6 day, vdi muc dfch dira ra mot each nhin long quat ve qua Irinh tiep can van hgc trung dai tren ca sd phirang phap sang uic hien thirc chii nghia, V chi ra nhfrng ddng gdp cung nhu nhfr
Trang 1DAI HOC QUOC GI.\ HA NQI TRI/CING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN
KHOA VAN HOC
CHU THIHONG LOAN
VAN DE TINH CHAT HIEN THlTC
VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THl/C TRONG
THE KY XVIII - NLTA DAU THE KY XIX
(KHAO SAT QUA TRUYEN KIEV)
LUAN VAN THAC SI NGlT VAN
Chuyen nganh van hoc Viet Nam
Ma so: 5.04.33 Giao vien hirong dan: PGS.TS: Tran Nho Thin
DA; HOC Q u O C
V'L2/ 6 5 ^ /
Hii Noi - :0(15
Trang 2JliiiiH oatt itu'o'e hoaa tliutiii dnd'i m' Irn'o'stq dan Uhoa hoe oii Hi' eiit hao ipufi ito' ttjtk ti$iii eua tiaitf t^iao^ ^^}S,^cS ^rim
^itho "Jliin, /^t$t W / / f//// to'i tliotj ldn(f hiet o'si eliou thanh, sdm sue ttlnYt,
/^nt euttij ^ / / / hiiij to lotuj hie) o'a 3att iae //)'/ eae thaif, ed qiao ena 3Uu)n ^Oati hoe ^ra'o'mi ^iJai lioe JCIioa hoe rica hoi oa iihatt oiiftf ^HJai hoe Qjtde qia ^tut Qtoi (til tan fiah diuf do eta le€)aq saot l^lioa hoe,
^iJe ed itao'e laan otta at/at/ lidat aatf eiiaf/ alio' ed sti d^oaq oiea ed od Ida tao eaa qia dlah oii lufa l)e "Jdi rjcia elahi thatth eata ^///
(^ha ^lii ^tu)a(f Moita
Trang 3JUyi eii9$t d'o
^oi rM'iti eata d^oatt d^atj tit eoatf tt'itih titfliiett edit eittt fiea<i toi, (^/te oftti (Te trttih l)dif ti'i)a(f laita Oitti Id tnttit/ tlitte Oit ehti'a tTti'o'e edtup ho troatj hiYt Ui) edatf trittlt ado Ulide,
^t)d Qlt}i, lUfdi/ 20 llidaq 09 adta 2005
^de {[id Ittihi oiiti
(^lut ^lii ^Cwatf Mi) it a
Trang 4Lai ma dau 5
Chirang 1: Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieii b^ng phirong 9
phap tiep can Xa hoi hoc - Cong trinh Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hieu
(hue ciia Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky
1.1- Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu bang phirong phap tiep can 9
Xa hoi hoc
1.2- Truyen Kieu vd chu nglua hien ihifc cua Ni^uyen Du - Lich sir ciic y 14
kien danh gia
1.3- Phuxyng hudng giai quyet cho van de liep can mot tac phAm van hgc 22
,trung dai
Chirang H: Nhung dac trirng nghe thuat quan trong cua Truyen Kieu 32
n l - Vay mugn col truyen 32
11.2- He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu 37
11.2.1- Ngoai hinh nhan vat 44
11.2.2- Ngdn ngfr nhan vat 52
11.2.3- Ngi tarn nhan vat 60
11.3- Yen id tam linh trong Truyen Kieu 70
11.4- Kel cau Truyen Kieu 15
11.5- Nhfrng yeu to edng ihiic, irdc le trong Truyen Kien S2
11.6- Xa hoi trong Truyen Kieu 88
Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong boi canh xa hoi, van hgc Viet Nam 95
cuoi the kv XVIII - dau the kv XIX
*• * •
III 1 - Sir tliay ddi quan niem tham my trong van hoc trung dai Viel Nam 95
III 1.1 - Quan niem lliam my trong van hoc the ky X - XVII 95
Trang 5Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc
LCJi M 6 DAU
Nhieu thap ky qua cac nha nghien ciiu van hgc trung dai Viet Nam da to'n khong ft giay mirc ban ve phirang phap tiep can van hgc ihdi ky na\ Tu\ vay cung khong phai da hoan loan thong nhat trong each nhin nhan danh gia bdi day la mot thai ky van hgc ton tai trong khoang thai gian kha dai d nude la (tir the ky X den the ky XIX) Ngay nay, nhieu ngirdi cd thdi quen dem nhung khai niem hien dai de xem xet nen van hgc qua khir vdn cd nhfrng dac trirng loai hinh rieng biet khac vdi thdi dai chung la Va bat ky mot sir lap luan chira chuan xac, diing d^n nao nao cung se lam cho each nhin nhan danh giii van
de nghien ciiu trd nen phien dien thieu khach quan va khong chfnh xac
Trong cac van de van hgc can dirge nghien ciiu ciia thdi ky trung dai, van de cd hay khong cd chii nghTa hien thge trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX la van de da dirge dem ra ban cai nhieu song van chira thire sir cd mot hirdng giai quyet than dao Tren thuc le van de
nay dirge de cap den chii yeu thong qua Truyen Kieu eiia NguycMi Du, b(Vi day
la icie pham Idn ciia thdi dai, cd le la tac phiim duy nhat da phan anh dirge sau
sdc va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan canh xa hoi nirdc la trong mot giai doan lich sir nhat dinh
Tir lau, cd le tir Hoiii Thanh vdi Qnyen song ciia con ngii'o'i trong Trnyen
Kien ciia Nguyen Dn (1949) va nhat la tir Le Dinh Ky vdi Trnyen Kien vd chii nghia hien ihifc ciia Nguyen Du (1970) la bdt gap nhu'ng nhan dinh \'e chu
nghia hien thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam trung dai ndi chung cung nhu irong
Trnyen Kieu ndi riCMie Tir 1945 den naw irons gidi nehien cfru a nude ta phan anh Inan da chi phdi sau siic 6cn phirang phap nghien ciru cung nhu he
ihdniz \'an de nghien ei'ru Tromz linh hinh dd thi dat \'an de xem uia iri phan anh hien llurc la gia iri cao nhat eiia \'an hgc tro' thanh de hieu Tu\ nhien \ lec
nghien ci'ru I ruyen Kien nhir mgl san pham cua phuxmg phap sang Uic hien
thuc chu imhia tren thire le dem lai nhieu nhfrng kien giai hat cap \a gap
Trang 6khong It nhirng ban khoan phan doi Khoang tir thap nien 80, 90 ciia the ky
XX, rai rac da xuat hien nhirng y kien mang tfnh chat trao ddi dieu chinh ve each tiep can nay, cac nha nghien ciiu Tran Dinh Hugu, Dang Thanh Le Tran Dinh Sir, Tran Nggc Vuang, Tran Nho Thin, Dao Xuan Quy, Nguyen Hfru San khi ndi ve cac van de khac nhau ciia van hgc Viet Nam trung dai da de xuat mot each liep can khac, dd la ''tiep can he thong - van hgc - lich sir ddi tugng nghien ciru'' (42), nghia la xem xet cac hien tirgng van hgc bang thirde
do gia tri ciia chfnh thdi dai ma no ra ddi chii khong phai tir each giai ma cua chung ta ngay hdm nay Trdn Nho Thin cho rang "viec dira nhfrng tieu ehf hien thuc - mot trao lu'u van hgc phuang Tay d giua the ky XIX vdn cd nhfrng dac trirng loai hinh rat khac so vdi van hgc trung dai Vict Nam d cudi nira the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de md la Truyen Kieu la mot viec kha mao
hiem va thire te da bgc Id nhieu bat cap" (55,tr48)
Tuy vay, cho tdi nay van thieu mgl cdng trinh nghien ciiu mang tfnh chat long kel va de xuat hirdng giai quyet mot each he thong, loan dien ve van
dd nay Thirc hien luan van Cao hgc chiing tdi mong mudn gdp mot phan nh(')
bo xung cho sir thieu hut dd
6 day, vdi muc dfch dira ra mot each nhin long quat ve qua Irinh tiep can van hgc trung dai tren ca sd phirang phap sang uic hien thirc chii nghia,
V chi ra nhfrng ddng gdp cung nhu nhfrng han che ciia phirang phap tiep can xa
hoi hgc va de ra mot hirdng giai quyet cii the" ap dung cho Truyen Kieu chiing
tdi lien hanh thirc hien de tai: "Van de tfnh chat hien thire va chu nghTa hien thire trong van hgc Vict Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
(khao sat qua Truyen Kieuy\
Thirc ra van de ehii nghia hien thire (cd hay khong ed) ciia Truyen Kieu khong phai la van de cd y nghia lir than ma no cd lien quan 6cn phu'(^ng phap
doe, phirang phap liep can mgl tac pham \'an hoc Irung dai ndi chung Mdi 'each doe deii cd gia iri liep can rieng." song \eu can dai ra la phai phan anh
Trang 7Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
trung thanh dac trimg ciia ddi tugng Hien nay dang ton lai bdn each dgc
Truyen Kieu khac nhau
Cach doc xa hoi hgc
Cach dgc phong each hgc
Cach dgc thi phap hgc
Cach dgc van hoa hgc
Dgc Truyen Kieu bang phuang phap tiep can xa hoi hgc lieu bieu la Le Dinh Ky, vai chuyen luan Truyen Kieu va ehii nghTa hien thii'e ciia Nguyen
Du Vdi each dgc xa hoi hgc dng da nhin thay trong uic pham nhfrng gia tri
chong phong kien, phan phong, phai bay mat trai eiia xa hoi dirang thdi do vay ngay eang bgc Id nhieu ban khoan thac mac Thirc ra, van de khong phai
la han che ciia ban than each dgc, cung nhu phuang phap nghien ciiu xa hdi hgc ma do sir van dung may mdc ciia ngirdi sir dung nd
Thuc hien dC lai lien chiing tdi mudn gdp phan chi ra nhfrng bat cap cua vice van dung khai niem chii nghia hien thuc cho van hgc nude ta niia cudi the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX, vach ra tinh trang dan gian hoa cac van de cua van hgc giai doan nay Bdi thuc chat hien nay khong ft ngirdi ddng nhat phan anh hien thire (id khd, mat trai ciia che do phong kien) vdi chu nghia hien thuc Dong thdi, cung gdp phan chi ra viec hieu biet khong day dii ddi tirgng nghien eiiii trung dai (eu the d day la rngt tac pham van hgc trung dai) se dan den nhfrng lam lac, khien cudng, cd tfnh chat chii quan trong nghien ciiu khoa hoc
Ban luan van dirge lien hanh chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap phan ifch, so sanh, thdn" ke, de thay dirae dac trims riens biet ciia ddi tuaniz nshien
cfai van hgc trung dai Ddi khi dC^ lam rd them yixn de quan niem ha\ lam rd
nhfrng dac irirng mang tfnh quy luat cua sir phai iricMi chiing idi so sanh \di Ciic lac pham eimg thdi, hoac so sanh \di cac tac pham cua chu nghia hicMi ihuc eiia \'an hgc phuang Tay the ky XIX \an hoe Viel Nam giai doan 1930-
1945 de lam rd \im de neu ra
Trang 8Van ban ma luan van se dua vao la cudn Truyen Kieu - Ngu\en Du do
Nguydn Quang Tuan (khao dfnh va chii giai), in Ian thii tu, Nha xuat ban khoa hgc xa hoi 1997
Chung tdi xin chan thanh cam an PGS TS Tran Nho Tliin da tan tinh giup dd chung tdi hoan thanh luan van nay Tren ca sd tiep thu y kien cua nhirng ngudi di trudc, lien hanh tim hieu nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan
trong ciia Truyen Kieu dudi gdc do loai hinh van hoa de tim ra gia iri ma Nguyen Du de lai cho chiing ta qua kiet tac Truyen Kieu chiing tdi h\' vgng se
ddng gdp dugc mot phan nho cho viec nghien ciru tac phalm tam ed nay eiia van hgc trung dai
Luan van, chile chan khd tranh khdi nhirng sai sdt, mong dugc y kien gdp y eiia cac thay cd va sir ddng gdp chan thanh ciia cac ban ddng nghiep
Ban luan van dugc trinh bay theo bd cue sau:
Phiin ma dau
Chuang I: Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu bang phucrng phap
tiep can xa hoi hoc - cdng trinh Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien ihifc cua
Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky
Chirang II: Nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan trgng ciia Truyen Kieu Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong bdi canh xa hdi, van hgc Viet Nam nira
cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
Phan ket luan
8
Trang 9Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
Chuong I NHAN DANG VIEC NGHIEN CLfU TRUYEN KIEU B A N G
PHL/ONG PHAP TIEP CAN XA HOI HOC - CONG TRINH TRUYEN KIEU
VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THUC CUA NGUYEN DU - LE DINH Ky
LI- Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu b^ng phuong
phap tiep can xa hoi hoc
Phuang phap tiep can xa hdi hgc bat nguon chii yeu tir my hgc Maexft mot thii ly luan nghe thuat "dac biet la ly luan xa hdi hgc nghe ihual" (2(),lr29) PhU(mg phap nay dat ra van de tiep nhan mot tac pham xan hgc dua tren hoan canh lich sir xa hdi tac pham ay ra ddi de tir dd cat nghia cac tang giii tri ciia nd, hay ndi each khac gia tri ciia mot tac pha'm van hgc dugc dinh gia, lap luan tren ca sd moi quan he ciia nd vdi xa hdi ma nd xuat hien Mac
•va Angghen ciing da xem xet cac hien tugng \'an hgc trong quan he cua no \a\
nhfrng dieu kien xa hdi ma lac pham phan anh xan dung quan dieni dau Iranh giai cap, phan ifch lap trudng quan diem cua ngirdi viel de tim ra nhfrng uic dung true tiep va gian tiep, nhfrng anh hirdng nhieu rnat eiia dieu kien xa hdi den cac hien tugng van hgc Do vay hien tugng \'an hgc thudng dugc Mac -
Angghen dan 66 chung minh cho cac quan diem chfnh tri khi ndi ve vai lid
ciia dong lien trong xa hdi tu ban Mac ca nggi nhfrng doan van cua Gcrt \a Sechxpia viel xe xan de nay khi nhae den tinh trang mat tir do trong sang lac Mac nhac den Beranggie
Xiiai phat tir quan niem xem xan hgc la mot hinh thai y thiie xa hdi phan anh va gdp phan ciu tao hien thire.' Mac da lirng nhan xet ve eae lac pham
eiia Dicken Thaeetyray, Brdnli "Trudng phai hien dai \o\ lac nhfrng nha lieu
thuvel Anh ma nhfrng trang tieu hieu \a himg hdn da phai hien cho ihe guVi thav nhieu sir that chfnh iri va xa hdi hon la uii ca nhfrng nha chinh iri chu\en nghiep nhfrng nha chfnh luan va nhfrng nha Uuin ly hoc gop lai" (5.ir362) Sau
Trang 10nay khi nhan xet v6 Bandac va lac phalm Tan trd c//// Angghen cung cho rang
vdi hinh ihiirc mieu ta cd tfnh chat bien nien sir lir nhirng nam 1816 den 1848 Bandac da cung cap cho ngudi dgc hien thuc diein hinh ciia xa hdi Phap:
"Xung quanh cai bii'c tranh trung tam nay, Bandac tap trung tat ca lich su cua
xa hdi Phap, d day tdi da biet dugc, ngay ca theo y nghia kinh te hoc nhieu chi tict (chang han vd su phan phdi lai ddng san va bat ddng san sau cude each mang) han d cac quyen sach ciia tat c^ cac nha chuyen mdn: cac su gia cac nha kinh te hgc, cac nha thong ke ciia thdi ky nay gdp lai" (5,tr385) Nhu the,
ca Mac va Angghen deu danh gia cao khfa canh phan anh xa hoi, id cao xa hdi
va coi nd nhu mot thudc do quan trgng gia tri eiia tac pham van hgc
Ly Traeh Hau trong Bon hdi gidng my hoc cho rang "Ly luan nghe
thuat ciia my hgc Maexft cd mgl dac sac ca ban nhat quan la lay tac dung xa hdi eiia nghe thuat lam hat nhan va chii de Tac dung xa hdi nay lai ihuimg xuyen lien he vdi sir nghiep each mang ciia giai cap vd san ma chu nghia Mae
de xudng vdi tinh than phe phan ma suy xet, do lirdng danh gia \i\ binh luan"
(20,tr 30) Rd rang, dng mudn khang dinh chii nghia Mae ludn dat ra yeu can cho mot uic pham nghe thuat ciia giai cap \'d san la nd phai mieu la lai hien thuc iheo tinh than phe phan cai tao lai hien thirc, dap ung duac nhfrng d()i hoi ciia eugc dau tranh each mang trong xa hdi
Chfnh vi coi trgng cao do va tap trung chii yeu vao tac dung thuc le cua mzhe thuat ddi \di cude sdn*z hien thuc \'a dau tranh each mans ma viec nhan manh vai trd cua nghe thuat la mieu ta, phan anh nhan ihi're phe phan eugc song hien ihire da trd thanh ly luan my hgc ca ban Dieu nay anh huang manh
me den nen van hoc ly luan phe binh van hgc ciia nhdm cac nude xa hdi chu nuhia Cho nen la dt} dans nhan thav lir Mae, Ansshen den Lenin, Mao Trach
Ddng \a nga> ca \a\ Ho Chi Minh nhan thuc luan cua phan anh luan da \xa
ihanh ly luan eo" han de danh gia g-ia tri cua \an hoc nghe ihual .Mae Angghen da cd mot sir gap gd kha ly ihii khi n(')i \e uic dung nhan llurc cua Ciic tieu lIuiN'et Anh xa Phap, Angghen eon nhan manh tam quan irons cua
10
Trang 11Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
nhirng 'Hfnh each dien hinh" trong "nhirng hoan canh dien hinh" Lenin thi cd
hang loai bai viet ve Tdnxtdi bgc 16 nhu'ng quan diem ly luan \c tfnh Dang,
tinh nhan dan va coi Tdnxtdi nhu la mot tam guang ciia each mang Nga
(5,tr204) Mao Trach Ddng thi neu cao "yeu cau" van chirang phai "vi edng ndng binh, viel v6 cdng ndng binh" 0 Trung Qude dau thap ky 50 den cudi thap ky 70 (ciia the ky XX) khau hieu luu hanh trong gidi van nghe la "\'an nghe phiic vii chfnh tri", ''van nghe tdng thudc chfnh tri" Mai cudi thap ky 70, xuat phat tir nhirng bai hgc thdi "van each" (Cach mang van hoa), dudi sir chi dao ciia phuang cham "giai phdng tu tirdng, thuc sir can thi", de xuat viec tir nay ve sau khdng nhac den nhirng khau hieu tren nfra ma ddi ihanh "xan nghe phiic VII nhan dan, van nghe phiic vii XHCN" (45) Tai Viel Nam Ho Chf Minh trong dai hdi van hoa van nghe 1948 cung dan dd eae nhii sang uic:
"Van hoa nghe thuat la mgl mat Iran, anh chi em nghe si hi chicMi si tren mat tran ay"
Chiins ta khdns phii nhan vai trd ciia nhan ihiic eiins nhu nhan ihi'rc luan trong cude song, nhung nghicMi ciiu van hgc coi nhan ihiic luan lii each tiep can duy nhat lai la thieu sdt Nhan thiic luan ludn dugc coi la c(y sd iriet hgc ciia hgc thuyet Mac, ma rdng ap dung trong nghien ciiu van hgc, trd thanh xuat phat diem eiia ly luan van hgc Macxit Vii nhieu nam qua nd da trd thanh
ca sd iriet hgc duy nhat ciia ly luan van hgc hinh thanh van nghe hgc nhan Ihiic luan, my hgc nhan thiie luan Nhu vay, trong sir phat tri&n hudng tdi da dang hoa ciia quan niem van hgc tat se khien nhan thire luan bi hoai nghi
Tiep nhan phan anh luan nhu la "hdn da uing eiia My hoc Macxfl"
(2(),tr^3) irons nshien cfru van hoc xuat hien a nude la \i\o khoans nhfrns nam
60 - 70 cua the ky XX, cac nha nhien eiiu dong nhat chu nghia hien ihue \di
\iee phe phan hien thire nham miie lieu lai dd che do xa hoi ap bi're hoe lot theo chu irirang ciia each mang dan tgc dan chu.Tir da\ gi(')i nghien ciiu \an hgc trung dai Viel Nam dac biet hi gidi "Kieu hoc" da \an clung pluro'ng phap
tiep can hien ihire chu nghia de danh gia Truyen Kien Tham ehi co nhirng uic
Trang 12gia con coi "chii nghia hien thuc hay van hgc hien thuc tu nd la mot gia tri"
•(42) Cd mot thdi sir phan chia mgi hien tugng trong sudt lien irinh \an hgc nhan loai thanh "hien thuc chii nghia" va "phi hien thuc chii nghia" da ed nguy ca trd thanh quan niem phd bien Su phan chia nay bat nguon tir quan niem cho rang, chii nghia hien thuc la dinh cao nhat ciia van hgc vay thi phai chu'ng minh rang van hgc truyen thong nude ta cung da cd chii nghia hien thuc
rdi Do dd mdi cd viec tim tdi ehii'ng minh Truyen Kieu eiing cd chu nghia
hien thuc Mdi loat cac bai viet, cac cdng trinh nghien cii'u nii rac trong nhfrng nam 60 - 70, tham chf sang ca nhung nam 80 ciia the ky XX, da di vao tim hieu, van dung cac thao Uic khac nhau de di den ket luan cd chii nghia hien thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX va
'trong 1 ruyen Kieu
Nghien ciru Truyen Kieu theo lieu chf phan anh hien Ihirc dien ra lir sau each mang ihang Tam 1945 Md dau la Hoai Thanh dat van de ve Quyen song
ciia con ngu'd'i trong Truyen Kieu (1949) Theo dng "cai chfnh cua nghe ihiuit
Nguyen Du la d chd da nhao nan lai, sang lao ra ca mot the gidi cd that va dng ludn ludn nhan manh cho tfnh ed that nay: "Tii Ba, Ma Giam Sinh, Sd Khanh cai nhin ciia Nguyen Du khdng phai la cai nhin be ngoai Nguyen Du
da nhin than tan trong rugt nhfrng eon ngudi ay Han nfra Nguyt^n Du da sdng han cude sdng ciia nhfrng con ngudi ay Dang dieu eir chi ngdn ngfr eiia nhfrng con ngirdi ay khdng cd tfnh chat cdp nhat chap va ma dfiu bieu hien
mot sir sdns ben irons" (13.tr80) Tir dd dns di den nhan dinh: "irons Truyen
KieiL NguycMi Du da \'e ra dugc cai hinh anh ciia moi xa hdi d ue, da dung len
dirge mgl nhan xat anh himg nd la giac mong thoal ly ciia nhfrng con ngirdi mudn viran minh ra ngoai cai khudn khd phong kien \a mgl nhan xai than the long dong nd hi lieng oan hdn lieng ken ihirang cua nhfrng eon ngirdi hi day doa bi sia\ \ o irons cai khudn phons kien" (13.lrK)5) Va dns dira ra mdi
each liep nhan "hgp ly" Nguyen Du xa Truyen Kieu trong iho'i dai ha\ gi(y lii
2
Trang 13Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
"trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat phai cd con ngirdi ay" xa "chiing la mdi Nguyen Du vao hdi Lien Viet" (13.tr42)
Dang Thai Mai trong Dgc sac ciia vdn hoc co dien Viet Nam c/ua noi
.dung Truyen Kieu da de cap nhieu den cai ggi la "biit phap ui thuc" xa "linh
than ta thuc" Dang Thai Mai cd miic do han dng liai y bdi Truyen Kieu hi tac
pham mugn cot truyen nen di tim chi tiet "chan that ciia xa hdi Viet Nam qua tap tha dd cung la cau chuyen ma mang" hay viec "di tim hinh linh ciia xa hdi Viet Nam" d day thi "tranh sao khdi Idi lap luan khien cudng ep udng sir
thuc" (9,tr526) Tuy nhien khi di vao tim hie^u Truyen Kieu cd phan anh ft
nhieu gi xa hdi Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIll - nira dau the ky XIX hay khdng, dng lai cho rang Nguyen Du da "trinh bay" dugc "bd mat thuc cua mgl
xa hdi", di den khang dinh dgc Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du la xan nhin thay
"nhfrng mdi mau thufin eiia xa hdi phong kien tren con dudng phan hoa"
•(9,tr527) Ong nhan manh: "Ngdi biifui thuc ciia Nguydn Du cfing hel sue trung thanh khi ui nhfrng canh sdng hang ngay ciia cac hang ngirdi trong xa
hdi Biie canh cd Kieu sdng trong gia dinh em am ngay nwi cap ke la hien
thuc Bao nhieu man canh trong may Ian gap gd gifra Kim Trgng va Kieu van
la hien thuc Hien thuc khi thi si chop canh quan nha bat bd va xet eiia nha dan lirang ihien Hien thuc, tu the, Idi le, eir chi ciia Ma Giam Sinh cua mii Tii Ba
va tat Cii cude ddi cd Kieu trong sudt mirdi lam nam luu lac, "Thanh lau hai
lugt thanh y hai Ian", qua mgl iha\ gian liim le ciia Thiic Sinh lam xa eiia Tir
Hai, xan la nhfrng canh hien thuc " (9.tr529) xa theo dng ngudi dgc khi tiep
nhan Truyen Kieu nhan thay ca "tinh than ui thire" va "tinh than phe phan"
qua nhung hien thuc ay
Ngirdi nghien ei'rii Truyen Kieu nhir mgl tac pham ihude xe phu'crng
phap sang Uic hien thire ehii nghia ndi each khac ngirdi khang dinh thuc sir cd
mot chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu mot each cd he thdng la Le Dinh K>' trong chuxen liuin Truyen Kieu \d chu w^hla hien thia < na \'.^nycn Du Mac dii dng eimg da dat dieu kien "chu nghia hien thuc cua Trnyen Kieu la
Trang 14mot chii nghia hien thuc trong hinh thai phat trien dau lien cua nd khi nd vira thoal thai tir chu nghia quy pham, tir tfnh each dieu va udc le ciia my hgc phong kien, tir xu hudng ly tudng hoa va chu nghia giao huan" (I6.tr 388)
1.2 Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hien thuc ciia Nguyen Du
-Le Dinh Ky - Ljch sucac y kien danh gia
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du da ra ddi trong bdi
canh nghien cii'u van hgc trong quan he vdi hien thuc ddi sdng xa hdi theo quan diem my hgc Maexft Nghia la tac pham van hgc dugc nhin nhan nhu la
su phan anh ddi sdng xa hdi va bgc Id thai do ciia nha van ddi xdi hien ihire
dd 6 chuyen luan nay Le Dinh Ky da quan tam den nhfrng van de tu ludng chii quan eiia ngirdi sang tac: tu tirdng xa hdi, tu tudng nghe thuat ciia Nguyen
Du, iriet ly trong Truyen Kieu ndi bat han ca la van de tim hieu phuang phap sang lac eiia NguyCn Du trong Truyen Kieu Lan lirgi khao sat co' sd' iw fiffhig
tham my ciia Truyen Kieu va van de dien hinh hod irong Truyen Kieu, rd rang
'dng mudn diing nhfrng cdng thiie eiia phuang phap sang Uic hien ihirc chu
nghia de nghien ciiii Truyen Kieu Ong hirdng vao nghien ciiu cac nhan vat trong Truyen Kieic va day la mot thanh edng ciia dng so xdi cac giai doan Irirde Irong linh vire tim hieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu Le Dinh Ky da phan ifch Vii phat hien trong Truyen Kieu ed nhfrng nhan vat dugc mieu la bang "nhfrng
ngdn tir lay thang tir eugc sdng", do vay dng da di den ket luan "cd mgl xa hdi
'Truyen Kieir (16,lr284), xa hdi ay bat dau xdi bo may cai tri lir ihang ban M
den ifMig dde Ho Ton HitMi va dang sau Ho Ton Hien lii ca mgl irieu dinh
phong kien thdi nat Ong ghi nhan the lire cua dong lien irong Truyen Kieu
"the lire ciia dong tien da dugc Id cao mgl each true liep xa sau sac irons uic
pham ciia Nguxen Du xa xe mat nay Truyen Kieu xung dang duoc xap xep
x'ao nhfms sia tri \I dai nhat eiia nen xan hoe the sidf" ( I6.ir292j Tux nhien
Le Dinh Kv khdns chii v rans su bdc Idi irons xa hdi xa the lire cua dons lien
14
Trang 15^ Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
khdng phai la dac thii rieng ciia nha nude phong kien Ngoai ra dng da danh
han mot chuang de tim hieu Dien hinh hod theo hitdmg hien thifc chu nglua,
trong dd dng da van dung nhirng cdng thuc ciia chii nghia hien thire de xem
xet tac phalm nay va khang dinh "cd the ndi Truyen Kieu da dat tdi mgl chu
nghia hien thuc tam ly cao nhat trong nen van hgc dan tgc qua khii" (I6,tr387) Khang dinh the song Le Dinh Ky lai khdng khdi lung King khi liep can nhfrng yeu id udc le tugng trung trong tac pham, nhfrng quan niem, nhu'ng each cam nhan xa hdi khdng gidng vdi each hieu, each cam nhan ciia chiing ta
.ngay nay va dng liet tat ca nhirng cai -khae dd vao nlulng rdng hiioc ciia my
hoc di((fng ttun Tir day dng di vao phan tfch va coi nd nhu hi nhfrng han che
ciia NguyCn Du cung nhu ciia thdi dai dng, coi chii nghia hien thuc ciia Nguyen Du "thieu nhat quan va day mau ihuSn" (16,tr389)
Ndi chung each tiep can van hgc theo hudng xa hdi hgc de dan cac nha nghien cuu den be Uic, va dan den nhfrng nhan dinh mang tfnh chii quan Cac lac gia, dac biet la cac tac gia Idn hg ludn mang trong minh sir nhai qiuin
nhfrng thanh liru van hoa, van hgc ciia thdi ddi minh chu khdng gidng nhir
each danh gia ciia Le Dinh Ky "cac nha van qua khii thudng la mang nhfrng mau thuiin Idn trong ngirdi va lac pham ciia hg cung phan anh linh irang mau
•lhuandd"(16,tr485)
Tuy nhien, phai ghi nhan Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua
Nguyen Du la mot tac phalm dai, cdng phu trong dd Le Dinh Ky da dua tren
lieu ehf ciia chu nshia hien thuc de' danh sia nhan dinh xe cac van de trong
Truyen Kieu De khang dinh "Nguyen Du da birde xiio ngudng cua cua chu
nghia hien thuc", dng di viio md xe '^nhfrng mat lien bd trong lu liuyng xa hdi" eiins nhu "nhfrns mat han che be tac eiia Nsuven Du" Ben canh viec ly giai CO' SO" tu luons tham mv cua Nguxen Du dns dims ban 2/3 duns luans ciia
cudn sach de ban xe xan de dien hinh hoa trong 'Truyen Kicu theo huVrng hien
thuc ehii nshla Ons cho rans "\' thi're trims thanh xdi cude sdns da khien Nsiivdn Du, xe ca ban da gifr dugc tfnh each khach quan, chan thuc cua su
Trang 16mieu ta" va "cd the ndi den mot chii nghia hien thuc cua NguycMi Du nhirng
la mgl each cd dieu kien" Nhung mot mat dng cho Nguyin Du da cd y thuc
ve su khach quan trong mieu ta, mot mat dng nhan dinh nhan xai Kim Trgng
"tuy van chan thuc nhung lai thieu mot cai gi nhu la gan cot xa xirang sdng" dng lai tiep "Nguyen Du cung da sdp xep bd trf tat ca cho ddi liia dugc gap gd
gan bd nhau: tir can nha gan k6 cd ten la Lam Thuy chi chd dgi Kim Trgng
den thue, den chiee kim ihoa Thuy Kidu da may man danh rai - khdng phai rai lam dat ma mac vao canh dao - va tham nshiem kfn cons cao tuirns cfms khdng ngan can Kim Trgng nhat dirge" Tir nhan dinh dd dng di vao mgl ket
luan rat nude ddi: "a Truyen Kieu cd tinh hinh la: udc le ma van hon nhicMi
chan thuc van chii'a chan tinh tii va cam_ xiic" (16,tr406)
'Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du la mgl trong nhung
chuyen luan hay viet ve Truyen Kieu Le Dinh Ky da tiep nhan lac pham nay
vdi mot sir Iran trgng va kha nang nhay ben ciia cam xiic, sac sao trong sir the
hien ngdn tir Ong binh luan Truyen Kieu bang nhfrng cau chu rat tinh te de di
vao Idng ngudi dgc vf dii nhu nhfrng doan:
"Sue mitnh eiia cau tha Kieu khdng phiii la d chd kham pha ra nhfrng hinh tirgng ehira ai hinh dung nhfrng y nghl ehua ai ngd tdi ma la cai linh din tinh nguiri tham tham ma Nguydn Du dua vao cai nhin, cai nghe cai nghl eiia minh vao mgl virng trang mot ddng sudi mot ngan dau mgl licMig chim mot nson la Den da irirde nsdi biit Nsuv(!n.Du eiins phai mem di irude nhfrns dau khd ciia con ngirdi:
- Le ro'i tham dd to'chia ru tdm
- Ddu Id dd Cling ndt gan lo ngu'd'i
Cling theo Idng ngiriii ma rao rue sa>' dam:
Tff phcn dd biet tuoi vdng (16,trl70)
"Da I Da I Da Nguyen Du nhu keu len \o\ chiing ta: "Cude sdng Irdi
qua !" Khdng [^hai hi chuxen quan am iham thoal chuxen ngira eha\ qua cua
sd ma la cai biroe di nhir sir nlur m(') diioe cua ihoi gian eai dau \el cua no da
16
Trang 17Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
han len tren nhirng hy vgng, chd mong, dau thuang khd nhuc cua con ngm>i
va bang bae khap nai khap chdn" (16.trl71)
Doan viet vi ngdn tir Nguyen Du danh de mieu la mdi tinh Kim - Ki^u
'dng viet: "Truyen Ki6u la lieng reo vui khi hy vgng yeu duang trim la lieng hat khai hoan ciia tinh yeu chien thang, la ban ai ca ciia tinh cam khi bi irac trd, viii dap Bang khuang riio rue, dat dao, nhd thuang dgi chd khac khoai trai tim con ngudi da id rd quyen sdng ciia nd ma bao nhieu cam doan rang huge cudi ciing cung khdng chdn viii bdp nghet dugc" (16,trl65)
Nhung cd the ndi diem dac sac nhat eiia Le Dinh Ky la "dng da van dung mgl each nhuan nhuy6n cac khai niem ve tfnh each, ca tfnh hoan eiinh
chi liet de phan tfch tfnh loan ven sinh ddng eae nhan vat Truyen Kieu'^ (53,trl 8) Cho den nay chua cd ai viet ve dien hinh hoa eiia Truyen Kieu thii vi
nhu Le Dinh Ky, sau han 40 nam edng trinh ciia dng xuat hien Nhfrng nhan vat phan dien Tii Bii, Ma Giam Sinh Sd Khanh dugc dng xem xet phan tfch
de cho thay day hi nhfrng nhan vat thuc sir dirge diic ket tir cude sdng llurc phong phii, sdi ddng Phan viet ve ly tudng thiim my ciia Nguyen Du qua nhan vat Thuy Kieu cung cd nhung kham pha mdi thii vj
Tuy nhien, viec nha nghien ciru tim hieu phuang phap sang uic cua
NguycMi Du d Truyen Kieu trong tirang quan vdi phuang phap sang Uic ciia
ehii nghia hien thuc khien nhieu ngirdi chua ddng tinh, nhat la khi dng lay cac nguyen Uic, lieu ehuain ciia ehii nghia hien thuc de xem xet cac phuang dien
sang Uic ciia Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu - mot uic phalm van hgc trung dai
phuong Ddng (nhfrng ndi dung xa hdi ndi dung phan anh, tfnh each xii hoan canh dien hinh nhfrng ehi lie! hien thue chu nghia ngdn ngfr da dang phong phii an khdp xdi sir that ddi sdng ) Cung chfnh viec van dung cac khai nieni
phirang phap sang lac hien thuc ehii nghia xao Truyen Kieu da lam cho lac gia
king uing khi nhung nhan xai chfnh - nhan xat ehinh dien cua tac pham nhu
Thuy Kieu Tir Hai, Kim Trgng dcu la nhfrng nhan vat numg dam tfnh chai udc le Ix lirdns hoa Rdi cude chi cd nhfrns nhan vat phan i.\\cn la nhan xai
Trang 18hien thuc chii nghia, nhu Ma Giam Sinh So Khanh Tii Ba "mang nhieu net lay thang tir eugc sdng" Thuc te cdng trinh ciia Le Dinh Ky cho thay eae nguyen tac phan tfch hien thue chii nghia chi phii hgp vdi nhan xat phan dien chiir khdng phii hgp vdi cac nhan vat chfnh dien Day la mot thir thach Idn ddi vdi phuang phap nghien cii'u nay khi dem ap dung cho van hgc trung dai Do
'vay, mot mat Le Dinh Ky phat hien nhfrng yeu to dien hinh hod theo hu'o'ng
hien thifc chu nghTa nhung mat khac van nhan thay sir ton tai nhu'ng rdng huoc ciia my hoc ducmg thcri Qua nhirng nhan vat, nhfrng yeu to nghe thuat ining
khft vdi cdng thiic eiia ehii nghia hien thuc dng ghi nhan Nguyen Du hi mgl tac gia lieu bieu ciia phuang phap sang lac hien thue ehii nghia cdn nhfrng nhan vat, yeu to nao khdng triing khft thi dng cho dd khdng chi la han che cua NguyCn Du ma la han che chung eiia ea thdi dai Nguyen Du Nhu vay, vd hinh
chung uic giii da diinh giii thap Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieic a day tu luirng cua NguyCn Du cung nhvtTruyen Kieu bi nhin nhan nhu mgl khdi nuiu ihuan tua khdng dugc xem xet nhu mot ehinh the thdng nhat Chfnh xi the tir khi i ruvcn
Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du ra ddi den nay da c() khdng ft
nhfrng y kien trao ddi tranh luan xung quanh viin de niiy
Nguy(!n Lgc khi di vao tim hieu lich sir van de nghien cfru 'Trnyen Kieu
khiing dinh nhfrng ddng gdp eiia Le Dinh Ky trong quii trinh nghien cfru mdi
dd hi nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu trong mdi tuang quan vdi phuang phiip sang tiic
ciia nha tha Ons shi nhan "vdi nsdi biit sac sao eiia mdi nha phe binh" lir sdc
dd phuang phiip siing uic Le Dinh Ky da ed nhfrng "phai hien mdi" xe Truyen
Kieu ma gidi nghien ciiu ve Truyen Kieu giai doiin trudc "ehua cd" Nguxen
L(>c cdn chi ra dugc nhfrng ddng gdp diing ke ciia Le Dinh Ky xe ly iiahig
tham my ciia Nguyen Du irong Truyen Kieu, x'e mot so nhan vai Truyen Kieu
Cling nlur \e irici /v Truyen Kicu Tir do dng di den ket luan "iruycn Kicu vd
chu nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du giiip ngucri dgc hieu sau ho'n nhfrng gui iri
doc diio ciia mot nhii tha ihien uii" (28.ir465) Dii khii gan giii \o\ quan diem ciia Le Dinh Kv nghia hi ciing chgn ciieh tiep can Truyen Kicu tu phuong
18
Trang 19Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
phap sang tac, tir nguyen idc dien hinh hoa nhung Nguyen Lgc nhiin dinh
"irong cdng trinh nghien eiiu ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng duoc chat che Va mac dii l<ic gia ed dung y giai quyei x'an de phuang phap siing tac cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhirng thanh edng eiia dng lai hi nhiing kham pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tac ehii chua phai nhu'ng ket luan vd biin than phuang phap sang tac trong Truyen Kieif
(28,tr465) Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot lieu chuan cd siin nao dd ve chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu", "so siinh" vdi
'Truyen Kieu chii d day tac gia chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuat phat tir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan tgc de nghien cfru Tuy
nhien biin than Nguydn Lgc trong phan viet ve dien hinh hod 'Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phucrng phiip siing Uic ciia Nguyen Du thanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa,
"ly tudng hoii", "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thue" "dicMi hinh hoii iruyCm thdng theo ly tudng hoii den Idi dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thue" (28.lr396) ciing hi ehua hgp ly
Tran Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh cu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns "Nsuyen Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu iruyen de dien Ndm Uic la ed
tim dugc d trong dd ciii ma dng mudn tim" Triin Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma Nguyen Du tim dirge nhiit quyei khdng phiii la do hien thuc a irong dd gidng x'di hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam, bai dng nhan ihay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrng ehi liet cii lhC\ mil theo nha Nho thi ta dam xe ndi dung, rirdm ra, kem trang nha X'e nghe thuat d mgl mat niio dd dieu niiy lai "xa cai thuc cua van hoc" Theo dng "Nguxen Du Ira thiinh hieu ddi, thiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng khdng |")hai theo ciieh cua nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phat lir thue
le di tim ciie ludi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc ciii ban chat, ciii diem hinh trong llurc liii cd trudc nuit Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi ihuc lai rdns ho'n irucVc nlumg la mdi thue lai irini lirong ma dng S(M la cdi nguoi ta
(50,tr468) O phuang dien miy cho tha> Tran Dinh Hirou dii \em ,\et I rmen
Trang 20phap sang tiic, tir nguyen lac didn hinh hoa nhung Nguxen Lgc nhan dinh
"trong cdng trinh nghien ciru ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng dugc chiii che Va mac dii tac gia cd dung y giai quyei van de phuang phap siing uic cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhung thanh cdng ciia dng \d\ la nhfrng kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tiic ehii ehua phai
nhCrng ket luan ve ban than phuang phap sang tiic trong Truyen Kieir
(28.tr465) Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot tieu chuan cd siin niio dd v6 chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu" "so sanh" xdi
Truyen Kieu ehii' d day tiic giii chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuai phat lir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan toe de nghien ei'ru Tuy
nhien biin than Nguyfin Lgc trong phiin viei ve dien hinh hod Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phuang phap sang uic ciia Nguyen Du ihanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa
"ly tudng hoii" "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thuc", "dien hinh hoa truycm thdng theo ly tirdng hoa deii Idi dien hinh hoii ciia chii nghia hien thue" (28,tr396) ciing la chua hgp ly
Triin Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh eu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns "NsuycMi Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu truyen de dien Ndm liie la ed
tim dugc d trong dd cai ma dng mudn tim" Tran Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma Nguyen Du tim dugc nhiii quyet khdng phai lii do hien thue d trong dd gidng X'di hien thue xa hdi Viet Nam bdi dng nhan thay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrns
ehi tiet cu thd ma theo nha Nho thi la dam xe ndi dung, nwm ra kem irang
nha xe nghe thuiit d mot mat niio dd dieu nay Icii "xa Ciii thue eiia van hgc" Theo dns "Nsuven Du ird thiinh hieu diu ihiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng khdng phiii theo each ciia nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phai lir thuc
te di tim ciic mdi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc ciii ban chat, eai dieni hinh trong thuc lai ed trudc mat Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi iluie lai
"rdns ho'n iriiiVe nhimg hi mot thue lai iriru tuang ma dng goi la edi nguo'i la
(50,tr468) 0 phuang dien niiy cho thiiy Tran Dinh Hirou da xem \el Trnyen
19
Trang 21Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
Kieu (truyen Ndm ndi chung), trong bdi canh van hoa xan hoe trung dai han
nu'a dng da cd y thu'c chii y den dac trung cua thi phap trung di^ii Ong khang
dinh "trong van hgc Viel Nam trung can dai" khdng ed "phong trao xan hgc
hien thuc chii nghia" Va ket luan "neu eai dep la sir da diing eiia nhfrng ciii dgc dao, la vd sd thi van hgc Viet Nam trung can dai cung khdng nhiit thiol
phai cd khuynh hudng hien thuc, va cd nhieu yeii td hien thue mdi la mot nen
van hgc phat trien" (50,tr498)
Trong bai Lai hdn ve chii nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu cua
Nguyen Du in trong Tcip chf van hgc sd 9 - 2000 dng Dao Xuan Quy lai cd
mgl Ciieh diinh giii va giiii quyet khac Ong dat van de "mot tiic phimi phan iinh dugc hien ihuc ciia mgl xa hdi ed phiii liic nao ciing la mgl tac pham viei theo phucyng phap hien thue ehii nghia khdng?" Va dng dua ra nhfrng bai tha cua Bach Cu Di, Dd Phii phiin anh dugc "sau siic den lirng chi tiet" hien thue xa hdi Trung Qude dt^i nha DuiTng roi tu hdi "cd the ket limn rang chii nghia hien thuc da xuiii hien d Trung Qude ciich day han mgl nghin nam khdng?" Dao Xuan Quy cdn dua ra nhfrng ly le vii di\n chiing de khang dinh rang tir giii tri hien thuc den chii nghia hien thuc la mgl quang dudng dai Ong neu ra yeu Ciiu cot yeu ciia chii nghia hien thue lit van de dien hinh vii cho rang "cd the
ndi trong Truyen Kieu khdng ed nhfrng "nhan vat dien hinh trong hoan canh
dien hinh" xa ciii chfnh hi dng khdng thira nhan cd chu nghia hien thue irong
Truyen Kieu Diio Xuan Quy viei: "Thien tai eiia Nguyen Du da thdi ha\ sdng
viio nhfrng nhan viit xdn binh thudng trong cudn lieu thuyet cua Trung Qude Vii da dem lai cho hg mgl tam hon mot cude ddi mot sd phiin Nhu the la du rdi chiing la khdng nen giin cho Nguyen Du nhfrng di6u khdng the cd dirae"
Va dng de nghi ludt hudng nghicMi cuu Nguyen Du cung nhu Truyen Kieu la
phiii hieu sau viio uii Cii ciic nuit trong liim trang cua Uic gia chii khdng the de
dai giiin don duoc
Trim Dinh Su trong 'I'hi phdp Truyen Kieu khi di xiio lim hieu nhiing ehan^^ dudns nshien cfru thi phap iruyen Kieu da ghi nhan Trnyen Kicu va ^ t _ * - 1 1 - -
Trang 22chu nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky "ed the ndi dd la sir nghien
ciru thi phap Truyen Kieu theo thi phiip ciia chii nghia hien thue" (53.lrl8)
Tuy nhien dng ciing chi ra nhiing king tiing ciia Le Dinh Ky khi xan dung khiii niem phuang phap sang tac hien thuc chu nghia vao tac pham nay Trong khi tuyen nhan vat chfnh Kim Trgng Tir Hai va ca Thuy Kieu dcni mang dam tfnh chat ly tudng hoa, thi tuyen nhan vat phiin dien trong dd nhfrng Ma Giam Sinh, Sd Khanh, Tii Ba d^u "mang nhieu net lay thang tir cude sdng" Tran Dinh Sir nhan dinh neu ndi "udc le mil viin hdn nhien, chan thuc xan chi'ra chan "tinh tir va cam xiic", eae hinh anh dien cd cd siin ma nhan xai van sinh ddng, mdi ngudi mot ve khdng lan Idn vao nhau" thi tren thue te khai niem ehii nghia hien thue da bi thay the" (53.tr 19) Ong kei luan '^y niem chu nghia hien thuc thdi niiy cdn giiin dan, ngucii ta chua thiiy tfnh chu quan eiia chu
• nghia hien thue eiing nhu tfnh udc le cua nd Riii nhieu ngiriyi vien cau "nhfrng dieu trdng thiiy" ciia NguyCn Du nhirng ft nguc^i xem xet Nguyen Du thiiy theo eai nhin niio, eon mat nao." (53,trl9)
Trong Ciic biii viei eiia Trim Nho Thin ciing ed xu hirdng |:)hu nhan sir
hien dien ciia chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieic dng da ehi ra khuynh hudng nghicMi eiiu Truyen Kieu iheo phuang phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia
dien ra x'iio khoiing nhfrng nam 60 - 70 eiia the ky XX, la mgl thuc le va phd bien Theo dng mac dii cac nha nghien cii'u nay da ed mgl "nd lire mdi nham khoa hoe hoa cdng xiee nghien cfru" nham dai xan hoii Viet Nam xiio bdi canh phat trien chung cua van hgc the gidi xa "nhin nhiin xan hoc Viet Nam nhu
nuit bd phiin khdng uich vai cua xan hoc the gidi" nhung thue le tren the gidi
nhiing nam 60 70 "da va dang dien ra ciic khuynh hudng van hoc khiic nhau" dac biet lii chu nghia huyen Ihoiii xdi nhfrng ICMI tudi Idn nhu T.Mann J.Joyce F.Kafka va da thax the chu nghia hiLMi ihirc cua ihe ky XIX Nhung \i
"nluins Ix do khiic nhiui" nen sidi nshien cfru xii \an hoc nii'(ic la "dmh hu'iing
siii tri" xiin chu xeii "khoanh xiins irons chu nshIa hien llurc" bao gom hien thue phe phiin xii hien thuc xa hdi chu nshla Ons cho riing xiee ap clung
21
Trang 23Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc
nhu'ng lieu chf ciia chii nghia hien thuc ciia van hgc phuang Tax' khoang the ky XIX, vdn cd nhirng dac trung ve loai hinh rat khac vdi xan hgc trung diii Viet
Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de tim hieu Truyen Kieu la
"mot viec khii mao hiem va thuc te da bgc Id nhirng bai cap" (55.tr48) Tran
Nho Thin neu ra nhirng bai cap khi ap dung chii nghia hien thuc xiio Truyen
Kieu, dng cho rang "each tiep can nay thuc chat da bien Truyen Kieu tir mdi
chinh the nghe thuat thanh mot thue the dity mau thuiln ihieii thdng nhiii no\
ehura dung nhfrng phuang phiip khiic nhau" (55,tr48) Va ciin thiei phiii ed mot phuang phap nghien ciru khac bd xung cho sir thieii hut dd chfnh la phuang phap nghien cii'u loai hinh hgc van hoa
Nhu the, ta thay rd rang sau khi Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c
ciia Nguyen Du ra dai ben canh nhfrng y kien Uin ddng thi eiing xuiit hien
hiing loiil nhfrng ban khoan phiin ddi d khfa ciinh niiy khfa ciinh kia a mo\
ehirng muc nhiit dinh Nhin chung cac y kien phiin ddi deu thdng nhiii cho
rang khdng the coi trong 1 ruyen Kieu dd cd chii nghia hien fhii'c Tuy nhicMi, viec dira ra cac each tiep ciin 'Truyen Kieu the niio liii rat khiic nhau hay ncii cu
the han vice dua ra phuang hirdng giiii quyei lap di khoiing trdng do phu nhan Ciieh tiep can ciia Le Dinh Ky liii rai khiic nhau Cd ngudi de nghi tiep can
Truyen Kieu theo hirdng phong Ciieh nhu Phan Nggc trong Phong cdch nghe thiuit Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu Cd ngudi de nghi cac tiep can thi phiip
hgc nhu Triin Dinh Sir trong 7/// phdp Truyen Kieu Ngudi thi de nghi ciieh
tiep can theo hirdng van hoii hgc nhu Tran Dinh Hugu, Trim Nho Thin Dao Xiuin Quy
L3- Phuong huong giai quyet cho van de tiep can mot tac pham van hgc trung dai
Tro" liii xan de chu nghiii hien thuc trong 'Truyen Kicu chiing la lha\
ihd'i sian siin dax hau nhir cac nhii "Kieu hoc" tranh khons su duns thuat ngir
Trang 24chu nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu va cung khdng ft ngirdi da lo thai do
phan ddi rd ret Thuc te khi dgc Truyen Kieu chiing ta khdng phu nhiin tfnh
chai hien thuc ciia tac phalm bdi nd chfnh la "tac phalm duy nhai da phan iinh dugc sau sac, va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan ciinh xa hdi nude ta trong mot giai doan lich sir nhai dinh" (8) Nhung cai phai xac dinh mgl ciich rd rimg la
van de ////// chat hien thifc va chii nghia hien thifc, khdng phiii la nhfrng khai
niem trung kbit nhau
Phan anh hien thue la dac quy6n ciia nghe thuat ndi chung chii khdng rieng mot phuang phiip sang tac nao hay mot mdn nghe thuat niio Ngay cii khi ngudi nghe si siing tito ra nhfrng hinh iinh ben ngoai bien gidi cua thuc liii hay ndi ciich khac lii khdng ed trong hien thue thi ihirc chiii dd chi hi each nhiio nan liti nhfrng bd phan nhfrng ciii da ed eiia thue tiii ma thdi Theo B.Xusedp, nhu'ng sir vat ky quai nhai tudng khdng cd d tren ddi nay thue ra la
nd vdn dirae xay dung theo nhfrng hinh iinh ed siin ciia eugc sdng (qui qiuii riit
ky di nhung vim cd mat mfii, mieng, tay chan chi ed dieu duoc xe dieh \a cudng dieu nhfrng ti le thdng thuiyng ciia chiing) Day chfnh lii nguyen ly van hgc biit nguon tir hien thue Do vay nhfrng lac phiim thudc ciie trudng phai
• tuang trung an tugng trim tirgng chang qua eiing ehi hi sir nhao niin cac hinh anh hien thuc Nhu the ciing cd nghia la phan iinh hien thire khdng the la thudc do giii tri ciia mot Uic phiim van hgc liii ciing khdng the la biit phiip diic trung ciia phuang phap siing tac hien thue ehii nghia Khdng cd ly gi khang dinh van hgc hien thuc "cd giii tri" han nhfrng ddng van hgc khiic
Han nfra chu nghia hien thue xdi tu ciieh la mgl phuang phap sang uic la mdi hien tuang lich sir ehi phiit sinh d mgl giai doan phiit trien nhiii dinh cua
tu duy eon ngirc)i xao thdi ma trudc con ngirdi niiy sinh sir tai yeu khdng tranh khoi phai v thfre ban chiii xa khuynh hirdng viin ddng cua xa hdi xao thcri ma nhfrng hanh ddng xii tinh cam cua eon ngudi (di tir tu phiii den tu giiic) khdng phai hi hc:^ qua cua nhfrng say mc hoac x dd cua than linh ma chiing diKre quyet dinh bai nhfrng nguycMi nhan thue lai ndi each khac la nhfrng nguxen
'^^
Trang 25Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
nhan bat nguon tir trong chfnh xa hdi loai ngudi Thuc ra do biin xem sir ra da\
cLia chii nghia hien thue xuat hien vao thdi diem nao cung cd mot vai y kien khac nhau, nhung cung khdng phai la ddi nghich nhau Loai y kien ma Kdniiil
la dai dien tieu bieu chii truang, chii nghia hien thue chi cd d xan hgc the ky XIX, trong khi dd lai ed mot loiii y kien khac nhu B.Xusedp diii dien liii ma rdng gidi hiin len tan the ky XV - XVI, thdi ky phiie hung Song xe ca ban hai
y kien tren cung khdng khac nhau v6 nguyen tac, tun chung nd deu dugc xac dinh la tir khi xuat hien giai cap tu san thi liie ay cd sir ra dc^i ciia chu nghia hien thue Kdnriit yeu eiiu "can phai hidu tinh thiin phe phiin eiia ehii nghia hien thuc Phap nhu la mgl phuang phap kham pha hien thuc trong loan bd tfnh
•
phue tiip va mau thuan ciia ciie lire krgng hoiit ddng d hien thue ay" (ehuycMi dan 55,trl72) Rd riing phuang phap kham phii hien thuc nay ehi bieu hiclm gay gat khi cd sir phat trien d miic do niio dd eiia y thi're xa h()i xa su xam nhiip
quyei \\c\ ciia khoa hgc tu nhien viio tim hieu bim chiii ciia thuc lai Xuskdp
cho rang tinh thiin nghicMi cfru khdng ehi la iru the ciia ricMig van hgc nghe: thuat mil cdn eiia cii triei hgc va khoa hgc tu nhien da bat diiii lir thcri dai [")luic hung - thiii did giai eiip tu siin bat diiu hucie ICMI vii dai chfnh tri Nghia la cV nhfrng nude Chau Au sir phat sinh va hinh thimh chu nghia hien thue nhir la mgl triio luu nghe Ihuiil doe lap gan lien vdi nhfrng sir bien ddi to Idn - sir xdi
Id Ciiu triic Ciie quan he phong kien quyei dinh xi trf ciia eon ngirdi trong xa hdi Cho dii ed the ndi liie nay ehua phiii lii ehii nghia hic;n thue theo nghia
di'eh thue eiia lir niiy, dd xnai chi la nhfrng birdc tiep can chu nghia hiclMi thue
mil thdi Do dd, chu nghia hien thue chi cd the hinh thiinh xii phat irien khi cd
sir xiiiit hien ciia giai ciip tu siin xii khoa hgc da phiit trien a mcii irinh dd nao
dd Xii liei") theo nd liii veil bi thax' the bcVi mcit phuang phiip sang Uic khiic phii hop x'cVi ihivi chu hon
Nhu the khi deni soi xiio xa hcii Vic}i Nam nira cudi the} kx XVIII - nira diiu the ky XIX la thiiy rd rang cc) riii nhieu khac biet Xa hdi nuoc lit liic hax sid' xan hi mot \ a hdi phons kic^Mi khdns cci biii cfr mdi cude each mans \a hoi
Trang 26kieu tu san nao, khdng cd mot cude Ciich miing khoa hgc ky thuat nao hax mot
phat minh nao theo dung nghia la khoa hgc Cac nha bae hgc thdi ky nax nhu
•Le Quy Ddn Le Hfru Trae chi dugc hi^u theo nghia riii hiin che bai hg xan mang the gidi quan duy tam vdi "menh trdi", "nhan qua", "bao frng" Trong khi dd chii nghia hien thuc ra ddi d phuang Tay dugc xac dinh lii tir khi cd sir
ra ddi ciia giai cap tu san Nghia la xa hdi d mot khfa canh nao dd da thoiit ra khdi tu tudng tdn giao thdng tri sudt han ngiin nam trung ed xii tu tudng xiio liie nay nhin chung la kha cdi md Chfnh do vay van hgc hay nghe ihuiit liic nay lay con ngudi liim ddi tugng trung tam ca nggi ve dep cua con ngirdi ea
ve dep hinh the lan ve dc:p tam hdn hay cdn ggi la "phiic hung" liii gia tri nhan ban ciia eon ngudi Trong khi dd d xa hdi Viet Nam th(>i NguycMi Du hoim
loan chua ed nhfrng yeii id tuang tu nhu a phircmg Tay ma van ehiu sir chi
•phdi eiia y ihfre he phong kien thdng tr'i lam cho thci'gidi quan cua eon ngiriri vim bi khudn hc;p trong nhfrng circrng thucrng diio ly, ve dc;p cua eon ngiicri
dvtac nhin thdng qua king kinh dito diic hi chii yeu nfMi khdng the nay sinh
nhfrng uic phiim hien thue chii nghia theo lieu ehf eiia phu'crng Tay ducye Cci chang dd chi hi liim Idng iru iii ciia uic giii khi ducrc chiing kien nhfrng ciinh nhii'ng con ngirdi diing thuang, da mic^u tii dugc mgl hoiin canh nao dd cua xa
hdi duang \\\ai
Dieu niix ly giiii xe ngiiytMi Uic khdng the diii ra viin de chu nghia hiC-n thue trong van hgc Viet Nam Irung diii Do dd trong eae y kien phan ddi
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c cua Nguyen Du ed mgl quan dic:m chung
"duac khang dinh: khdng cd clui nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu ndi rieng
cung nhw trong van hoc \ iet Nam nu'a cuoi the ky X\ III - ni'fa dau ihe ky XIX ndi chung neii xet clui nghia hien thuc nhu nd vdn tai d phuang Tax gifra the
ky XIX Cdn ec) clui nghia hien thuc phuang Ddng hax khdng lai la nuit xan
de khiic xii eim dinre liep Uic bim liuin nghic}n cfru Tux nhien o dax lai dat ra Viin de cluiiin hoa khai niem, da la chu nghia hien llurc trc;alisme) thi phiii hic^'u
?S
Trang 27Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
gidng nhu each hidu ciia the gidi chii khdng the tuy lien hieu iheo each cua
rieng ta
Trong thuc te nghien curu van hgc nhung nam gan day ngirdi la hiiu nhu
khdng cdn nhac den ehii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu mot mill do
"tranh voi chang xau mat nao", mat kl^ac do khd chap nhan cum tir niiy trong
xu hudng nghien cfru van hgc hien nay Day khdng ehi dan thuiin lit each thi're
mdi trong viec nghien cii'u Truyen Kieu, ma nd la sir thay ddi quan niem trong
gidi ly luan, phe binh van hgc nude ta Ngudi ta khdng cdn coi "he thdng tri thiirc ly luan ndi chung vii ly luan van hgc ndi rieng, thdng qua sir du nhiip ciia cac giao trinh Dili hgc cd nguon gdc trudc het d Lien Xd phiin nao hi tir eae nude XHCN Ddng Au (efing da dugc Lien Xd hoa)" (59) la dirirng huc'^ng chu diio, ma da cd sir nhin nhan khach quan, phong phii han tir eae ngudn tu lieu khac nhau Cd the ndi, khdng khf ddi mdi nghicMi cfru van hgc khoang hem ehiie nam trd kii day da ed nhieu sir thay ddi xe ehiil ciie nha nghic}n cfru da iij") dung nhieu phuang phiip nghicMi cfru khac nhau de tim ra gia tri euii mdi uic phiim van hoc, song song vdi phuang phiip phe binh Maexft Thcri ky nay nhfrng iim iinh ve chii nghia hicin thue nhu lii giii tri cao nhiit khdng ec)n nuii hoac md nhiit diin, bat diiu cd ciic phuang phiip nghicJn cfru khac nhau xuiii hien Xuiii hien mot sd eae nhii nghien eiiu khdng nhfrng phan ddi phucrng
phap ap dung chii nghia hien thuc \l\o van hgc trung dai Viet Nam vii 'Truyen
Kieu mil cdn de ra Ciic Ciich giiii quyei khac nhau tuang ddi da ditng
Hirdng tiep can loiii hinh hgc tac gia xan hgc ma eu the d dax' la loai hinh hgc lac gia x'an hgc nhii Nho - lire lugng sang uie chu yeii giai doan nax' Hai dai dien tieu bieu hi Triin Dinh Hugu xa Trim Nggc Vuc^ng Trong khi Triin Dinh Hirou cho rang xan hgc trung diii nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX numg diim tfnh chiii nluin diio ehdng phong kieii la sang lao cua
nhii Nho tai tu thi Tran Nggc Vucrng da di sau hern dc ly giai can nguxen cua Viin de niiy trong cudn Nhd Nho tdi tif va van hoc \'iet Nam Theo dng dc^'ii khoiins the kv XVI - XVll ircr di do linh hinh Xii hdi rdi ren hwn tucrns thax
Trang 28ddi ngoi vua xay ra ciing vdi hien tugng cd ca vua ca chua da lam cho cac nha Nho "ban khoan vd tfnh chai chfnh thdng" Va rdi "tuy theo hoan canh cu the rieng ciia mdi ngudi" ma cd sir lua chgn khac nhau dan den nhfrng sd phan khac nhau, cudi ciing lii nhirng kei qua khac nhau Xuat hien mgl md hinh nha Nho mdi dd la nhii'ng nha Nho tai tir, nhu'ng ngudi nay "thi tai xa da tinh" lire
la da mang hai yeu id phi truyen thdng Nha Nho truy6n thdng sdng theo md thiire: hanh hay tang, xuat hay xir, "coi van chuang chi lii phuang lien" de "diit tdi nhirng muc dfch khac trong cude ddi" Trong khi dd nha Nho uii tii coi "Uii nang van hgc la thudc do quan trgng", la "lieu chf dac trirng" Mot ciieh tu nhicin, van chuang ngay eang ed sii'c hap diin miinh me va dc}'n mcit thdi diem nao dd nd se la mot linh vire boat ddng dgc lap trong ddi sdng tinh thiin, se
"tuyci'n lira" dugc nhfrng "vat hien sinh" cho minh Triin Nggc Vucrng x iei tiep Ciii thue sir quan trgng ddi vdi nhii Nho tai tu khdng phiii hi "bang vimg bia da,
ao mii vinh quy" ma la "sireiim nhim nhfrng gi hi hiinh phiic eua eiuie sdng the tiic, hien thuc mang dam tfnh cam tfnh" (58,trl34) Ong cho rang Nguyen Du
va Cao Ba Quiit lii hai tac gia tieu bieu nhiit phat trien theo dinh huc'rng nay Thuc ra day cfmg hi mgl phuang phap tiep ciin nen van hgc trung dai riii khoa hgc va hieu quii bdi thue ehiii dng da dung tir quan diem thdi diii lich sii de nhin nhan, soi xet diinh gia viin de nen da dua lai nhfrng ki(:n giai hgp ly
Phan Nggc trong Tim hieu phong cdch Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu,
da di Viio phan tfch nghe thuat dde diio ciia Nguyen Du ciii kim nen phong Ciich dgc dao ciia tiic giii Ong tim hifui phong Ciich tu sir cua Nguyen Du each
bd cue chiit che theo yeu ciiu ciia kich ciia tiic phiim ngfr phap Nguyen Du Dac biet dng di viio phan tfch ngdn ngfr tac gia cho rang day lii xeu id dgc diio
ciia NsuyOn Du "trong Truyen Kieu ngdn ngfr Uic gia xuiii hien khap ncri ihay
ddi tiit Cii Id ehfrc kii uil ca" (39,irl42) - mgl yeu id khac xdi "iruxen thcing nskc thiKil lir sir" (Trung Qucie Vic}t Nam) xdn "khdng cd pham trii goi la
n^'on nsu tac sia" Phan Ngoc phiit hic}n irons iruyen Kieu "Uim Ix nhan xat
da ducj'e khao siil theo quan diclMU Ihuo'ng lluie do dc') irong ciich tu su da
27
Trang 29Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
chu:a dung ngam ngdn ngti' Uic gia" (39,trl08) Han nira dng cdn tim hieu ngdn ngir nhan vat, phuang phap phan tfch tam ly tan nhan ngdn ngfr ihitMi
nhien de khai quat Truyen Kieu la mgl "tieu thuyet phan tfch tam ly"
(39,tri06), cho rang day chfnh la dac sac ciia Nguyin Du x'a cung chfnh la gia
tri dfch thue eiia Truyen Kieu Rd rang Phan Nggc khdng khang dinh chii
nghia hien thue ma nhan miinh phong each, dd la tfnh dgc diio ciia nhfrng thao
tac trong sang Uic Truyen Kieu eiia Nguyen Du Bang each lam nay dng dii
cho thay van dung phuang phap sang tac hien thue ehii nghia khdng phai lii Ciich duy nhai de diinh gia tiep can mot tac phalm van hgc Ong luu y "cd the 'yeu Nguyen Du nhieu each, tuy theo sd thfch ciia minh"
Ciing trong xu huc'rng di tim hinh thiic nghe thuat eiia Truyen Kieu de kim bat len ndi dung tu tudng eiia nd cdn cd chuyen luan Thi phdp truyen
Kieu ciia Triin Dinh Sir Day la cudn sach dang dugc ehii y bdi thuc te nd da
diii ra dugc riii nhieu vim de mdi lit khii hap diin Tran Dinh Sir trong qua trinh nghicMi cii'ii eiia minh da tranh tdi da sir suy di6n gan ghep ciia phuang phap xa h()i hgc, do viiy dng khdng dimg eae khai niem hicin dai, ma ed gang md tii su vice bang ngdn tir eiia chfnh uic phalm, phiit hien sir ain chira nhirng quan niem
ciia thdi diii, eiia tiic gia ben dudi nhfrng ngdn tir dd Theo dng trong Truyen
Kieu xa hdi nhu chiing ta hieu ngiiy nay dugc Nguyen Du hinh dung qua cac
khiii nic}m nhu "edi ngirdi ta", "mien nhan gian", "que ngudi", "dai khach que ngudi" 'Vhan trdi gdc be" lire la nhung gi ddi lap vdi "gia dinh" Nhirng khdng gian ay ludn fin ehua nhirng hie'm hoa, lo au, bat trae, de doa va than phan ciia eon ngirdi trong khdng gian ay x'd ciing nho be, beo bgt, mong manh, x'd nghia Qua nhfrng tir ngfr mieu tii khdng gian ciia chinh tac pham ngudi dgc diicrng nlur thiix ducre liim Idng lai ai, lo toan, cam thdng ciia tac gia ddi theo cucie phiclni luu cua nhan vat chfnh trong cdi "dat khach que ngudi" nay Tran Dinh Sir cho rang, viec can cfr vao ngdn tir va nhu'ng thdng diep khac ciia tac pham khdng ehi diim biio tfnh cu the lich sir ciia tu tudng tac giii, ma cdn giiip
ta hieu dugc con ngirdi cung nhu xa hdi thdi ky tac gia tirng sdn^^, cfms nhu
Trang 30nhu'ng dac s k rieng biet eiia mdi tac gia tac pham Thuc chat thi phap a khfa
^canh nao dd cung chfnh la van hoa hgc
Chiing ta ghi nhan dudi gdc nhin hinh thire hay ndi each khiic thdng qua viec giai ma cac hinh thiic nghe thuat de lam ndi bat len gia tri ncii dung eua tac phalm la mot hudng nghien eim cd gia tri bd xung Bdi nd quan tiim true tiep den eae yeu td ben trong cau true lac pham khdng ciin de y den nhfrng yeu td ben ngoai nd Qua viec tim hieu nhiifng yeu td nghc^ thuat thiim gia xiio sir tao thanh the gidi nghe thuat eiia lac gia, an tugng tham my chieu sau phan anh ciia sang tac nghe thuat de thiiy dugc ciii hay ciii dep eiia mgl liie phiim ed
gia tri nhu 7'/7/y^^// Kieu Tuy nhien, chi quan Uim den ban than uic pluim van
hgc eae tiic giii da ehua chii trgng dugc day dii cac yfm td khac Uie dcing den
^su hinh thanh tiic phalm nhat la nhin tac.phiim tir gdc do lich sir van hoii, khdng bao quat vii neu len dirofe quy luiU tiit yeu ciing nhu nhfrng ke thira hax gia tri
ricMig biet ciia Uic pham Ve triei ly 'Truyen Kieu Phan Ngoe ed gan xc'ri thcri
dai lich sir song dng liii chii quan, phien dien trong khi quan sat nen da chin den nhfrng nhan dinh vdi vimg
Do dd mil nhu cau phiii ed mgl phuang phap liep can khiic bd xung vao nhfrng thieii hut do nhfrng phucrng phap nghien cfru khiic nhau mang kti Chiing tdi mudn ndi den quan diem nhin nhan nen xan hoe trung dai va
Truyen Kieu theo phuang phiip nghien eiiu loiii hinh hgc van hoa ma Trim Nho
Tliin da de nghi Nghia la dat tac phiim van hgc viio trong chfnh hoan ciinh van
, hoa xa hdi ra da\ ciia nd de danh giii Chiing tdi khdng coi day ki phucrng phap
duy nhiit de tic^p ciin van hgc qua khfr, cung nhu khdng cho rang ciie phuang phiip nghicMi cfru, liep can mil Ciic tiic gia da sir dung lii khdng diing nhung xem "Ciieh tiep can loai hinh hgc van hoa nhu lit mot sir bd xung can thiei cho
cdng Xic}e nghic;Mi eiiii xan hgc trung diii ndi chung xa Truyen Kieu ndi ric^Mig"
(55,lr51)
Phuong phiip tiep Ciin loiii hinh hoe xan hoa da ducre nhieu nha nghien
cim xan duns, cd dieu xan duns lu phiit hax iir siiic la mot xan dc^\ Riii rac a
29
Trang 31Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
mot sd bai viet trong Tap chf Nghien cuu xan hgc nhfrng nam 90 eua the ky
XX da cd ngudi de cap den phuang phap nghien cfru nay song Trim Nho Thin, Dao Xuan Quy la nhimg ngudi cd quan di^m true tiep han Diio Xuan
Quy trong Lai hdn ve chii nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du 'da phii nhan cd mgl chii nghia hien thire trong Truyen Kieu, dng dat ra hang
loat cac cau hdi: "Cd that cd mdt ehii nshla hien thuc phuans Ddns khdns? Vii neu cd ihi hinh thai ciia nd ra sao, chd khac biet gifra nd va ehii nshla hien thuc phuang Tay nhu the nao? Nhfrng dieu kicin nao, phuang thi're san xuiii nao
da Siin sinh ra nd? Vii nd da xuat hien trong giai doiin nao eua nhfrng nen xan hgc niio d Chau A? Rieng d Viet Nam ihi nd edn xuiii hiclm d giai doiin nao nira khdng hay chi den thiri Nguydn Du mdi ed? " (8) day cfmg chfnh la nhfrng can hdi niiy sinh trong qiui trinh chiing la lic;p can vcri nen xan hoe trung diii ndi chung Va cudi eimg dng dua ra each nghi "chiing ta ngay nay
hieu Truyen Kieu vii hieu Nguyen Du hi phiii hic'U sau vao uil ca ciic nuit trong
'tam tiiing ciia Uie giii ehfr khdng the de dai gian dcrn dinrc" Ma iiuicin hieu ducre nhu the khdng cd each nao khac ki chiing la phiii tham nhap dinrc xiio khdng gian van hoa thdi did Nguyen Du sdng de hieu cam ly giai ciic tiic phiim van chuang eiia dng
Tuy nhien, ciich tiep can loai hinh hgc van hoii ed the} xem cac y kicMi eiia Triin Nho Thin cho tdi nay mang tfnh he thdng hern ca Tran Nho Thin cfmg chu truang hgc tiip xan dung nhfrng phuo'ng phiip nghien cfru khac ihanh cdng nhiii ki thi phap hgc ciia Triin Dinh Su Vi the} dng tiep lue irien khai huc'rng nghicMi cfai cua Triin Dinh Sir ed dieu la nhan nuinh yeii id x an hoii hern
Ong cho rang ciin phai dat tiic phiim xiio mdi trudng nd sinh ra dc ly giai xii
•
'dua Xiio nhimg tram lich van hoii eua ehinh thdi ky dd de giai nui Uie pham
Khdng xan dung nhirng khai nic;m ly luim cua thiri diii nga> nax dc iip dai cho
xan hoe trung dai xon la hai ihiri ky cd nhfrng diic trung loai hinh khiic \ a nhau Trong ciic biii nghiCMi cfru eua minh dng da su dung mot loat nhfrns khiii
nic>m ihdi d;ii Nguxen Du dc dien dat suciun nhan \e \ii hdi \e the sic'vi quan
Trang 32ciia Nguydn Du nhu "mi6n nhan gian", "cdi ngudi ta" "dai khach que ngirdi"
"chan trdi gdc be" Ong cdn danh giii dugc kha nang to Idn cua each liep can hinh thiirc neu hinh thiic ay dugc dat irong "nhfrng quan niem mang tfnh xan hoii ciia mdt thdi dcii nhai dinh ve the gidi xe con ngucri xe xa hdi xe ihic:n nhien" (55,Lr50) Ong viei tiep, "nghien cuu thi phap mil khdng Uuim nhiip dugc vao ndn tang van hoa ciia mdt thdi diii van hgc dugc nghien cfru thi se khdng the' giiii thfch hoac giiii thfch sai nidt hien tirgng nghe; thuat ducre md la" (55,lr50) Vi the, Triin Nho Thin da chgn viec ke thira thi phap hoe xa di sau vao ea sd van hoa ciia tirng tac phalm cu the
Trong luan van nay chiing tdi tren ca sd tiep thu nhfrng y kien ciia Triin Nho Thin va nhfrng ngudi di trudc di viio giai ma mcit xiii dac trung nghe:
thuat tieu bieu eiia Truyen Kieu Muc dfch la kim sang lo tfnh ehiu \\\cn thue, miiu Siic hien thuc ciia Truyen Kieu, mat khac chi ra tfnh ehiil thieu ecr sd euii
viec khang dinh phuang phap hien thuc chii nghia d uie phiim nay Tir dc') cfmg gdp phiin nhd vao vice neu len mdt sd biit cap ed the ec) neu xan dung phucrng phiip xa hdi hgc trong nghicMi ciiu van hgc ma khdng linh den eae xeu to qium trgng khiic nhu: loiii hinh tac giii hinh ihfre nghe thuat cua tiic pham nen tang van hoii eiia van hgc irung diii cfmg lire lii sir ciin thiei phai trang hi in ihfre van hoii cho nhfrns nsudi dgc, nghien cfru xan hgc trung dai
31
Trang 33Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
Chuang II
N H I T N G D A C T R U N G N G H E THUAT QUAN TRONG CUA
TRUYEN KIEV
I I l - V a y m u o n c o t t r u y e n
De cap den van de cot truyen nhin chung khdng cdn tranh kuin bdi
thue te Nguyen Du da dua tren lici'u thuyet chuang hdi Kim Win Kieu
Iruyen cua Thanh Tam Tiii Nhan (Trung Qude) de" siing tac iruyen Kieu
Da ed rat nhifiu nha nghien cfru so siinh hai siing tiic va nhin chung dc:u ea
nggi 7 ruyen Kieu eiia Nguyem Du mil ha thiip tac phiim eiia Thanh Tam
Tai Nhan Ngucre kii, phfa eae nhii nghien eiiu Trung Qude lai cho rang
Truyen Kieu llurc ehiil chi la ban dieh Kim Win Kieu truyen \i\ nhat ihiel
trong Truyen Kieu khi dc: ten uie giii phiii de ca Thanh Tam Tai Nhan
-Nguyen Du (12) Tuy nhien giin day, trong gidi nghicMi eiiu bat dau nhin
nhan diinh giii Truyen Kieu vii Kim Win Kieu truyen thdng ciiui lieu ehi
the loai chfnh xi the bat diiu khoa hoc hoii xic:e xiie dinh \ i iri sui In thuc sir ciia hai uic pham van hgc niiy (31) Trucic day ngucri nghien eiru khdng diing lrc:n lieu chf cu the niio de so siinh phiim nhfrng gi lii eua dan Uie minh deu tot deu dc:p deu hay han Do dd da dan den nhfrng kien giai khdng hgp ly xe cii hai siing tiic ciui N g u \ e n Du va Thanh Tam Tai Nhan
TrcV lai x'iin de x'ay mucrn edi truyen thuc ra day khdng phai lii mdi hien lucrng hiem thiiy neu nhu khdng mudn ndi ki khii phd bien TrcMi the gic'ri cfmg nlur trong nucre chiing la cung thudng xuyen giip hic:n lugng xay mu'crn cot iriixdMi xii ec) mcil nghich ly Xii> ki ckrirng nlur khi edi iruxen ducrc nurcrn dc: ehu\c:n lai mcit quan nic:m nuit lluii di), nuit uim irang luc'ri thi tiic pham nu'ri kii cd lieng xang hern nguxen nuiu Nhu iruerng herp Ge'ri
viei PhaoAt(>' hd\ Secxpia viet Romeo va Juliet Ilanilcl Otcnio hoac Luu
Trang 34Quang Vu viet Hon TrKcfng Ba da hdng thit va ta bat gap ế dax I ruyen
'Kieu ciia Nguyen Dụ Chung tdi khdng dua ra nhan xet nhfrng nguxcMi uic
dugc "che bien" bdi nhirng nghe si tdi nen nd khdng ed siie hap dan chiing tdi chi nhan thay nhOng cot truyen tren edn luu iruyen den nax ki
do da dugc nhao nan liii dudi ban tay nhfrng ngudi den saụ R(>meo vd
Juliet chi thuc su cd meSt sure sdng ky lii la qua vd kich cua Secxpia chu
khdng phiii truyen tha ciia Bruc hay Otenlo ehi cd the la bifui tucrng cua
su ghen tudng mil quang khap nhan loai lii qua sang uic eua Secxpia clui
khdng phai cudn truyen ciia Ecalommlị 'Truyen Kieu cfmg the: nd ducre
uu ai, dugc biet den, dugc ca nhan dan Viet Nam mgi the he ca nggi trong
khi Kim Vdn Kieu truyen ciia Thanh Tam Tiii Nhan khdng duere liet viio
*sd Ciic tiiiu thuyet chucrng hdi ducre ea ngai a Trung Queic Nhu the:, la cd
the ket luan vay mugn ceii iruyen khdng phiii la hien luerng hy hfru eua rieng Nguydn Du, cfing khdng phiii lii viec sao ehe:p liii uie pham eua ngirdi khac ma đ chfnh la mot quii trinh lao dcing nghe: thuat dfch thue eiia nghe si gin gfim tam hdn minh cho hau the thdng qua nhfrng cot iruyen ma hg thay cd sir đng dieu va cd the bay td tam su cua minh
6 trudng hgp Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu chung ta thiiy rd rimg
Nguyen Du mugn cot truyen eiia Thanh Tam Tiii Nhan vi dng thiiy đng ciim đng dieu vdi than phan nimg Kieụ mot ngirdi liii sdc mil long dong, ,lan dan trong đi, ndi nhu Tran Dinh Hugụ Nguydn Du da "tim dugc trong đ Ciii dng mudn tim", cu the a day Nguyen Du da tim thay chfnh than phan ciia minh thdng qua nhan vat Thuy Kieụ Do vay, tiic pham nay
so vdi Kim Win Kieu triiyeu cd nhieu didm khiic biet Idn Kun Win Kieu
truyen kd liti chuyen eugc đi Thuy Kieu mot Ciich khiich quan trong khi
Nguye}n Du Idng viio cot truyen ay mot tam triing, moi tiim long ngdn
ngang ndi niem ciin biiy to, nen nd khdng dimg dung ma day dạ dau dau khdn ngudị Vi the khi dat van de day lii mot tiic phiim dugc siing Uic theo phucrng phiip hien ihuc chii nghia da bat diiu niiy sinh nhieu ban khoan
33
Trang 35Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
R5 rang Nguydn Du mugn cot truyen nay la de bay td tam su eua minh ve eugc ddi, ve con ngudi chu khdng phiii ve xa hdi Bdi d thdi dai eua dng ngudi ta chua the dat ra nhu'ng va'n dd ve mau thuSn xa hdi hay giai ciip dau tranh giai cap trong xa hdi nhu chiing ta ngay nay, han nfra Nguyen
Du la mot nha Nho, dau la nha Nho trong giai doan khiing hoiing chang nua thi sang tac ciia dng van chfnh la de bay td thai do quan didm ciia minh vd eugc ddi ve con ngudi theo y thuc he phong kien Vii liii cai cueie sdng ma bay lau nay chiing ta phan tfch, md xe thuc ra lai ki hien thue CLia xa hoi Trung Qude chir khdng phiii ciia Viet Nam?
Rdng ndm Gia Tinh trien Minh Bdn phif(yng phdng Idng hai kinh vTi'ng vdng
Vdi nhirng Bae Kinh, Lam Truy, Lieu Duang, Vd Tfch, Tien
Dudng do la nhirng dia danh cd thuc ciia Trung Qude va hiein thuc trong Truyen Kieu ki hien thuc da ducre nhin nhan diinh giii qua king kinh
ciia meit ngudi khac chu khdng phiii ciia chfnh Nguydn Du Neu xet cho
eiing thi Nguyen Du nghl ve xa hdi, con ngudi, song Truyen Kieu da viel
ve xa hoi Viet Nam lgc qua cot truyen cua Trung Qude nen hit^n thuc xa hdi dd khdng the thuiin tuy la xa hoi Viet Nam
Dd la mot trong nhfrng ly do khdng the coi trong Truyen Kieu da cd
chii nghia hien thuc Cdn mdt nguydn nhan nira dd chfnh la khi liep thu cot truyen cua Thanh Tam Tai Nhan (vdn la mcDt tieu thuyet chuang hdi)
de viet Truyen Kieu (dugc viet bang the tha lue biit ciia dan tgc - truyen
• tha) Nguyen Du da luge bo rat nhieu chi tiet hien thuc do dac trung the loai ciia liic phiim khdng dung niip het dugc nhfrng chi liei quii cu the Theo Phan Nggc "bien phiip nit ggn sir viec xudng tdi thieu giit bd chi tiei khdng phai cua rieng Nguyen Du nui ki eua phong ciich iruxen Ndni Vic:i Nam ndi chung" (39,tr83) Tidu thuyet chuerng hdi ihucic uic pham lu sir diii, ehiu anh hirdng kei ciiu thoiii ban nen ndi dung cau truyen ducre the
Trang 36hien chii yeu qua hanh d(3ng va ngdn ngir nhan vat han la qua su mieu la
ve tam ly tfnh each, trong khi dd tha thien xe bidu hien cam xiie la hinh thurc sang tac van hgc phiin anh cude sdng the hien nhirng tam trang nhirng cam xiie manh me, bang ngdn tir ham siic giau hinh anh Chfnh
VI vay cd the thay dung ve mat chi tiet Kim Vdn Kieu Truyen edn mang nhieu tfnh chai hien thuc ban trong Truyen Kieu
Nguydn Du luge bd nhung chi tiet eu the ddi khi kim cho nhan vat thieu tfnh ti mi, cu the can thiet Khi ndi ve tai hoii eiia gia dinh Thuy Kieu, nguydn nhan daly nang viio quang ddi mirdi kim nam luu liie trong
Kim Vdn Kieu truyen dugc ghi lai bang mot doiin khii diii vii diiy dii thdng
tin qua Idi cua Vuang vien ngoai: "Con a! Nguy kim rdi, ehdng di con
cho hai ngudi khach ban ta d nhd Khdng ngd hg la ke eirdp, liic biin \a bi
ngudi miil ciia nhiin ra, td giiic vdi quan, nd cfr ndi ehdng di con la oa tiing Ta eimg hg du may bira ticie chi sg bgn chiing cfmg Idi minh viio de
kim hiii" (46,tr74) Truyen Kieu cua Nguydn Du chi cdn hai ddng lue bat:
Hdi ra san nu'/i hiet rdng Phdi ten xifng xudt tcji thdng hdn to'
Ly do a day rat td md khdng rd ret, dd khdng phai dac trung but phap ciia chii nghia hien thuc Nguyen nhan gay ra tai hoii cho gia dinh Thuy Kieu, trong nguyen tac la do chii niing da vd tinh cho bgn cudp d nhd Vii khi bi phiit hi£;n chiing vu oan ludn cho chii nha chu khdng phiii do
thiing biin ta chung chung nhu trong Truyen Kieu Ridng ehi tiei niiy ndi
ve tfnh hic:n thuc thi trong Kim Vdn Kieu truyen thue ban, giin vdi cac thao tiic ciia chii nghia hien thue ban Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du
Ndi cluing, nhfrng chi liel xdn mang hai den tfnh ciich cua Thux' Kieu, Kim Trgng Tir Hai - ba nhan viil ly lucrng ducre Nguxen Du uu iii nhieu nhiit deu bi luge bd di, vd hinh chung Nguxen Du da lam hai den su hoim chinh vii ihdns nhiii vc: tfnh ciieh cua nhfrng nhan xat iix cr nuie do
Trang 37Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
nhat dinh Nhu Idi Thuy Van ndi vd Kim Trgng trong cude ndi chuye:n vdi
Kidu, trong Kim Vdn Kieu truyen :
"Thuy Kieu ndi vdi Thiiy Van :
- Anh chang hg Kim ke cung da tinh, sao ma cfmg biei di xieng Dam Tidn
Thuy Van dap :
- E rang khdng phai di vieng Dam Tien, ma ehi lii di ngam hai ed
^gai"(45,tr38)
Ta thiiy Kim Trgng khdng ehi ki me)t trang nho nha ma cdn lii cdng
tir phong luu, ddi thudng Thiiy Van khdng ehi ki ed giii hien limh dcrn
giiin mil cdn la ngirdi ed nhan xet kha sac siio Hay vic:e Thuy Kieu an nam vdi Sd Khanh vi nghl minh trudc sau eiing da miii irinh rdi hoac chi tiet cfmg vi mcit chiit ham ho bae vang nen da khuyen Tir Hiii ra hiing trong tiic phiim ciia Nguyen Du khdng he dugc nhfie den
Cd nhiCui chi liei ma khi mieu ui nhan vat Tir Hiii Nguyen Du da khdng dua vao, vii chfnh nhirng chi tiet niiy neu ed se lam cho nhan vai Tir
Hiii ciia Nguydn Du gan gQi vdi con ngirdi thue han Trong Kim Vdn Kieu
'truyen Tir Hai cd nhfrng y nghl tham chf cd the coi lii rai ddi thudng nhu
diinh thimh chiem dai bat cdc dim bii hay vf du nhu Idi Tir diip Lgi Sinh thuyet khach ciia Ho Tdn Hien:
"Ddi an lien sinh ed nha y dem phii quy den cho, cd ha lai khdng vui Idng nghe Idi lien sinh ehi giiio" (45,tr316)
Lucre bo nhfrng chi tiet vdn bi cho lii anh hirdng den hinh lugng nhan viil theo quan didm thiim my Nho giiio eua Nguyen Du khien cho
nhan vat Truyen Kieu bi nhin nhan phien die:n nu^l chieu khdng siil ihue
vdi cude sciiig vii khdng da dang, nhieu nuit Cd the ndi khi xay nui'crn col lruve:n NsuxdMi Du chi gifr kii nhfrng xeu to ihien xe mieu ta tam trang
Trang 38cam xiic ma luge bd di nhirng chi tiet mieu ta cd tfnh chai cu the cua
•nguyen tac Ndi each khac Nguydn Du da tang tfnh chai trfr linh xii bo bdt
di nhiíng yeu td tu su trong cot truyen Kim Van Kieu truyen
Nhu thé, diing ve phuang dien sang tao cot truyen mii ndi chiing la
khd cd the tim tháy cd mdt ehii nghia hien thuc niio trong Truyen Kieu,
cho dii la mgl chii nghia hien thue so khai nhiit Bdi ceil trux'en ế day ki
cot truyeSn dugc vay mugn tir mot cot truyen da cd lai ki a nueie kluic, hifui
thuc dugc the hien trong tac phiim do vay la hien thue giiin tiep thdng qua hien thue ve mot xa hdi khiic chu khdng phiii lii xa hdi Nguydn Du
dang sdng Rd rang cho rang xa hdị hien thue trong 'Truyen Kieu ki xa
hdi, lii hien thuc ciia nude la nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira diiu the ky XIX
Vii 'Truyen Kieu la biin Ciio triing eiia xa hdi iiy, ki suy dien xii giin ghep
theo y mudn chii quan eiia nhii nghien cfrụ
IỊ2- He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieụ
Ve he thdng nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu ed the ndi tir irircrc tdi nay
chua ai viet hay han Le Dinh Kỵ Tuy nhien sir diing dim khoa hgc den
dau liii ki chuyen khiic Khi ndi xe he: ihdng nhan vat ciia Truyen Kieu Le
Dinh Ky khdng ly giai dugc vi sao lai ed sir phan biet trong nghe thuat
xay dung he thdng nhan vat đ Ong cho rang "trong Truyen Kieu, Tii Ba,
•
Mil Giiim Sinh Sd Khanh khdng chi gfin lidn nhau bdi ciii ngdi hiing budn
thit biin ngudi, hap thimh mdt tuyen nhan vat khdng lan Ion dugc nhu
diic ket ngay tir cueie sdng" (16,tr229) day ki mot nhan dinh riit diing riít Xiic diing cho nhfrng nhan vat niiỵ Ong da siic Xiio khi nhan ra nhfrng Tii Bii, Ma Giiim Sinh, Sd Khanh dirge diie ket len tir cucic sdng trim tiic ehfr khdng phai nhfrng con Iran linh diii bang dcie iic trong iri luong tirerng cua ciic iruyen ed lich Day ihire su la nhfrng con ngudi hang xiicrng bans ibit dirge kix la tir cueie sdng thuẹ cucie sdng pham Iran eua eon
37
Trang 39Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
ngudi va a mdt khfa ciinh nao dd nhirng nhan vai niiy efing ed the coi ki
nhirng nhan vat dugc khac hoa kha dien hinh Le Dinh Ky da di vao lim
hieu phan tfch cac nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu dudi gdc do phucrng phap sang tiic ciia chii nghia hien thuc 6 n ^ khang dinh "Nhan vat Truyen Kieu
khdng phai la nhirng con rdi, nhirng hinh nhan ma la nhfrng con ngudi sdng thue, trong mcit xa hdi cd thue" (16.tr228) Tuy nhien khi di sau xao tim hieu lirng nhan vat thi dng lai td ra lung tiing vii khdng nhiii quiin Vdi nhirng nhan vat phiin dien nhu Tii Ba, Ma Giam Sinh.Sd Khanh Ho Tdn Hien, Hoan Thu Thiic Sinh (nhan vat niiy lam coi ki nhan xiit phan dic:n
theo Le Dinh Ky) dng da nhanh ehdng khang dinh dd lii nhfrng nhan xiii
eiia chii nghia hicin thuc Nhung van de: nay sinh d chd, day lai khdng phiii
la nhung nhan vat chfnh eiia tiic phalm, cdn nhirng nhan vat chfnh, nhfrng nhan vat chfnh die}n ducre Nguyen Du diinh nhieu sir uu ai lai khdng duere Siing uie bang nhfrng ehi tiet hien thue nhu Thuy Kieu Kim Trgng, Tir Hiii Chfnh dng cfmg nhim thiiy "trong tinh yeu ciia Kim Trgng ciii diing dap tiii hoa cd khi dugc td dam den miil ca tu nhien" vii khang dinh
"nhan vat Kim Trgng khdng phai lii mot nhan vat hic:n thuc chu nghia" Nhan vat Tir Hiii ihi dugc dng khoac cho bd iio ciia nhan vai "king man Ciich mang" "Tir Hiii viit Idn tren xa hoi cfi nhu con chim dai bang kieu hanh" vii Le Dinh Ky da khdng dinh d dd ed ehii nghia nhan dao vi "Tir Hiii vimg Idn dd pha tan mgi bai edng d ddi", nhirng rdi dng liii thay chu nghia nhan diio la triru tugng vii ed mat Irfii eua nd dd lii Tir Hai "anh hung ca nhan" anh himg de mil anh hiing chii khdng giai quyei dugc dieu
gi Trong suy nghl ciia Tir Hid mudn.tu do mudn sdng day dii nen Tir ciin
ed Ciii Irieu dinh ridng song Tir liii '^Nghe Idi KiCui ndi man ma" mil ra himg lric:u dinh dng Le Dinh Ky cho rdng khdng "niiich lac dau dudi gi ea", "that lii nuiu ihuim" dng khdng dinh nuiu ihuan cua Tir Hai cfmg ki mau thudn cua Nguyen Du, eiia thdi dai Nguye:n Du Do do dng to ra king
Trang 40tung trong each xac dinh phirang phap sang tac cua Nguyen Du o nhfrng
nhan vat nhir Thuy Kieu Kim Trong Tii Hai
Den v0i nhan vat Thuy Kicu - nhan vat chfnh cung la nhan vat
trung tam cua Trnyen Kien Le Dinh Ky cho rang khac voi Tir Hai \a Kim
Trong deu "la liing tren khong" Kieu la "cai thirac do la sir kiem nghicm cho cai tfnh thirc tai" ciia hai nhan vat tren va truac mat chung ta hien len mot Thuy Kieu "nhieu miiu nhieu ve va xiei bao sinh ddng" Trong ba nhan vat mil NguyCm Du td ra uu iii thi nhan xat Thuy Kieu ed nhie:u ehi liet tii Ihuc han cii vd tam trang va ngdn tir, "Kieu ndi vii Idi Kieu riii giin gui di thdng vao Idng ngudi" Ong nhan dinh d nhan vat Thuy Kieu chiing
ta gap lai nhirng "khai vgng tinh cam", '^ciii hy sinh quen minh" "eai dam dang hien thue" eiia ngirdi phu nfr Viet Nam ma ta da tirng bat gap qua ea
dao vii Ciic iruycin cd dan gian thcri xua Tuy nhien con ngudi iiy eai sue
sdng chira dung trong eon ngudi iiy khdng ducre xa hdi phong kien dung nap, liii bi Le Dinh Ky quy vao "thuc chai ki ehuye:n hdng nhan biie menh, tiii nuJnh ghel nhau" Nhu the sir phat tridn tfnh ciieh eua Thuy Kieu khdng phai sir phiit trien cd tfnh ehiii lu than, vii nhan vai nay efmg
vi If dd ma mat di tfnh chan thuc, tfnh hien thuc Rot cueie, ta nhim thiiy
Le Dinh Ky liii nhin nhan nhan vat Thuy Kieu nhu ki dirge xay dung len
di chung minh cho nhfrng luan de cd sdn, han nfra dng cdn chua di vao
tim hieu Thuy Kieu mgl each toim dien nhu ngoai hinh hanh ddng ngdn ngfr, ngi tam ciia nhan vat de thay dien hinh nghe thuat dugc the hiein nhu the niio qua nhan vat nay
Thuc te, cho thiiy vice van dung lieu chf eiia chii nghia hien thue dd
xem xet tiic pham cua Nguyen Du rieng a he: thdng nhan xai da bc3c \o
nhieu x'an de ciin triinh liiiin Chiing la thiiy d da>' Le Dinh Ky dii iip dung
ly luiin cua chu nghia hie:n Ihire de xem xet diinh giii 'Truyen Kicu eua
Nguydn Du, nhirng hau nhu khdng mang lai nhfrng kien giiu ihiixet phue Nhfrng nhan xat trimg khft vdi cdng thue cua chu nghia hu'n thirc ihi dng
^^9