Some strategies to improve translation newspaper from english into vietnamese for the undergraduated students

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH & MODERN LANGUAGES****************** GRADUATION PAPER B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH STUDIES SOME STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE TRANSLATION NEWSPAPER FROM ENGLISH

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH & MODERN LANGUAGES

******************

GRADUATION PAPER

B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH STUDIES

SOME STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE TRANSLATION NEWSPAPER FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE

FOR THE UNDERGRADUATED STUDENTS

STUDENT : HOµNG THóY VINH DATE OF BIRTH : 04/10/1987

COURSE : K13K (2006 - 2010)SUPERVISOR : NGUYÔN THÞ KIM CHI

Hanoi - 2010 DECLARATION

Tittle : “Some strategies on translation newspaper from English into Vietnamese for the undergraduated students”

(Graduation paper submitted in Partial Fulfilment for B.A Degree in English)

I certify that no part of the above report has been copied or reproduced by me from any other person’s work without acknowledgement and that the report is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor.

I have received great assistance from many people in the preparation of this paper Without their assistance and support, this paper might not have been finished.

First of all, I would like hereby to extend my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Nguyễn Thị Kim Chi from who I have received enormous kindness and guidance.

Also, I an deeply indebted to all the teachers at the English Faculty and Modern language, Hanoi Open University for their interesting and useful lectures which have built in me a firm foundation with immense ideas for the fulfilment of this paper.

In particular, my special thanks to my dear friends for the time, energy they spend

on reading my paper and providing me with extremely detailed comments on parts and on the whole as well.

Last, but not least, I owe my deepest gratitude and thank all my family for their love, great encouragement and support to me to fulfill this paper.

Hanoi, March 2010

Hoàng Thúy Vinh

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Part A: Introduction

I Rationale

II Aim of the study

III Scope of the study

IV Method of the study

V Design of study

Part B: Development Chapter I: Overview of translation

1.1 Definitions of translation

1.2 Kinds of translation

1.2.1 Catford

1.2.2 Peter Newmark

1.2.3 Larson

1.3 Process of translation

1.4 Translation method

1.5 Skills and qualities required of translators

1.6 Summary

Chapter II: Overview of translation strategy on newspaper………

2.1 Definition……….

2.2 Kinds of translation strategies……….

Chapter III: Strategies

3.1 Some strategies on translation newspaper from English into Vietnamese for the undergraduated students

3.1.1 Newspaper headline………

3.1.2 Topic sentence

3.1.3 Idioms and fixed expression………

3.1.4 Grammar ……….

3.1.4.1 Voice………

3.2.4.2 Tense ………

3.1.5 Proper names………

3.1.6 Prefixes and Suffixes………

3.1.7 Relative clauses……….

3.1.8 Phrasal verbs……….

3.1.9 Abbraviations……….

3.2 Summary……….

Part C: Conclusion

Reference

Appendix

Translation is a procedure which leads from a written SL text to an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and text pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text (Wilss )

The practice of translation dates back some two thousand years and ever since hasexisted until present days It is generally believed that translation plays a key role in theuniversalization of human knowledge It helps improve international understanding,socio-cultural awareness, professional communicative activities, implementation oftechnologies, and so much more Many well-known translators have been paised fo theirgreat contribution to the mankind Translation is of undeniable significance to thedevelopment of the world culture and society

However, the practice of translation has long been criticized for being More thanoften, unsatisfactory or even incorrection Certainly, almost no translation is perfect even

when the general text is conveyed This is due to many linguistic and cultural differencesbetween this language and that Perfecting the practice of translation has been a greatdesire of generations of translators all over the world.

In Vietnam, there has been a growing concern about the quality of English –Vietnamese translations Some have been called by prestigious translators as “disaster ofthe translation art” Indeed, the practice of translation is not only a craft, but also a scienceand an art, which needs to be constantly improved with a view to bringing the Vietnamesemass culture to a new height Particularly, English is the language of billions ofdocuments available in all fields, academic or popular Therefore, it is hardky surprisingthat many scholars and lecturers teaching translation at universities have spared no effots

to work on the frequently seen types of mistakes in English – Vietnamese translation aswell as techniques translators may employ to avoid them They devote their life to findout and resolve common pitfalls that make a translation unnatural and sometimes evenincomprehensible That is also the attempt that I choose this topic; try my best toaccomplish this paper with the hope that it will give a translation overview especiallytranslation newspaper from English into Vietnamese for the undergraduated students tohelp them translating better

II. Aims of study

The study may mention the theoretical base in each of its parts, but it concentrateslarge on dealing with translation in practice The primary aim of this thesis is to give anoverview of translation and newspaper translation Apart from that, the study also aims atsome possible strategies to overcome problems when translating newspaper The targetedsubject of the paper is that all people who are interested in translation work can consider it

as useful reference helping improve their translation skills in newspaper

III Scope of study

Due to time limitation, my paper can not cover all aspects of translatingnewspaper Therefore, I only pay attention to give some strategies to deal with theproblems when translating newspaper

IV Method of study

This paper is carried out by the following steps:

Have the instructions from my supervisor and other teachers

Collecting materials from books, newspapers, and internet; reading all of themcarefully to draw features of news

Translating some English articles in newspaper in order to find difficulties andgive some strategies for translating newspaper

V Design of study

My graduation paper is divided into three main parts:

Part A: Introduction, including the Rationale, Aims, Scope, Method, and Design ofstudy

Part B: Development, there are two main chapter in this part

Chapter I: Overview of translation

Chapter II: Strategies

Pat C: Conclusion

 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language, the closed natureequivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and second interm of type.

(Nida & Taber 1974:12)

 Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language– SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language – TL)

(Catford 1995:20)

 Translation is a procedure which leads from a written SL text to an optimallyequivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and textpragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text

(Wilss 1982a: 112)

 Translation, as the process of conveying message across linguistic and culturalbarriers, is an eminently communicative activity, one whose use could well beconsidered in a wider range of teaching situation than my currently be the case

(Tudor, cited in Duff 1989: 5)

 Full translation is translation in which the entire text is submitted to the translationprocess; that is, every part of the source languge (SL) text is replaced by targetlanguage (TL) text material.

 Partial translation is translation in which some parts of the (SL) text are leftuntranslated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the (TL) text

 Total translation is translation in which all levels of SL text are replaced by TL textmaterial Strictly speaking, “total” translation is a misleading term, since, thoughtotal replacement by equivalents at all levels

 Restricted translation refer to the replacement of SL textual material by equivalent

TL textual material, at only one level; that is, translation performed only at thephonological or at the graphological, or at only one of two levels of grammar andlexis

 Phonological translation is the replacement of the SL phonology by the TLphonology

 Graphological translation is the replacement of the SL graphology by the TLgraphology Transliteration refers to a complex translating process in whichinvolves phonological translation with the addition of phonology – graphologycorrelation at both ends of the process; i.e, in SL and TL.

 Rank – bound translation is translation in which the selection of TL equivalents isdeliberately confined to one rank (or a few ranks) in the hierarchy of grammaticalunits

 Unbounded translation, in contrast, refers to normal total translation in whichequivalences shift freely up and down the rank scale

Newmark looks at kinds of translation from the point of view of the reader Hemakes distinctionbetween semantic and communicative translation In his opinion, alltranslation must be in some degree communicative and semantic, social and individual.

 In communicative translation, the only pat of the meaning of the original, which isrendered, is the part which corresponds to he TL reader’s understanding of theidentical message In this kind of translation isallowed to modify, correct andimprove the latest version of the copy of his translation without referebces to theoriginal

 Semantic translation, in contrast, refers to the translator’s respect to the context inwhich the text occurs and his loyalty to the author

If the semantic translator is asked whether his first duty to his author is notcommunicate the meaning of the text to the reader, his answer is perhaps yes and no.Certaintly, if the text is not modern, the translation has to be put into modern language,which in itselft moves it nearer to the reader Further, if the language contains symbolismand expressive elements which are likely to be completely inaccessible to the reader, then

it is the translator’s duty to make their comprehension possible Semantic translation isnot as rigid procedure; it is more objective than communicative translation, since the SLwords as well as the sentences are operative in the form of control To sum up, maindifferences between communicative and semantic translation are suggested by Newmark

Smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct,

more conventional, conforming to a

particular register of language, tending

to undertranslate

More complex, more awkward, moredetailed, more concentrated and pursuesthe thought – process rather than theintention of the transmitter

1.2.3 Larson

Larson (1984) divides translation into two main kinds: literal and idiomatic

 Literal translation is form – based; it is desirable to produce the linguistic features

of the source text However, literal translation sound like nonsense and has littlecommunicative value

 Idiomatic translation is meaning – based; it uses natural forms of receptorlanguage, both in the grammatical constructionn and in the choice of lexical items

A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation It sounds as if itwere written originally in the receptor language

However, translations are often mixtures of a literal transfer of the grammaticalunits along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text

1.3 Process of translation

According to Tank (1976) translation process includes:

 Task of an intellectural, heuristic nature that can not be formalized:comprehension, evaluation, appreciation, creation

 Task of routine nature, which can be formalized, and thus which can bemechanized: terminology research, application of simple grammatical rules

Peter Newmark wrote in 1988 about the three basic translation processes:

 The interpretation and analysis of the source text

 The translation procedure (choosing equivalents for words and sentences inthe TL).

 The reformulation of the text according to the writer’s intention, thereader’s expectation, the appropriate norms of the TL, etc

Translation process can be accomplished, for a given translation:

- Either in a simple operation only:

Source text Translantion revision Target text

- Or in two operations (frequently the case in the large translationservices)

Source text Translantion revision Target text

- Or even in exceptional cases (for example: legal text), in threeoperations:

Source text Translantion Linguistic revision

Revision Subject matter Target text

Pre - translation process to identify problems.

Basic of poetry “translation” for poet who does not understand SL

 Faithful translation

Features:

Words are translated in context but unpromising to TL

Transfer cultural words

Does not naturalize

Often read like a translation.

It is more flexible than faithful translation

Naturalizes a bit while faithful translation is uncompromising

Great focus on aesthetic features of source text

Close rendering of metaphor, collocations, technical terms, slang, colloquialism,unusual syntactic structures and collocations, peculiarly used words, neologism, badlywritten or inaccurate message

Freer than semantic translation

Gives priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated

Focus on factors such as readability and naturalness

Both content and the language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to thereader

Used for:

Informative texts

 Idiomatic translation

Features:

Reproduce the “message” of the original

Prefer colloquialism and idioms which do not exist in the original

Outcome: lively, “natural” translation

1.5 Skills and qualities required of translators

Language skills: reading and writing skills

Analytical skills:

 Identify the writer’s, argumentative, etc

 Identify the language level úed in the tẽt: standard, lang, religious, etc

 Problem - spotting and problem – solving

Cultural knowledge

Subject knowledge

Ethical behavior

Researching/ resourcing skills

Computer skills

1.6 Summary

In conclusion, translation is a complex process It requires not only language skillbut also background knowledge and sensitiveness In this chapter, I have representedsome information of translation as well as kinds of translation Processes, methods oftranslation and skills of translator are also deal with I hope that the reader would have aliterature review of translation’s significant role in our society

Chapter II: Overview of translation strategy on newspaper

II.1 Definition

There are many definition of translation strategy We have not an exact definition

of it Translation strategy can be defined as follow:

Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's potentially consciousplans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translationtask," and Seguinot (1989) believes that there are at least three global strategies employed

by the translators: (i) translating without interruption for as long as possible; (ii)correcting surface errors immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative orstylistic errors in the text to the revision stage

Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a potentiallyconscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment ofit." As it is stated in this definition, the notion of consciousness is significant indistinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translators In this regard,Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategiesfrom these processes that are not strategic."

Furthermore, Bell (1998:188) differentiates between global (those dealing withwhole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirms that thisdistinction results from various kinds of translation problems

Venuti (1998:240) indicates that translation strategies "involve the basic tasks ofchoosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it." Heemploys the concepts of domesticating and foreignizing to refer to translation strategies

Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a series of competencies, a set ofsteps or processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information."

He maintains that strategies are "heuristic and flexible in nature, and their adoptionimplies a decision influenced by amendments in the translator's objectives."

Taking into account the process and product of translation, Jaaskelainen (2005)divides strategies into two major categories: some strategies relate to what happens totexts, while other strategies relate to what happens in the process

Product-related strategies, as Jaaskelainen (2005:15) writes, involves the basictasks of choosing the SL text and developing a method to translate it However, shemaintains that process-related strategies "are a set of (loosely formulated) rules orprinciples which a translator uses to reach the goals determined by the translatingsituation" (p.16) Moreover, Jaaskelainen (2005:16) divides this into two types, namelyglobal strategies and local strategies: "global strategies refer to general principles andmodes of action and local strategies refer to specific activities in relation to the translator'sproblem-solving and decision-making."

In conclusion, translation strategies are defined differently in different dictionaries,books, and by different people

2.2 Kinds of translation strategies

2.2.1 Newspaper headline

Every time we pick up a newspaper, what come into our sight will be lots of newsheadlines A headline has become an indispensable part of newspaper The editor means

to attract the reader’s attention through headlines As a result, news paper headlines areusually specially designed to be short, concise, and informative to convey different kinds

of information We may be confused by the headlines like “Cater’s War on Waste”, “UFOSighted”, “Smugglers Get Jail and Fines”, “Weekly Mag for Stamp Lovers to BeLaunched”, ect Yet without some knowledge of news headline features, it is not easy for

us to read English newspaper This paper has summarized the study of newspaperdevelopment in recent years and presents the lexical features, structure features andrhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines in details Then those are somedefinitions of newspaper headline:

 A headline is text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of thearticle below it

(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/newspaper+headline)

 Newspaper headline - the heading or caption of a newspaper article

 Newspaper headline is the title or caption of a newspaper article, usually set inlarge type Or an important or sensational piece of news Often used in the plural

Or a line at the head of a page or passage giving information such as the title,author, and page number

(http://www.answers.com/topic/headline)

 Others definitions of newspaper headline is that: Newspaper headline is a heading

in a newspaper for any written material, sometimes for an illustration, to indicatesubject matter, set in larger type than that of the copy and containing one or morewords and lines and often several banks Or the largest such heading on the front

page, usually at the top Or the line at the top of a page, containing the title,pagination, etc

(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/headline)And the structure features of English newspaper headlines can be divided into twoaspects They are as follows:

 Omission

Omission is one of the major features of English newspaper headlines Generallyspeaking, omission can be classified 4 types

- Omission of articles

Eg: Italian Ex-mayor Murdered ( = A Italian Ex-mayor Was Murdered )

Tenth of British Mackerel Catch Ground into Feed

(= A Tenth of the British markerel Catch Ground into Feed )

- Omission of conjunction and pronoun

Eg: USA, Vietnam Resume Talks ( = USA and Vietnam Resume Talks )

Have Dollars, Will Sell ( = If You Have Dollars, Will Sell )

- Omission of “be ” and auxiliary verbs

Eg: Three Dead after Inhaling over Gas ( = Three Are Dead after Inhaling over

Gas )

Married Women to Get Care Allowance

( = Married Women Are to Get Care Allowance )

PNC’s world views praised ( = PNC’s world views were praised )

- Omission of verbs

Eg: Ballots, Not Bullets ( = Algerians Want Ballots, Not Bullets )

Pom peii Reported Seriously Damaged

( = Pom peii Reported to Have Benn Seriously Damage)

 Use Noun to Replace Adjective, Phrase, and Verb

Nouns are frequently used in newspaper Headlines to replace different words toform various structures So nouns are the most animated words in news headlines

Eg: Yugoslav pianist stirring music world

( “music world” = “musical world” )

Corruption Reports Against Police Rise

( “corruption reports” = “reports on corruption complaints ”)

Female axe murderer executed

( “female axe murdered” = “ a female murderer who killed with an axe ” ) Export growth to beat crisis

( “growth” is used to replace “grow” )

2.2.2 Topic sentence

A topic sentence is a sentence that captures the meaning of the entire paragraph orgroup of sentences It tells what the passage is mainly about

(http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/helptext/topic.html)The sentence, sometimes at the beginning of a paragraph, that states or suggests themain idea

(http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/topicsenterm.htm)The topic sentence is a sentence that sets out the main idea or topic of a paragraph

It is often the first sentence especially when arguing a point where it may well befollowed by further information, examples etc If the writing is exploring a point, itfrequently comes as the last sentence, drawing a conclusion from the argument

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/topic-sentence.html)

Topic sentence is the principal sentence, setting forth the main idea and comingusually at the beginning, in a paragraph or section of a discourse, esp of an expositorynature

(http://www.yourdictionary.com/topic-sentence)The main sentence in a paragraph, often the first sentence It briefly conveys theessential idea of the paragraph

(http://www.answers.com/topic/topic-sentence)

2.2.3 Idioms and fixed expression

There are many definitions of Idioms:

According to Oxford advance learner dictionary: Idiom is defined as “a group ofword whose meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words”

And according to Mc Carthy and O’Dell, 2004 in “English Idioms in Use”: “It is afixed expression which has a meaning that is not obvious from the individual words”

Or “Idiom is a phrase characteristic of a particular language, that cannot

necessarily be fully understood from the separate meanings of the individual words whichform it, but instead must be learned as a whole unit of meaning”

(http://www.answers.com/topic/idiom)Idiom is set expression of two or more words that means something other than theliteral meanings of its individual words

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom)

A fixed expression in English is a standard form of expression that has taken on amore specific meaning than the expression itself It is different from a proverb in that it isused as a part of a sentence, and is the standard way of expressing a concept or idea.

Passive voice is the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb

is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb; "'The ball was thrown

by the boy' uses the passive voice"; "The ball was thrown' is an abbreviated passive"

Tense is used to show the relation between the action or state described by theverb and the time, which is reflected in the form of the verb There are two basic tenses inEnglish; the present tense and the past tense The present is like the base form, althoughthe third person singular adds -s Regular verbs add -ed or -d to show the past tense, whileirregular verbs change in many different ways, or not at all in some cases

expression of these tenses cannot always be translated directly from one language toanother While verbs in all languages have typical forms by which they are identified andindexed in dictionaries, usually the most common present tense or an infinitive, their use

in methods for expressing tense varies among languages

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense) According to Oxford advance learner dictionary, Tense is any of the form of averb that may be used to show the time of the action or state expressed by the verb

3.1.5 Proper names

Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities(such as London, Jupiter or Johnny), as distinguished from common nouns which describe

a class of entities (such as city, planet or person)

Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limitingmodifier (such as any or some), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or thingwithout regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have The meaning ofproper noun capitalization is uniqueness within an implicit context, that is, it provides aname to an instance of a general type when the instance is unique within an implicitcontext

Proper noun is a noun that is not normally preceded by an article or other limitingmodifier, as any or some, and that is arbitrarily used to denote a particular person, place,

or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have, asLincoln, Beth, Pittsburgh Or a noun belonging to the class of words used as names forunique individuals, events, or places

Generally speaking, nouns are divided into common and proper names Proper names

refer to a specific referent, that is, these names serve to distinguish a particular individualfrom others, for instance, Peter, Mike, Alice Common names, on the other hand, refer to

a class of individuals such as man, woman, and boy It is noteworthy that distinctionbetween these types of nouns gets blurred in some cases Since it is outside the scope ofthis paper to present a full account of this issue, the present study tackles only personalnames, which fall into the proper noun category

There is no doubt that translating personal names should not be assumed to be aneasy issue inasmuch as it can turn out to be very troublesome in practice and needs verysensitive decision-making on the part of the translator within the translation process Agrowing body of research shows that different translation procedures are applied in theprocess of translating personal names

According to Wikipedia, the on-line encyclopedia, a proper noun is "a word that

serves the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about, but not of tellinganything about it."

Merriam Webster's Dictionary defines the proper noun as "a noun that designates a

particular being or thing, does not take a limiting modifier, and is usually capitalized inEnglish—called also proper name."

The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary says that a proper noun (or proper name) is "a

word that is the name of a person, a place, an institution, etc and is written with a capitalletter" (p.1016)

"A personal name is the proper name identifying individual person, and usuallycomprises a given name bestowed at birth or at a young age It is nearly universal for ahuman to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbedparents, or feral children growing up in isolation."

Based on Wikipedia, some humans give individual non-human animals and plants

names, usually of endearment For instance, the names of pets and sporting animals areoften the same as human names Nevertheless, this can be offensive and disrespectful tothe person of the same name in some cultures such as the Chinese and the Iraniancultures

The World Book Encyclopedia talks about personal name in this way:

"Practically everyone since the beginning of history has had a name ( ) Almost allnames have meanings Early people bestowed a name with a definite consciousness of itsmeaning ( ) But today, people give little thought to the meanings Most people have agiven name and family name Many also have a middle name, and some have anickname” (vol.14, p.5)

3.1.6 Prefixes and Suffixes

The prefix is a word element placed in front of the root, which changes the word'smeaning or makes a new word

A suffix is a word element placed after the root, which changes the word's meaning

as well as its function

(http://www.phonicsontheweb.com/prefixes-suffixes.php)

A prefix is a group of letters added before a word or base to alter its meaning andform a new word

In contrast, a suffix is a group of letters added after a word or base This pagecontains free worksheets, online activities and other educational resources to help withprefixes and suffixes.

(http://www.firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/other/prefixes/prefixes.htm)

Common Prefixes

Prefix Meaning Example

pre- before They will show a sneak preview of the movie.

un- not The cafeteria will be unavailable tomorrow morning.

dis- not Mark disagreed with John's philosophy.

re- again Are you going to renew your subscription?

mis- not He has mismanaged the company.

im- not With hard work and determination, nothing is impossible.

bi- two Henry recently received his first pair of bifocals.

de- not Many ecologists are concerned about the deforestation of our

world's rain forests

in- not indiscreet, invisible

il- not illegitimate, illicit, illegal, illegible

ir- not irregular, irrational, irredeemable

a-, an- not, without amoral, anesthetic, apolitical, asocial

ab- away from abduction, abstain, abnormal

ad- to, toward adjoin, adjacent (lying near to)

ambi- both ambidextrous, ambivalent

anti- against antipathy, antiwar, antisocial

auto- self autobiography, automobile, autocracy, automaton

Con- with, together connect, confide conspire

sub- under submarine, subject, subhuman subterranean

Common Suffixes

Suffixes Meaning Example

-able able These glass bottles are recyclable.

-ous full of Driving on the freeway can be dangerous.

-ness state of being At night, the earth is covered in darkness.

-ful full of The witness gave an honest and truthful testimony.

-ly or -y like James whistled happily on his way home from

school

-ment state of Mary sighed with contentment.

-cide kill(ing) patricide, infanticide, herbicide suicide

-ist one who believes in pacifist, terrorist, socialist, communist

-or one who takes part in doctor, actor

-ish a little, a bit Whitish, yellowish, redish

-ise -ize Verb Nationalise, industrialize, modernize

-s, -es, -ies Plural States, quizzes

-ed Past tense Worked, passed, relaxed

-ic, -ical Adjective making Comic, physical

-al Adjective making Legal, individual, national, technical

-ive Adjective making Expensive, creative, competitive

-ure, -ture Noun Pressure, temperature

-ance, -ence Noun Distance, difference, intelligence

-ible adjective Responsible,invisible

-ity Noun Personality, creativity, ability, community

-ent Adjective Different, equivalent, magnificent

-ant adjective Distant, pleasant

3.1.7 Relative clauses

A clause that modifies a noun in a sentence, or a noun phrase, is a relative clause

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/relative-clause.html)

A clause that generally modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a

relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why),

or a zero relative Also known as an adjective clause

(http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/relativeclterm.htm)

A relative clause is a clause which describes the referent of a head noun or

pronoun It often restricts the reference of the head noun or pronoun

is very different from 'give' The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also

go under the name particle

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/phrasal-verb.html)Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions, combining verbs and prepositions to makenew verbs whose meaning is often not obvious from the dictionary definitions of theindividual words They are widely used in both written and spoken English, and new onesare formed all the time as they are a flexible way of creating new terms

(http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/phrasal-verbs/)

A complex verb made up of a verb (usually one of action or movement) and anadverbial particle (of direction or location)

(http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phrasalverbterm.htm)

3.1.9 Abbraviations

Abbraviation is the act or product of shortening Or a shortened form of a word or

phrase used chiefly in writing to represent the complete form, such as Mass forMassachusetts or USMC for United States Marine Corps

(http://www.answers.com/topic/abbreviation)

Abbreviation is the act of shortening, or reducing Or the result of abbreviating; anabridgment Or the form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction andomission; a letter or letters, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part; as,Gen for Genesis; U.S.A for United States of America

(http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ab/abbreviation126015.html)

Chapter III: Strategies

3.1 Some strategies on translation newspaper from English into Vietnamese for the undergraduated students

Translation is the complex process so translators need some required skills: readingand writing skills, analytical skill, etc they also have a wide knowledge about culture,social, and related fields And when translate newspaper from English into Vietnamese,translator should notice its features as content and appearance to have the most suitabletranslated text This part, I would like to give some suggestions when translate newspaper

3.1.1 Newspaper headline

According to a statistic, on average 8 out of 10 people will read headline but only 2out of 10 will read the rest This is the secret to the power of the headline A headline isthe text at the top of an article shows readers the main content of the news as well asdraws the readers’s attention to the article Therefore, headlines in English newspaper hasits own feature such as: words chosen for headline are often short and concise, giving rise

to headline, tenses of English newspaper headline is not easy to define There are 3 mainways of using tenses in the English headline:

 The first one is verb of the headline is used with present simple tense to indicatesomething happening in the past (sometimes in present)

Eg: Indian PM ends his 2 - day visit to Vietnam (VNA)

 Thủ tướng Ấn Độ đã kết thúc chuyến thăm 2 ngày Việt Nam.

Earthquake strikes off eastern Japan (VNS)

 Động đất đã bất ngờ xảy ra ở miền Đông Nhật Bản.

Thaksin cancels plan to speak in Hong Kong

(The Global Edition on the News York Times)

 Cựu thủ tướng Thaksin đã hoãn kế hoạch phát biểu ở Hồng Kong.

Chinese Professors turn to business

 Các giáo sư Trung Quốc chuyển sang (con đường) kinh doanh.

 This second is using the past participle to show that something or someone hasbeen done

Eg: Bomb de-activated in Hai Ba Trung street.(VNS)

 Một quả bom trên đường Hai Bà Trưng đã được vô hiệu hóa.

Record ivory smuggling haul detected.(The Vietnam nation)

 Vụ buôn lậu ngà voi với số lượng lớn kỉ lục đã được tìm ra.

Three more investment projects licensed this year

 Thêm ba dự án đầu tư nữa được cấp giấp phép trong năm nay.

 The last is using the infinitive to express something is going to happen

Eg: Hanoi market to pick up mid-year.(VNS)

 Thị trường Hà Nội sẽ khởi sắc vào giữa năm.

Canada counter - terror force to help with Olympics

(The Saigon Times daily)

 Lực lượng chống khủng bố Canada sẽ tham gia bảo vệ Olympic.

Stock market to remain stable in 2009.(The Vietnam nation)

 Thị trường chứng khoán sẽ ổn định vào năm 2009.

Oil price to rise?

 Giá dầu sẽ tăng?

A typical characteristic of English headlines is that no use article: “a, an the” in theheadline We would say “Alleged bomber breaks out of jail” not say “An alleged bomberbreaks out of jail” or “Nine - year - old kidnapped in southern Philippines” in stead of “Anine - year - old kidnapped in southern Philippines”

What partly makes headline often short is the use of ellipsis as well as abbreviation

Eg: NATO to join EU effort in anti - piracy fleet.

(The Global Edition of The New York Times) NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

EU: European Union CEO meeting the place to be.(Vietnamese Investment Review) CEO: Chief Executive Officer

3.1.2 Topic sentence

One feature of English news is that it includes both headline and topic sentence.However, not all news has headline, some news does not have headline, it only has topicsentence

Topic sentence is the most important sentence It expresses the main idea and oftengoes straight to the issue The topic sentence is usually the first sentence of an article Itmay be a complex sentence, mixed sentence or simple sentence.

Eg: Iraq’s millitary ordered a nighttime vehicle ban in Anbar province after tribal

leaders there claimed election fraud

(The Wall Street, February 3rd 2009)

 Quân đội Irắc đã yêu cầu lệnh cấm xe vào ban đêm ở tỉnh Anbar sau khi các nhà lãnh đạo ở đây phát hiện có sự gian lận trong bầu cử.

Paris – An Olympique Marseille fan sentenced to jail in Spain after assaultingpolice officers during a Champion League match at Atletico Madrid was realeased on bail

on Tuesday, the French club said

(VNA, December 11th, 2008)

 Pari - Ban lãnh đạo đội tuyển Olympic Mác - Xây cho biết một fan hâm

mộ của đội tuyển này đã được thả tự do vào hôm thứ ba sau khi bị bắt giam tại Tây Ban Nha vì tội tấn công các nhân viên cảnh sát trong một trận đấu thuộc giải UEFA của đội tuyển tại Atletico Madrid.

The topic sentence often answers the 5 “WH” questions: Who, What, When,Where, and Why

Eg: Carriberra - Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of Australia said Friday that ha would

meet President Barack Obama in Washington in March to discuss the global financialcrisis, the war in Afghanistan and climate change

(The Global Edition of The New York Times, February 28th 2009)

In this example:

Who → Australia Prime Minister Kevin Rudd

What → meet President Barack Obama

When → March

Where → Washington

Why: discuss the global financial crisis, the war in Afghanistan and climate change

 Carriberra – Thủ tướng Ôx - trây - lia Kevin Rudd phát biểu hôm thứ sáu rằng ông sẽ có cuộc gặp mặt với tổng thống Mỹ Barack Obama tại Washington vào tháng

ba tới để thảo luận về vấn đề khủng hoảng tài chính toàn cầu, chiến tranh ở Afghanixtan

và biến đổi khí hậu.

However, the topic sentence often gives information about “who” and “what”

3.1.3 Idioms and fixed expression

Idioms is not originally an English word It is one of the many that have come intothe language from Greek “Idiom” means “one of a kind” and indicates that a phrase isbeing use with a special meaning that can be very difficult to the literal meaning

Idioms are often used by both journals and politicians as shorrt hand way ofexpressing opinion or conveying ready made evaluation

Eg: The Us auto industry cracking up They have already laid off five thousand

people

(www.onlineforenglish.com)Idiom “lay off”: to terminate workers due to financial difficulties or lack of jobs

Idiom: “crack up” means to lose control physically and mentally

This idiom used in the example to show that the US auto industry cannot controlthemselves

 Nền công nghiệp ô tô Mỹ đã bị phá sản, năm nghìn người đã bị mất việc.

Eg: In a speech on US – China relation to the Asia Society on February 13th in NewYork, the Secretary of State Hillary Clintonsaid: “When on a common boat, cross theriver peacefully together”

This state means the US and China have common problems and should work together

 Mỹ và Trung Quốc nên hợp tác cùng nhau để giải quyết những khó khăn chung.

Eg: President Bush had shot himself in the foot with his promise so the other party

used this against him in the 1992 election

(Daily Mail)Idioms “shoot oneself in the foot” means you do or say something stupid which causesproblems for you

 Tổng thống Bush đã tự hại mình với những lời cam kết trước đó là không bao giờ tăng thuế của ông, vì thế đảng đối lập đã dùng lời cam kết này để chống lại ông trong cuộc bầ cử năm 1992.

3.1.4 Grammar

English goes by very strict structures while the Vietnamese language is much moreflexible It is difficulties when translate an English written into other language becausetranslators have to deal with complex or long sentence, voices, tenses, etc

3.1.4.1 Voices

Differ from Vietnamese news, in English news passive voice is used with highfrequency because it gives more information in fewer words and makes the news moreattract However, Vietnamese translators have been taught to avoid the unnescessary use

of passive voice in the Vietnamese version of a translation task

Eg: “Five people, including two children, were injured after a bomb went off in the

market this afternoon”, chief district administrator Shanka Prasad Koirala said fromBirgunj town 80km South of Kath Mander, Nepal

(VNS, January 31st 2009)

 Thị trưởng thị trấn Birgunj, nằm cách Kath Mander 80km về phía Nam Nêpan, ông Shaka Prasad Koirala cho biết đã có 5 người trong đó có 2 trẻ em đã bị thương sau khi một quả bom phát nổ tại chợ chiều qua.

However, translators should depend on circumstances and the contexts to find outthe most appropriate translation.

Eg: Vietnam’s industrial production was estimated at 50.6 trillion VND ($3 billion)

last month, down 4.4% over the same period last year according to the Ministry ofPlanning and Investment

(The Vietnam nation, February 9th 2009)

 Theo bộ Kế hoạch và Đầu tư, tháng trước sản xuất công nghiệp của Việt Nam ước tính đạt 50,6 tỷ đồng (khoảng 3 triệu đô la Mỹ), giảm 4,4% so với cùng kỳ năm ngoái.

The reservoirs were estimated to lack about 2 billion cubic metres of watercompared to last year, resulting in an electricity deficit of 600 million kwh, the ERAforecast

(VNS April 21st 2010)

 Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường đã yêu cầu đẩy nhanh tiến độ hoàn thành song song các tiến trình hoạt động của các hồ chứa nước Hòa Bình, Sơn La, Thác Bà và Tuyên Quang và thiết lập hệ thống giám sát tự động để thu thập các thông số về tài nguyên nước.