese words, village is rooted in Vietnam life and expressed in Vietnamese language only This term reflects the existence of "a kind of community together on the basis of a geographical area with its separate members These members are assigned their roles as citizens, locals or residents, having kinship far or near with other people in village” [30] The community has its own way of life, with an economy of agriculture and handicrafts, distinctive features of psychology, morality and tradition compared to other communities

meaning of "a row of shops" became overwhelmed from "street" of a shop,

a store Therefore, nowadays we have 36 streets of Hanoi with Hang Bac, Hang Manh, Hang Dong and so on to mean a series of "street" (shops) selling the same items

c Differences between village and street Thus, the similarities of "village" and "city" are densely populated places with particular characteristics of production, business, lifestyle, customs and habits However, the difference is the main economic activity

of village with farming and small- industries and of the street with mainly trade or business This difference will prescribe the particular characteristics between the craft villages and the trade village

1.1.1.3 Craft village and trade village

a Craft village

From the administrative unit of village, many activities, cultural features and handicrafts were born Since Vietnam Village associates with agricultural areas and seasonal characteristics, many handicrafts were born Initially, the craft was only to serve the people in the village; gradually, with excessive product, they exchanged with another villages; from which the form of exchange and trade in products was formed, then the traditional handicrafts developed no less than farming Trade activities between the villages of long distance is mainly in waterways due to topographical features of Vietnam There are three basic factors leading to the formation

of the craft villages in the Vietnamese agricultural village, which are: (1) human resources (take advantage of the leisure time after harvest), (2) source of available raw material, (3) favorable waterway Each village could have one or more than one crafts The crafts were the handicraft industries that were formed, existed and developed in a long time of

history; the production concentrated in one certain area or village, then formed the craft villages The basic features of a traditional craft were traditional techniques and technologies as well as the team of artisans and craftsmen The products must be full of characteristics of goods, artistry and imbued with national characters

On the concept of craft villages, authors Vu Quoc Tuan said that

“Traditional craft villages are a live economic, social and cultural entity, existing and pretty sustainably developing in one or more crafts of long-standing tradition There, it could be that all or most of the people in the village work in traditional handicraft, or a part of them engage in production and trade of handicrafts The village is the place gathering results of craft maintaining and developing process” [46; 10-12]

From the above concepts, it finds that traditional craft village is the center of production, processing and sales of handicrafts; the place to gather artisans and skilled craftsmen from families, family lines, clans that have existed, developed and been well-known for a long time There, people work according to guild style, every craftsmen must comply with the tight provisions People worship the same craft ancestor

In formation history, the craft village was formed by many different ways:

(1) Traditional village first, then handicraft, taught by craft ancestor

(2) Several people knowing craft set place of private production and residence as camp-style

Traditional craft villages usually need typical characteristics like 1) long standing 2) With craft ancestor 3) With artisans 4) Long stable

traditional technologies 5) Ability to maintain and develop by imparting 6) The stable unique product with economic, cultural, social meaning, with market

b Trade village

According to author Vu Quoc Tuan “Trade village is urban street specialized in manufacture and trade of one more products of traditional handicraft; place to gather artisans, craftsmen (local people or from other places); they worship a same common craft ancestor as in father land and work together in a social and professional organization of guild type” [46; 10-12]

In the trade village, people still keep lifestyle, habits and customs as village style, craftsmen come from farmers or work in both handicraft and farming in their native village However, due to the lifestyle of urban residents, the craftsmen at the trade village have the elegant styles of townspeople In each street, the union of craftsmen went to reside, wholesale or do seasonal work in Thang Long As legend of Hang Trong street (Drum street), it was allowed by King Ly Cong Uan to move from Thanh Hoa to Thang Long for doing busines This award originated from reason that people of Doi Tam village (Thanh Hoa) brought their drum to beat and celebrate the event that King Ly Cong Uan moved the capital to Thang Long They gradually settled there, one after another, gathered at a part of precinct, stayed closely together in a street to make handicrafts, do business and live Since it appeared, trade village has changed in several things along with history changes Some trade villages have been existed, strong developed, also expanded and spread to surrounding area Besides, some streets are operating moderately, unstably; even some tend to be in oblivion, into decadence and vanish in thin air Therefore, learning about

preservation and promotion of traditional beauty of the Vietnamese craft village, street

For the trade village in Hanoi, most craftsmen both produce and present their products on the street for sales Each town usually sells only one or two certain handicraft products so street are usually named for the handicrafts available in the street like Hang Trong street (Drum street), Hang Ma street (Votive objects street), Hang Bac street (Silver street), Hang Dong street (Copper street), etc

Trade village is urban street specializing in producing and trading one or more types of traditional handicraft products; place to gather artisans, craftsmen (local people or from other places); they worship a same common craft ancestor as in father land and work together in a social and professional organization of guild type

In the trade village, people still keep lifestyle, habits and customs as village style, craftsmen come from farmers or work in both handicraft and farming in their native village However, due to the lifestyle of urban residents, the craftsmen at the trade village have the elegant styles of townspeople Up to now, the imprint of the street names is reflected in many streets of Hanoi and some provinces in our country

c Differences between craft village and trade village

Craft village and city are similar in the way that they are the gathering places of the artisan groups specializing in producing the certain crafts The labor method and scale of craft village and street are not basically different Finally, it is a kind of family-based craft industry with the division of labor for specialization in low level, minimum use of hired labor, usually the kinship in majority The small owners – craftsmen are the

possessors of production materials

Besides the similarities, "craft village", "trade village" have some differences First, in terms of the formation of the craft village and street The village was formed by endogenous factors while trade village was formed by exogenous factors The crafts first appeared in the villages as the secondary career of the farming families Basing on crop seasonality, people did more crafts in the leisure after harvest time Gradually, in the process of economic development, the crafts separated from agriculture but directly served to agriculture At that time, a number of craftsmen no longer did farming but they were still closely associated with the village The number of craftsmen specializing in craft grew, apart from agriculture, and they lived with the income from such crafts

Meanwhile, the trade village formation closely associates with the

"migration" process of artisans from everywhere to the capital doing business They, at first, resided temporarily, and then permanently if the business was good The craftsmen made handicrafts in the precinct and sold in the front of street, then formed the street Once settling there, they dragged their relatives and same villagers up to the craft Each street only had one or two main crafts, forming trade villages At that time, they brought the village organizational model to the capital to form communal house, the temple in the town to worship their hometown tutelary god

In summary, we can see that the village is origin that generates trade village The trade village is place to promote crafts in reaching the highest level of development Trade village contributes to balance the production, sales, and even the business is much more dominant The craft village pays special attention on production so trading usually is under any kind of wholesale

When the village mainly focuses on production, the trade village

to consumers Such differences exist because of a number of reasons as follow:

First, the village is place centralizing highly skilled artisans since the next generation is directly inherited experience from previous generations With the way of descent from father to son, villages have many famous artisans Famous Bat Trang ceramic village has artisan Nguyen Kim (born

in 1934), and etc The trade village, with characteristics of focus on households with small scale retail at one item, gradually become a street majoring in selling that item Therefore, trade village had the distinct culture features a long time ago, although it did the same craft with the craft village; the thriving, bustling in the city also make the trade village different from the village

Choosing Hang Dong street to analyze, we want to emphasize particular characteristics of a trade village, business based on analysis of the population characteristics, living landscape and so on From then on, find out the specific distinctions with the culture of the traditional craft

village

1.1.1.5 From craft village to trade village

The immigration from localities to capital city formed craft villages and trade villages of Thang Long, which made Hanoi become a concentration place of craft villages in Northern Delta in particular and Vietnam in general It involves a process from craft villages to trade villages Craft villages form trade villages Traditional crafts were imported

to urban area, forming production and trade facilities of such products and diversifying life The more and more prosperous trade villages were, the more products and models were developed That is unique characteristics during the development of craft villages and trade villages of Thang Long

The artisans of craft villages in Hanoi surroundings, the former four sacred temples of Thang Long citadel, came to work and gradually formed specialized trade villages They were artisans and owner of enterprises temporarily or permanently settling in the capital They converged into craft guild and founded temples to honor their profession ancestors as their hometowns Such group of people formed a new class of urban population with new demands, which deeply affected culture of Thang Long For example, many artisans from Chuon Ngo pearl art craft village went to Thang Long to work, grouping a craft village by Guom Lake and then forming Hang Khay street They built a temple of their profession ancestor named Nguyen Kim in Cuu Lau village Later, such village and temple were destroyed to open Trang Tien Street

1.1.2 Culture change of trade village

1.1.2.1 Contexts that have influenced on craft villages and trade villages since 1986

Before 1986, Vietnam's economy was heavily sufficient, serviced in subsidy form from central to local level The mechanism of concentration, bureaucracy and subsidization in economy had been applied for too long time and no longer matched with socio- economic development in the new period Since 1986, Vietnam has implemented Doi Moi policy That is to transform from command economy hay centrally-planned economy into market economy, develop multi-sector economy in which private sector plays more and more significant role, actively integrate into regional and international economy in accordance with conditions and facts of Vietnam

self-In December 1986, the Sixth General Assembly of Vietnamese Communist Party took place At such General Assembly, aspects of

reviewed That founded the first step for the formation and development of the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam It was also the turning-point of Vietnam at its access into Doi Moi period In later years, the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh General Assembly pointed out that: the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam is a type of economic organization that both complies with market rules and is based

on nature of socialism, presented in ownership, organization, management and distribution In other words, the socialist-oriented market economy is a multi-sector commodity economy, operating in accordance with market mechanism with State management in order to strive for the target of rich people, strong country, fair, democratic and civilized society Economic growth is associated with cultural and educational development, building

an advanced culture imbued with national identity… The significant transformation of thinking leading to changes of manufacture method considerably affected social and cultural life Such impacts always have two sides (positive and negative) and pose problem to solve

Besides, the government changed the policy on worshipping products in 1986, which was a vital policy Since seizing the independence and unifying nation, Vietnam Communist Party abolished superstitions from 1975 to 1986, therefore, the production of worshipping products was considered as superstitious activities During 10 years, the trade villages and craft villages related to worshipping products, including Hang Dong street, could not trade Therefore, the manufacture and business were stagnated, economy of families with handicraft was very difficult After

1986, Doi Moi policiy helped trade village develop and expand the scale of manufacture again

So, with great impacts of a significant political event of the country, after 1896 thanks to policy of economic openness, encouragement of

economic activities, Hang Dong street in particular and the whole country

in general strongly developed business activities Moreover, the massive immigration from nearby provinces to Hanoi, the appearance of shops, the diversification of selling and purchasing methods brought clear changes to the face of Hang Dong street

1.1.2.2 Trend of cultural movements

The cultural movements is a popular phenomenon that is different among societies, nations and communities It is a process with 2 trends: adapting trend: under the influence of external factor, self – activated cultural elements both keep their characters and adapt to the new conditions; and conservative trend: the cultural elements fail to adapt to new condition, the integration capacity is weak, the cultural characters will

be sink into oblivion Among factors in the orbit or cultural movements, craft village and trade village have many significant and obvious changes The reason for such change is that Vietnam is in the process of industrialization and modernization, commodity economy penetrates deeply into the life of large farmers both in the urban areas and rural areas

as well It leads to the disappearance of craft villages because the people have no need to use the crafts product The disappearance of market and

craft village is the conservative trend Many villages must face the danger

of disappearance due to the shrinkage of market and people‟s demand Therefore, to exist and develop craftsmen must change some steps of manufacturing process, type of products, models and product functions…

in order to adapt the demand, objective rules of innovation process and the

development of the socialist-oriented market economy It is the adapting

trend. Nowadays, the change of cultural element in Hang Dong trade village will occur under the above two trends It is necessary to analyze

carefully each element and conclude the trend of cultural movements in Hang Dong trade village

1.1.2.3 Culture of craft village and trade village in Hang Dong

People of Dai Bai village brought the traditional features of craft village to street village, which formed the character of trade village with the combination between craft village and trade village Therefore, it is important to consider both culture of craft village and trade village when researching the change of culture of Hang Dong trade village Namely as follow:

+ Material culture: temple of profession ancestor, houses of craftsmen

+ Non-material culture: Procedure and product of handicraft, psychology of craft village community, the belief in worshipping profession ancestor, the special custom of craft village

Comparing the change of culture between village and craft village:

village

Material culture Material culture Material culture

- Temples, shrines,

family worshipping

house , house, village

lane, village gate

- Temples, shrines, pagoda, country lane, gate of village

- Temples, shrines, pagoda, street

- None - Temple of profession

ancestor, house manufacturing with factory

-Temple of profession ancestor, house manufacturing with factory

Non-Material culture

1 Psychology of

craft village community:

behavior, relationship

in families, parties, craft guild, consciousness

outlook dominated by craft, the different behavior between the craftsmen and people

2 Belief in worshipping

ancestor

2 Belief in worshipping ancestor

2 Belief in worshipping

ancestor

3 Belief in worshiping 3 Belief in worshiping None

god of village god of village

None 4 Belief in worshiping

profession ancestor, profession-related belief

4 Belief in worshiping

profession ancestor, profession-related belief

5 The other types of

6 Culture and custom 6 Culture and custom

and professional culture and customs

6 Culture and custom and professional culture and customs

7 None 7 Process, product,

knowhow in profession

7 Process, product, knowhow in profession

8 None 8 Business method 8 Business method

In short, basically, the culture of village is rather similar with the trade village However, the basic difference is that there no belief in worshiping tutelary god of village in trade village The craft village focuses

on manufacture while the trade village concentrates on trade and business There is always a temple of profession ancestor in each of craft village However, the trade village has or does not have the temple of profession ancestor Because of narrow space and lack of area to build temple, there

no temple of profession ancestor in Hang Dong street Besides, for land and

environment, the manufacture scale is rather small, the business activities are mainly trading products

From the above analysis, we can see that, Hang Dong trade village is clearly shown by the following factors: 1 / Public Relations, 2 / architecture and landscape; 3 / manufacturing operations; 4 / business activities

1.2 Overview of Hang Dong

1.2.1.Geographical location

Hang Dong is located in Hanoi Old Quarters In the past, it belonged

to Yen Phu village, Tien Truc commune, Tho Xuong district In the French domination period, the nineteenth century, Hang Chen street was a street that included between Hang Dong and Bat Su street In the present days, Hang Dong street is located in Hang Bo ward, Hoan Kiem district, Hanoi The length of street is 0.13 km to the Northwest – Southeast Northeast end

of the street is a crossroad with Hang Ruoi and Hang Ma street Southwest end of the street is a intersection with Hang Vai, Bat Su, Lan Ong It is 0.7

km from Hang Dong street and Hoan Kiem Lake to the southwest and 0.3km from Dong Xuan market to Hang Dong street to the northwest

1.2.2 Population components and process of inhabitance

1.2.2.1 Population components

a Common Population components

Chart 1: Diagram of population management in Hang Dong street

There are 48 households that are divided two residential groups:

Group No 8 in Hang Bo ward consists of the households from number 2

to number 12 and from number 3 to number 13 Group No 6 includes

households from number 14 to number 48 and from number 15 to number

47 The houses with number 49, 51 and 53 are located in Hang Vai ward

Therefore, such three households are under the management of Hang Vai

ward and the thesis will not mention these households

There are 2 population components in 48 households in Hang Dong,

including Hanoi natives and people from other regions

The first component has existed since Thang Long was formed They

were born and grew up and maintained the business of ancestors

Nowadays, Tran is only native family in Hanoi living in there The thesis

records the family anal of four generations of Mr Tran Thien Can at no.38,

Hang Dong street

The second component is people from other regions coming here to

live and do their businesses Specifically, they are people from Nom

village, Hung Yen and Dai Bai village, Bac Ninh Before 1954, people

living here mostly came from Nom village, Hung Yen They came here to

buy scrap iron and sold back to other villages that manufactured copper

After 1954, people evacuated to other cities, mostly came to Sai Gon Just

several families from Nom village stayed at Hang Dong street because the

house were damaged by bombs From 1958 to 1960, the land reform of the

communist government made some families who were living here migrated

to the South Their houses belonged to the government For continuous

complication of war, some houses were abandoned The immigrants from

Dai Bai put up tents and stayed on these houses, then they settled in here

Due to nature of the business activities, in general, trade is "a life without a

friends is a life without sun", people gathered together to trade Beside,

because of far distance, traders could not come back regularly and they

usually stayed for a long time They gradually lived and traded here

Gradually, they lived and traded here The below table is a statistical table

about native place of households in Hang Dong street

List of native places of households in Hang Dong street

Houses of even number

region bought it and opened a café

2 4 Native people sold their house already People from other

region bought it

3 6 Selling minced meat rolls, householder Mrs Do Thi Thuc,

native place in Nom Village, Hung Yen

Alley

4 8 Householder Mr Nguyen Van Hung, producing steel

products, doors, immigrating from other place

5 10 Householder Mr Pham Van Phuc, native of Dai Bai, selling

worshiping products, fengshui products

6 12 The former user was native in Canh Dien, Hanoi Now it is

hired by Golden Sail, selling jewelry, fengshui stone, precious stones

7 14 This house is not hired yet Its owner is native of He village,

Hung Yen

8 16 Yen Quy shop with householder Mrs Nguyen Thi Yen,

native of Hung Yen

9 18 Dung Hoa shop wholesales and retails worshipping products,

fengshui products, native of Dai Bai

10 20 The shop in this house sells lights, copper products,

copper-coated products, householder Mrs Nguyen Thi My, native of Dai Bai

11 22 This house is Trung Cuong interior shop, householder Mr

Hoang Van Ba, native of Dai Bai

12 24 Cat Tuong shop sells worshipping products, interior products,

householder Mrs Nguyen Thi Mui, native of Dai Bai

13 26 This shop sells copper products, householder Mr Nguyen

Xuan Lap, native of Dai Bai

14 26A Dong Huyen shop sells color metals, householder Mrs

Nguyen Thi Dinh, native of Dai Bai

15 28 Hoang Ngoc shop sells traditional copper products of Dai Bai,

householder Mr Hoang Van Non, native of Dai Bai

16 30 This house sells copper products, householder is from other

region

17 32 Thang Diep shop sells traditional copper products of Dai Bai,

householder Mr Nguyen Van Thang, native of Dai Bai

18 34A Huy Bich shop sells high class copper products, householder

Mr Nguyen Van Huy, native of Dai Bai

19 36 Householder is Mr Phung Manh Tuong, native of Hanoi

20 38 Householder is Mr Tran Thien Can, native of Hanoi

21 40 Khang Huong fashion footwear shop, former householder was

a native of Dai Bai It is sold to people from other region

22 42 Ngon Thuc shop sells traditional copper products of Dai Bai,

householder Mr Nguyen Xuan Ngon, native of Dai Bai

23 44 A shop of stainless steel, native of Canh Dien, Hanoi

24 46 This shop sells copper interior products, householder Mrs

Tran Thi Hue, immigrating from other region

25 48 This shop sells beef noodles, householder Mr Co Nhu Viet,

from Nam Dinh province

Houses of odd number

No

Purpose

1 1 Former householder was native of Nom village Then the

house was reclaimed by the State, its householder moved to other place The house now is under state ownership

2 3 The householder is from other region

3 5 The householder is from other region Now the house is

hired to sell gold and silver products

4 7-9 The land was sold long ago Now it is hired by Truong Phat

Mechanical Production and Trade Limited Company

Alley

5 13 Hang Dong street and 24 Lo Ren street:

Tan Phong Mechanic shop sells crane squeezing machine, native of Canh Dien

6 15 Hang Dong street and 11B Lo Ren street: Long Quang

mechanic shop sells stainless steel products The