Nguyên nhân phát triển đạo Tin lành trong đồng bào dân tộc H''Mông ở một số tỉnh miền núi phía Bắc nước ta hiện nay và biện pháp khắc phục mặt tiêu cực

Dang Nghiem Van , H 2000; "Su phat tren ciia dao Tin lanh d cac tgc ngudi ban dia Lam Dong hien nay: Van d6 va bien phap giai quyet" - Biii Trung Hung, Luan van thac sy khoa hgc Triet

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I TRl/dNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

NGUYEN KHAC DUG

NGUYEN NHAN PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG

DONG BAO DAN TOC H'MONG 6 M O T SO TINH MIEN

NUI PHIA BAG Nl/6C TA HIEN NAY VA BIEN PHAP

KHAC PHUC MAT TIEU ClTC CUA NO

Chuyen nganh : Chu nghla duy vat bien chung

va chu nghla duy vat lich sur

Ma so : 5.01.02

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC TRIET HOC

CAI K C C O U O C GiA HA NOi •

TRUHGTAMTHDHGT!N.T!!UV!C!i

Nguoi hudug din khoa hoc

.JGS.TS. Nguyin Hitu Vui

Y, ^Vj

HA NOI - 2001

CHtr VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN

Chinh tri quoc gia : CTQG

Chii nghia xa hoi : CNXH

Chii nghia tu ban : CNTB

Ha noi : HN Nha xuat ban : NXB

MUC LUC

Trang

Ma dau 1 Chuang 1

Su* phat trien dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan toe H'mong

a mot so tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta va nguyen nhan 6

cua no

1.1 Sir phat trien dao Tin ianh d Viet Nam va d mot so tinh

mien nui phia Bac nude ta 6

1.1.1 Su phat trien dao Tin lanh a Viet Nam 6

1.1.2 Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh a mot so tinh mien nui

phia Bdc nu6e ta o

1.1.3 Anh hucmg ciia dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan toe

H'mong a mot so tinh mi6n niii phia B^c nuoc ta 15

1.2 Nguyen nhan 21

1.2.1 Ddi song kinh te-xa hoi kho khan 21

1.2.2 Tif van de truyen dao va am muu Igi dung dao Tin lanh 25

eua eae the lire thij dich

1.2.3 Tix dac diem lieh su va van hoa cua dan toe H'mong 31

1.2.4 Su yen kem ciia he thong chinh tri lam cong lac ton giao 4\

Chuong 2 Nhfing bien phap khac phuc mat tieu circ ciia dao Tin lanh

trong dong bao dan toe H'mong d mot so tinh mien nui

phia Bac nirdc ta

47

2.1 Nliumg nguyen tac mang tinh phuong phap luan khi

gia! quyet van de ton giao 47

2.1.1 Giai quyet vKn de ton giao phai gdn lien v6i qua trinh cai

tao xa hoi cu, x^y dung xa hoi mdi AQ

2.1.2 Ton trong va bao dam quydn tii do tin nguong va khong

tin nguong cua nhan dan, dong thdi chong Igi dung ton giao r-j

2.1.3 Can phan biet mat chinh tri va tu tuong trong viec doi xir

v6i ton giao ^A

2.1.4 Co quan diem lich sir CLI the khi giai quyet van dt ton

gi^° 55

2.2 Mot so bien phap chii yeu 56

2.2.1 Phat trien kinh te" - xa hoi, nang cao ddi song vat chat ctia

dong bao H'mong _^

30

2.2.2 Nang cao trinh do dan tri va van hoa ciia dong bao

H'mong ^^ 2.2.3 Cling CO va tang cucmg he thong chinh tri co s6, quan

tarn den van de can bo lam cong tac ton giao «

Ket luan Danh muc tai lieu tham khao

76

M6DAU

1 Tinh cap thiet cua de tai

Ton giao la mot van de phiic tap, nhay cam va c6 lich su ton tai lau ddi Da

CO thdi ky ngucfi ta cho r^ng ton giao se chet di ciing v6i su phat trien ciia khoa hoc ky thuat, nhung thuc te lai khac Ben canh su phat trien manh me cua khoa hoc va cong nghe, trong vai thap ky gan day ton giao dang c6 xu hudng phat trien trd lai 6 mot so khu vuc Su phat trien trd lai ciia ton giao, mot mat khang dinh siic song tu than ciia no la su dap ung nhu c^u tinh than cua con ngu5i Mat khac,

su phat trien do da gay nen nhi^u bien doi tieu cue trong ddi song xa hoi cua chung ta

Ton giao va dan toe cung la nhan to thuong xuyen bi cac the luc chinh tri Igi diing trong nhi6u cuoc xung dot giua cac dan toe hien nay Di6u do cang lam tang them tinh phuc tap cua cac cugc xung dot, tac dong tieu cue den tien trinh hoabinh the gidi

O nu6c ta trong nhixng nam gan day, ciing v6i su doi m6i sau sdc tren moi linh vuc ciia dcri song xa hoi, dM song ton giao, tin nguong cung phat trien Co the nhan thay bieu hien cua no, trudc het la su gia tang boat dong ciia cac ton giao, ciia cac tin d6 cac ton giao va nhan dan noi chung, gia tang cua cac hinh thiic nghi 11 ton giao, tang cucmg tu tao, xay cat co so vat chat ton giao, tin nguong Nhung su thay d6i do trong doi song tinh than xa hoi la su phan anh nhu can tam linh, nhu c^u ton giao ciia quan chiing nhan dan can thiet dugc dap ling Tuy nhien, neu khong dugc huang din, quan ly thi no lai la nguyen nhan gay nen nhirng bat on trong d6i song xa hoi

Nhin chung boat dong ciia cac ton giao a nude ta hien nay diln ra theo

chieu hudng tuan thu phap luat, cac ton giao g^n bo v6i dan toe Tuy nhien, van

de ton giao cung thucfng xuyen bi cac the luc thu dich Igi dung de thuc hien am muu chong pha each mang nu6c ta, tijr do tao ra nhung vu viec phiic tap trong mot

so ton giao, trong do co dao Tin lanh

Dao tin lanh la mot ton giao 16n tren the gidi Mac dia mdi vao Viet Nam khoang 100 nam, nhung da phat trien manh tren mot dien rong trong ca nu6c Dac biet su phat tren khong binh thucmg cua ton giao nay d cac tinh mi6n niii phia Bdc nude ta trong thdi gian g^n day da va dang tao ra nhiJng hau qua tieu

cue tren nhi6u linh vuc ciia ddi song xa hoi dong bao cac dan toe a day, trong do

noi bat nhat la dan toe H'mong Tin lanh da thuc su len loi sau vao tan cac ban lang xa xoi heo lanh ciia dong bao cac dan toe thieu so Vi vay, nghien ciJu tinh

hinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe H'mong a khu vuc

nay, ban nua la tim ra nguyen nhan cua su phat trien va giai phap de giai quyet tinh hinh do, hofn bao gid het vSn la nhung van de thdi su, mang tinh cap thiet ca

ve ly lu£in va thuc tiln

Dua tren ca sd do, toi da manh dan lua chon van d6 tren day lam d6 tai luan van thac sy triet hoc ciia minh

2 Tinh hinh nghien ciili de tai

Trong thdi gian qua d nude ta da cd rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuxi \6 dao tin lanh, ke ca nhiing cong trinh nghien cixu ve nhiing van dt co ban ciia ton giao nay Cho den nay cd the neu ra mot sd di tai, bai viet chu yeu v6 dao Tin lanh va

dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta sau day:

Tac pham " Ve vai trd cua dao tin lanh" cua Max Weber; "Hoi thanh tin lanh mien nam" ciia Ixoraca-Richared Woff- Sai gdn 1959; "Cac he phai tin lanh d My" cua Bensons Y Lendis- New York 1986; "Dao tin lanh: Cac giao hoi va nhiJng bien the mdi nhat" va'Tin lanh Viet nam, trudc va sau 1975"- Mai Thanh Hai: Ton giao the gidi va Viet nam, NXB Cong an nhan dan, H.2000, tr 77,159;

"Dao tin lanh"- Ban ton giao ciia chinh phii: Mot sd ton giao d Viet nam (Tai lieu tham khao - Luu hanh noi bg), H, 1995, tr 101; "Dao tin lanh d Viet nam"- Tong cue chinh tri: Mot sd hieu biet ve ton giao ton giao d Viet nam, NXB Quan doi nhan dan, H 1993, tr 165; "Tim hieu nhung he qua cua viec truyen giao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa truyen thong va tin ngudng ton giao Viet nam"- Nguy6n Xuan

Hiing, T/C Nghien ciiu ton giao, Sd 1-2000, tr 45; "Budc dau tim hieu anh hudng ciia dao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa truydn thong d viing dong bao H'mong huyen B^c Ha"- Vi Hoang B^e, T/C Dan toe hoc, Sd 1-1997, tr 42; "Su phat trien cua dao tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe it ngudi d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia b^c nude ta hien nay" - De tai khoa hoc cap bg, chii nhiem TS Nguydn Diic Lir,

H 1999; "V6 tinh hinh phat trien dao tin lanh d midn niii phia Bdc Trudng Son

-Tay Nguyen" - D6 tai khoa hgc cap bg, chii nhiem GS Dang Nghiem Van , H

2000; "Su phat tren ciia dao Tin lanh d cac tgc ngudi ban dia Lam Dong hien

nay: Van d6 va bien phap giai quyet" - Biii Trung Hung, Luan van thac sy khoa

hgc Triet hgc, H 1998 ; "Thuc trang dao Tin lanh tai thanh phd Ho Chi Minh va nhixng van de dat ra cho cong tac an ninh" - Nguyin The Hanh, Luan van thac sy,

H 2000; "Hien tugng truyen dao trai phep "Vang Chii-Tin lanh" d viang dong bao H'mong phia Bdc nude ta" - Dang Van Hudng, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton

Nhin chung, nhiing cong trinh nghien ciJu tren day da neu len dugc nhiing noi dung ca ban ve dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam Han niia, cac ket qua nghien ciiu dd da d6 cap tuang ddi sau ve thuc trang phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh va nhiing van de lien quan den su phat trien ciia no trong dong bao dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta, nhu Ha Giang, San La, Lai Chau Dong thdi nhiing cong trinh nay cung da phan tich nguyen nhan va bien phap giai quyet

va'n di dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay Tuy nhien, viec tap trung nghien ciiu de tim

hieu nhiing nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va tren ca sd dd neu ra nhiing giai phap de' khdc phuc nhiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia nd trong dong bao

dan tgc H'mong d khu vuc nay thi con chua day dii va chua mang tinh he thdng,

do dd cAn tiep tuc dugc nghien ciiu

3 Muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien cuii cua luan van

* Muc dich

Tim hieu nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va nhiing bien phap chii yeu nh^m khac phuc anh hudng tieu cue cua nd trong viing dong bao dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta

* Nhiem vu

- Trinh bay khai quat v6 dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam va tinh hinh phat trien cua dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta; anh hudng ciia dao tin lanh den ddi sdng xa hoi ddng bao dan tgc H'mong d khu vuc nay

- Neu len nhiing nguyen nhan chinh ciia su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong vung dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta

- De xuat nhixng giai phap chu yeu de ban che nhiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia

dao Tin lanh trong viing dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh miin niii phia Bac nude ta

* Pham vi nghien ciiu

Di tai tap trung nghien ciiu nguyen nhan phat trien dao Tin lanh trong viing

dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta va nhixng bien phap chu yeu nham khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd

4 Ca sd ly luan va phuong phap nghien cihi

De tai dugc thuc hien chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap duy vat bien chiing

va duy vat lich six Ngoai ra con sir dung mot sd phuang phap cu the khac, nhu phuang phap khai quat hoa, triiu tugng hoa, phuang phap lich six-logic, phuang phap phan tich-tong hgp, phuang phap so sanh, dieu tra, khao sat

5 Dong gop mdi cua luan van

Trinh bay mot each cd he thdng nhixng nguyen nhan phat trien dao Tin lanh trong viing ddng bao dan tgc H'mong sd d mot sd tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta hien nay va bien phap chu yeu de khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd

6 Gia tri thuc ti^n ciia luan van

- Luan van cd the lam tai lieu tham khao trong nghien ciiu va giang day ly

luan khoa hgc vi tin nguong, ton giao

- La tai lieu tham khao cho can bg lam cong tac ton giao d ca sd

7 Ket cau cua luan van

Ngoai phan md dau, ket luan, phu luc va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van gdm 2 chuang 4 tiet

Chirang 1 Si; PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG DONG BAO DAN T O C

H'MONG 6 MOT SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA BAC NlTClC TA VA

NGUYEN NHAN CUA NO

1.1 Sir PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH 6 VIET NAM VA 6 MOT

SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA B A C NU^dC TA

1.1.1 Sir phat trien dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam

Dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao ra ddi d chau Au the ky XVI trong cugc cai each ton giao, gan lien vdi nhixng nhan vat tieu bieu la Martin Luther va Jean Calvin Hien nay dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao quoc te Idn thii ba tren the gidi(sau Cong giao va Hoi giao), cd mat d hau het cac khu vuc tren the gidi, trong dd tap trung chii yeu d cac nude cong nghiep phat trien

Ngay tii cudi the ky XIX, nhiing nha truydn giao cua to chiic Lien hiep Phuc

dm va Truyen giao (CMA) da chu y den Viet nam va khu vixc Dong Duong nham

muc dich phat trien dao

Nam 1911, CMA cix ba muc su: R.A.Jaffray, P.M.Husler, va G.L.Hughes tii Trung Quoc vao Da NSng bat dau truyen dao Ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dau tien

la dng Hoang Trgng Thiia, cong chiic va ong trd thanh muc su ngudi Viet nam dau tien nam 1922

Nam 1918, CMA lap nam chi hoi d Bac ky, 6 chi hoi d Trung ky va 5 chi

hoi d Nam ky, tap hgp trong mot to chiic mang ten " Hoi thanh Tin lanh Dong

phap" ( Mission Evangelique de L' Indochine francaise - MEI ) Nam 1927, Hoi

thanh Tin lanh Dong Phap hgp dai hoi ddng Ian thii IV tai Da Nang bau ra Ban tri

su Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh Tin lanh Viet nam do muc su Hoang Trgng Thiia lam hoi trudng

Sau dd, dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien ra khap cac viing trong ca nude ta: Nam 1932, CMA truyen giao Tin lanh len viing dan tgc thieu sd d Tay nguyen

Nam 1933 giao hoi Ca ddc phuc lam vao truy6n giao Den nam 1945 ca nude cd khoang 40 000 tin dd Nam 1954 cd 60 000 tin do, khoang 80 muc su, tru sd chung dat d sau chg Hang Da (ngay nay la sd 2 Ngo Tram), Ha Noi

Sau hiep dinh Geneve (1954), dao Tin lanh d hai mi6n cd six khac nhau O mi^n Bac sd dong tin dd va muc su chay vao Nam, ca quan Tong lien hoi cung chuyen vao Sai Gdn, chi con lai nam nghin tin dd va muai muc su, giang su Nam

1955, nhixng tin dd, giao sy edn lai d mi6n Bac da lap ra mot to chiic rieng la Hoi thanh Tin lanh Viet nam ( Mi6n Bac ), vdi dudng hudng vira boat dong ton giao, vira boat dong yeu nude cho den ngay nay

O miin Nam, nhixng nam 1954 - 1975, trong diiu kien cugc chien tranh xam

luge ciia My, dao Tin lanh phat trien manh me Tin lanh ra siic ciing cd, md rgng

he thdng to chiic ca sd ton giao, ca sd kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi md rgng pham

vi truyen dao ra nhieu dia ban, nhat la d Tay Nguyen Hoi lien hiep Phiic am va Truyen giao My dat ban mot ban tri su d Sai gdn de chuyen lo giiip Tin lanh Viet Nam ve kinh phi, phuang tien truyen thong, huan luyen dao tao giao sy, to chiic

di tham quan nghien ciiu d cac nude Vi mat to ehiic, Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh

Tin lanh Viet Nam chinh thiic md dai hoi tai Sai Gdn, nhanh chong hoan chinh to chiic ba cap: tong lien hoi, cac dia hat, cac chi hoi ca sd Cac ca sd dao tao giao

sy dugc ciing cd va md rgng Trudng kinh thanh Da NSng dugc chuyen vao Nha Trang, nang len thanh cap dai hgc vdi ten ggi mdi la " Thanh kinh than hgc vien";

md them hai trudng thanh kinh d Da lat va Buon Ma Thugt chuyen dao tao muc

su va giang su ngudi Thugng (Tay nguyen va Nam Trudng San)

Day cung la liic cac giao hoi Tin lanh khac nhau d My tich cue sang Viet Nam phat trien chi nhanh Cimg vdi cac he phai CMA, Ca ddc phuc lam, cdn cd ban hai muai giao hoi khac ciia Tin lanh, chii yeu la eua My vao truyen giao Dd

la cac he phai nhu Bap-tit, Trudng lao, Ngu tuan, Chiing nhan Gie-ho-va, no-nai, Quay-ca, Hoan cau Khai tugng (Worid Vision), Thanh kinh hoi, Vien

Men-ngon ngii miia he, Ca quan xa hoi Tin lanh chau A, Tin lanh Phap, Tin lanh Han Quoc

Den nam 1975, Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Nam phat trien thanh mot to chiic Idn nhat vdi khoang 250 nghin tin dd, 800 muc su va truyen dao, 7 dia hat vdi ban 400 chi hoi, 500 nha tbd

Sau nam 1975, ciing vdi six that bai cua My, nguy d mien nam, boat dong ciia dao Tin lanh giam siit ro ret, tham chi d nhieu nai Tin lanh dudng nhu chua tung ton tai

Nhung nhiing nam gan day dao Tin lanh lai dang phat trien trd lai, dac biet

la d Tay Nguyen, Trudng San, va cac tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta Theo ket qua tong dieu tra dan sd va nha d toan qudc(4-1999), hien nay nude ta cd 410134 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh

1,1.2 Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nirdc ta

Cho den nay ggi hien tugng ton giao dugc truyen vao ddng bao dan tgc thieu

sd d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta la dao Tin lanh hay dao Vang Chif van

cd nhieu y kien khac nhau

Theo chiing toi, khi mdi vao viing ddng bao H'mong thi ton giao nay dugc

ggi vdi ten Vang Chit vi nd gan bd mat thiet vdi tin ngudng truyln thdng ciia

ddng bao Nhung cang ve sau thi noi dung Tin lanh cang bieu bien ro ret, ve ddi

tugng ton thd, ve kinh thanh, nghi li cua dao Tin lanh Dieu dd cd nghia la, ve

ban chat "Vang Chii" chinh la Tin lanh Vi vay trong luan van nay chiing toi manh dan ggi ten la dao Tin lanh, diing nhu quan diem ciia Dang ta ve van de nay trong ke boach 184B(1999), thong bao 255/TW(1999), tong ket nghi quyet

24 sd OIBC/BCD ciia Bg Chinh tri

Ve su phan chia cac giai doan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bac nude ta hien nay van cdn cd nhiing quan diem

khac nhau Chiing toi nhat tri vdi quan diem chia qua trinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay lam ba giai doan chii yeu sau day:

Giai doan thic nhat, 1986'1987: Day la thdi ky bat dau qua trinh xam nhap

cua dao Vang Chii vao ddng bao H'mong

Nam 1987, dao Vang Chii bat dau xam nhap vao huyen Song Ma tinh San

La Qua trinh xam nhap dao Vang Chii d day bat dau tii boat dong ciia Thao Ba

Hu Nam 1986, gia dinh Hu cd con dm chiia mai khong khdi, sau khi nghe dai Manila( hay dai FEBC, phat tCr Philipin) va Idi tuyen truyen ciia nhiing ngudi di buon tir Yen Bai den, nen Hu da cung bai ngudi H'mong d day sang nha thd Tram Tau(Yen Bai) gap Siing Bla Gidng de hgc "Cach ciing mdi" Gidng da day

hg hat thanh ca, dgc kinh thanh bang chii H'mong La tinh, cac nghi le hanh dao

va cung cap mot sd tranh anh chiia Gie su Sau khi trd ve 15 ngay, Hu bd ban thd to tien, treo anh chiia va dgc kinh theo hudng dSn ciia nha thd Thang 5-1986,

Hu da van dong dugc trudng ban ddng y cho truyen dao trong dan ban va da cd 8/17 bg trong ban tin theo, cudi nam 1986 len den 16/17 hg, va bat dau Ian ra cac ban H'mong trong toan xa

Tii San La, dao Vang Cbii phat trien sang cac xa ciia huyen Dien Bien-Lai Chau O cac xa nay cd 183 hg theo Vang Chii Nhirng ke cam dau den truyen dao

la Hang Chii Va va Hang A Dy d xa Phi Nhir Chiing Igi dung trinh do dan tri tha'p, phong tuc tap quan lac hau, ddi sdng kinh te' khd khan ciia ddng bao de tuyen truyen liia bip, ep bugc nhan dan tin theo Vang Chii

Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d Ha Giang bat dau tii boat dong ciia mot

sd phan tix cam dau d dia phuang Chiing da tu tap mot bg phan quan chiing nhan dan nghe dai Manila phat bang tie'ng H'mong de kich dong ddng bao theo dao Ddng thdi, nhixng ten cam dau nhu Ma Seo Chao, Trang A Vang, Ma Seo Bay, Giang A Chiing da true tiep den nha thd xii Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Lao Cai va Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac de hgc hoi ve each thiic truyen dao

Qua trinh truyen dao d giai doan nay noi len mot sd dac diem nhu sau:

- Luc lugng truyen dao Igi dung six ban che ve nhan thiic, six me tin ciia ddng bao de truyen dao Hg bia dat ra nhung cau truyen hoang dudng, thong qua truyen mieng gay tam ly hoang mang, lo sg ciia ddng bao de tap hgp quan chiing phat trien tin dd Noi dung truyen dao d giai doan nay xung quanh ngudn tin: den nam 2000 trai dat se no tung, trdi se sap va mgi ngudi se chet Liic dd ne'u ai theo Vang Chii thi se dugc ciiu sdng vi cd canh bay dugc len trdi, cdn ai khong theo se

bi chet bet 6 tren trdi ngudi theo Vang Chii se dugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam ciing cd an va chet rdi se sdng lai Chiing cdn ndi: Khi nao vua sap ra, tai ca khong ai dugc ra khdi nha, phai chuan bi mang quSn ao dai trang de don vua Liic

dd trdi se toi 3 ngay 3 dem, sau dd xuat bien 7 con rdng phun nude xudng khu vuc huyen Sin Ho Dd la liic Vang Chii ddn ngudi H'mong len trdi Chiing tung tin hii doa, nam 2000 se cd nan hong thuy, ai theo dao se dugc chiia ciiu vdt Noi dung tuyen truyen nhu vay thuc six la hoang dudng, me tin, song do ddng bao H'mong vdn dan tri tha'p, nhieu phong tuc lac hau, nang dau dc me tin va ddi sdng cd nhieu khd khan nen hg da tin theo

- Viec truyen dao chu ye'u thong qua phuang thiic truyen mieng, viXa bi mat, viia cong khai; truyen dao thong qua dai FEBC

Nhiing ngudi truyen dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay viXa cong khai, lai viia bi mat, Chiing truyen dao bi mat cho ba con, giii kin ddi vdi can bg, nhat la can bg

xa, huyen Chiing truyen dao cong khai thudng vao ban dem, tir 9 gid den 1-2 gid sang

Thu doan truyen dao la, mot sd ngudi cam dau to chiic nghe chuang trinh phat thanh ciia dai FEBC rdi ghi am, sau dd di tdi cac ban md cho nhieu ngudi nghe, ket hop vdi truyen mieng, tung tin lira bip, de doa lam cho nhan dan nua tin nua ngd nen nhieu ngudi do sg ma theo

Giai doan thu: hai, 1988-1991: Dac diem chinh ciia giai doan nay la six phat

trien cua dao Tin lanh Ian rgng ra d hau bet cac tinh mien niii phia Bac, ddng

thdi xay ra tinh trang ddng bao khiing hoang niem tin va tim den nha thd Cong giao

Nam 1988, dao Vang Chii tiep tuc dugc truyen vao hai xa Ang Ta va Mudng Thin ciia huyen Tuan Giao-Lai Chau Tiep dd nam 1989, dao nay phat trien rat nhanh, cung mot liic vao ba huyen Sin Ho, Mudng Te va Phong Tho Chi trong vdng 3 tuan le ciia thang 10-1989, d huyen Sin Ho da cd 11 xa vdi 29 ban va 533

hg theo Vang Chii Den nam 1990, dao Vang Chii phat trien sang huyen Mudng Lay Chi sau vai nam truyen dao, den cudi nam 1990, toan tinh Lai Chau cd 1159

hg d 75 ban cua 32 xa thugc 6/7 huyen theo Vang Chii Den nam 1991-1992, dao Tin lanh d Lai Chau cd chieu hudng suy giam Den thdi diem nay chi cdn 3 huyen, 3 xa, 5 ban va 143 bg theo Vang Chii

Trong giai doan nay, d Lao Cai noi len six viec ciing ddn Vang Chii trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mong Dau tien bien tugng nay diln ra d ba huyen la Bao Yen, Bac Ha va Bao Thang, sau dd phat trien sang cac huyen Van Ban, Sa Pa, Bat Sat va Than Uyen Theo bao cao cua Ban Ton giao va Dan tgc tinh Lao Cai, de'n thang 6-1998 cd 14 034 ngudi H'mong va 165 ngudi Dao theo Tin lanh

Liic dau ngudi H'mong dugc nghe tuyen truyen Vang Chii qua dai FEBC, va sau dd dugc mot sd ngudi H'mong tii Ha Giang den tuyen truyen, trong sd dd cd Sung Seo Pao Pao da de'n chai nha anh re la Giang Seo Cau(Bao Yen-Lao Cai), tai day Pao da tuyen truyen ve Vang Chii va tap hgp dugc mot sd ddi tugng khac nhu Hoang Te'ch Giao, Lii Seo Gidng, Lii Seo Chau de tuyen truyen Vang Chii sang cac viing xung quanh Chi trong mot thdi gian ngan da cd gan 2000 hg, khoang 6000 ngudi H'mong dang ky theo Vang Chii [9] Tir nam 1991, do cd six hudng dan giiip dd ciia giao hoi Cong giao, cac ddi tugng di truyen dao da cong khai tuyen truyen, loi keo ngudi H'mong di theo "con dudng mdi"(thixc chat la Cong giao) Vi vay, nhixng ngudi H'mong trudc day theo Vang Chii nay chuyen sang theo dao Cong giao

11

Su phat trien cua ton giao trong ddng bao H'mong San La giai doan nay ngay mot gia tang va cd tinh chat dot bien Trong thon ban Ian truyen du luan "Vua H'mong sap ve, ngudi H'mong cd vua Vang Chii-cd Vuang chii, vua ve ngudi Hmong se cd dat d rieng " Luc nay dao Tin lanh phat trien nhanh la do boat dong tuyen truyen kich dong manh me cua luc lugng truyen dao thong qua dai FEBC va tuyen truyen mieng, ddng thdi do six tac dong cua nhung thien tai xay ra trong viing ddng bao Nhixng "thira tac vien" truyen dao tich cue phai ke de'n Thao Ba Hu, Hd A Phenh(huyen Song Ma); Hang A Dua, Vang A Va (Mudng La); Giang A Thao, Vang A Dau (Quynh Nhai) Tinh den cudi nam 1991, cd

167 hg vdi khoang gan 2000 ngudi H'mong theo dao d 12 xa, 5 huyen trong tinh [14.4]

Nhiing nam 1989-1990, boat dong truyen dao Tin lanh trai phep da xua't hien

d cac huyen Bac Quang, Xin Man, Bac Me(Ha Giang) De'n cudi nam 1991, dao Tin lanh da Ian rgng ra nhieu xa cua cac huyen Bac Quang, Hoang Su Phi, Xin Man

Cung nhu d mot sd tinh khac, dao Tin lanh xuat hien d Yen Bai vao cudi nam 1989, dau nhiing nam 1990 do six du nhap dao tii tinh Lao Cai Six du nhap

dd gan lien vdi qua trinh di dich cu dan ciia ngudi H'mong theo dao Tin lanh d huyen Bao Yen-Lao Cai den xa Lang Thip va Chau Que' Thugng thugc huyen Van Yen-Yen Bai Khi mdi den Van Yen hg khai bao la theo dao Cong giao, nhixng de'n nam 1992 hg lam don xin theo dao Tin lanh va cix dai dien xudng Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac xin kinh sach, bang ghi am va hgc dao

Dac diem chii ye'u ciia giai doan nay la :

- Viec truyen dao Vang Chii gan vdi cac hien tugng thien tai xay ra vao thdi diem nay, ciing vdi truyen thdng "Vua ra", "ddn vua" ciia ngudi H'mong Nam

1990, d thi xa Lai Chau va huyen Mudng Lay da xay ra mot tran lii dng; nam

1991, tai thi xa Son La, huyen Mai San, Mudng La, Song Ma (San La) da xay ra tran lu quet lich six, da de lai hau qua he't siic nghiem trgng Lgi dung nhixng thien

tai nay luc lugng truyen dao Vang Chii tuyen truyen : ne'u ai khong tin theo dao nay se bi nude cudn troi, bi ho an thit nhu mgi ngudi da tung chiing kien

"Xung vua", "vua ra" la hien tugng vira mang tinh the tuc, lai vira mang tinh ton giao dien ra trong xa hoi truyen thdng ciia ngudi H'mong Viec truyen dao Vang Chii d giai doan nay gidng nhu cac vu Xung vua, ddn vua d vung cao trudc day bdi tinh cha't me tin, lac hau cua nd, song cd diem khac nhau la hien tugng

me tin da bat dau dugc gan vdi ton giao

- Hoat dong truyen dao Vang Chii tir chd len liit, vira bi mat, viia cong khai, gan vdi me tin thi nay chuyen sang cong khai vie't dan, di gap cac cap chinh quyen xin theo dao Thien chiia va dao Tin lanh Six chuyen hudng nay cd lien quan den viec da cd nhieu ngudi chuan bi cac hoat dong chd ddn Vang Chii, song thuc te da lau khong thay xay ra Do dd, mot sd ngudi chu dong tim den cac nha tbd d Tan Chau (Bac Quang), Yen Bai, San Tay de bdi ve chiia Gie su, ve dao Ki

to, nghia la hg xin theo dao va mudn hgc dao nay

Vdi quan niem vl dao Cong giao thdng qua hgc bdi va it nhieu cd six tim hieu ve chinh sach ton giao cua dang va nha nude ta, ngudi dan da viet dan, den gap chinh quyen xin theo dao Cong giao Tuy nhien, da sd cac nha thd Cong giao chua chii dong ddn nhan

Tuy hinh thiic chuyen sang Cong giao, song d giai doan nay, thuc chat tir tu tudng den each lam ciia nhiing ngudi theo dao van chii yeu la tin theo Vang Chii dugc phat tren dai FEBC

Giai doan thu ba, tit 1992 den nay : Dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien trong

13

6 San La, cudi nam 1991 dau nam 1992, theo chi dSn ciia dai FEBC, Thao

Ba Hu va Vang Seo Lau da xudng Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac va dugc muc su Biii Hoanh Thii ddn tiep, cung ca'p cho nhieu mSu dan xin gia nhap dao Tin lanh, ciing mot sd tai lieu, bang cat-xet tuyen truyen dao Sau khi trd ve, hg cung vdi nhiing phan tir tich cue khac da van dong ddng bao trudc day ngg nhan theo dao Cong giao chuyen sang theo dao Tin lanh Thang 3-1993, 10 nhan vat ngudi Hmong khac lai ve sd 2-Ng6 Tram-Ha noi de hgc dao, Thang 2-1995, mot nhdm

7 ngudi do Vang A Vu(trudng dao d Mudng La) cam dau di xudng Ha noi de hgc dao Thao Ba Hu da trd ve cac huyen Song Ma, Mai San, Thuan Chau va Mudng

La tuyen truyen phat trien dao Tai sd 2-Ng6 Tram, cac "phan tix truyen dao" da dugc muc su Bui Hoanh Thir, giang su Au Quang Vinh true tiep giang day, va cung cap tai lieu, kinh sach ve dao Tin lanh Theo sd lieu ciia Ban Dan van-Dan tgc tinh uy, sd ngudi Hmong theo dao d mot sd thdi diem ciia giai doan nay nhu sau :

Nam 1993 : cd 279 hg, 2005 ngudi d 26 ban, 12 xa, 5 huyen

Nam 1996 : cd 371 hg, 3022 ngudi d 57 ban, 24 xa, 7 huyen

Nam 1999 : cd 523 hg, 3719 ngudi d 77 ban, 28 xa, 7 huyen

Nam 2000 : cd 652 hg, 4030 ngudi theo dao [13.3 ]

Tii dau nam 1993, tinh hinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d Lai Chau dien bien trd lai kha phiic tap va xuat hien nhiing da'u hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh trat tu Theo tinh toan sa bg, den cudi nam 1994, toan tinh da cd 1723 hg trong 40 xa,

103 ban theo dao Tin lanh Den thang 4-1995, cd 2168 hg vdi 14471 khau theo Tin lanh Tii cudi nam 1995 den nay, dao Tin lanh khong chi phat trien trong vung dan tgc H'mong nua ma da Ian truyen sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc Dao, dan tgc Thai Theo bao cao tong ket ciia tinh (9-1997), toan tinh cd 26 491 nhan khau bi lgi dung theo dao Tin lanh, trong sd 8 huyen, 56 xa, 207 ban

O Ha Giang, den cudi nam 1993, tren dia ban cac huyen Bac Quang, Vi Xuyen, Hoang Su Phi, xin Man, Bac Me da cd 1195 hg, 7703 khau ghi ten theo

dao Tin lanh Theo thdng ke ciia Ban Dan van Trung uang, den nam 1994 d Ha Giang cd 62 000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh

Nam 1997-1998, boat dong truyen dao lai noi len d cac xa Thugng Tan, Phieng Luong, Giap Trung, Minh San (huyen Bac Me); xa Sung Thai, Siing Trang, Thang Md, Yen Minh, Bach Dich (huyen Yen Minh); xa Bach Nggc va Minh Nggc (huyen Vi Xuyen) Gan day, dao Tin lanh van tiep tuc phat trien d mot sd xa ciia 9/10 huyen thi ciia tinh Ha Giang

Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d Yen Bai cung dien ra tuang ddi nhanh chdng

Sd lugng ban dau chi cd 5 bg vdi 30 nhan khau, sau dd tang len 15 hg vdi 88 nhan khau nam 1992 Hien nay, dao Tin lanh phat trien rgng ban d mot sd dia ban khac trong tinh nhu An Binh (Van Yen), huyen Tram Ta'u va thj xa Nghia

Lg Theo sd lieu gan day ciia Ban Ton giao ciia Chinh phii (nam 1999), d Yen Bai

cd khoang 1000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh

Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay cd mot sd dac diem sau day:

- Dao Tin lanh phat trien trd lai manh me ban, cong khai han, nhixng ngudi cam dau truyen dao cd quan he vdi sd 2- Ngo Tram chat che ban

Tii dSu nam 1993, cd nhieu ddi tugng truyen dao d cac tinh phia Bac quyen gdp tien di ve Ha noi, den Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh (mien Bac) de hgc dao, xin tai lieu va mSu dan in sSn de ve phan phat cho cac hg xin theo dao Tin lanh Hg da gap muc su Bui Hoanh Thu, giang su Au Quang Vinh va dugc giang giai ve giao

ly cua dao Tin lanh Tir dd cac thira tac vien da ve cac ban tich cue phan phat tai lieu cho dong bao, lap danh sach nhan khau tiing thon ban giri len cac cap chinh quyen ddi dugc theo dao Tin lanh Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac the hien ro six can thiep ngay cang sau vao qua trinh truyen dao Tin lanh d khu vixe nay, van de ton giao ngay cang dugc gan ke't vdi van de dan tgc, vdi am muu thanh lap mot

"quoc gia tu tri" ciia ngudi H'mong,

- Xuat hien nhiing dau hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh xa hoi trong vung ddng bao, hoat dong truyen dao cd tinh td chiic ban va cd hien tugng d ben ngoai can thiep trang trgn ban

15

6 nhieu dia phuang da xuat hien tinh trang khieu kien, vu khong chinh quyen

CO sd tao ra su chia re, mat doan ket giiia dan tgc H'mong vdi cac dan tgc khac; mat doan ket ngay trong noi bg ngudi H'mong, tham chi trong timg gia dinh Vi tri ciia gia lang, trudng ban, trudng tgc hg vdn dugc kinh trgng, thi nay da phai nhudng vi the chi phdi cho mot sd ngudi tich cue truyen dao

Luc lugng truyen dao boat dong cd six lien ket, thdng nhat vdi nhau Hg cue doan ban, khd'ng che dan tren nhieu linh vuc trong cugc sdng O mot sd ca sd, bg

to chiic quyen gdp, bugc dan nop tien de lam kinh phi boat dong Hg de doa, co lap can bg

O ben ngoai, hien tugng Viet Kieu va ngudi nude ngoai thong qua con dudng

du lich, tham vieng ngudi than de thuc hien truyen dao da gia tang va cd nhieu bieu hien phiic tap

- Su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh khong chi diing lai d dan tgc H'mong ma da Ian sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc Dao, dan tgc Thai, dan tgc Pa Then Nhu vay, chi trong vdng mot thdi gian ngan dao Tin lanh da xam nhap va phat trien d nhieu tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta, trudc he't la d San La, Lai Chau, sau dd la Lao Cai, Yen Bai Dieu dang quan tam la tinh hinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d day dien ra rat nhanh chdng va de lai nhiing hau qua xa hoi tieu cue

1.1.3 Anh huang cua dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nirdc ta

Mac du van cdn cd nhieu y kien danh gia khac nhau ve anh hudng cua dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao H'mong, nhung nhin chung six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay da anh hudng tieu cue den ddi sdng van boa, kinh te va sinh boat xa hoi ndi chung ciia ddng bao

- Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh anh hudng tieu cue den van boa, tin ngudng truyen thdng, phong tuc tap quan cua ddng bao H'mong

Cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac d nude ta, dan tgc H'mong da cd mot nen van boa lau ddi, dac sac Trudc he't, ddng bao H'mong la cong ddng cd ban linh va y chi vugt len mgi dieu kien hoan canh de ton tai va khang dinh minh; hg can cii, chiu khd, kien tri, ben bi, de tin va khi da tin thudng tim mgi each de theo duoi muc dich da dinh Truyen thdng van boa cua ngudi H'mong rat da dang va ciing rat dgc dao, bieu hien qua cac le hoi, nhiing cau truyen co, dan ca, am nhac, miia Nhung khi dao Tin lanh xuat hien, nhiing sinh boat van hoa truyen thdng da va dang bi pha va Nhixng chang trai, co gai khong cdn nhiing dip de thoi khen, thoi sao, khi cd ngudi che't khong dugc khdc, khong dugc tham vie'ng, chao bdi ngudi ngoai dao, te't khong di nem cdn, cac le hoi truyen thdng cung mai mot dan

Do vai trd ciia cac gia lang, trudng ban bi giam siit, tham chi d nhieu nai khong cdn vai trd, lam cho truyen thdng ciia dan tgc H'mong cd nguy ca bi bang hoai, bdi vi Idp ngudi gia khong cdn bao ban, luu lai cho the' he sau Nhiing tin nguong CO xua nhu Thd ciing to tien, Thd Than lang, Than dat lai bi gan cho la

ma qui, tir dd khuyen khich Idp tre "tir bd nhung phong tuc, tap quan cdn tiem an nhung cai hay chua dugc danh gia diing miic".[74.19 ]

Thd Cling to tien la mot hinh thiic tin nguong rat dac trung ciia dan tgc ta, cung nhu cua dan tgc Hmong Song hien gid, d nhieu nai ddng bao da chdi bd vdi

ly do cung rat dan gian : thd dng ba to tien da bao ddi rdi nhung den gid ngheo kho van Cli ngheo kho Do vay, hg den vdi mot tam linh mdi vdi hy vgng tim cho minh loi thoat

Tac dong tieu cue ciia dao Tin lanh ddi vdi van boa truyen thdng cua ddng bao Hmong, thuc six la van de can quan tam giai quyet, bdi vi : "Van boa cdn, dan tgc cdn Diit doan van hoa, viit bd van hoa, dan tgc cd the cdn nhung la mot dan tgc khac la; mot dan tgc bi ddng hoa, mat siic sdng va khong binh thudng."[74.16]

Hang bao ddi nay, ngudi H'mong sinh sdng va cu trii theo ddng hg buyet thdng Mot khi da la ngudi cua ddng hg thi phai biet yeu thuang, diim bgc iSn nhau, cho dii cd sdng d dau thi luat tuc ddng hg cung chi phdi tdi dd Ngudi

17 CAi hocauoc G;^ HA NOI )

TRliNGT^MTHQNGTiNT.iJVlE^I

H'mong thudng ndi :"tdi la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta ciing mot gdc ngudi, cung mot hat lanh gieo xudng dat" [58.2 ] Y thiic cong ddng, doan ke't da trd thanh mot trong nhiing net dac trixng ve mat van boa ciia ddng bao, vay ma gid day nd cung dang cd nguy ca bi pha va Trong gia dinh ngudi H'mdng bi mat di six binh yen, hanh phiic, mau thuSn giiia cac thanh vien trong gia dinh cd khi gay gat Tinh trang chia re anh em hg hang, giiia nhiing ngudi khong theo dao va nhiing ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dien ra phiic tap Trong lang ban xay ra tinh trang mat doan ke't, nghi ky lan nhau tao ra bau khong khi te nhat ma trudc day chua bao gid cd Cac mau thuSn ay dSn tdi he qua ddi tach xa, tach ban, tach ho, gay tranh chap dat dai O tinh San La, den thai diem nay cd 3

xa ddi tach, 2 xa trong 2 huyen cd mau thuSn trong noi bg dang ve ddng hg, 9 xa trong 5 huyen cd tranh cha'p dat dai Mot dieu dang luu y la cac six viec tren deu nam trong viing cd dao [32.72 ]

- Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh lam cho ddi sdng kinh te' ciia ddng bao da khd khan cang khd khan ban

Tir nam 1987 trd lai day, hien tugng ciing ddn vua Vang Chii trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh lien tuc diln ra da gay nen six ton kem tien ciia, cong siic, thdi gian ciia ddng bao De ciing ddn Vang Chii ngudi dan phai nop tien, phai ban tbdc liia, trau, ngixa, Ign ga, bac trang Khi theo dao ba con cung phai nop "le phi theo dao", "tien tii thien" Sd tien dd cd the la 10 000 ddng mot

hd, 20 000 ddng boac cd the la 50 000 ddng mot hg tuy theo timg dia phuang[15] Chi tinh rieng d huyen Bac Ha tinh Lao Cai, tinh den nam 1999, nhan dan da ban di 86 con trau, ngixa, 800 ddng bac trang va nop hang chuc trieu

ddng cho luc lugng truyen dao 6 Son La nam 1996, ddng bao da phai nop "qui

dao" la 20 000 ddng mdi bg de lam le nhiing nude; nam 1997 tai xa Chieng An(Mudng La), ba con phai nop 10 000 ddng de lam le Noen

Nguy hiem ban, viec theo dao Tin lanh lam mat rat nhieu thdi gian de san xuat va sinh hoat cua ddng bao Ca tin theo nhiing Idi le hoang dudng ciia nhirng

ten truyen dao rang "theo chua Gie su thi cd cugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam cung cd an", "Theo Vang Chii thi lam cai gi cung cd", "ca nha se dugc bay len trdi khong phai lam nuang "[58.35 ] Tir dd mot sd ngudi bd ca san xuat, md trau,

bd, Ign, ga va ngdi dgi six ciiu giiip ciia chiia Thdi gian lang phi vao viec cau nguyen, nghe dai Manila, d nha ngay thii nam va chu nhat de dgc kinh thanh Six xam nhap va phat trien cua dao Tin lanh cung la nguyen nhan ciia hien tugng di dan tu do cua ddng bao H'mong, bgn xau tuyen truyen :"Mudn cd vua

H'mong, cd to qudc rieng, thi ba con ta phai di vi phia Tay nai mat trdi lan"

1 [58.27 ] Ldi keu ggi dd danh triing vao tam ly ciia ngudi H'mong, gay nen tinh trang di dich cu bet siic phiic tap, tii dd gay nen nhiing xao trgn trong ddi sdng ddng bao, tao ra khd khan cho viec quan ly xa hoi ciia cac cap chinh quyen, gay nen nan pha rimg buy hoai moi trudng sinh thai mot each tram trgng, cac te nan

xa hoi cd xu hudng gia tang Cd the ndi rang ddng bao theo dao Tin lanh chang nhixng khong cai thien dugc ddi sdng kinh te, ma trai lai cang ngheo kho ban

- Mot khia canh quan trgng khac la su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh da gay nen tinh trang ma't on dinh ve an ninh chinh tri va trat tu an toan xa hoi, tac dong tieu cue de'n niem tin ciia ddng bao ddi vdi six lanh dao ciia Dang, nha nude Nd da gdp phan lam suy yeu he thdng chinh tri ciia ta d ca sd Mot sd can bg, dang vien ghi ten theo dao, boac bi ldi keo vao hoat dong ciia nhiing ngudi truyen dao Nhixng can bg khong theo dao thi bi sd da theo dao cd lap, phan biet ddi xu, bang each "viet dan td cao, vu khong len tinh, trung uang" [11.5 ] Cac to chiic chinh tri, doan the ciia ta boat dong khd khan Tir dd tao ra tinh trang mat on dinh trong thon ban, ngudi dan khong di hoi hgp, khong di nghia vu, khong di hgc, xa lanh can bg dang va nha nude, lam dan keo de'n chinh quyen cac cap ddi dugc theo dao

Bang nhixng thii doan tuyen truyen rang theo Dang, theo each mang van ngheo, theo chiia mdi thoat khdi ngheo khd va gan nhiing dieu tdt dep vdi chiia, viec dao Tin lanh phat trien nhanh chdng da lam giam siit niem tin cua nhan dan ddi vdi Dang va chinh quyen nha nude Tir chd tin tudng rang Dang da mang lai

19

cugc sdng dgc lap, tu do cho hg, thi nay ngudi H'mong tin rang chi cd Vang Chii, Gie su mdi ciiu giiip dugc minh thoat canh ddi ngheo Hien tugng nay khong chi xay ra ddi vdi nhirng ngudi dan lao dong ma ca can bg nhu chu tich xa, giao vien, dang vien cung tin vao chiia Tir dd lam cho dudng ldi, chinh sach ciia Dang khd di vao cugc sdng ddng bao Chiing tuyen truyen kich dong : "Van ddng cii van dong, tuyen truyen cii tuyen truyen, theo dao cii theo dao" [11.5 ]

Tuy nhien,ben canh nhixng anh hudng tieu cue thi dao Tin lanh cung cd vai trd nhat dinh trong ddi sdng ddng bao Trudc het, nd lam thay doi nep sdng ciia ddng bao theo dao; dap ling nhu cau tam linh ciia bg udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng day du ban Nhiing dieu ran day ma dao Tin lanh neu ra phii hgp vdi nhu cau ve tam ly cua ddng bao; giiip hoan thien dao diic ca nhan, giiip ddng bao giam bdt ganh nang vi nhiing phong tuc tap quan lac hau trong to chiic ma chay, cudi xin, chiia benh, gdp phan ban che' nhiing tieu cue trong xa hoi ddng bao nhu trgm cap, ngoai tinh, ngugc dai trong quan he vg chdng , udng rugu, cd bac Thong qua cac nhdm sinh boat ton giao, ngudi H'mdng giiip do nhau trong lao dong san xuat, khac phuc nhixng khd khan thudng nhat

Han niia, d mot sd dia phuang nhiing ngudi theo dao rat chii trgng va khuyen khich con em minh di hgc chii, dii rang chii ye'u la hgc tieng H'mdng La tinh vdi muc dich de dgc dugc kinh thanh

Thuc te' cho tha'y, six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh da cd tac dong tich cue nha't dinh de'n ddi sdng tinh than, van boa, dao diic, tham chi la kinh te cua ddng bao H'mdng Lien quan tdi van de nay Dang ta neu rd : Tin ngudng ton giao la nhu cau tinh than cua mot bg phan nhan dan Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu phii hop vdi cong cugc xay dung xa hoi mdi (Nghi quyet 24 ciia Bg Chinh tri)

Tdm lai, chi trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1986 den nay, dao Tin lanh da phat trien nhanh chdng d bau he't cac tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta Six phat trien ciia nd da gay ra nhixng hau qua tieu cue ve kinh te', chinh tri, van boa - xa hoi trong ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng d khu vuc nay Tuy nhien, dao Tin lanh cung cd nhiing anh hudng tich cue de'n ddi sdng dong bao, dd la six dap ling nhu

c^u tam linh ciia bg, udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng day du ban, lam giam bdt nhung giang bugc, phiic tap cua cac phong tuc tap quan lac bau de nang len ddng bao vdn da khd khan

1.2 NGUYEN NHAN

1.2.1 Doi sdng kinh te - xa hoi kho khan

Chu nghia Mac- Lenin khang dinh rang ton giao bao gid cung ra ddi tren ca

sd ton tai xa bdi nhat dinh Trong tac pham cua minh, C Mac cho rang : ton giao

" phan anh sir ngheo nan ciia hien thuc", "nha nude ay, xa hoi ay da san sinh ra ton giao" [47.569 ] Ph.Ang ghen cung neu rd : "Nhung tat ca mgi ton giao chang qua chi la six phan anh hu ao - vao dau dc cua con ngudi - ciia nhiing luc lugng d ben ngoai chi phdi cugc sdng hang ngay cua hg; chi la six phan anh trong dd nhixng luc lugng d tran the' da mang hinh thiic nhiing luc lugng sieu tran the'" [50.437]

Ve mat kinh te', dan tgc H'mdng thudng cu trii d nhiing viing niii cao, nen kinh te chu ye'u vSn mang tinh cha't tu cung, tu cap, phuang thixc canh tac chinh la ddt rirng lam nuang rSy, khai pha rugng bac thang Nhung gan day rimg ngay mot thu hep, lam san it di, ddng vat hoang da ngay cang khan hiem, cay thudc phien vdn la ngudn sdng chinh cua ngudi H'mdng thi bi xoa bd trong khi chua tim dugc cay thay the' de dem lai hieu qua kinh te tuang ling Viec xoa cay thudc phien dugc vi nhu la mot "cii xdc" ve kinh te ddi vdi ddng bao H'mdng

Viec chuyen doi sang nen kinh te' thi trudng da giiip chiing ta thoat khdi khung hoang kinh te', on dinh va tang trudng kinh te' Nhimg ciing chinh nen kinh te' thi trudng da lam cho six phan hoa giau ngheo ngay cang sau sac, giiia mien niii vdi ddng bang; giixa viing sau, viing xa vdi thanh phd, thi xa; giiia ngudi H'mdng vdi ngudi Tay, ngudi Kinh

Trong thdi gian qua Dang va nha nude da rat quan tam den ddi sdng kinh

te-xa hoi ciia ddng bao H'mdng bang nhiing khoan trg cap thudng xuyen den timg

21

thon ban, tiing hd dan, dau tu vdn cho phat trien cac du an, phat trien cac nghanh san xuat, van ddng dinh canh, dinh cu de on dinh cugc sdng cho ddng bao Nhung mot phan do vdn dau tu chua dap ling dugc yeu cau cua cac du an, mot phan yeu kem do chii quan trong viec tinh toan hieu qua dau tu, ddng thdi do trinh do san xuat d day cdn thap kem, giao thdng di lai khd khan, dia hinh phiic tap da tao ra nhiing khd khan cho six phat trien kinh te' - xa bdi Do dd cugc sdng ciia ddng bao chua dugc cai thien ma van trong tinh trang rat khd khan Nhin chung miic sdng ciia ddng bao H'mdng cdn rat tha'p, khd khan tbie'u tbdn nhieu mat, tbie'u an, thieu mac, tbie'u nude sinh boat, benh tat nhieu, giao thdng cham phat trien, tinh trang du canh du cu cdn kha pho bien Theo sd lieu dieu tra cua

Uy ban dan tgc va mien niii : " nam 1997 d dia ban mien niii cd 1,73 trieu hg ddi ngheo, bau bet nhirng hd nay la d khu vuc III(viing cao bien gidi), chiem ti le

25,66 % so vdi toan mien niii va chiem 80 % ciia sd hg khu vuc III Cd 142

huyen va 1434 xa ti le ddi ngheo tren 40 % (chiem 95 % ciia ca nude) ciing nam tren dia ban khu vuc III, 11 tinh mien niii cd ti le ddi ngheo tren 30 % (chiem 100%) cua ca nude Hang nam dia phuang vSn phai giai quye't ciiu ddi cho mot

bg phan dan cu vao liic giap bat" [8 ]

Theo tac gia Le Duy Phong-Hoang Van Hoa: "Ha Giang van cdn tdi 117 xa vdi 44 460 bd= 287 289 ngudi thugc dien ddi ngheo, tap trung chu ye'u d viing sau, viing xa, nai cu trii cua ngudi H'mdng" [56.142-145 ] Thuc te cd 85% ngudi H'mdng trong tinh trang thieu ddi [II.5 ]

Bao cao ve ddi sdng ngudi H'mdng cua Uy ban ke hoach tinh Lao Cai, thang 3-1991 cung cho thay: loai cd thu nhap 30 000 ddng mot ngudi / thang la 18 % (dan tgc thieu sd khac), thi ngudi H'mdng chi chiem 4 - 6 % Loai cd thu nhap dudi 30 000 ddng mot ngudi / thang la 70 % thi ngudi H'mdng chiem 30% Loai

cd thu nhap 10 000 dong mot ngudi / thang , thi ngudi H'mdng chiem 60- 62 %, trong khi cac dan tgc thieu sd khac chi chie'm 12 %

Theo sd lieu thdng ke ve tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi ciia tinh Lai Chau (1997):

sd hd giau va kha chiem ti le 11 %; sd hg trung binh chiem ti le 40,7 %; sd hg

ngheo ddi chiem ti le 48 %, trong dd sd hd ddi chiem ti le 16,3 % Cung theo bao cao ciia tinh, ddi sdng nhan dan cac dan tgc thieu sd d Lai Chau cdn gap nhieu khd khan, hang nam thieu ddi tir 4 - 6 thang

6 tinh Yen Bai, chi can cii vao con sd thdng ke cua tinh (nam 1997), thi d viing cao, viing dan tgc it ngudi, cd 30 % hg ngheo, ddi giap hat cdn kha phd bien, trinh do san xuat thap, ca sd ha tang kem phat trien, hau het khong dap ling dugc yeu cau phat trien kinh te -xa hoi trong vung

Thuc te tren cho thay ddi sdng kinh te' ciia ddng bao H'mdng cdn qua khd khan, thieu thd'n tii nhiing nhu cau vat cha't tdi thieu nhu mudi, dSu, ndng cu Cudc sdng cua ngudi H'mdng nai deo cao quanh nam vat Idn vdi cong viec nuang ray de lo cai an, cai mac, khong may khi dugc dgc bao, nghe dai, xem ti

vi Do dd hg khong the than hieu va thdng cam vdi ndi tran trd ciia Dang va nha nude ta dang tiing ngay, timg gid lo toan tim kiem nhixng giai phap de nang cao ddi sdng cua hg Ngudi H'mdng chi thay ddng bao minh ddi kho, trong khi dd nhin ra ben ngoai bg thay ddi sdng ciia nhung ngudi mien xudi kham kha len nhieu Bdi canh dd lam cho ddng bao H'mdng liing tiing mat phuang hudng, chi mong sao cd luc lugng sieu nhien, cd mot dng vua huyen thoai dan dat dan tgc minh thoat khdi cugc sdng khd khan

Luc lugng truyen dao da lgi dung tinh trang khd khan ve kinh te' cua ddng bao de thuc hien muc dich truyen dao Tin lanh thdng qua viec trg ca'p tien, dd la, dich vu sinh boat Trong hoan canh ngheo khd thi siic manh kinh te', siic manh ddng tien da trd thanh mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan quan trgng dua ddng bao de'n vdi dao Tin lanh

Them vao dd, tinh trang gia tang dan sd nhanh va hien tugng di dan tu do da lam cho cugc sdng cua ddng bao H'mdng cang them khd khan Qua khao sat 384

hd d hyen Yen Binh(Yen Bai) trong nhiing nam gan day cho thay cd 38,8% sd hd

cd tii 3-5 con, 43,1% sd hd cd tii 4-6 con

23

Rieng huyen Bao Thang -Lao Cai, trong khoang 10 nam trd lai day da cd 379

hg gdm 1858 khau di cu den cac tinh khac de dugc di theo chiia Chi rieng d Lai Chau da cd hang van ngudi d 6 tinh da di dich cu de'n huyen Mudng Lay, Mudng

Te, gay khd khan cho cong tac quan ly nhan khau, hd khau ciia ta [5 ] Theo bao cao ciia Ban dan van tinh Lai Chau (21-11-1994), mot sd ddng bao d xa Phi Nhir, huyen Dien Bien di cu sang Lao do dich benh da chet mot liic 46 ngudi O tinh San La, tii nam 1987-1998, sd di cu hang nam ciia ngudi H'mdng San La la :

1542 lugt hd=14 770 khau [32.72 ]

Co sd kinh te trong viing dong bao nhu dien, dudng, trudng, tram hau bet cdn ra't thie'u, khong dap ling dugc nhu cau ddi sdng ciia ddng bao He thdng dudng giao thdng ndng thon den cac xa ban bau nhu chua cd va ra't xau Da sd cac thon ban ngudi H'mdng chua cd dien thap sang, ngoai mot sd lang ban ven thi xa He thdng trudng Idp, ca sd vat chat cho day va hgc cdn ra't thieu va tam bg Ca sd y te'trong cac xa ban viing ddng bao ciing trong tinh trang ra't thie'u, khong dap ling dugc nhu cau kham chua benh cua ba con Nude sach cho ddng bao ciing la van

de bet siic biic xiic Tinh trang thieu nude sach sinh boat dien ra phd bien trong ddng bao Trong toan tinh Ha Giang, chi cd 10 % sd dan dugc sir dung nude sach-

[56.143 ] 6 huyen Bao Thang(Lao Cai), trong sd 18 tbdn ban ngudi H'mdng, chi

cd mot tbdn da dugc dau tu ngudn nude sach tir nam 1998, dd la tbdn Tan Hd-xa Phong Nien, cdn lai 17 tbdn ban khac ngudi dan khong cd nude sach sinh hoat(tinh den nam 2000) Tmh trang ba con ngudi dan tgc H'mdng di vai cay sd dudng de lay nude sinh boat la hien tugng pho bien

Chinh nhixng khd khan trong ddi sdng vat chat, ciing vdi hien tugng di dich

cu tu do la nguyen nhan rat quan trgng ciia tinh hinh phat trien dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mdng Trudc nhiing khd khan, bat hanh ciia cugc sdng hien hiiu, hg ma udc tdi mot cugc sdng day dii ban Dao Tin lanh da dap ung nhu cau

dd ciia ho

Nhu vay, trinh do thap kem cua nen kinh tc va nhung khd khan trong ddi sdng la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan ca ban dan den su gia tang phat trien cua dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mdng d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta Thuc te nay dat ra trudc chiing ta nhiem vu phai khong ngimg tang eudng cac bien phap phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat nhan dan trong vung

1.2.2 TiJr van de truyen dao va am muu Itfi dung dao Tin lanh cua cac the luc thu dich

Hoat ddng truyen dao phat trien tin dd la viec lam binh thudng ciia bat ky ton giao nao Tuy nhien hoat dong truyen dao Tin lanh cd nhixng dac trung noi bat 'ngay tii khi dao nay mdi vao nude ta Hien nay, boat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh van la mot nguyen nhan ca ban va true tiep lam cho ddng bao H'mdng theo dao Hoat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh d day dugc tie'n hanh dudi nhieu hinh thiic, tir hinh thiic dan gian de'n nhiing hinh thiic tinh vi nha't, nhd dd da tao nen six phat trien "dot bie'n" cua dao Tin lanh trong viing dan tgc H'mdng

Nhiing ngudi truyen dao da day cong nghien ciiu tinh hinh kinh te' -xa bdi, dac diem tam ly, phong tuc tap quan, tinh each ciia dan tgc H'mdng va van dung vao truyen dao Vi vay, cd the ndi rang viec truyen dao ciia hg trd nen cd hieu qua Phuong cham ciia hg la "mua dam tham lau", tim each khuyech truang mat

•tich cue ciia ton giao, tang cudng tuyen truyen van ddng lam cho dao Tin lanh nhanh chdng tham nhap vao dan tgc H'mdng

Phuang thiic truyen dao bang truydn mieng : Dac diem cu trii ciia ngudi H'mdng chii yeu d niii cao, sdng phan tan, chia cat, lai it cd phuang tien thdng tin hien dai, nen thdng tin thudng de'n cham Ddi vdi hg thdng tin chii ye'u van la truyen mieng, ri tai, chuyen trd, qua chg biia, bdi he, tang cudi Hieu dugc phuang phap truyen tin nay, luc lugng truyen dao da phat di nhiing thdng tin giat gan, chang han hg tung tin rang : ngay 15 -7-1990 khi trdi tdi Vang Chii se xuat

25

hien, liic dd ai khong theo Vang Chii se khong thoat khdi kho dau Sau dd cd ngudi chi dan cho ddng bao theo Vang Chii Cii the, ngudi nay truyen sang ngudi khac, ban ng lan sang ban kia, Tir dd dao Tin lanh timg budc xam nhap va phat

trien Ket qua la, chi tinh rieng d Ha Giang, lit 1986 -1989 mdi cd 500 hg thudc

35 xa theo dao, thi cudi nam 1992 da cd 622 hd vdi 3018 khau theo dao [19 ] Phuang phap truyen dao qua dai FEBC : Nhixng ngudi truyen dao da biet triet

de lgi dung dai phat thanh, dac biet la dai FEBC de truyen dao Tin lanh Phai thiia nhan rang "Ban bien tap " chuang trinh ciia dai nay td ra hieu than dao dac diem tam ly dan tgc H'mdng, den miie chinh ngudi H'mdng cho rang chi cd dai FEBC la ndi tieng H'mdng hay ban ca Vdi ldi le mdc mac, ngdn ggn, de hieu va hap dan, dai FEBC kien nhin rao giang thanh kinh, ca nggi Vang Chii va Gie su; liic thi ke le ndi thdng kho cua ngudi H'mdng la do ma quy "ma nha, ma cira, ma be'p " [37.111], mudn he't kho thi phai tir bd cac loai ma ay, bd thd to tien, theo Vang Chii -Gie su; khi thi lgi dung nhixng truyen thuyet cua ngudi H'mdng ve nan hong thuy de hii doa ngudi dan rang nam 2000 la ngay tan the, neu theo Vang Chii va Gie su thi mdi thoat che't Dai nay hudng dan ngudi H'mdng dudi

ma, bd ban thd td tien va timg budc day thuc hien cac nghi thiic ton giao

Chuang trinh cua dai dugc sap xep cu the, chat che va kha phong phii, iii

hudng dan cong viec gia dinh de'n boat ddng ddi nhdm; tir van de viec lam cho thanh nien den day nii cdng gia chanh; tii giai thich kinh thanh cho den hat dan ca; tii di sau vao tam tu nguyen vgng dan tgc rdi chuyen sang tuyen truyen phan ddng lam mat Idng tin cua dan ddi vdi dang Dai nay hudng dSn "cdng viec vg chdng vao tdi thii hai, day chuyen de cho cac nhdm thanh nien vao thii ba, hudng dSn boat ddng cho cac nhdm le vao thii tu, nghe ldi day cua Vang Chii vao thii nam, day va giai thich kinh thanh vao thii sau, day nir cdng gia tranh vao thii bay, chu nhat hudng dan cau nguyen va hat thanh ca" [58.25 ] Han nira, dai FEBC cdn ngang nhien trang trgn keu ggi ngudi H'mdng bd Dang cdng san de theo My, theo Vang Chii Tuy mdi ngay chi cd hai buoi, mdi buoi khong qua 30 phiit

nhung dai nay thuc six da gdp phan quan trgng vao viec truyen dao Tin lanh trong dan tgc H'mdng

Vi muc dich phat trien dao Tin lanh, nhixng ngudi truyen dao da cd gang sir dung mgi bien phap cd the de tranh thu ddng bao, phat trien tin dd Tir bien phap tuyen truyen thuyet phuc den quan tam trg giiip ve vat chat, tinh than, den ca nhiing bien phap cd lap, bat huge theo dao

Six phat trien cua dao Tin lanh trong dan tgc H'mdng nam trong am muu lgi dung tdn giao cua cac the luc thii dich Cac the luc thii dich, diing dau la My thuc hien chien luge "Dien bien hoa binh " nham xoa bd CNXH d nhirng nude cdn lai, trong dd cd Viet Nam Vdi chieu bai "dan chu", "nhan quyen", "tu do tdn giao", cac luc lugng phan ddng ra siic tien hanh boat ddng chdng pha, sir dung nggn cd tdn giao, dan tgc de pha hoai each mang nude ta Hg nhieu Ifin neu van de Viet Nam "vi pham nhan quyen", "ngugc dai tin dd", "giam giii chiic sac"

De hd trg cho chie'n luge "Dien bie'n hoa binh" va de be can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bg ciia cac nude khac, tii gdc do tdn giao, thang 10 -1998, qudc bdi My

da thdng qua dao luat "Tu do tin ngudng qudc te (HR 2431) " de doa sSn sang chiXng phat ddi vdi nhixng nude ma My cho rang da vi pham cai ggi la "tu do tin ngudng" theo quan diem ciia My ma ddi tugng chu yeu la Trung Qudc, Viet nam

va Xu Dang Theo HR 2431, My se thanh lap van phdng theo ddi van de tdn giao

d cac nude va van phdng nay nam trong Bg Ngoai giao Van phdng cd trach nhiem lam cd van cho ngoai trudng My, ddng thdi tudng trinh cho qudc bdi My

ve nhiing boat ddng ma My coi la vi pham tu do tin ngudng Dieu 405 trong chuang IV ciia dao luat neu rd tong thdng cd the ap dung bay bien phap che tai

va tam bien phap ngoai giao ddi vdi cac nude vi pham luat tu do tdn giao cua My [62]

Nham muc dich hudng vao Viet Nam, gan day My cho thanh lap " Uy ban tu

do tdn giao cho Viet Nam" vdi muc dich la dua vao My de dau tranh cho Vict nam, boat ddng hau thuan cho dao luat HR 2431 Mot sd ngudi Viet luu vong dua vao qudc bdi My va dao luat tren dua ra nhiing yeu sach, ap luc ddi Viet

27

Nam cho "tu do tdn giao" Dua vao tdn giao My thuc hien y dd chinh tri ciia minh ddi vdi nude ta Trong thdi gian gan day, chiing tuyen truyen dao Tin lanh vao ddng bao cac dan tgc d Tay Nguyen, cac tinh mien niii phia Bac va nhieu dia phuang khac d nude ta Thii doan ciia chiing la dua vao cac to chiic phi chinh phu cua cac nude cd dao Tin lanh d Bac Au, Bac My, Han Qudc, Uc, thdng qua dau

tu cho du lich, lao ddng, hgc tap va vien trg kinh te' de tie'p xiic, xam nhap vao cac vung sau nham tuyen truyen ldi keo, kich ddng, gay tam ly hoang mang lo sg , gay mat on dinh chinh tri trong khu vixc dong bao cac dan tgc Tir dd My dua vao dao luat HR 2431 ma can thiep nham thuc hien y dd ciia minh Cac to chiic

"Trung tam nghien ciiu Thai hgc", "Hoi ngudi Thugng De ga", "Hdi ngudi Mdng the gidi", "Hdi van boa co truyen dan tgc Hmdng", "Lien hiep nhiing ngudi Dao

d My" dang tang cudng boat ddng nham muc dich chdng pha each mang nude

ta Tir nam 1975-1991, chiing ta da phat hien cd 1837 td chiic phan ddng, trong

dd cd 85 % td chiic lgi dung tdn giao [26.42 ]

Gan day(6-9-2001), ha vien My da thdng qua "Dao luat nhan quyen Viet Nam" Trong dd vu khd'ng Viet Nam vi pham tix do tin nguong tdn giao va cho bie't se chi khoang 2 trieu dd la mdi nam cho nhung hoat ddng chdng pha each mang nude ta

Lgi dung va'n de dan tgc truyen dao vao viing dan tgc thieu sd de ra siic kich ddng gay chia re khdi dai doan ket dan tgc da va dang la boat dong cua cac the lire de qudc va thii dich Chung dua ra nhiing luan dieu mang tinh chat chinh tri

de chdng pha each mang nude ta nhu: "Ciing mot Dang lanh dao sao dan tgc nay sudng, dan tgc kia kho", "dan tgc nay dugc Dang trgng dung ban dan tgc khac",

"sao dan tgc kinh dugc hgc dao Ki td ma ngudi dan tgc thieu sd khdng dugc", ddi

"quyen tu tri cho tiing dan tgc", kich ddng "ngudi H'mdng xua kia da timg cd qudc gia, nay can phai lap qudc gia rieng cua minh"

Chiing thuc hien truyen dao thdng qua dai phat thanh (chu yeu la dai FEBC), thdng qua con dudng du lich, tham vieng ngudi than Tai Yen Bai, nam 1994 cd

hai ngudi Phap ndi tieng H'mdng thanh thao lay ly do di du lich da mang nhieu tai lieu truyen dao bang tieng H'mdng den viing ngudi H'mdng cd dao, Thang 2 -

1994, hai vg chdng ngudi Phap d "Hdi tir thien Phap" den Yen Bai vdi muc dich

du lich da cd quan he vdi linh muc Tran Nggc Khiet, tham mot sd hg dao, hiia hen se giiip tien de xay dung nha thd

d Lai Chau, ngay 3 -12-1996, doan Viet kieu ngudi H'mdng dinh cu d My ve Viet Nam du lich khi di vao dia ban Dien Bien Ddng va Mudng Miin (huyen Tuin Giao) da tan phat tai lieu tdn giao Ngay 12 -6 -1996, Giang Tir Cang, qudc tich Trung Qudc nhap canh vao nude ta da mang 11 quyen kinh chii H'mdng va bang dai cat-xet cd ndi dung tuyen truyen dao Tin lanh vao xa Giao San (Phong Thd) Thang 4 -1997, Giallejieanichen, qudc tich Phap khi di du lich den Sin Hd

da tan phat nhieu danh tbie'p cd anh chiia cho mot so ngudi H'mdng Ngoai ra cd nhieu doan ngudi nude ngoai khac den Lai Chau vdi danh nghla du lich tu do de phat trien dao trong viing dan tgc thieu sd Nam 1996 -1997, trong 46 doan den Lai Chau, da cd 7 doan de lai tai lieu tuyen truyen dao d phdng ngii nha hang, khach san

Tai tinh Lao Cai, cudi thang 12 -1994, hai ddi tugng ngudi H'mdng qudc tich

My la Hau Thi Dua, Hau Thi Ly nhap canh vao Viet nam da den xa Dien Quan, huyen Bao Yen de day hat thanh ca cho sd ngudi H'mdng d day Chiing da cung Thao Seo Chang (mot ddi tugng cam ddu truyen dao d Bao Yen) di thi sat cac khu vuc ngudi H'mdng d Bao Yen, Bao Thang, Sa Pa Sau dd Dua va Ly da dua Thao Seo Chang ve nha thd sd 2 -Ngd Tram, Ha ndi de truyen dao

Dac biet tir thang 7-1998 den nay, mot nhdm ddi tugng gdm 9 ngudi mang qudc tich My, Anh, Ca na da, Ha Lan do Ro-nan cam dau da ldi keo mot sd ngudi dan d Sa Pa lam ca sd cho chiing boat ddng tuyen truyen phat trien dao Tin lanh d Sa Pa Hoat ddng cua nhdm nay la xay dung ca sd trong ngudi dan tdc, nhat la dan tgc H'mdng d cac huyen Sa Pa, Bac Ha (Lao Cai), Binh Lu, Phong Tho (Lai Chau) Thdng qua cac ca sd nay chiing chuyen tai lieu, kinh thanh,

29

bang video, bang cat-xet cd ndi dung truyen dao vao vung dan tgc H'mdng, dan tgc Dao d Lao Cai va Lai Chau Nhdm nay cdn trg cap tien cho mot sd ddi tugng

ma chiing mua chuge dugc de hoat ddng

Ciing vdi boat ddng cua cac the luc nude ngoai va trong nude, Hdi thanh Tin lanh Mien bac sd 2- Ngd Tram la mot dau mdi quan trgng lam cho dao Tin lanh phat trien d khu vuc nay Hdi thanh Tin lanh Mien Bac da to chiic ddn tiep ngudi H'mdng rat thinh tinh, niem nd va chu tat ngay tii nhiing ngay dau [77.108] TiX trung tam nay, hg da bdi dudng, td chii'c, tai trg cho ddi ngu ngudi H'mdng di tien phong cho viec truyen dao Dua vao sd ngudi H'mdng xudng ca sd sd 2 - Ngd Tram, sd "Tay ba Id" hanh trinh len mien ngugc, len ldi vao viing xa xdi, heo lanh de tranh thii truyen dao Hdi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac da thuc six thiic day boat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh

Tai ca sd ciia hdi thanh, muc su Biii Hoanh Thir va giang su Au Quang Vinh

da true tie'p giang giao ly cho nhieu ngudi H'mdng d Lao Cai Ddng thdi hg cung cap tien, kinh thanh, bang dai bang tie'ng H'mdng, hudng dSn ngudi dan each vie't dan xin ra nhap dao Tin lanh, hudng dSn phuang phap to chiic xay dung hdi thanh ca sd, bien phap ddi phd vdi chinh quyen cho cac ddi tugng di truyen dao " Ngay 15-1-1994, Au Quang Vinh phd to nhan ban cac tai lieu kinh sach bang tieng Viet va tieng H'mdng cd ngudn gdc tir nude ngoai chua dugc phep xuat ban, phat hanh tai Viet Nam Hdi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac da phat tan

5000 kinh sach, 300 bang thanh ca, 15 bang video Cugc ddi chiia Gie su Nguyen Gia Huan da viet giao trinh va to chiic hai Idp dao tao giao ly, each to chiic boat ddng tdn giao cho 18 cot can la ngudi H'mdng " ( Theo Nguydn Dinh Thu, luan van td't nghiep, Dai hgc An ninh nhan dan, H 1999)

Dang ta nhan dinh : Dao Vang Chii trong dan tgc H'mdng thuc chat la six bien tudng gan Thien chiia giao Tin lanh vdi hien tugng "Vua Meo", nam trong y dd chinh tri cua My, mudn lap mot qudc gia cho ngudi H'mdng, cd dao, cd "vua" rieng cua minh." [18.5 ]

Nhu vay, am muu lgi dung dao Tin lanh de chdng pha each mang nude ta, ciing phuang thiic truyen dao chu ddng, tich cue, tinh vi ciia luc lugng truyen dao

la mdt nguyen nhan rat quan trgng, true tiep dan den six phat trien nhanh chdng cua dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mdng d mdt sd tinh mien niii phia B k nude ta

1.2.3 Tiif dac diem lich su" va van hoa ciia dan tgc H'mong

* Tit dgc diem lich su:

Dan tgc H'mdng cd mdt chieu day lich sii , mdt truyen thdng van boa va tam

ly dan tgc kha ben vixng Day la mdt trong nhiing dan tgc hinh thanh kha sdm

Hg dinh cu d viing lanh tho giiia lim vuc sdng Hoang Ha va Duang Tir cua Trung Qudc Dan tgc H'mdng da biet canh tac ndng nghiep tir lau ddi va cd nen van hoa ciia rieng minh Vi vay hg da thiet lap dugc mot vuang qudc kha sdm vdi ten ggi Tam Mieu tii ddi nha Chu(trudc cdng nguyen) Ngudi H'mdng da tiing la mdt trong nhiing chii nhan cua mdt qudc gia phong kie'n cd nen van boa kha phat trien, timg "xung hung tranh ba" vdi ngudi Han d phia Bac va cac tgc ngudi khac trong khu vixc(nhieu nha nghien ciiu xem ngudi H'mdng la chii nhan ciia nude Sd) Trong qua trinh ngudi Han banh chudng xudng phia Nam sdng Duang Tir, ngudi H'mdng tiing budc mat dan dat dai cu trii xua, bi phan chia thanh cac nhdm H'mdng De'n cudi ddi nha Dudng, do bi dan ap va bde lot ciia ngudi Han, phan Idn ngudi H'mdng di cu xudng cac tinh Hd Nam, Qui Chau [71.10-21] Vao cac trieu dai nha Tong, Nguyen, ngudi H'mdng lien tuc noi day chdng lai six ap biic ciia ngudi Han, bi ngudi Han dan ap dim mau"ngudi mieu chet khdng biet bao nhieu ma ke, xuang chat thanh niii, mau chay thanh sdng", budc hg phai di cu xudng phia Nam cac tinh Tii Xuyen, Quang Chau, Van Nam(ngay xua la dat Xuyen, Kiem, Dien, Ba Thuc - nai phat sinh ciia Dao giao) Tai vung dat mdi, ngudi H'mdng van kien cudng chdng lai six ap biic bde lot, ddng hoa ciia ngudi

31

Han "cii 20 nam cd mdt cugc khdi nghla viXa, 70 nam cd mdt cugc khdi nghla Idn" [74.9]

Dudi cac trieu dai phong kien Minh(1441-1843) va Thanh(1844-1911), giai cap phong kien Han day manh chinh sach ddng hoa va tieu diet cac tgc ngudi khdng thuan phuc Han vdi mdt loat chinh sach mdi dugc thuc thi d viing ngudi H'mdng va day hg vao budc dudng cung, budc hg phai ndi day Trong dd tieu bieu la hai chinh sach sau day :

"Cai tho luu quan", dua quan lai ngudi Han den cai tri true tiep d vung ngudi H'mdng thay cho chinh sach cu dung ngudi dan tgc tri ngudi dan tgc

"Don dien duang diing, thie't ca phdng Mieu", lap cac ddn dien thu luong nudi quan, lap ddn ai phdng ngudi Mieu(H'mdng) noi day

Nhieu cugc khdi nghia Idn d thdi ky nay lien tuc no ra, de'n nay cdn in dam trong ky lie cac the' he ngudi H'mdng, nhat la cugc noi day do Truang Tii Mi lanh dao ngudi Hmdng tham gia phong trao Thai Binh Thien Qudc(1853-1871) Trong cac nam 1735, 1736, 1800, 1801, 1803, 1846, 1848, 1853 ngudi H'mdng da tap hgp dudi cai ggi la"vua Mieu xuat the" de dau tranh chdng lai chinh sach ddng boa dan tgc, cudp dat dai, xua dudi cua quan lai nha Han Nhung tat ca cac cugc khdi nghia cua ngudi H'mdng deu bi ngudi Han dan ap dSm mau Dac biet

la khi phong trao Thai Binh Thien Qudc tha't bai, ngudi H'mdng bi dan ap da man, cot beu dau cam dai ma'y chuc cay sd Hang chuc nghin ngudi H'mdng d Nam Trung Qudc bi giet, bi xua duoi khdi dat to tien, phieu bat den viing niii cao

d cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A [77.35-38] Nhiing thien sir khdc liet ay cdn ghi dam trong tiem thiic dan tgc H'mdng

Ngudi H'mdng den Viet Nam mdi khoang 200-300 nam nay Cd ba dgt di cu Idn vao cao nguyen Ddng Van(Ha Giang), Lao Cai va Tay Bac [71.17-18] Cac dgt di cu nhd ciia ngudi H'mdng vao nude ta keo dai den nam 1949 Den Viet Nam, ngudi H'mdng sdm binh thanh y thiic lam chu viing niii cao vdi dieu kien sdng khac nghiet, y thiic doan ke't cung cac dan tgc anh em trong qua trinh xay

dung, bao ve da't nude Viet Nam, manh dat che chd cho cugc sdng binh yen, six tdn tai cua dan tgc minh Dudi six lanh dao ciia Dang cdng san Viet Nam, dan tgc H'mdng mdt Idng di theo Dang, theo each mang, ddng gdp siic ngudi, siic ciia cho cugc chie'n tranh gianh ddc lap dan tgc, xay dung va bao ve to qudc Viet Nam XHCN

Tii lich sir, van boa va tam ly dan tgc H'mdng chiing ta thay rang :

- Dan tgc H'mdng da timg la mdt dan tgc cd trinh do van minh tuang ddi phat trien Day la mdt dan tgc cd be day lich sir va truyen thdng dau tranh kien cudng chdng lai qua trinh banh trudng va ddng hoa cac dan tgc nhd ciia trieu dai phong kien nha Han Lich sir dd vdi nhiing trang tham day mau va nude mat cua biei bao cugc khdi nghia bi that bai, bi dan ap khdc liet Lich sir dd gdn lien vdi cac the he ngudi H'mdng tren con dudng tir bd "que cha dat to" tim que huang mdi d cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, Dau a'n lich sir bao hiing, bi trang a'y da in dam vao ky lie ngudi H'mdng khie'n hg vira cd niem tu bao cua mdt dan tgc da timg cd

"mdt thdi oanh liet", viia tiem an ndi xdt xa cho than phan tha huang li tan cua dan tgc minh Chinh vi the' hg ludn khat vgng ve mdt "vi ciiu tinh", "thu ITnh" xuat hien, dan hg trd lai thdi "hoang kim" xua Bieu tugng ve mot "dng vua" tai gidi, cd du kha nang dan dat ngudi H'mdng vugt qua mgi dau khd, di tim "mien dat hiia" khdng phai md, ludn tiem an trong tam thiic ciia dan tgc nay Do vay, nguyen nhan true tie'p cho phong trao dau tranh ciia ngudi H'mdng d cac thdi ky lich sir deu md dau bang cac tin hieu"vua xua't the", "di tim td qudc H'mdng", gay tam ly xao ddng trong ddi sdng tinh than ddng bao Phai chang trong sau tham tiem thiic ciia ngudi H'mdng cd mot ndi nhd da die't, ndi tie'e thuang, ca ndi oan gian ve mdt thdi "vang son", "di vang" khd ma giai trir ra khdi ddi sdng tam linh cua dan tgc nay Mdt thii tiem an da chim sau vao the' gidi vd thiic, nhung khi gap dieu kien danh thiic day thi gay ra cam xiic tap the manh me, cudn hiit mgi ngudi theo tieng ggi ciia "cai thieng" Hg rai vao cam xiic mudn thoat ra khdi cugc sdng hien tai de bay vao mot the gidi hoang tudng xa vdi vdi "tang trdi sang sua", de

33

rdi rd't cugc vSn la cugc sdng ben niii da, suang mii, ddi ngheo, benh tat, mil chtr Trong hoan canh dd, luc lugng truyen dao Tin lanh da tranh thii thdi ca de ra siic phat trien dao

- Den nay cac nha nghien ciiu cdn chua xac dinh dugc thdi diem cu the ciia hien tugng "xung vua" ciia ngudi H'mdng Nhung mgi ngudi deu thiia nhan hien tugng xung vua da tdn tai tii lau va dien ra d hlu he't cac viing ngudi H'mdng cu trii Dieu dang chii y la hien tugng xung vua d ngudi H'mdng mang sac thai ciia cac "phong trao ciiu the'" thudng xuat hien d cac dan tgc bi hSng hut trong tam thiic, nhu ngudi H'mdng theo dao Cdng giao, Tin lanh d Nam Trung Qudc; phong trao "xung chuang" d ngudi Kha Mii; phong trao "Xambram" d ngudi H're Tii nam 1951 de'n 1986, trong vung ngudi H'mdng d cac tinh mien Bac nude ta da xay ra 24 vu "xung vua", bao loan, gay phi Trong dd tieu bieu la d Phong Thd(Lai Chau, 9-1954), Lai Chau va San La(1958), cao nguyen Ddng Van(Ha Giang, 12-1959), Phi Long(Lao Cai, 1960), Ban Chua(Lai Chau,1967)

Khac vdi cac l^n xung vua trudc day, nhixng lan xung vua gan day da bi cac the luc phan ddng lgi dung de phat trien tdn giao, lam cho dien bie'n tinh hinh ngay cang phiic tap, khd quan ly, bde Id yeu td chinh tri phan ddng Khdi dau cac

vu xung vua bao gid cung xuat hien cac tin hieu"vua H'mdng sap xuat hien" nham gay xao ddng tinh cam ngudi H'mdng, kich thich tam ly cua ddng bao hudng ve mot "cugc sdng mdi" Trong cac cugc xung vua, ngudi dung ra xung vua khdng bao gid tu nhan minh la vua Hg dat vi tri ciia hg thap hen va gan giii vdi vua, nhu la "con ciia vua", "ke thira hanh", "ngudi dugc sai khien" Trong hien tugng xung vua, hinh anh "dng vua" da dugc than thanh boa, cd nhieu quyen luc va nhieu phep mau(anh hudng nay la ciia Dao giao) Chang ban, hg tuyen truyen rang neu dugc vua phu phep thi dan ciia ke thu ban khdng thiing da thit; vua cd the bien cay cd thanh guam giao, bien da to thanh trau bd, da nhd thanh Ign ga; vua ra se ddn ngudi H'mdng ve vdi td tien Trudc day ngudi H'mdng mong dgi vua ra de theo vua, bay gid hg mong vua ra, vua se dem lai cugc sdng td't dep ngay tren tran the nay : khdng lam cung cd an, cay se cho ngon la liia,

than ra bap ngd, gdc ra qua dau Hg mong vua ra de trd thanh mdt Idp ngudi mdi sdng sung sudng, hanh phiic Tien trinh xung vua thudng khdng keo dai, nhung dugc thieng boa kha dam net, khien cho nhixng ngudi tham gia dam chim trong bau khdng khi phan khich hu thuc [58.15] Xung vua la tin ngudng mang tinh the tuc, cd tinh chat tdn giao [58.15-16], nd cd vai trd "den bii hu ao" giiip cho ngudi H'mdng ve mot hanh phiic khi "vua ve" Xung vua la dieu kien thuan lgi de bgn phan ddng lgi dung tuyen truyen dao Tin lanh

Vdi cac tin hieu ve mdt cugc "xung vua" xua't hien d thdi ky dau truyen dao Tin lanh trai phep da phan anh six be tac trong cugc sdng hien tai ciia ddng bao

Hg phai tim ve dau an lich sii de lay chd ba'u viu, nuang tua, can bang ve mat tinh than

Nhu vay, trong niem tu bao ve mdt dan tgc da tiing cd mdt thdi phat trien hung manh, ngudi H'mdng ciing ludn tiem an tinh cam xdt xa cho than phan tha huang cua dan tgc minh Them vao dd la cugc sdng hien tai vdi day rSy nhixng khd khan nai "dat khach que ngudi" Tix dd lam cho cugc sdng cua ngudi H'mdng trd nen be tac, chao dao Trong tam thiic ciia hg ludn ludn udc ma cd mdt "thii linh" tdi cao de giiip dd hg ca ve ddi sdng tinh than va ddi sdng vat chat Ta't ca nhiing dac diem ve mat lich sir va van boa dd ciia dan tgc H'mdng la nguyen nhan true tie'p lam cho dao Tin lanh cd ca hdi phat trien trong viing ddng bao d khu vuc nay

* Do phong tuc tap quan lac hau, trinh do ddn tri thap

La mdt dan tgc cd lich sir lau ddi, dan tgc H'mdng cd truyen thdng van boa, phong tuc tap quan rat phong phii Nhixng truyen thdng, phong tuc tap quan dd da trd thanh cdt each va siic sdng ciia dan tgc H'mdng Tuy nhien, cung vdi thdi gian, ngay nay cd nhiing phong tuc tap quan khdng cdn phu hgp vdi ddi sdng ddng bao nixa, nd trd thanh ganh nang ddi vdi ddng bao, va do dd trd thanh nguyen nhan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay

Ben canh nhiing sinh boat van hoa td't dep, nhiing thuan phong my tuc ciia dong bao H'mdng, la nhiing phong tuc tap quan da trd nen lac hau, rudm ra, hu

35

tuc khdng cdn phu hgp van tdn tai trong ddi sdng ddng bao, nhu van de td chiic tang ma, cudi xin, ciing bai Viec td chiic dam cudi theo phong tuc ciia ddng bao rat rudm ra, an udng keo dai, ton hang tram ddng bac trang (khoang 10 trieu ddng) Hon nua, sau khi cudi xong keo theo six xa xiit ve kinh te Nhung neu td chiic dam cudi theo dao Tin lanh thi don gian ban, chi tdn hai ddng bac trang Viec td chiic dam tang cung vay, khi bd me chet nhiing ngudi con trai phai lam sao lo dii mdi ngudi mdt con trau de bao hie'u bd me Ben canh dd la nhiing nghi

le phiic tap vira tdn tien cua lai anh hudng tdi siic khoe Ngudi chet de trong nha tii 7-10 ngay mdi dem chdn, sau dd phai lam ma khd, md trau, md Ign de an ca lang Cling le, hat sudt ngay dem Nhung neu theo dao Tin lanh viec td chiic dam tang dan gian ban, khi cd ngudi chet khdng md trau, bd, ga, Ign, khdng de lau trong nha Khi ddng bao bi dau dm thi diing thudc chiia benh chii khdng phai ddn thay mo, thay ciing ve nha lam le ton kem Qua dieu tra 57 hd tai 3 ban ngudi H'mdng thudc xa Bao Nhai (Bac Ha -Ha Giang) cho tha'y cd 38 hd thudc dien tbie'u ddi nhung trong nam 1993 da chi phi cho viec ma chay, cudi xin, ciing bai he't 114 trieu ddng Trong khi ddi sdng kinh te' cdn he't siic khd khan thi nhiing phong tuc tap quan dd, trong thuc te da trd thanh "ganh nang" trong ddi sdng va sinh boat cua ngudi dan Theo dao Tin lanh ddng bao se triit bd dugc ndi lo ca ve tam ly va kinh te Hg suy nghi don gian la dudng nao ciing thd mdt con ma, nhung thd con ma Gie su dd tdn kem ban Ket qua dieu tra 1000 ngudi d Lao Cai(1998), cd 850 ngudi H'mdng tra ldi la theo dao de bd phong tuc tap quan nang ne O San La va mdt so tinh khac ciing vay, ddng bao Hmdng theo dao thudng ly giai rang hg theo dao nham thay ddi phong tuc, tap quan lac hau lau ddi cua dng cha de lai Trong khi dd Tin lanh de'n vdi ngudi H'mdng vira dan gian, luat le ft phiic tap, lai hap dSn, phii hgp vdi tinh each, tam ly ciia ngudi

H'mdng nen bg de tie'p nhan Ngoai lgi ich trudc mat la dd tdn kem vi kinh te,

dao Tin lanh cdn tao cho hg cd "niem tin", cai ma bg dang hSng hut