Đặc điểm của các biểu thức thời gian trong câu tiếng Việt

Quan diem ciia chu nghTa duy vat do Lenin dua ra tren day dugc hieu rang: thai gian ton tai khach quan va con nguai hoan toan co the nhan thii'c dugc thai gian va the hien su nhan thii'c

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN \ AN

VIJ THI Hl/dNG THAO

D A C D I E M C U A C A C B I E U THirC THC)I (iIAN

TRONCi CAU TIEN(i VIET

LOI CAM ON

Luan van nay dugc hoan thanh duai su giup da nhiet tinh cua Tien sy Nguyen Hong Con Em xin dugc bay to lai cam on chan thanh va long biet on sau sac tai thay, nguai da triac tiep huong dan va giup da em hoan thanh luan van nay

Em cung xin gui lai cam an chan thanh tai cac thay c6 trong Khoa Ngon ngu hoc, Trirang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi da tao dicu kien thuan Igi cho viec hoc tap va nghien cuu trong thai gian em hoc tap a Khoa

Toi xin dugc cam an ban be va nhung nguai than yeu trong gia dinh da dgng vien va giup do toi hoan thanh luan van nay

Ha Ngi, thang 8 nam 2005 Tac gia luan van

^vy^ < • «

Vu Thj Huong Thao

LOI CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien cmi cua rieng toi Cac van dugc trinh bay trong luan van la trung thuc va chua dugc cong bo trong bat ky mot cong trinh nao khac

Ha Ngi, thang 8 nam 2005 Tac gia luan van

^•^w

Vu Thj Huong Thao

MUC LUC

P H A N M O D A U 1

1 Ly do chgn de tai 1

2 Doi tugng va pham vi nghien cuu 2

3 Mue dich va y nghTa nghien cuu 2

4 Phuang phap nghien cuu va tu lieu nghien cuu 3

5 Bo cue cua luan van 3

Chuong I: CO SO LY LUAN LIEN QUAN DEN DE TAI 5

1 Ve pham tru thoi gian va y nghla thai gian trong 5

ngon ngu'

1.1 Pham tru thai gian 5

1.2 Y nghTa ve thai gian trong ngon ngu 6

2 Ciic bieu thuc thoi gian trong tieng Met 13

2.1 Khai niem bieu thuc thai gian 13

2.2 Cac loai bieu thuc thoi gian trong tieng Viet 1 3

2.3 Tieu chi nhan dien bieu thuc thai eian 1 5

Chuong II: DAC DH-M CUA CAC BIEU THUC THOI GIAN 23

CO Y NCiHIA IHOI DIEM

I Khai quat \L' y nghla thoi diem trong ngon ngu 23

1.1 Cac quan niem khac nhau \ e tinh thai diem 23

\,2 Khai niem ve diem moc va each djnh vi 25

2 Dae diem ngu' nghTa cua cac bieu thirc thoi gian 28

CO y nghTa thai diem trong cau tieng Viet

2.1 Cac bieu thuc thai diem c6 y nghTa doi lap ve thai 28

2.2 Tinh xae dinh va khong xac djnh ciia cac bieu thuc 34

thai diem

3 Dae diem hinh thiic cua cac bieu thiic thai diem 38

3.1 Cac bieu thuc thai diem la tu 38

3.2 Cac bieu thuc thai diem la danh ngu 40

3.3 Cac bieu thuc thai diem la gioi ngu 45

3.4 Cac bieu thuc thai diem la lien hgp 46

3.5 Cac bieu thuc thai diem la menh de 47

4 Dae diem chue nang ciia cac bieu thuc thai diem 47

4.1 Chuc nang nghTa hoc 48 4.2 Chuc nane ket hoc 5 1

Chuanii HI: D A C DIEM CUA CAC BIEU THUC GIAN CO 55

&

Y NGHIA THOI DOAN

1 khai quat \ e y nghTa thai doan 55

1.1 Cac quan niem khac nhau \'e thoi doan 55

1.2 Khai niem iho'i doan 58

2 Dae diem ngfr nghTa ciia cac bieu thuc thoi gian 59

CO y nghTa thoi doan trong cau tiengX'iet

2.1 Tho'i doan xac dinh \ a khone xac din!i -^v

2.2 Thai doan ngan han va thai doan dai han 61

3 Dae diem hinh thirc cua bieu thirc thai doan 65

3.1 Bieu thuc thai doan la danh ngu 65

3.2 Bieu thuc thai doan la gioi ngiJ 67

3.3 Bieu thuc thai doan la lien hgp 68

4 Dae diem chiic nang cua bieu thiic thai doan 69

4.1 Chuc nang nghTa hoc 69

4.2 Chue nang ket hoc 71

KET LUAN 77 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 79

NGUONTU LIEU TRICH DAN 82

PHU LUC TU LIEU KHAO SAT 83

PHANMODAU

1 Ly do chon de tai

Khai niem thai gian la mot trong nhu'ng khai niem co ban trong nhan thuc cua con nguai Thai gian khong chi dugc nhan thuc ve mat \at ly hoc \-a iriet hoc ma con dugc nhan thuc ca ve mat ngon ngu' hoc Qua ngon ngCr con nguai

da de cap den mot he thong cac dom vi thai gian va phan anh nhung hieu biet cua con nguai ve cac thugc tinh cung nhu quy luat khach quan cua thai gian

Trong tieng Viet, van de thai gian da dugc nhieu nha Viet ngu hgc trong

\'a ngoai nuac nghien cuu tir nhieu goe dp Khac vol nhieu ngon ngu khac tren the gioi, tieng Viet hi mot ngon ngCr khong bien hinh, dgng tu khong bien doi hinh thai do do khong c6 cln'rc nang thong bao ve thai gian trong cau Vi vay,

khi dc cap den thoi gian Irong tieng Viet, chung ta khong the khong noi lai

nhCmg tu' ngCr c6 nghTa ihoi gian trong cau tieng Viet NhCmg tu ngu nay c6 chuc nang bieu hicn \'a phan dinh y nghTa cua cac thai, qua khu, hicn tai \'a tucrng lai cung nhu dinh vi cac su kien va hanh dgng tren true thai gian

Nhu da noi o tren, thai gian trong tieng Viet da dugc nghien cuu tu nhieu khia canh khac nhau Tuy nhien, cho den nay, van chua c6 mot cong trinh nao di sau vao nghien cuu mot each loan dien dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian dac biet la cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa thai doan va thai diem Xuat phat tu ly

do do, cung nhu nhu cau can thiet trong viec tim hieu dac diem cua y nghTa thai gian trong cau tieng \aet, chung toi da manh dan chon de tai nghien CLI'U ve: ''Dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Viet'\ De tai nay se tap trung nghien cuu chu \-eu \ e dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Viel thong qua hai loai bieu thii'c thai gian ca ban: Cac bieu thirc thai gian bieu thi v nizhia thai doan \'a v n^hTa thai diem

1

-2 Doi tu'ong va pham vi nghien ciiu

Doi tugng nghien cuu cua luan van la dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, tap trung vao dac diem ciia hai loai bieu thuc thai gian chu yeu la thai doan va thai diem Cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa \ e thai the

va tan so khong thugc pham vi nghien cuu cua luan van

Di sau tim hieu dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa thai diem

va thai doan, chung toi se Ian lugt xem xet chung ve cac mat: hinh thuc bieu bien, dac diem y nghTa va chijc nang ngu' phap

3 Muc dich va y nghla nghien cuu

Muc dich cua luan van la di sau nghien cuu cac dac diem ve mat hinh thuc, ngu nghTa va chuc nang cua cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa thai diem

va thoi doan trong tieng Viel Cu the luan van se:

- Diem \i\\ tinh hinh nghien cuu ve cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Vict cua mot so tac gia cung nlnr nhu'ng van de dang ban luan lien quan den de tai Dua tren co' so do chung toi se xac lap mot khung ly thuyet co ban de lien

haiih khao sat va phan tich dac diem cua hai loai bieu thiac thai gian hiiii quan

~ Tren co' so khung ly thuyet do, chung toi se tien hanh nhan dien, mieu ta

mot each co he thone; cac dac diem ciia hai loai bieu thii'c thai 2;ian thai diem va thai doan, tien hanh di sau phan tich hinh thuc, y nghTa bieu hien va chuc nang cua chung

Giai quyet dugc nhung van de tren day luan van se co nhiang dong gop iihat diiih \'e mat ly luan \'a thuc tien nhu sau:

Ve mat ly luan: Ket qua nghien cii'u cua luan van se gop phan lam sang to them dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, cu the la cac bieu thirc thai gian co y nghla thai diem va thai doan, qua do tim ra nhCrng dac diem khac nhau giua hai loai bieu thuc cung nhu nhung dac diem tuo'ng dong Liiua chunii

Ve mat thuc tien: vai nhung ket qua thu dugc luan van se gop phan dang

ke vao viec day tieng Viet cho nguai Viet va cho nguai nuac ngoai Ket qua nghien cuu cua luan van cung huu ich doi vai viec bien soan tir dien, sach giao khoa trong nha truong gop phan day manh va phat huy viec giij gin su trong sang ciia tieng Viet trong thai dai hien nay

4 Phuong phap nghien ciiu va tu' lieu

Trong luan van nay, ngoai hai phuang phap nghien cuu chung la qui nap

va dien dich chiing toi con su dung mot so phuang phap nghien ciju khac nhu: phuang phap mieu ta, phuang phap thong ke, phuang phap phan tich cau true, phuo'ng phap phan tich chuc nang

Nguon tu lieu cua luan van chii yeu dugc trich tu cac bao, tap chi, truyen ngan So lugng tu lieu bao gom 780 cau, trong do bao gom 425 cau co chua cac bieu thuc thai diem va 355 cau co chua cac bieu thij"c thai doan Ngoai ra, chung toi cung su dung mot so cau tu lieu lay tu cac cong trinh nghien cuu ciia mot so tac gia khac hay tu thuc te cupc song Cac cau nay deu bieu hien y nghTa thai diem \'a thai doan \'a dugc phan tich a ca hai mat dinh tinh va dinh luo'ng nham phuc vu cho \'icc nghien cuu

5 Bo cue eiia luan van

Ngoai cac phan mo' dau \'a ket luan luan van bao gom ba chuong voi nhfmg noi dung chinh nhir sau:

C^hiroiig 1: Co so' ly luan co lien quan den de tai

lYong chu'O'ng na\ chung toi da tap trimg chu yeu \'ao \'iec trinh bay nhung

quan diem, khai niem ly thu\'ct co lien quan den \'an de thai gian trong cau

ticuL: \'ie[ dong thoi xac dnih khai niem thoi gian noi chung \'a thoi diC'm \'a

thoi doan noi ricng Thong qua nhung c]uan diem \'a nhCrng ea so ly t!va\ct do chung ioi phan tich \a de xuat cac lieu chi nhan dien hai loiw bieu thuc tlio'i gian

CO \ mzhia thoi diem \a co \ ni:hia ihoi do.m

Chuoni: 11: Dac diem cua bieu thuc thai iiian co v niihTa thai die m

0 chuang nay, chijng toi tien hanh khao sat cac dac diem \ e hinh thuc, y nghTa va chij'c nang cua cac bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai diem trong cau tieng Viet, qua do dua ra mot so nhan xet \'e cac bieu thuc nay

Chuo'ng 111: Dac diem cua bieu thij'c thai gian co y nghTa thai doan

Trong chuong nay, chung toi di sau phan tich dac diem \'e hinh thuc, v nghTa va chuc nang cua cac bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai doan trong cau tieng Viet Dua tren su phan tich do chung toi se dua ra mot so nhan xet \'e cac bieu thuc co y nghTa thai doan trong cau tieng Viet

Ngoai ra luan \'an con co muc luc, danh muc tai lieu tham khao, tai lieu trich dan, va phu luc tu Heu khao sat

4

-Chuong I

CO s o LY LUAN LIEN QUAN DEN DE TAI

1 Ve pham tru thoi gian va y nghla thoi gian trong ngon ngu

LL Pham tru ihoi gian

Khai niem ve thai gian la mot trong nhung khai niem co' ban trong nhan thuc cua con nguai Thai gian dugc nhan thijc ve mat vat ly hgc, tam ly hgc, triet hgc va ngon ngu' Tu lau con nguai da noi den mot he thong thai gian cua ngon ngu" va phan anh nhung hieu biet ciia con nguai ve thai gian vai nhu'ng thugc tinh va quy luat ciia no Trong triet hoc cua chu nghTa duy vat, quan niem

ve thai gian dugc Lenin dira ra da gop phan khang dinh them ve tinh hien thuc khach quan cua khong gian \a thai gian Dinh nghTa do dugc phat bieu nhu sau:

^^Vi chu nghTa duy vat thira nhan su ton tai cua vat chat chuyen dong khong phu ihuoc vao y thuc cua clning ta thi cung phai tlura nhan tinh hien thu'c khach quan cua khong gian \'a thai gian Trong the gioi khach quan khong co gi khac ton tai ngoai vat chat chuN'en dong va vat chat khong the chuyen dgng a dau khac ngoai khong gian va thai gian'' [Dan theo 20, 19]

Quan diem ciia chu nghTa duy vat do Lenin dua ra tren day dugc hieu rang: thai gian ton tai khach quan va con nguai hoan toan co the nhan thii'c dugc thai gian va the hien su nhan thii'c do vao trong ngon ngia ciia minh, nhumg su kien dirge dien ra trong hien thuc ciia khong gian va thai gian Do vay, thai gian cung nhu khong gian la hinh thuc ton tai ciia \-at chat Vat chat co the ton tai a

danii iTnh hay donii \*a thai sian cun^ vav Khi ton tai a dang tTnh thi thai eian

bieu hien a y nghTa thoi \'a y nghTa thai diem Khi ton tai a dang dgng thi thai gian bieu hien y nghTa thai doan va y nghTa \'e tan so Vi du:

(1) Mai toi sc^ di Hai Plioiig (y nghTa \'e thai)

(2) T/iang sau tao vai anh Huynli to chuc may nho den nlic! (y nghTa thai

diem)

:>

-(Tac phani moi, so 1 1/1998, tr 12)

(3) Tie nam 2001 den nay, cong /)• may V.\K Yen Bai da co nhieu co gang trong quan ly dieu hanh (y nghTa thai doan)

(Bao nhan dan, so 17846, tr 2)

(4) Thinh thodn^ toi cung gap anh ay (y nghTa tan so)

Noi each khac, thai gian co cac thupc tinh ve chat va lugng ciia no Cac thupe tinh do dugc boc 16 tap trung truoc het o' bon pham trii ngu' nghTa: tan so, thai doan, thai diem va thai Trong thuc tien, thai gian dugc coi nhu la iiiot dai lugng dugc phan chia, dugc hinh thanh cac do'n vi de do luang, do do co khai nieni ve tan so va thai doan Cac khai niem nay dugc do luong bang nhu'ng don

vi nhat dinh (cac khoang thai gian) Mat khac, thai gian lai dugc hinh dung nhu

la mot chuoi van dgng lien tuc theo mot true ma tren do chiing ta co the danh dfiu de ghi nha cac su kien thuc tc, do vay co khai niem ve thai diem (cac moc thai gian) Ngoai ra, thai gian con dugc coi nhu la mot su van dgng co chieii huong xac dinh, va trong quan he voi su ton tai cua ban than minh, con nguai co nhu cau sap xep no vao mot khu vuc Ion, tu do ma co khai niem ve thai (cac mien thai gian) Nhu way thai doan, thai diem tan so va thai la bon noi dung chinh cua khai niem chung ve thai gian da duo"c nhan thirc

L2 Y nghTa ve thai gian trong ngon ngCv

L2 L Y nghTa thai gian trong cac ngon ngu An A u

Trong cac ngon ngu An Au, co mot sir khac biet dien hinh ve each thuc

danh dau cac kieu y nghTa thai gian (thai, thai diem, thai doan va tan so) Trong

khi y nghTa ve thai dua tren sir doi lap qua khii', hien tai va tuang lai dugc ngu phap hoa mot each kha triet de, qua pham trii thai (tense) - mot pham tru ngu" phap gan lien \'ai dang thuc ciia dong tu thi cac y nghTa thai diem, thai doan \ a tan so lai chii yeu dugc bieu hien bang cac phuang tien tu \'ung (tu) \ a cu phap (ngu, menh de )

6

-Lay tieng Anh lam vi du minh hoa: trong tieng Anh cac y nghTa doi lap \ e

thai dugc bieu hien bang dang thuc cua dgng tu huu dinh dong vai tro la \ i ngCr

cua cau Theo do, tiiy thugc vao viec cau bieu hien mot su tinh dien ra trong qua khu, hien tai, hay tuong lai ma dong tu se dugc diing a mot dang thuc tuong ung Vi du:

(5) a She worked in Hanoi

b She works in Hanoi

c She will work in Hanoi

I'inh thong nhat giu'a cac y nghTa doi lap ve thai va cac bieu hien tuong irng cua chung the hien kha deu dan a tat ca cac dong tu vi ngu", la co' so cho vice xac lap sir ton tai ciia pham trii ''thai'' vai tu each la mot pham trii ngCr phap ciia tieng Anh Khac \'6i pham trii ve thai, cac y nghTa thai dieiii, thai doan

va tan so tronu tieni; Anh khonii, duo'c bieu hien ban" dan" thuc cua donu tir ma

bang cac do'n vi tir vung nhu:yesterday, tomorrow, now, hoac do'n vi cii phap: three days, at fu'ght, evry day \i\ du:

(6) a She came here yesterday

b 17/ stay there until next Monday

c It takes me three hours to get there

Trong nhung vi du tren, cac y nghTa thai diem va thai doan dugc bieu hien bang cac do'n vi tir vung hoac cu phap Cac bieu thuc co y nghTa thai gian nay co hinh thuc va y nghTa doc lap chu khong phu thugc hoan toan vao dong tir

vj ngu' nhu cac dang thiic bieu hien y nghTa ve thai ciia cac dgng tii hu'u dinh

7.2.2 Y nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet

N h u da noi a tren, a cac ngon ngir chau Au co su phan biet ve each thii'c

bieu thi y nghTa thai voi cac kieu y nghTa thai diem, thai doan va tan so trong

khi y nghTa thai chii yeu dugc bieu hien bang hinh thai ciia dgng tir (co nghTa la dgng tir thay doi hinh thai de danh dau cac thai khac nhau) thi cac nghTa thcVi diem, thai doan va tan so lai dugc bieu hien bang cac bieu thuc doc lap co y

- 7

nghTa thai gian: do co the la cac dan vi tir vung (tu, ngir co djnh) cung co the do

la cac dan vi cii phap (ngir, lien hgp hoac menh de) co nghTa thai gian

Khac vai cac ngon ngir chau Au, trong tieng Viet tat ca cac loai y nghTa

thai gian hCru quan {thai, thai diem, thai doan, tan so ) deu dugc bieu hien bang

cac bieu thirc thai gian doc lap Cac bieu thuc thai gian nay hoac ton tai nhu cac

don vi tu vung {hom qua, horn nay, bay gia, ) hoac dugc tao thanh tu do trong lai noi nhu la cac ngu* (vdo mua xiidn, vao thang ba, ) lien hgp {ngdy 5 thang 3 nam 2003 ) hoac menh de Vi du:

(7) Hom qua, thay ra tinh Hd noi, vao hdu cu cu Nguyen, thay ngdi day dong hoc tro, nhan thay co xin truac ong cu, se cho con ra thinh nghiep

(Truyen ngan - Nguyen Cong Hoan, tr 6)

(8) Nhung bong hoa ggo do rue thuang na vdo thang ba

(9) 9 gia sang ngdy 25 thang 3 nam 2003 cuoc hop bat dau

Day chinh la van de ggi ma cho nhieu nha Viet ngii' hoc di sau vao tim hieu

va nghien ciru y nghTa thai gian trong cau tieng Viet

De cap den khai niem thoi gian trong cau tieng Viet, mot trong cac van

de thu hilt sir chii y ciia nhieu nha nghien cuu tir truac den nay la pham trii thcji

NgCr phap truyen thong tieng Viet (Tran Trgng Kim, Biii Ky, Nguyen Lan), do

anh hiro'ng cua tieng Phap thirong coi: dcX dang, se\k ba chi to danh dau y nghTa

"tluTi" trong ticMig Viet Tu\' nhien, theo Cao Xuan Hao [3] kho co the coi cac tir nay nhu la bang chung cho su ton tai cua pham trii thai trong tieng Viet, bo'i \'i:

- Khong CO sir tiro'ng irng giCra y nghTa cua da, dang, se \6i cac y nghTa doi lap \ c thoi la qua khii hien tai \a tirong lai Cu the: ^'dci" co the dien dat y nghla hicn tai [lie nc)\' toi da_hai muai tuoi) hoac tuo'ng lai {A;^^c7V uiai du_ la chu nlhit roi): da/ig cung eo the bieu hien y nghla qua khir (Horn qua toi dtuig ngu

thi iUih ay tlcni

- Khi bieu hicn cac sir tinh xa\' ra trong ijua khir, hicn tai htuic tircvng kn

cac can tieng \'ict khong nhat ihiet phai su dung ccic chi to tren da\ \ i du:

(10) Iloiu qua u'u vJ /;//.) luc nam gii/

* Horn qua toi da ve nha luc nam gia

(11 )a Ngdy moi anh ve que a?

- Vang, ngdy mai toi ve que

b Ngdy mai anh s£ ve que a?

- * Vang, ngdy mai toi se_ ve que

Ben canh y nghTa ve thai, nhieu nha nghien ciina cQng da di sau xem xet dac diem ciia cac bieu thiie thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, ma cu the la hai loai bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai diem va thai doan thong qua viec nghien cuu cac chuc nang cii phap cua chung nhu trang tir, trang ngir, bo ngia thai gian v.v

Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh nghien cuu, tham khao tai lieu chiing toi nhan thay CO su khac nhau ve quan diem cung nhu each tiep can doi tugng, p h u a n g phap nghien ciru va muc do bao quat doi tugng ciia cac tac gia doi voi nhung nhan dinh va danh gia ve y nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet Duai day chiing toi

se trinh bay long quan nhung ly giai ciia mot so tac gia ve cac bieu thirc co y nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet

Mpl so nha nghien ciru nhin nhan van de thai gian tir goc do ngCr nghTa nhir Phan Khoi, Dao Than, Cao Xuan Hao va Nguyen Due Dan v.v Cac tac gia na\' coi thai gian nhu la mot pham trii ciia ngu nghTa va xac dinh \ai tro cua cac

dan \'\ tir \'imi^ trone \ i e c dinh vi thai 2,ian

Theo [Mian Khoi [31, 94], thai gian trong tieng Viet dugc bieu hien nho cac do'n \'i tir \"irng Ong cho rang nhCrng dom \'i tir vimg bieu hien y nghTa thai

gian la cac "p/id tu clu thiri gian'' nhu: }ulm ngoai, }idm fiav h(5m qua ngdy /Jh/i.- \ a phan biet chung \'0'i cac pho tir dac biet nhu: da dcuig se Qu'dn diem

cua Phan Khoi da the hien sir man thuan \'e \'iec danh gia \'ai tro cua cac phiro'ng tien ngon ngu tren trong \ ice dinh \ i sir kien ti'cn true thai gian Ong nhan dinh

rang, nhung "/)ho fir chi thoi gian" ke ticn clu eo tac dung "hieu dien cdi xac cua thV con: iid ilang se mo'i bieu hien cai hon cua thi lam nni hat cai \ n^jhla

\ii"ng chac cua qua khir hien tai \'a \'i lai [31 "^^2] Tu\' nhien, ting cung k;i cho

rang: ^'dd" khong han chi qua kliir ^'dang^ khoiig han chi hicn tai '.'a '\sJ' khonLi

han chi vi lai" [31, 94 95] Dieu nay cho tha\- ngay ban than ong cung khong

chac chan ve \'ai tro cua cac pho tii" dac biet: da dang, se

Con Dao Than, thi cho rang viec phan tich va mieu ta nghTa tii' \'ung cua cac til' CO nghTa thai gian se giiip chiing ta hieu sau han ve each nhan thu'c, chia cat va do dem thai gian cimg vdi viec dien dat cac quan he thai gian trong tieng Viet [8, 45]

Ban ve van de thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, Cao Xuan Hao [3] nhan dinh rana: ticmi Viet khone bieu hien v n^liTa '7/?/" khi khon^ can dinh vi su kien trong thai gian Ong cung cho biet them, trong tieng Viet khi nao can thiet phai dinh vi su tinh tronu thai sian ma neon canh khone cho biet ve su dinh vi av thi

tieng Viet diing cac phuo'ng tien tir vung ma ong goi la ^'khung de " de bieu thi y

nghTa thoi gian va dat o' dau cau Ong cung noi them ve vai tro ciia ba chi to thai

gian da dcnig, se deu co the diing de noi ve bat cu' thai gian nao trong ciiu va khang dinh trong ba chir khong co chu nao chi 'V/?/" Ba chi to da, dang vd se duo'c one eoi la cac \'i tir tinh thai bieu thi the vd thuc ciia dong tir

Nguyen Dire Dan [24] dac biet quan tam den cac phuang tien ngon ngir khac nhau trong tieng \'iet co tac dung bieu thi y nghTa thai gian nhu cac tir, cac

ket can cii phap Ong goi cac do'n vi tir vung co y nghTa thai gian la ''(rang tii,

trgng ngu'" thai gian, do la nhCrng tii' nhu: tudn truoe, thang sau, ngdy mai, dao

no, luc nay, hoi do, khi do [24, 8] Vi du:

(1-) A.7?/ do toi con nho qua, con khoe lam, tucrng nhu mua gio phai le hnJi khi thay toi

(Truyen ngan chgn Igc, tr 3) Cung nghien eu'u ve y nghTa thai gian trong cau tieng Viet nhung tac gia Diep Quang Ban [5] da nhin va ly giai thai gian tu goc do ngir nghTa, ngu phap cua tir Dira \ao quan he y nghTa giira cac dom \'i tir vung co net nghTa vt§ thai gian na>' \ a i nong cot cau trong cau don tieng Viet, ong dua ra ket luan nhu sau:

nhung do'n \i tir \'ung co nghTa thai gian do chinh la nhirng ho ngCi chi thai gian

(thai doan ha>' thai diem) dien ra su kien va hanh dong

Khac \'ai cac nha nghien cuu tren, trong ^'Nghien cuu ve ngu phap tieng Viet'' (tap 2), Ngii\'en Kim Than [27] phan biet mot each kha rach roi \'e (rang

0

ngil' thoi gian va ho ngfr thiri han Theo ong trang ngu' thai gian thuang bieu

thi thai diem cu the \'a hay dii'ng dau cau, nhung cung co the tha\' doi \ i tri xuong giua cau hoac cuoi cau Vi du:

(13) Horn nay, toi di Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh

(14) Toi di Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh hom nay

Vi du (13) tren cho thay trang ngir thai gian, chi thai diem, dung dau cau; cung CO the thay doi vi tri xuong cuoi cau nhu o vi du (14) Tuy nhien, neu chung ta xet nhu'ng trang ngu' thai gian nay trong mot y nghTa thai gian khac (y nghTa thai doan) thi bo ngu chi thai doan bieu thi thai ban se phu thugc \'ao \'i tri

va chi CO mot vi tri co dinh sau \'i tir Vi du:

(15) Toi dai han nam phut, (bo ngir thai han)

(16) Chieu hom fun\ cac trung doi tiep tuc dao cong sir (trang ngCr thai

han)

(Dan theo Nguyen Kim Than, 20) Nhung nhan xet tren day ciia Nguyen Kim Than cho thay: tiiy theo y nghTa bieu hien ciia don vi tij' vung la thai diem hay thai doan cung nhu tiiy theo

\i tri cua no trong cau ma phan biet trang ngu thai gian hay bo ngir thcri han Chuiig quan diem \'ai NgUNcn Kim Than, Hoang Trong Phien cung co khi cho rang trang ngu chi thai gian co tac dung chi pham vi thai gian, chi thai diem cu the hay chi thai gian thuang le cua su viec xay ra trong cau va tra lai cho cau

hoi: luc ndo'?[\5, 127]

Trong ^^Giao trinh \ e Viet ngu' hgc" [tap 1], tac gia Hoang Tue cho rang:

nhCrng dom vi tu" vung bieu thi y nghTa thai gian la nhirng "trgng tie chi thai gian'\ Ong da chi ra nhirng dan vj tu vung c6 y nghTa thai gian la pho tir {hom nay, ngdy mai ) hoac cac tir to danh tii' {haigia ) Tat ca nhirng pho tir hay tii'

l6 danh tir ma ong de cap deu bieu thi y nghTa \ e thai gian trong tieng Viet Dac biet ong cung chi ra mot so truong hgp ma \i tri cua cac tir to danh tir bieu thi thai lugng se quyet dinh chiing co nghTa thai diem hay nghTa thai doan [17, 369] Vi du:

(11) Hai gia chung ta Idm viec (thai diem)

(1 8) Chung ta lam viec hai gia (thcri doan)

Mot cong trinh nghien cii'u khac cua tac gia Du Nggc Ngan [6, 13] cung

de cap den cac tii' c6 y nghTa thai gian khai quat trong tieng Viet Trong cong trinh ciia minh, Du Ngoc Ngan da phan tich \'a chia cac pham trii thai gian thanh hai loai theo dac diem ngu' nghTa, ngu- phap:

* Loai A: gom cac tii" chi thai gian khai quat nhu: khi, luc hoi dao thua

do, thai Nhu'ng tii' chi thai gian ke tren nghTa thai gian ma chiing chira dung co

the la mot diem hay mot doan thai gian co do dai khong xac dinh, kliong dugc lap lai theo mot chu trinh nhat dinh

* Loai B\ gom cac tir chi thai gian xac dinh:

Chi thoi doan xac dinh nhu: the} ky, lu'un thang, tudn le, figdy gid, phut, sang, Irua

- Chi dinh thcri gian nhu: nay nay, kia do day hay gid bao gid Nhom

tir nay co Uic dung xac dinh thai gian xa hay gan so \'ai thai diem cua ngubi noi

- Chi tinh thai [ha\ gian da, ticng: viia mai, dang, sap ,vc~, NhCrng tir

vung nhom nay dugc xac dinh trong quan he x'oi chu the noi, kem thai do ciia nguai phat ngon

- Bao gom cac tij- co net nghTa thai gian nhung khong bieu thi trang thai

hay tinh chat ciia su \"at nhu; chd\ dai, nhanh chdm, sam, muon, gid, tre, ddi, ngan,

Tuy nhien, nghien eii'u ciia cac tac gia co thien huang nghieng ve tir vung ngu nghTa ho"n la ngu phap Nhin lai ket qua nghien cuu ciia cac tac gia truac, chimg toi nhan thay: da so tac gia tap trung tim hieu y nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet qua y nghTa ciia tir ma it quan tam den y nghTa thai gian ciia nhumg do'n vi cii phap nhu ngCr ha\' menh de cria hai loai bieu thuc thai gian: thai diem

\'a thai doan Do vay, luan \an se di vao mieu ta dac diem ciia bieu thuc thai gian xet trong moi quan he \ a i ngir nghTa \ a chirc nang cii phap ciia chiing trong cau tiene Viet

- 12

2 Cac bieu thiic thoi gian trong tieng Viet

2.L Khai niem hieu thirc thiri gian

Chiine toi quan niem bieu thii'c thai eian la nhuns dan \'i tir vuns (tir) hav ngir phap (ngu-, lien hgp, menh de) co chuc nang bieu thi y nghTa thai diem ha\-thai doan (khoang thai gian xay ra ciia mot hanh dong, su kien), va giCr \ai tro la mot thanh to cii phap trong cau true cau

2,2 Cac logi hieu thiic thai gian trong tieng Viet

Dua tren tu lieu khao sat cung nhu tir ket qua nghien cii'u ciia cac nha Viet ngu hgc, chiing toi thay co the tam chia ra cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Vict thanh bon loai sau day:

- Bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai the;

- Bieu thirc thai gian co y nghTa thai diem;

- Bieu thuc thcri gian co y nghTa thai doan;

- Bieu thu'c thai gian co y nghTa tan so

2.2.1 Bieu thirc thai the

Trong tieng Viet y nghTa thai the duo'c danh dau chu yeu bang 3 chi to

ngu' phap nhu: da, dang, se Nhirng chi to nay khong bi bat bugc phai dien dat

khi khong can thiet Khi nao can thiet phai dinh vj su tinh trong thai gian ma

ngon canh khong cho biet \e sir dinh vi ay tieng Viet dimg cac phuang tien tir vung nhu ngciy mai, hom qua.v.v de dien dat Vi du:

(19) a Bao_giaanh (se) di Sdi Gon ? (Bieu thuc thai the)

b N^ciy mai toi di Sdi Gon

Vi du (19)a cho chimg ta thay, ngoai y nghTa thai diem con co y nghTa thoi the ciia cau bieu hien boi dai tir phiem chi chi thai gian ''bao gia.'' dugc danh dau qua chi to ''se *'c6 bieu thi thai gian tuang lai Nhirng a vi du (19jb chiing ta thay khong co su xuat hien yeu to thai the ''se'' ciia sir kien ma thay cho

su dien dat y nghTa thai gian tuong lai ay bang phuang tien tir \ m g ''ngay mai"

J

-dung dau cau ma theo Cao Xuan Hao thi no giir vi tri nhu mot khung de co nhiem vu dinh vi thai gian xay ra su kien Va khi yeu to thai gian dugc dinh vi bai khung de thi khong can phai dung chi to thai gian "se" ma cau van co nghTa thai gian [3]

Tren day chiing toi mai chi diem qua ve y nghTa ciia bieu thuc thai gian

CO y nghTa thai the trong cau tieng Viet Day la mot de tai rat rgng doi hoi phai

CO su nghien cuu cong phu, nhung do han che ciia luan van nen chiing toi xin dung van de nay a day va di vao phan chinh cua luan van la neu y nghTa hai bieu thire thai diem va thai doan

2.2.2 Bieu thirc thai diem

Bieu thirc thai diem bieu thi moc thoi gian xay ra su kien va hanh dong tren true thai gian dugc the hien qua cac tir, ngu c6 net nghTa thai gian nhu:

hom qua, hom nay, nam 1997 Trong cau bieu thirc thai diem tra lai cho cac

ciiu hoi ve thai gian: bao gia? khi nao? Ve hinh thuc cau tao nhirng bieu thirc nay co the la dai tir, danh tir, danh ngCr, gioi ngu, menh de, lien hop Vi du:

(20) Horn qua ngu co ret khong?

( 2 1 ) Nam 1998 toi tot nghiep Dai hoc

2-2,3 Bii'u thirc thai doan

Cac bieu thirc iha\ doan dien dat khoang thai gian ma sir kien trai qua tren triic tluVi gian diro'c bieu hien bang cac don \i tir nhu: ba gid hai ngdy ba dem ban tudn.y.y Cac bieu thirc thoi doan thuang tra lai cho ciiu hoi bao Idu'l may ngdy^ may gid'' Chimg cung co cau tao la cac danh ngu, giai ngu, cac lien hgp

\ a menh dc \'i du:

( 2 2 ) Ba nd/Ji nira no li)t nghiep dcu hoc fidng Idm tlidnh phu Ho Ch: Muih ( 2 3 ) Trow^ hai }\'nu do u.)i da tap trung hoc tot nu'jn anh van

2.2.4 Bieu thirc tan so

Bieu thii'c tan so dien ta tan xuat (so lanj xay ra su kien \'a hanh dong tren true thai gian t h u a n g tra Ioi cau hoi: may lan? co hay? t h u a n g - dgng tir -

khong? Bieu thii'c thai gian co y nghTa ve tan so dugc bieu thi bang ket hgp so tir

-r lan (nhu: i Idn 4 lan) hoac nhumg ket hgp nhu: hdng moi - danh tir thoi gian

{hang tudn, hdng thang, hdng nam) Vi du:

(24) Toi da den Luan Don ba lan

(25) Hdng ngdy toi den truong bang xe buyt

Tren day chiing toi moi diem qua mot \'ai dac diem cua cac bieu thii'c thoi

gian trong cau tieng Viet voi mong muon dua ra dugc mot bii'c tranh chung ve

bieu thirc thai gian vii nhCmg dac diem bieu hien cua chiing

Tuy nhien, trong pham \'i nghien ciru cua luan x'iin nen chiing toi chi di siiu Vcio khao sat va phan tich diic diem y nghTa ciia hai loai bieu thirc thoi gian

CO y nghTa thai diem \'a bieu thirc thiri gian co y nghTa thc)i doan Bieu thirc thcri gian CO y nghTa thoi the \"ii bieu thirc thai gian co y nghTa ve tfm so tam thiri chua dugc de cap den trong luan van nay

2,3, Tieu chi nhan dien bieu thuc thai gian

Nhu da trinh bay a tren (muc 2.1.), bieu thuc thai gian la nhirng dom vi tir vung hay ngu' phap co y nghTa bieu hien su dinh vi sir kien (hanh dong) tren true thai i^ian, hoac bieu hien thai doan ciia sir kien do

2.3 L Tieu chi ve noi dung

Vc mat ngi dung, cac bieu thu'c thai gian c6 the dugc phan chia thanh cac

bieu thirc ihcTi diem va cac bieu thirc thai doan

Cac bieu thiic thai diem bieu hien moc thai gian xay ra su kien va dugc

dinh vi tren true thai gian bang nhung tir ngir co net nghTa thai gian nhu.- ngdy

mai, hom nay, nam 199S \'a tra lai cho cau hoi khi ndo? bao gia'^

Trong cau y nghTa cua cac bieu thirc thai diem t h u a n g gan lien vai y nghTa doi lap ve thai Theo do co the phan biet cac bieu thirc thc^i diem theo sir

doi lap ve thai nhu sau:

_^

-* Thai diem cac su kien co y nghTa hien tai Vi du:

(26) Bay sid chimg ta bat dau cuoc hop dim2 8 2id roi

(Tac pham moi, so 3/1999 tr 43)

(27) Dem nay, toi thay trong long co sir thdp thorn khong the ndo ngu noi

(Lom - Son Tiing, tr 333)

* Thai diem cac su kien co y nghTa qua khu Vi du:

(28) Buoi chieu hom do Thuy di Idm ve rdt sam

(TruN'cn ngan hay 2000, tr 54)

(29) Hom do Hien vd chi Nguyet dua toi ra tan sdn bay

(Truyen ngan chon Ipc, tr 85)

* Thai diem cac sir kien co y nghTa tuong lai Vi du:

(30) Ni^ciy men Id fudn thi cuoi ciing cua toi

(Truyen ngan chon loc, tr 9)

(3 1) Mai minh di si/m va se dira thang do'n len tinh cho de xir

(Truyen ngan chgn Igc, tr 220) Trong nhCrng vi du da dan o tren y nghTa thai diem dugc bieu hien gan voi

su doi lap giira cac thai hien tai, qua khir, tiromg lai 0 day sir bieu hien y nghTa ciia cac thai khong phu thuoc hoan toan vao y nghTa ciia cac don vi tir c6 net

iighTa thai gian nhu nam, thang, ngdy ma phtj thupc vao yeu to phu tir sau no

nhu: "nay" trong "ngay nay" (thai diem hien tai), "ay" trong "thang ay" (thai diem qua khu) Tuy nhien, cung co mot so it don vi tir v u n g bieu hien y nghTa ve thai ngay trong ban than nghTa cua tu ma khong can sir xuat hien cua phu tir

nhu: "/;/a/"" trong ngdy mai (thai diem tuong lai) Xet dac diem bieu hien ciia bieu thuc thai diem chiing ta thay rang: ban than cac dan vi tir vung nhu: ngdy, hom, nam la nhung danh tii' thai gian va chi bieu thi cai y nghTa dan thuan \ e

thai gian chir tuyet nhien khong he bieu hien y nghTa thai dicni neu no khong dugc dat trong khung canh ciia mot sir tinh.Xet hai vi du sau day: Vi du:

(32) Nam 2000 co ay lap gia dinh vdi mot thuang gia nguai nude ngoai

(Bieu thuc thai diem)

16

(33) No dimg hia to dam dong chir nam 2000 trong cud/i nhat hi- cua

minh (Khong co y nghTa cua bieu thu'c thai diem)

0 vi du (32), chiing ta thay nam 2000 dugc coi la mot bieu thirc thoi diem

khi no dugc dat trong khung canh cua su tinh doi hoi su xuat hien ciia \eu to

thai gian va tra lai cho cau hoi khi nao? bao gia? Va nhu vay y nghTa \-e thoi

diem se chi dugc bieu hien khi no dugc dat trong khung su tinh dien ra hanh

dgng va su kien Tuy nhien, o vi du (33) nam 2000 lai khong phai la mot bieu

thii'c thai diem bai trong moi quan he sir tinh dugc nhae toi no khong ham nghTa

thai gian, khong co tinh chat la thai diem ciia sir kien xay ra

Mot vi du nua cho chiing ta nhan biet yeu to thai gian cua bieu thirc thoi

diem hay thai doan xay ra trong su tinh Vi du:

(34) Bao giir anh di Hai Phong?

(35y) Chii nhat tdi\ toi di Hdi Phong

Xet vi du tren chiing ta se thay su tinh dien ra dugc bat diiu bai ciiu hoi co

dai tir phiem chi chi thai gian ''bao gid?'' va cau tra lai dugc an dinli trong mpl

thai diem la chu nhat tai Trong truong hgp nay sir tinh dugc dat trong boi canh

nguai hoi chi muon biet thai diem ma nhan vat "a;?/;" di Sai Gon la "luc ndo'':^"?

Va vi vay nen cau hoi se la ^'bao gid'^'' (Bieu thuc thai diem)

Khac vai thai diem bieu hien moc thai xay ra sir kien, bieu thiTc thai

doan bieu hien khoang thai gian ma mot sir kien trai qua tren true thai gian

Cac bieu thuc thai doan thuang dugc bieu hien bang nhirng don vi tir vung

CO net nghTa thai gian nhu hai ngdy, ba dim, ba thang va tra lai cho cau hoi

bao nhieu Idul mdy ngdy? may gid?

Cau tnic ciia bieu thirc thai doan dugc cau tao la so tir + danh tir, so tir +

danh tir + chi dinh tir v.v Xet trong moi quan he vai thai diem, cac bieu thiic

thai doan co the bieu thi y nghTa thai doan ciia cac sir kien xay ra trong qua

khu, hien tai va tuomg lai:

* Thai doan cac su kien xay ra a hien tai Vi du:

A I i ^

TPijMG T^ '-< ' '-y " I ' - ' ^^^'-' ^'^^

17 v-u^/6^-^

(36) Murri n^dy hdnh qudn lien tuc bdmy xe 6 to mot ngdy virat qua hai

ba hinh tram

(Tac pham mai, so 2/1999, tr 6)

(37) i\4dt tudn nay han da bo cong nghien ciru cdi can ho khong bao gid khoa cua ndy

(Tac pham mai, s6 10/1998, tr 46)

- Thai doan cac su kien xay ra trong qua kliir Vi du:

(38) Va chong tao chi Idm cdi nha com ndy md trd na mdy chuc nam chua het

(Tac phiim mai s6 1 1/1999, tr 33)

(39) Da ba nam thai gian troi di sao md nhanh thi!

(40) No da tot nghiep dai hoc dupe ba nam roi

Vi du tren cho thay y nghTa cua thai doan dupe bitSu hien o thoi qua khir

do CO sir danh dau ciia phu tir "roi", "da" Chimg ta cung co the nhan dien bieu thirc thai doan trong sir doi lap ve thoi khi chimg ta can cir \'iio sir xuat hicn cua

mot so phu tir nhu: da (da ba nani), ro/ (ba nam roi) Chiing ta xet mot \ i du nCra

CO su xuat hien cua "da" trong bieu thiic thai doan co y nghTa qua khir Vi du:

(41) Chdu dm Het giirdng da hai nam roi

* Thai doan cac sir kien xay ra a tiromg lai Vi du:

(42) Bao Idu nua anh di Hdi Phong?

(43) Khodng hai tudn nua toi se di

Chimg ta lai xet \'i du (42, 43) trong boi canh noi dung ciia sir tinh da cho

san nhung liic nay nguai hoi chi muon quan tam den Idioang thai gian ^'bao Idii?'' ma su kien se dien ra, do vay cau hoi se la "6ao lau nual"^^ chir khong phai ''bao gid?'\ Va ciiu tra lai liic nay se bieu hien a y nghTa thai doan tuong lai khi phu tir theo sau no ham nghTa t u a n g lai (hai tuan nua)

(44) Mot tuan nua Id den n<:dy cuai Nga han hd cudi luon mieng

(Truyen ngan hay, 2000, tr 146)

(45) Cdn mdy ticn_2 ddno hd nua Id con tron ba muai

(Tac pham moi, s6 2/1999, tr 19)

8-(46) Sap hai nam troi qua, toi van chua cd dip ndo ve tham que ngoai

Hai vi du tren la su bieu hien ciia bieu thirc thai doan tiro'ng lai dugc

danh dau bang cac phu tir ham net nghTa tuong lai nhu: ''''nuzf\ '\sdp'\

2.3.2 Tieu chi ve hinh thirc

Xet ve mat hinh thu'c, cac bieu thuc thai gian dugc bieu dien dirdi nhieu hinh thii'c da dang: Bieu thuc do co the la tii' (la danh tii", dai tir), la ngir (danh ngu, gioi ngu") hoac lien hgp, menh de

- Bieu thuc thai gian la dai tii": dai tir xac chi chi thai gian co y nghTa thai diem Vi du:

(47) Bdy gid' cung Id buoi chieu ciia mot ngdy dm udt giua juiia thu

(Dan theo ngir phap Viet Nam, tr 1 1 5)

(48) U nglu cho den bay gijy cluuig hieu sao lai nhu the

(Dan theo ngu phap Viet Nam, tr I 1 5)) (49) Bdy gid Id ddu nuia dong

(Dan theo ngu phap Viet Nam tr 116)

(50) Tir bdy toi khong gap lai anh

(Dan theo Ngir phap Viet Nam, tr 115)

Nhu'ng til" nhu: bdy gid, bdy gid, bdy nay ndy, gid chinh la nhirng dai tir xac chi chi thai gian xay ra sir kien va hanh dong tren tren true thai gian

- Bieu thuc thai gian la danh tir Vi du:

(5 1) Gid lai nghe no noi se ra Hd noi hoc may a nha nguai quen

(Truyen ngan hay, tr 223)

(52) Hom nay, em khong cd gid day tren lap d?

(Truyen ngan chgn Igc, tr 127)

(53) No den Sdi Gdn hom qua vd dien cho toi ngay

(Tac pham mai, so 10/1998, tr 25)

(54) Dem_ toi vd Phan md mom den nhd Ido Bdo xin thuoc

(Tac ph5m mai so 9/1999, tr 6)

19-(55) Chieu, toi dap xe sang ca quan tim Lan thi khong thdy no a do nira

(Truyen ngan chgn Ipc, tr 19)

- Bieu thiic thai iiian la danh n^u':

+ Danh ngir la bieu thiic thai diem Vi du:

(56) Chieu hom ay Sinh ra hai muon nen khong vdo hdng bd do Canh nua

(Tru\en ngan tuyen chpn tr 128)

(57) Nam n^odi ddy, ong dy con bat hd dm mot trgn thdp tu nhdt sinh (58) Hai nam trdi tinh yeu cua anh cluuig keo phong cdm gidng truac mat

cd gdi xinh dep gidi lua

(Truyen ngan chpn Ipc, tr 220) + Danh ngu- trong bieu thiic thai doan Vi du:

(59) Nam nam sau Hdng ve nude mang theo dira con trai hu bam - ket qua cua tinh yeu vdi ffodng

(TruN'cn ngan hay, tr 1 12)

(60) rV/v Id mdy ngd^- sau qua ban be toi tim den nhd ong ta

(Tac pham moi, so 1 1/1998 U' 33)

- Bieu thirc thcTi gian la gioi ngu Vi du:

+ Gioi ngu trong bieu thirc thai diem

(61) Trong muai nam tid'i nam ndo ho cung gap nhau vdo ngdy thang dy, ben ehdn song dy

(Truyen ngan chpn Ipc, tr 330)

(62) Trong tdm thdng ddu nam, tinh hinh sdn xuat cong nghiep thuang mai vd dich vu ngodi quoc doanh tren dia ban quan Hai Bd Trung vdn tang truong khd

(Ha Noi mai, so 12421, tr 3) + Giai ngu" trong bieu thiic thai doan Vi du:

(63) AV; khong den day tir ba tlu'uu^ nav

(7\ac pham mai so 4/1 999, tr 26j

(64) Trong hai nam toi se cd gang hoc gioi tieng Anh

- Bieu thuc thai gian lien hgp Vi du:

(65) Ngdy 2 thdm^ 9 nam 1945 nude Viet Nam ddn chii cong hod ra dr/i

(66) Ns.dy ndy nam truac, toi vd Hien di bien Sam San

(Truyen ngan hay, tr 214)

(67) Ouanh nam suot thdng no phaiphoi mat ngodi dong

(68) N^dy qua, thdn^ lai thai gian cir the troi di, Lan gid day da Id mot cd gido cdp hai trudng Idng

- Bieu thii'c thai gian la menh de

+ Menh de trong bieu thu'c tho'i diem Vi du:

(69) Mat trdi len khoi ngon tre md no vdn ngu chua day

(70) Mat trdi khudt sau ddy niii thi cung Id liic La dat trdu ve

+ Menh de trong bieu thuc thai doan Vi du:

(71) Hai muai nam chrx doi nhd cd bdc Thdnh nen Lan tim duac cha

(Tac pham moi so 4/1999, 17)

2.3.3 Tieu chi ve chirc nang

Cac bic:u thiic thai gian khi dugc xet trong cau, chiing co the giu nhung chii'c nang khac nhau:

"^ Chirc nang Idm trang ngu

Co the noi rang trong hiiu het nhirng tu lieu ma chimg toi khao siil \ a ihu thap dupe thi chiem so lugng Ion la nhung bieu thirc thai gian giCr chirc nang lam trang ngu trong cau Vi tri trang ngii" c6 the a dau cau, cuoi cau hoac giira cau Vi du:

+ Bieu thuc thai diem la trang ngii Vi du:

(72) Nua dem, no thirc day tim me doi an

(Tac pham mai, so 3/1999, tr 6)

(73) Ngity trirdc toi vd no cimg lam a buu dien Tinh

(TruN'en ngan hay, tr 34)

(74) Tudn sau chdu fihi/ mang nhung mdu do dep den de bdc chon

(Truyen ngan chpn Ipc, tr 184) + Bieu thuc thai doan la trang ngir Vi du:

(75) Mot tudn a Sdi Gdn Lan cdm thdy budn vd nhd nguai yeu da diet

(Tru\'en ngan hay, tr 123)

(76) Bdc dy da mat gdn ha nam nav

* Chirc nang Idm hd ngu

Bo ngu la thanh phan phu bang thuc tii' di kem \'i tii" (dong tu hoac tinh tir) de chi cai doi the chiu tac dung true tiep hay gian tiep cua dac trung neu o' \"i tir, hoac chi cac chu the gan lien dac trung neu a vi tir va diimg sau vi tir, hoac chi cac dac trung phu them vao dac trung neu a vi tir [5, NPTV tap 2, 183]

+ Bo ngir chi thai diem Vi du:

(77) Anh cha den hai ^iiy chieu nhe

(Tac pham moi, so 10/1998, tr 20)

(78y) Anh an sdng chua?

(Truyen ngan chpn Ipc, tr 324)

(79) Bcri vdy y nglu ngay dim ngdy hom sau _v se vi Vil Dai

(Nam Cao tiiN'cn tiip, tr 447) + Bo ngu' chi thiri doan Vi du:

(80) Phai di bd mdt ba tiin,^ dong hd mdi tdi nai

(Tac phfim moi, so 4/1999, tr 12)

(81) Chimg tdi chi Idm tron<: hai ticn_^ Id xong hit

(Chi(}u mua Dii Lat, tr 670)

* Chirc ndno- Idm chu n<7ir

+ Bieu thirc thai diem la chu ngir Vi du:

(82) L/dm nay Id chu nhdt

+ Bieu thii'C thai doan la chu ngir Vi du:

(83) Tir bay din nay la chuoi thai gian tdi phai cluang ddu vdi kho khan

(Tac phdm moi, s6 3/1998, tr 15)

* * *

Tren day chiing toi da trinh bay mot so khai niem va cac van de co lien

quan d£n v5n Ac thoi gian noi chung vii hai bieu thuc thai diem va thai doan

tronc tientz Viet noi riene Dira \'ao co so ly thu>et \'a mot so diic diem neu tren, chiino toi se di sau nghien cuu dac diem ngir nghTa, hinh thirc bieu hien chirc

vu cii phap ciia hai bieu thirc thai diem va thai doan a hai chuong tiep theo (11 & III)

_ ^1

-Chuong II DAC DIEM CUA CAC BIEL THlTC THOI GIAN

CO Y NGHIA THOI DIEM

1 Khai quat ve y nghTa thoi diem trong ngon ngu

/ / Cac quan niem khac nhau ve tinh thoi diem

Tinh thcri diem trong ngon ngu' da dupe de cap den nhieu trong cac cong trinh nghien cuu ve sir bieu hien y nghTa thai gian trong ngon ngir noi chung \-a trong tieng Viet noi rieng Khi ban ve tinh thoi diem trong moi quan he \'ai hien

tai CO quan dicni cho rang hien tai khong co tinh keo diii, ma thuc chiit chi la mot

diem Bo'i neu keo diii, no se bi phan chia nga\ thanh qua khir \ a tuo'ng kii Dii\' chinh hi quan dieni kho'i nguon cua Aiigustinus [dan theo 20, 29] {)ii\' ciing dupe coi ki mot quan diem cua mot hien tai tii\ct doi, quan diem cua \at ly hoc

\'a la CO' SO' de giai thich y nghia thai gian trong ngon ngCr

Ivhac voi quan diem tren, Admoni cho rang: '^Da so ciic himh dong khong

CO tinh thcTi diem, khong dien ra trong chop mat ma dien ra trong mot khoang thai dai hay ngan, va neu nhu thai diem cua hien tai roi vao trong khoang thai gian nao thi toan bp khoang thai gian do dupe coi la hien tai'' [Dan theo 20, 186]

Con iheo quan diem cua Saf thi thai diem dupe nhin nhan cu the ho'n: thai diem trong ngon ngu thirang la sir khai dau ha\' su ket thiic ciia mot thai doan va thai dieni ly tuang la thai doan co sir khai dau \ a ket thiic triing nhau [Dan theo

2 0 , 2 9 - 3 0 ]

Tren diiy lii mot \'ai quan diem \'e tinh thoi diem trong ngon ngir hpc Van

de tinh thc>i diem cung duoc nhieu nha Viet ngu hpc chii y Theo Dao Than thi tinh tho'i diem chinh la ^'nhung noi dung bieu hien cu the ve khai niem chung \-e thai gian da dugc nhan thiic" [8, 40] Theo ong thi thai diem co the co nhung net nshTa cu the ve moc thai eian trong moi quan he \ e \-ai hien thuc Thai diem do

CO tinh chat tuyet doi hay tuong doi, thai diem-do la truoc hay sau som ha\ muon Nhin thai diem va thai doan trong moi tuang quan voi nhau ong nhan xet rang: thai diem cung chinh la thai doan dupe rut lai den muc ng§n nhat khi khoang each ciia hai diem tien tai so kliong

Ban ve tinh thoi diem trong ngon ngu, Du Xgpc Ngan trong nipt nghien

cuu gan day cho rang: "thai diem la nhat thai \-a dupe tach ra tir cac di^m bat ky

trong thai d o a n ' \ Tac gia cung nhan manh them rang: "mpi vat trong tu nhien deu van dong co qua trinh Sir phat trien, dieu kien ton tai ciia \'at chdt lii kCn qua cua mot qua trinh van dong co chieu huong trong mot khoang thai gian \-a khong gian nhat dinh" [6, 28]

Cac tac gia cuon Tii- dien Tieng Viet [1994] cung dinh nghTa ve thai diem

nhu sau: ''Thdi diim Id khoa/ig thdi gian rdt ngan, coi Id mot diim trin dirdng thdng cu thi hoa thdi gian^^ [35, 761]

Trong Khao luan vi iigu phap Viit Nam [33, 238], lYuo'ng Van C^hinh,

Nguyen Mien Le cuiig dua I'a mot dinh nghTa tiro'ng tu ve tinh tluii diem, dinh

nghTa do dirge phat bieu nhu sau: ''Thdi diim Id mot khoang thdi gian ddi hay ngan Idy Idm mot diim ddnh ddu chuoi thdi gian vd han\

Tir cac y kien tren da}', co the thay rang phan lan cac tac gia nhan dien

thai diem trong su phan biet \'ai thai doan Tuy nhien, do la khai niem thai diem

hieu theo nghTa triet hpc hay tri nhan Trong ngon ngu* hpc khai niem thai diem thuang dup'c hieu nhu la chu canh thcri gian ma mot sir tinh (hanh dong, qua trinh, trang thai) nay sinh, ton tai hoac ket thiic Chu canh thai gian nay dupe dinh \'i dua theo sir phiin cat cac do'n vi thai gian tren true thai gian tuyen tinh tir qua khii den hien tai \'a tuo'ng lai \'6i diem moc la thai diem phat ngon Vi du:

(84) Anh ciy din ddy hom qua

(85) Hom nay, anh dy di tham thdnh pho

(86) N^dv mai anh dy di Hai Phong

Trong ba vi du neu tren thi y nghTa tho'i diem dupe bieu hien bang ba bieu

thuc thai gian doi lap vai nhau ve thai Cau (84) co thai diem qua khu, cau (85)

2 4

-CO thai diem hien tai, cau (86) co thai diem tuong lai Tii' nhumg \ i du tren co the nhan thay mot dieu rang: tinh thai diem dugc xac dinh dua \ a o nhirng hanh

dong va su kien tren true thai gian, chu canh \'a diem moc ma nguai noi dinh \ i

7.2 Khdii niem diem moc vd cac each dinh vi thai gian

L2.1 Khdi niem diem moc viec dinh vi cdc hdnh dong vd su kien trin true thdi gian

Theo Klein [dan theo 20, 35] thi mot hanh dong va sir kien dugc dinh \'i

ve mat thai gian phai dua tren nhu'ng yeu to sau day:

- Mot su hinh dung nhu nhau, hay it nhat la t u a n g doi giong nhau giira nguai noi va nguai nghe ve su tinh;

- Ciinu chunii diem moc dinh vi;

- Co cac quan he \hii hien cac thiri khoang hay cac moi quan he \ e thai

gian, nhu cac trang tir hay dau hieu ve thai ciia dgng tir;

- Cac qui tac hoi thoai nhiit dinh dirpc xiiy dung tren sir hieu biet \'c the

gioi khach quan ciia nguai noi va ngiroi nghe, sir hieu biet \'c sir kien \i\ diC'n

bien cua no''

Trong cac yeu to tren thi yeu to ''diim moc' dugc coi nhu la dieu kien can

thiet de dinh vi cac sir kien \ a hanh dong tren true thai gian Diem moc chinh la thai diem co chira phat ngon hay noi each khac la thai diem ma nguai noi dua vao de dinh vi thai 2;ian ciia mot su kien tren true thai sian Dua vao diem moc

chiing ta moi phan biet dupe cac thai diem cua sir tinh thanh qua khir, hien ten

vd tuang lai Vi du:

(87) Mdt hom chi cu Ban ham hd chgy sang nhd tdi (Thai diem qua khir)

(Truyen ngan - Nguyen Cong Hoan, tr 25 1)

(88) Gid, em muon ddnh nhung bdn ddn md anh yeu thich, y anh thi ndo? (Thai diem hien tai)

(Lom - Son Tiing, tr 146)

(89) Sdng mai con di liin khong d ddy ddu (Thiri diem tuo'ng lai)

(Tru)en ngan hay 2000, tr 69)

25

L2.2 Cdc cdeh dinh vi thdi gian

Co nhieu each dinh vi thai gian khac nhau trong cac ngon ngir Tu\'

nhien, thuang gap nhat la ba each dinh vi thai gian sau day qua do thoi diem

ciia cac su tinh dupe xac lap va mo ta

a Cdeh dinh vi true chi

Cach dinh vj true chi la each dinh vi thai gian lay thai diem phat ngon lam diem moc, dong thai dua vao moi quan he truoc sau giu'a khoang each thai gian xay ra mot su kien so vai thai diem phat ngon, nguai ta co the dinh \i dugc

su kien do tren true thcri gian Hinh thuc bieu hien ciia each dinh vi true chi \ e thai gian la sir dun^ cac dai tii' true chi hoac cac danh tir, danh neu' co v nehTa

thai gian xac dinh {bdy gid; hom qua hom nay thdng dy, ngdy do ) Vi du:

(90) Bdy gid' tdi mdi thdy rang noi ddy chinh Id manh dat to! cho nhirng ngirdi lam Id

(Truyen ngan chpn Ipc, tr 63)

(91) Luc ndy ddy tdi mdi cam nhan duac noi cd do'n trofig ngdi nhd rang thenh thang khong mdy bong ngirdi

(Tru}'en ngan hay ve tinh yeu, tr 34)

b Cdeh dinh vi theo lich

So voi Cc4c each dinh vj thai gian true chi lay thai diem phat ngon lam diim m6c thi each dinh vi theo lich lai dugc cac thanh vien ciia ciia mot cong d6ng van hoa th6ng nh5t chpn thai gian ciia mot sir kien trpng dai cua lich su lam diim m6c dl tinh thai gian va s5p xep nhu'ng hanh dong va su kien tren true thai gian

Cach dinh vi theo lich co uu diim ho'n so voi each dinh vi true chi a cho: nlu each dinh vi true chi la\' thai diem phat ngon lam diem moc thi diem inoc

do CO thi se luon bj thay dli Dieu nay se khien cho viec su dung each dinh vi nay trong van \'ilt se khong dem lai hieu qua, bai ngucri dpc se khong hieu dugc

26

thai gian xay ra su kien chinh xac la liic naọ Cach dinh \i theo lich se giup ngucri dpc xoa di dupe tinh trang mo ho dọ Hinh thuc bieu hien cua each dinh

vi theo lich nay la: danh tií thai gian (ngay, thang, nam) ^ so tií \'i du:

(92) Nodv 30 - 04 - 1975, Miin Nam hodn todn giai phong đt nirdc thu

ve mot mdị

(93) Ấ^av 19 thdng 8 nam nay cd nirdc lai timg birng k\'- niem figdy each mang thdng tdm thdnh cong

c Cdeh dinh vi thdi gian dac biet

Day lii each dinh vi lay thai gian xay ra mot sir kien hay mot hcinh dc)ng bat ky trong qua khii hoac trong tuóng lai ma ca nguai noi lan ngiroi nghe deu biet den lam diem mcK' Diem moc trong each dinh vi nay luon bieu hicn trong

\'an canh Hinh thirc bieu hicn cua no ki danh ngir cc) dinh to mieu tạ \'i du:

(94) ^'gdy đt nirdc ihdng nhdt, anh tra vi vdi nhirng thiroug lich cua chiin trcuih

(95) N_^^dy chimg tdi to chirc dam cudi cd dy moi iron 20 tuoị

Cach dinh vi nay dirp'C coi la dinh \i phai sinh \\ no qui chieu \'iio 2 ciicli dinh vi tren Do vay, nguai ta gpi 2 each dinh \\ true chi vii dinh \\ theo lich ki

each dinh vi 2,6c

Trong ba each dinh \i tren (dinh vi true chi, dinh vi theo lich va dinh vi

thoi <iian dac biet) thi each dinh vi theo lich la each dinh vi thai sian chinh xac

Con each dinh vi true chi (do thai diem phat ngon luon thay doi) va each dinh vi dac biet (do co diem moc la mot su kien hay mot hanh dong dupe lua chpn bat ky) dugc gpi la nhirng each dinh vi thoi gian tiromg doi [20, 37]

Nhirng phan tich tren dii>' cho thay cac ngon ngu co nhirng each dinh \\ thai gian khac nhaụ Tu\' nhien, izan vai moi sir kien \ix hanh dong cu thẹ ngucri

noi se lira chpn nhúng each dinh vi phii hgp \-6i su tinh vii chu canh phat ngon

27

2 Dac diem ngu" nghla cua cac bieu thuc thoi gian co y nghia thoi diem trong cau tieng Viet

2.7 Cdc hieu thuc thiri diem coy nghla doi lap ve thiri

Noi ve quan niem thai gian, chiing ta phan biet thai doan \'a thai diem, thai gian xac dinh va thai gian phong chii-ng Tuy nhien, thi chua du cung chua thoa man nhu cau ve sir dinh vi thai gian ciia con nguai Do \-ay, con ngiroi con chia thai gian ra lam thai qua khir, thoi hien tai va thoi tuong lai De thuc hien dugc each chia thai gian nhu tren con ngubi da phai can cir \'ao mot khoang thoi gian lay lam thiyi diem hien tai sau do dinh \i tiep thai diem qua khir \ a tluii diem tuong lai Noi tai thai diem qua khir tire la chimg ta dinh \i sir kien a mot

thoi diiim cu the xiiy ra trucVc thcji diem noi Neu bieu (Wen ca ba thoi hien tai,

qua khir vii tircrng lai tren mot true thi chimg ta se co mot true thiri gian cu the nhu sau:

Qua khir Hicn tai TuaiiL: lai

— \—— •

! lom qua Mom nay Ngi>' niai

Xet vi du:

{96)a Horn nay tdi di Hai Phong (Hien tai)

b Tdi di Hai Phong hom qua (Qua khu')

c Ngdy mai tdi di Hdi Phong (Tuong lai)

Dira \'ao thang, neu lay thang 8 lam thai diem hien tai {thdng ndy) thi thang 7 {thdng trirdc) tra nen la thai diem qua khir \-a thang 9 (thdng sau) tro di

lam thai diem tiro'ng lai Tuong tir doi voi nam: neu ta can cir \'ao nam \ a lay nam nay lam hien tai thi niim ngoai tro di ki thoi diem qua khir va sang nam tro

di la tuong lai N^u ISy liic lam thai diem thi kic nay la hicn tai, liic truoc tro di

la thcTi di(5m qua khir \'a liic sau tro di la thoi diem tirong lai [33, 339]

2.1 J Btiii ihu'L thoi diim cu \ nghla hien tai

Khi chimg ta muon dien ta mot himh dong ha\- mot sir kien nao do tren true tho'i gian ma khoang thai gian chiing ta nhae toi gan \'ai thoi diem noi tlii tinh thiri diem cua hien tai dugc xac lap Vi du:

(97) Luc ndy, tdi muon dur/c ciing anh dao birdc duai bdu trdi day dnh sao dim vd diroc nghe anh hat

(Truyen ngan hay, tr 1 52)

(98) Bdv ^id tdi vdn cdn giu hire thu cua chi Xiu

(Tac pham moi, so 10'1998, t r 4 5 )

(99) Toi goi dien cho Thuy hom naw

Qua nhirng vi du tren chimg ta thfu' rang tinh thai diem hien tai cua sir tinh dugc bieu hien nipl each hiC-n ngon Nguai ncii da dinh \'i moc thai gian cjua

nhirng danh lir, danh ngu mang net nghla cu the \'c thoi hicn tai nlur: hd\' gio\ liic ndy, v.v Xet ve mat can tao ngoai mot so dai tir tru'c chi chi thiri diC*m hicn tai {bdy gid, gid ), phan IcVn cac bieu thirc thcri diem hien tai la mot danh ngCr, \'i du: hom luiy figdy fid}', tlu'uig ndy lite niiy Nhung danh tir, danh ngfr thiri gian

niiy qui chieu nipt thcTi diem dirpc coi la hien tai dat trong chu canh dien ra sir kien, hanh dong Dac biet trong nhCrng bieu thirc thai diem hien tai, chimg ta

thiro'iig gap mot so nhCrng don \\ tir \'Lrng co nghTa thai gian (chi thcri diem nhiit

dinh) CO tan suiit sir dung kha lan NhCrng tir na\' nhan manh den hien tai cua thoi

diem, chang han cac tir hien ngay trong cac ket hgp nhu hien nay hiin bdy gid\ ngay liic fidy, Chimg ta xet \'i du sau:

(1 00) yVet:?v hom nav tdi se phai bat toy vdo cong viec

(101) yVe<r/v liic ncn\ em lin khoa thdy dang a do

(102) Hiin bdy old trdi dang nang con khong nin ra dirdng

(1 03) Hiin bdy <^id thi cdi gia difih cdfi lai cua ong chia Idm hai manh

(Tac phdm mdi, so 10'1998, tr 44)

(1 04) Hiin (^id chi dang a bi bai

(Truxen ngan ha\-, tr 59)

(105) Hien liic ndy tdi khong thi lam duoc

(Tac pham moi, so 9/1998 tr 54)

(1 06) Hiin nay, cong A' chung ta dang cdn tuyin thim nhan viin

(Trux'en ngan chpn Ipc tr 134) Trong nhu'ng vi du tren thi su ket hpp cua cac tir thai gian chi thc^i diem

voi cac danh tir c6 y nghTa thai gian nhu hay gid luc ndy hom naw co tac

dung nhan manh ho'n den tinh thoi diem hien tai mac dii nhCrng danh tir niu' khi chua ket hgp vai cac tii' thai gian cung dii bieu hien y nghTa thai diem hien tai ngay trong ban than y nghTa cua tir

Noi chung, tan xuat su dung ciia cac do'n \ i tir \'irng co tinh chiu mieu ta nghTa thiri diem hien tai nhu "hien" trong ciiu tieng Viet la rat Ion Truoc het x'cVi lir each la nhCrng \'cu lb cau tao tir, chimg xuat hien trong nhCrng ket hgp kieu

nhu: hiin giir hiifi tai hicn fiaw bieu hicn y nghTa thcri gian mil cu the ki tinh

thai diem o' hien lai

Cd mot diem caii km y ki nhCmg kieu ki^t hop nhu: lucn naw hiin luiv gid di kem vc'ri 'V///" {hiin nay fill, hay gid thi ] hiim y nhan manh UKic thoi 6\hw hien tai Tuy nhien, nhung ket hpp giCra hien fiay hicn hay giir \d\ ^'thi"

thuang dirge sir dung nhieu trong khau ngu' himg ngay, ma it xuiit hien trong \'an ban viet Vi dii:

{\07) a Chi difi nhd tdi luon nhi!

b Bdv gid a hiin bay '^^id thi khong duac roi tdi dang rdt bdn

(Tru\"en ngan hay 2003, tr 44)

(1 08) a Theo chi tdi sipliai 1dm gi trong hodn cafih niiy

b Hiin i^id thi tdi nglu chi nin im Idng

(Tru\'en ngan ha\' 2004 tr 63) Tronu cac \-i du (107) \ a (108) chimg ta tha\- b (b) neu chimg ta bo "thi"

di cau phat n^bn tren \'an co nghTa thai diem Tu\' nhien khi co them yeu to

"thi" sau pho tir hiim thi y nghTa thoi gian ducrc nhan manh, dat dugc tinh hieu

qua trong giao tiep

-:^>o

Ngoai viec dupe su dung de cau tao cac danh tii' chi thai gian nhu: hiin gid hiin nay, hiin tai hiin thcji thi hiin ciing dupe diing nhu mot tir' chi tlicTi

gian doe lap Vi du:

(109) a Hien vice dy dang xet (hien nay)

(Ngu' phap Viet Nam tr 379)

b Viec dy hiin dang xet (hien liic nay)

Tinh hien tai cua thai diem cung dupe xac lap boi pho tir thoi gian nhu:

ngay, trong cac bieu thii'c: ngay liic ndy, ngay luc dy ngay tire thi figa}- lap tire ngay tire khdc, Kh\ noi, ciic \'eu to khac co thi^* bi tinh luge chi con \ c u tc^

"ngay^' giCr vai tro nhu mot tir thai gian co nghTa thai diem hien tai Vi du:

( 1 1 0 ) a Khi ndo anh difi dur/c?

h Tdi din ngay (ngay bay gia) ( 1 1 1 ) Cua phong fuo\ canh sat dj? vdo ngay (nga)' tire thi)

Til) nhiC'u, vice luge bo nhCrng thanh tci phu sau ''figa\'" trong phiit ngon

chi CO the thirc hien dugc khi tinh thcTi diem cua himh dong xay ra mot cach tiic

thi Khi dimg dpc lap "nga\-" khong the xuiit hieMi o \ i tri mo dfiii cua phat ngon

Vi du:

{\\2) a I\hi ndo anh din'i

* b N^av tdi se din

(113)* Noay, cua phong fuo; cdnh sdt dp vdo *

Trona hai vi du (112)b va (113) chimg ta thay tinh thai diem hien tai khono diro'c b i l u hien boi tir ";?TOV'' do ngay bi luge bot cac thanh to phu sau no

Phat nuon tren trc7 nen mo nhat \'eu id thai gian thoi diem Tham chi trong vi

du (1 12)b va (113) nga\' cung khong bieu hien thoi gian trong phat ngon Do

do, chimg ta khong the dimg "figay^ hoiic {ngay tire thi, ngay lap tire, ngay bdy

<ud-) vai nohTa thai diem hien tai trircic nhCrnu sir kien \-a himh dong dupe de cap

ma chi co lh(5 dim^ ''ngay" sau \'i tu bieu thi nhCrng sir kien va hanh dong do Vi

du:

(114) a Tdi se din do ngav

b Tdi se den do ngav bdv oid

2.1.2 IJHU thirc thi/i diim cd y nglila qua khir

Cac bieu thuc thai gian chi thoi diem qua khu co mo hinh cau tao chung

la danh tii' thai gian + dinh tii' qua khii' (hom qua ngay truoc nam do thang \ira roi ) Duai day la mot so vi du ve cac bieu thiic nay:

- Horn + X (x = qua, trucre, do, roi, ay ) Vi du:

( 1 1 5 ) Hdfn qua trdi mua to nen durjiig hi ngdp

( 1 1 6 ) Hom dy minh nhin thdy cau di cluuig xe vdi mot ngudi ddfi ong Idn tuoi

- Bfra + X (x = trircTC rc)i q u a , do ) \ ' i du:

( 1 1 7) Bua trirdc nghe noi afih vdo fan I~)ong \ai tim vice

(118) Ihla roi vi qui vi quifi mang uiu bao hiim minh da hi canh sdt giao thofig phat tiiii

- Ngdy + X (x ^ do, ay, trircrc, qua, np ) Vi du:

(1 19) Ngciy trin re fighe noi anh tham gia du kich xd Safu Sgqn thi phai

- Tudn + X (x '= triroe qua rbi do, i\\\ no ) \ ' i du:

(1 20) 7)uin cilia bdo chi My dira tin vi chuyin thdm cua thu tirong Phan Van Khai

(121) Tudn trirdc Nam nluui dirov hoc bong cua Cong ty nirdc giai klidt

- Thdng + X (X = triro'c do, ii\', qua, ) \'i du:

(1 22) Thdfu^ tnrdc doanh thu cirdc phi diin thoai dat 98%

- Ndni + X (x ^ trucTc, do, ay, kia, ngoai,xua ) Vi du:

(1 23) Ndfu kia minh con Id sifih viin thuc tap cua trudng

(124) Nam cn\ ddt fiirdc mifih ngheo boi chiin tranh, cuoc sdng ciia ngirdi ddn cung Idm than co' cue

Qua mo ta cac bieu thuc thiri diem qua khu tren chimg toi nhan thay:

- Vt^ diic diem y nehia bieu hicn: bieu ihiic ihoi diem qua khir thucrng bi^u hien nhCruLi y nehia thiri gian da xa\' ra trirov thoi diem dugc coi la thoi hicn

tai Chanu han, tron^ cau "Horn qua tdi hi 6fu'\ thi diem moc ma nguai noi dinh

vi chinh ki thai hien tai la hom nav va sir kien bm xiiy ra truoc thai diem phat

1 0

ngon \'a ducjc xac dinh la hom qua - mot thai diem qua khu Nhu \i\\ \ ice xac

dinh mot thai diem xem no thupc thai nao (qua khu hien tai hay tiromg lai?) deu phai can cir vao diem moc (thai diem chira phat ngon) de dinh vi Lav diem moc

la hom na}' thi hom qua la qua khu \'a nga\' mai la tuang lai

Hau het cac don vi tii' vung chi co nghTa thoi gian dom thu;in mil it co sir phan biet ve thai Do vay, khi ta xem xet chiing trong su d6i lap \';^ thoi thi sir co

mat cua cac chi dinh tii' {nay, kia, do, day) \k cac phu tii- nhu {sau roi nua) se co

tac dung dinh vi su kien, himh dong ve cac mien thai gian tuo'ng ung Dcii \ o i

thai diem qua khii' thi su nhiin dien do dupe bieu hien qua cac dinh tir nhir: ay di) roi kia N h a cac dinh tir niiy chiing ta de dang nhan biet bieu thiic thai diem qua khu nhu: hom qua hdfu kia tudn tnrdc thdng trirdc, nam ngodi ndm kia bua no, bira irirdv hdi trirdc iririrc ddy, tnrdc kia ngdy xua, thiur tnrirc thi ky trirdc dao dy dao no thai xua thifi xa xua niim d\\

2.1.3 Biiu thirc thiri diifu cd y nglua a tirong lai

Noi den tinh thai dieni the hien a tuaniz lai la chumi ta hinh duim ra mot thai diem ma a tren do cac sir kien, hanh dong dupe dinh vi trong mien thoi gian tiro'ng lai Sir dinh \'i do co dupe la nhcr \'ao sir co mat cua mot so phu tir \'ii chi

dinh tir nhu: sau tdi mai kia trong cac bieu thiic thcri gian (\'i du: ngciy fuai figdy kia, bua mai, hom tdi tudn sau, thdng tdi ndm tdi, ndm sau )- Vi \'ay,

khi chiing ta muon nhan biet y nghTa thoi diem tuomg lai chiing ta phai can cir

\'ao sir CO niiit cua nhCrng do"n \'i tir vung da noi a tren de xac dinh dau lii bieu thirc thai diem hien tai, qua khir, tiro'ng lai? Theo do, bieu thirc thai diem tuong

lai CO the dugc nhan dien qua mc)l vai chi tir \ii dinh tir nhu: kia (mai kia) sau nua, tdi Vi dii:

- Hom + X (x = sau, tcri ) Vi du:

(125) Bdc Minh noi hom sau se din ddfi con

{126) Hom tdi la sifih nhdt chi Huyin

- Bua + X (x = sau, tai, mai ) Vi du:

(1 27) Bua sau xuong Pld \6i mdy nhd mua nhiiu ngd vdo nhi

(1 28) Bua tdi cd dip sang nhd finnh cdu ru cd dy ciing di cho vui

- Ngdy + X (x - mai, sau, kia, kia, toi ) \ ' i du:

(1 29) Bdc dy noi ngdy kia bdc dy di Hai Phrjug;

(1 30) Ngdy nay nude bgc n_'^dy sau cam vdng (Ca dao)

- Tudn + X (x =^ sau, toi, ) Vi du:

(131) Tudn sau lui minh duac nglu hoc di on thi

(132) Tudn tdi vi nhd nhd xifi me thim tiin hoc phi

- Thdng + X (x = sau, toi, ) Vi du:

(133) Thdng sau tao vdi anh Huynh to chirc cudi fudy nhd difi nhi

(1 34) Thdng tdi cd lich day trong nafu cau thu xip di hd mifih fihi

- Ndm + X (x = sau, tcri) Vi du:

(135) Tir khi cd nin kinh ti thi trudng thdm filidp thu nhdp hinh cpiati GDI^ nam sau fang ho'n ndfii tnrirc

2,2 Tinh xac dinh vd khong xac dinh cua cdc bieu tliire tluii gian

2.2.1 Tifih xdc dinh

N h u dii trinh ba\' o" chiro'ng 1 thai gian cua mot sir tinh co the duoc dinh

vi xac dinh hoac khcmg xac dinh (phong chii'ng) Mot sir kien dupe dinh \'i xiic

dinh \'k mat thai gian khi thai diem ciia sir kien gan \-cri mot diem moc cu the

tren true thai gian

Tinh xac dinh cua cac bieu thirc thai diem dupe danh dau bang nhung hinh thirc sau;

- Danh tir thiri gian + so tir Da\' chinh ki cau tnic dien hinh cua bieu thirc

thai diem xac dinh \'l du:

(^ 1 36) A'ec'n- IS than<: ''^ Tdng cong ti dau tir vd phdt triin fihd Ha \oi di xudt vdi thudno true thdnh iiy xin dirov ddu tir xay dung bdn du an

(Ha Ncii mai, so 12421 tr 1)